271 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
271 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
HUNGARY
|
||
GEOGRAPHY
|
||
Total area: 93,030 km2; land area: 92,340 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,251 km total; Austria 366 km, Czechoslovakia 676
|
||
km, Romania 443 km, USSR 135 km, Yugoslavia 631 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils
|
||
|
||
Land use: arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures
|
||
14%; forest and woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2%
|
||
|
||
Environment: levees are common along many streams, but flooding
|
||
occurs almost every year
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes
|
||
between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between USSR and
|
||
Mediterranean basin
|
||
|
||
PEOPLE
|
||
Population: 10,558,001 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.1% (1991)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1991)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Hungarian(s); adjective--Hungarian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Hungarian 96.6%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%,
|
||
Southern Slav 0.3%, Romanian 0.2%
|
||
|
||
Religion: Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%,
|
||
atheist and other 7.5%
|
||
|
||
Language: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can
|
||
read and write (1980)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 4,860,000; services, trade, government, and other
|
||
43.2%, industry 30.9%, agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 96.5% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian
|
||
Trade Unions (SZOT) includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the
|
||
government; independent unions legal; may be as many as 12 small
|
||
independent unions in operation
|
||
|
||
GOVERNMENT
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Hungary
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Budapest
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek, singular--megye)
|
||
and 1 capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes,
|
||
Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Fejer,
|
||
Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok,
|
||
Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg,
|
||
Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1001, unification by King Stephen I
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised
|
||
19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensures legal rights for
|
||
individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime
|
||
minister and established the principle of parliamentary oversight
|
||
|
||
Legal system: in process of revision, moving toward rule of law
|
||
based on Western model
|
||
|
||
National holiday: October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian
|
||
uprising
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
||
(Orszaggyules)
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of
|
||
ongoing government overhaul
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
|
||
Chief of State--President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990;
|
||
previously interim President from 2 May 1990);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL
|
||
(since 23 May 1990)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders:
|
||
Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman;
|
||
Free Democrats, Janos KIS, chairman;
|
||
Independent Smallholders, Ferenc Jozsef NAGY, president;
|
||
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman;
|
||
Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head;
|
||
Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president;
|
||
note--the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP)
|
||
renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in
|
||
October 1989
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
|
||
President last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1995);
|
||
elected by the National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304;
|
||
President GONCZ was elected by the National Assembly as interim President
|
||
from 2 May 1990 until elected President;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with
|
||
the second round held 8 April 1990);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(394 total) Democratic Forum 165, Free Democrats 92,
|
||
Independent Smallholders 43, Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) 33,
|
||
Young Democrats 21, Christian Democrats 21, independent candidates
|
||
or jointly sponsored candidates 19
|
||
|
||
Communists: fewer than 100,000 (December 1989)
|
||
|
||
Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT,
|
||
IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,
|
||
ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU,
|
||
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant);
|
||
Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
||
(202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in New York;
|
||
|
||
US--Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag
|
||
Ter 12, Budapest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone 36
|
||
(1) 112-6450
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
|
||
|
||
ECONOMY
|
||
Overview: Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable
|
||
export earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for
|
||
about 40% of GNP and 30% of employment. About 40% of Hungary's foreign
|
||
trade is with the USSR and Eastern Europe and a third is with the EC.
|
||
Low rates of growth reflect the inability of the Soviet-style economy to
|
||
modernize capital plant and motivate workers. GNP declined by 1% in 1989
|
||
and by an estimated 6% in 1990. Since 1985 external debt has more than
|
||
doubled, to over $20 billion. In recent years Hungary has experimented
|
||
widely with decentralized and market-oriented enterprises. The newly
|
||
democratic government has renounced the Soviet economic growth model and
|
||
plans to open the economy to wider market forces and to much closer
|
||
economic relations with Western Europe. Prime Minister Antall has
|
||
declared his intention to move foward on privatization of state
|
||
enterprises, provision for bankruptcy, land reform, and marketization of
|
||
international trade, but concerns over acceptable levels of unemployment
|
||
and inflation may slow the reform process.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $60.9 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate - 5.7%
|
||
(1990 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1990 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $18.2 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $805 million (1989)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1989);
|
||
|
||
commodities--capital goods 33%, foods 25%, consumer goods 16%,
|
||
fuels 1.5%, other 24.5%;
|
||
|
||
partners USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, developed countries 37.4%,
|
||
less developed countries 20.6% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
||
|
||
commodities--capital goods 15%, fuels 20%, manufactured
|
||
consumer goods 12.4%, agriculture 5%, other 47.6%;
|
||
|
||
partners--USSR and Eastern Europe 34.9%, developed countries 45.5%,
|
||
less developed countries 16.6%, US 3%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $20.7 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 7.9% (1990 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 7,800,000 kW capacity; 30,400 million kWh produced,
|
||
2,870 kWh per capita (1990)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed
|
||
foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GNP
|
||
and 19% of employment; highly diversified crop-livestock farming;
|
||
principal crops--wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets;
|
||
livestock--hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in
|
||
food output
|
||
|
||
Economic aid: donor--$2.0 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
|
||
less developed countries (1962-89)
|
||
|
||
Currency: forint (plural--forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: forints (Ft) per US$1--60.95 (December 1990), 63.21
|
||
(1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988), 46.97 (1987), 45.83 (1986), 50.12
|
||
(1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
COMMUNICATIONS
|
||
Railroads: 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
|
||
222 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge;
|
||
1,147 km double track, 2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1988)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway
|
||
system--26,834 km asphalt and bitumen, 142 km concrete, 51 km stone and
|
||
road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved; 58,495 km country roads
|
||
(66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% unpaved) (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1988)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,204 km; refined products, 630 km;
|
||
natural gas, 3,895 km (1986)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube;
|
||
maritime outlets are Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland),
|
||
Szczecin (Poland), Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 16 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk
|
||
totaling 94,393 GRT/131,946 DWT
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with
|
||
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants;
|
||
49% of all phones are in Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000
|
||
telex lines (June 1990); stations--13 AM, 12 FM, 21 TV (8 Soviet
|
||
TV relays); 4.2 TVs (1990)
|
||
|
||
DEFENSE FORCES
|
||
Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier
|
||
Guard, Civil Defense
|
||
|
||
Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,667,234; 2,130,749 fit for
|
||
military service; 88,851 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 43.7 billion forints, NA% of GDP (1989);
|
||
note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
|
||
official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
|
||
results
|
||
|
||
|