271 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
271 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
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HUNGARY
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 93,030 km2; land area: 92,340 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
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Land boundaries: 2,251 km total; Austria 366 km, Czechoslovakia 676
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km, Romania 443 km, USSR 135 km, Yugoslavia 631 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia
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Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
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Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains
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Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils
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Land use: arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures
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14%; forest and woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2%
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Environment: levees are common along many streams, but flooding
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occurs almost every year
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Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes
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between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between USSR and
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Mediterranean basin
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PEOPLE
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Population: 10,558,001 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.1% (1991)
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Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Hungarian(s); adjective--Hungarian
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Ethnic divisions: Hungarian 96.6%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%,
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Southern Slav 0.3%, Romanian 0.2%
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Religion: Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%,
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atheist and other 7.5%
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Language: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
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Literacy: 99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1980)
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Labor force: 4,860,000; services, trade, government, and other
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43.2%, industry 30.9%, agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1988)
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Organized labor: 96.5% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian
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Trade Unions (SZOT) includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the
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government; independent unions legal; may be as many as 12 small
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independent unions in operation
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Hungary
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Type: republic
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Capital: Budapest
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Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek, singular--megye)
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and 1 capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes,
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Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Fejer,
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Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok,
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Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg,
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Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
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Independence: 1001, unification by King Stephen I
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Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised
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19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensures legal rights for
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individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime
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minister and established the principle of parliamentary oversight
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Legal system: in process of revision, moving toward rule of law
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based on Western model
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National holiday: October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian
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uprising
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Executive branch: president, prime minister
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
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(Orszaggyules)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of
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ongoing government overhaul
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990;
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previously interim President from 2 May 1990);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL
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(since 23 May 1990)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman;
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Free Democrats, Janos KIS, chairman;
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Independent Smallholders, Ferenc Jozsef NAGY, president;
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Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman;
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Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head;
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Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president;
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note--the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP)
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renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in
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October 1989
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1995);
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elected by the National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304;
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President GONCZ was elected by the National Assembly as interim President
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from 2 May 1990 until elected President;
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National Assembly--last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with
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the second round held 8 April 1990);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(394 total) Democratic Forum 165, Free Democrats 92,
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Independent Smallholders 43, Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) 33,
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Young Democrats 21, Christian Democrats 21, independent candidates
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or jointly sponsored candidates 19
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Communists: fewer than 100,000 (December 1989)
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Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT,
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IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,
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ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU,
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WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant);
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Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag
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Ter 12, Budapest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone 36
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(1) 112-6450
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Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable
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export earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for
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about 40% of GNP and 30% of employment. About 40% of Hungary's foreign
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trade is with the USSR and Eastern Europe and a third is with the EC.
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Low rates of growth reflect the inability of the Soviet-style economy to
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modernize capital plant and motivate workers. GNP declined by 1% in 1989
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and by an estimated 6% in 1990. Since 1985 external debt has more than
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doubled, to over $20 billion. In recent years Hungary has experimented
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widely with decentralized and market-oriented enterprises. The newly
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democratic government has renounced the Soviet economic growth model and
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plans to open the economy to wider market forces and to much closer
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economic relations with Western Europe. Prime Minister Antall has
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declared his intention to move foward on privatization of state
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enterprises, provision for bankruptcy, land reform, and marketization of
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international trade, but concerns over acceptable levels of unemployment
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and inflation may slow the reform process.
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GNP: $60.9 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate - 5.7%
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(1990 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1990 est.)
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Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990)
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Budget: revenues $18.2 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $805 million (1989)
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Exports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1989);
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commodities--capital goods 33%, foods 25%, consumer goods 16%,
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fuels 1.5%, other 24.5%;
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partners USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, developed countries 37.4%,
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less developed countries 20.6% (1989)
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Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
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commodities--capital goods 15%, fuels 20%, manufactured
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consumer goods 12.4%, agriculture 5%, other 47.6%;
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partners--USSR and Eastern Europe 34.9%, developed countries 45.5%,
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less developed countries 16.6%, US 3%
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External debt: $20.7 billion (1989)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 7.9% (1990 est.)
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Electricity: 7,800,000 kW capacity; 30,400 million kWh produced,
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2,870 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed
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foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)
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Agriculture: including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GNP
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and 19% of employment; highly diversified crop-livestock farming;
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principal crops--wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets;
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livestock--hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in
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food output
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Economic aid: donor--$2.0 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
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less developed countries (1962-89)
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Currency: forint (plural--forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
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Exchange rates: forints (Ft) per US$1--60.95 (December 1990), 63.21
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(1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988), 46.97 (1987), 45.83 (1986), 50.12
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(1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
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222 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge;
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1,147 km double track, 2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1988)
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Highways: 130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway
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system--26,834 km asphalt and bitumen, 142 km concrete, 51 km stone and
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road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved; 58,495 km country roads
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(66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% unpaved) (1988)
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Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1988)
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Pipelines: crude oil, 1,204 km; refined products, 630 km;
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natural gas, 3,895 km (1986)
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Ports: Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube;
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maritime outlets are Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland),
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Szczecin (Poland), Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)
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Merchant marine: 16 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk
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totaling 94,393 GRT/131,946 DWT
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Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants;
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49% of all phones are in Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000
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telex lines (June 1990); stations--13 AM, 12 FM, 21 TV (8 Soviet
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TV relays); 4.2 TVs (1990)
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier
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Guard, Civil Defense
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,667,234; 2,130,749 fit for
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military service; 88,851 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: 43.7 billion forints, NA% of GDP (1989);
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note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
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official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
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results
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