595 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
595 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
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Foreign Affairs Timeline : American relations with Latin-
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America from 1850 to 1920
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1850 May 25 New Mexico, impatient for statehood, formed own
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state government. Convention set boundaries of
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state, banned slavery, applied for statehood.
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July 9 President Zachary Taylor died. Vice-President
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Millard Fillmore became president on July 10th.
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Taylor was the 2nd and last of the Whig party to
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be elected to presidency.
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Sept 9 Texas and New Mexico act passed. The act
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established the Texas boundaries, authorized
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payment of $10 million for relinquishing her
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claims to territories beyond the new state
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lines, and established the boundaries of New
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Mexico territory. Part of Compromise of 1850.
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1851 Aug 24 Lopez Expedition, a group unauthorized by the
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federal government formed for the purpose of
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taking Cuba by force. General Narciso Lopez was
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a leader of Spanish refugees agitating for the
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liberation of Cuba. Lopez attracted a group
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from New Orleans who thought that Cuba could be
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annexed to the U.S.
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1853 Gadsden Purchase negotiated for $10 million.
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Southern Arizona and New Mexico, the territory
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acquired, was the last addition to the present
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U.S. boundaries. Congress passed legislation,
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and on June 30, 1854 the treaty was mutually
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ratified. Under final terms, the U.S. received
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the Mesila Valley, about 20 million unfertile
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acres of land and was able to adjust the
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disputed U.S. Mexican boundary. The treaty made
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it unnecessary for the U.S. to protect Mexico
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from Indian invasions.
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Mar 4 Franklin Pierce, 14th president inaugurated. He
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was a Democrat and served one term in office.
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1854 Oct 18 Drafting of the Ostend Manifesto, declaring that
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in order to preserve slavery, U.S. should obtain
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Cuba. William Marcy had ordered the conference
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to establish policy toward Cuba.
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1855 William Walker landed a company of men in
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Nicaragua, overthrew the government, and set
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himself up as ruler. Walker, a lawyer, doctor,
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and newspaper editor had seized Lower California
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in 1853, and made himself by proclamation
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president. Walker was executed in Nicaragua in
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1860 by a Honduras court when a new invasion of
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Nicaragua failed.
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1857 Feb 21 Foreign coins declared no longer legal tender by
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Act of Congress.
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Mar 3 Foreign duties lower to level of about 20% by
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Tariff Act, and free list enlarged.
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Mar 4 James Buchanan, 15th president, sworn to office.
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He was a Democrate and served one term in
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office.
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1861 Feb 18 Jefferson Davis inaugurated president of the
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confederacy. Capital first established in
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Montgomery, Alabama. Later moved to Richmond,
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Virginia.
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Mar 4 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated president of what
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was no longer the United States.
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1862 July 22 1st draft of Emancipation Proclamation submitted
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to cabinet by President Lincoln.
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1863 Jan 1 Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation.
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1865 Apr 15 Andrew Johnson, 17th president inaugurated.
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1867 Feb 25 Survey for canal at Darien, Panama, connecting
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the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans provided for by
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a resolution adopted by Congress.
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1869 Mar 4 Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated as 18th president.
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He was a Republican and served two terms.
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1877 Jan 2 Carpetbag government ended in South Carolina
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when Federal troops evacuated Columbia.
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1877 Mar 4 Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated, 19th president,
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served one term as Republican.
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1878 Jan 17 Commercial Treaty with Samoa signed. Pago Pago
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harbor reserved for a coaling station for U.S.
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Naval vessels.
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1881 James A. Garfield, 20th president, inaugurated.
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He was a Republican and died 6 months., 15 days
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in office. Vice-president Chester A. Arthur
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succeeded him. On July 2nd, Garfield was shot.
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He died September 19th, 1881.
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Sept 20 Chester A. Arthur inaugurated as 21st president,
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Republican, he served 3 years, 5 months in
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office.
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Nov 22 Pan-American movement launched.
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1885 Mar 4 Grover Cleveland, 22nd president inaugurated. He
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was a Democrat.
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1889 Mar 4 Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president inaugurated.
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He was a Republican and served one term.
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1890 High protective tariffs issued by President
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McKinley in order to cut down on imports.
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Feb 4 Senate ratified the Samoan treaty with Germany
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and Great Britain. This treaty placed Samoan
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Islands under the joint control of the three
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powers, and provided the U.S. with a fueling
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station for it's Pacific fleet.
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Apr 14 Resolution of Pan-American Conference held in
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Washington between Oct. 2nd, 1889, and April
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21st, 1890, established the Pan-American Union.
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1892 Boll Weevil, of Mexican or Central American
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origin, first seen in Texas; pest spread widely
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and has caused as much as $200,000,000 damage a
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year to U.S. cotton crops.
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1893 Mar 4 Grover Cleveland, 24th president, inaugurated
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for second time. He was a Democrate and served
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one term.
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1895 Feb 24 Revolt against Spanish rule broke out in Cuba.
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On June 12 President Cleveland called on the
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U.S. citizens to avoid giving aid to
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insurgents. Part of the cause of the rebellion
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was the panic of 1893 which caused severe
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economic depression in the Cuban sugar industry.
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Repressive measures taken by the Spanish aroused
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American sympathy, which was inflamed to a war
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pitch by the "yellow journalism" of William
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Randolph Hearst's New Your Journal and Joseph
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Pulitzer's New York World.
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Dec 21 Congress authorized President Cleveland to
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appoint Venezuelan Boundary Commission.
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1897 Mar 4 William McKinley, 25th president inaugurated.
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He was a Republican and died by assassination
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after serving 6 months of his 2nd term.
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May 24 Congress voted $50,000 for relief of Americans
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in Cuba. Time of Cuban rebellion.
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1898 Jan 25 U.S. battleship Maine arrived at Havana on
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friendly visit. The real purpose of the Maine
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was to protect American life and property.
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Feb 15 American battleship Maine blown up in Havana
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harbor; 260 seamen lost. U.S. sympathies were
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already strong for Cuba in the revolt against
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Spanish tyranny; the Maine disaster made U.S.
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intervention inevitable, though the cause of the
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sinking was never established.
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Apr 5 President McKinley recalled U.S. consuls in
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Cuba.
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Apr 19 Congress adopted resolutions declaring Cuba
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independent and directing the president to use
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forces to put an end to Spanish authority in
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Cuba.
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Apr 22 U.S. instituted a blockade of all Cuban ports.
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1st prize of the Spanish-American War taken by
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gunboat Nashville, which captured the Spanish
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ship, Buena Ventura.
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Apr 24 Spain recognized state of war. U.S. declared
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that state of war existed since April 21st when
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Spain broke diplomatic relations with U.S.
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June 11 About 600 marines landed at Guantanamo, Cuba,
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and made contact with the enemy the next day.
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June 12 (thru 14th) 17,000 Americans embarked under
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General Shafter at Key West, Florida to attempt
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an invasion of Santiago.
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June 15 Battle at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba where the U.S.
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marines repulsed a Spanish force.
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Pacific island of Guam was taken over. No
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ammunition was on the island, and they had not
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yet received word of war.
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June 22 General Shafer's invasion forces landed at
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Daiquiri, 15 miles from Santiago. American
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casualties were 1 killed, 4 wounded.
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July 1 (thru begining of August) Many battles occured
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leaving many cities and towns surrendering to
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U.S. troops. Included in these: Ponce, Puerto
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Rico; Guanica, Puerto Rico; Cuban harbor of
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Nipe, and Coamo, Puerto Rico
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Aug 9 Spanish government formally accepted peace
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terms.
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Dec 10 Treaty ending Spanish-American War signed in
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Paris. U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and
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Spain relinquished claim to Cuba. Treaty was
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ratified by congress Jan. 9, 1899. U.S. paid
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Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
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1901 Mar 2 Platt Amendment adopted by Congress.
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Amendment established a quasi-protectorate over
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Cuba. It was abrogated May 29, 1934.
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Apr 19 Rebellion in the Philippines ended by
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proclamation.
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Sept 6 President McKinley shot during public reception
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at Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, N.Y.
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He died on September 14th, and Theodore
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Roosevelt was sworn in as 26th president serving
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McKinleys remaining term of 3 years, 5 months
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and was elected another term in 1904.
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1902 May 20 U.S. flag lowered from government buildings in
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Cuba and replaced with flag of new Cuban
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government. Cuban independence achived 4 years
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after end of Spanish-American war.
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June 28 Isthmian Canal Act passed by Congress. It
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authorized the financing and building of the
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canal across the Isthmian of Panama. Negotiated
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with Columbia to authorize canal through
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Nicargua.
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July 1 Philippine Government Act passed by Congress.
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It declared the Philippine Islands an
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unorganized territory.
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1903 Jan 22 Hay-Herran Treaty (Panama Canal) signed with
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Columbia. The U.S. Senate ratified it on March
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17th, but on August 12th, the Columbian state
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rejected it.
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Nov 2 President Roosevelt ordered warships to Panama
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to maintain "free and uninterrupted transit "
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across isthmus. This insured success of
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revolution, which was engineered in part by
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officers of the Panama Company and in part by
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native groups, all with tacit approval of
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Roosevelt's administration. Separatist movement
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in Panama was directed against Colombia.
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Nov 3 Quickest recognition ever offered a foreign
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county by U.S. came when Republic of Panama was
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recognized 3 days after it was proclaimed.
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Roosevelt's opponents openly hinted that he was
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involved in the Panamanian revolution in order
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to speed negotiations for the Panama Canal.
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Nov 18 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty negotiated. It gave
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U.S. complete control over a 10-mile strip of
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land in Panama in return for $10 million in gold
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plus yearly payments of $250,000
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1904 Jan 4 Citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens, ruled
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the U.S. Supreme Court. Although they are not
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classified as citizens of the U.S., they can not
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be denied or refused admission to the
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continental limits of the U.S.
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Feb 29 Panama Canal Commission appointed by President
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Roosevelt. The 7-man board was in charge of the
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construction of the waterway.
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1905 Jan 21 Protocol signed with Santo Domingo which gave
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the U.S. complete charge of customs finances
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with the purpose of satifying European creditors
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of Santo Domingo. This was an example of
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Roosevelt's corollary to Monroe Doctrine in
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action.
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1906 Aug 23 Tomas Estrada Palma, 1st president of Cuba,
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requested U.S intervention to quell a revolt
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arising from election disputes. Order was
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finaly restored after troops took over Cuban
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government for 13 days in October.
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Sept 29 Platt Amendment applied in Cuba when the U.S.
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assumed military control.
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Nov 9 1st time a U.S. president left the country while
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in office occurred when President Roosevelt
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sailed on battleship Louisiana to visit Isthmus
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of Panama and inspect the Canal. He returned on
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Nov. 26, 1906.
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1907 Feb 8 Treaty with Santo Domingo signed.
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Mar 21 U.S. Marines landed in Honduras to protect life
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and property from revolutionary hazards.
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1909 Mar 4 William H. Taft, 27th president inaugurated. He
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was a Republican and served one term.
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Nov 18 U.S. Warships and troops ordered to Nicaragua
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after it was reported that 500 revolutionists,
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with 2 Americans among them, were executed by
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dictator Zelaya.
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1911 Mar 7 20,000 U.S. troops were ordered to the Mexican
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boarder. Conditions in Mexico were still
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chaotic; fighting sometimes occured so close to
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the border that crowds of U.S. citizens
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gathered to watch. Troops recalled June 24th.
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Apr 14 President Taft sent a message to the Mexican
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Government demanding that fighting cease along
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the American border.
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June 5 U.S. Marines landed in Cuba to protect American
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intrests.
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1912 Oct 14 President Roosevelt shot from a distance of 6 ft
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while in New York making a speech. He insisted
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on delivering his speech before being taken to
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the hospital.
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1913 Mar 4 Woodrow Wilson, 28th president inaugurated. He
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was a Democrat and served 2 terms.
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Aug 27 President Wilson announced his policy on
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"watchful waiting" in respect to Mexico.
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1914 Jan 27 Permanent Civil government established in the
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Panama Canal Zone by an executive order.
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Apr 9 Small party of U.S. Marines, landing at Tampico,
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Mexico, to obtain supplies were arrested and
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detained for one and a half hours by the Mexican
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authorities.
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Apr 11 A breach of diplomatic relations with Mexico
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occured because of an apology without a special
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salute to the American flag.
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Apr 14 President Wilson ordered American fleet to
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Tampico Bay, Mexico, as result of incident
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involving arrest of U.S. troops.
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Apr 21 U.S. fleet seized the custom house at Vera Cruz,
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Mexico, and Marines occupied the city. U.S.
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losses: 4 dead; 20 wounded.
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Apr 22 Mexico severed diplomatic relations with U.S.
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Apr 25 So-called "ABC" countries - Argentina, Brazil,
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and Chile - offered to arbitrate U.S.-Mexico
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dispute. President Wilson quickly accepted.
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General Huerta was forced to resign presidency
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of Mexico on July 15th.
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May 18 Panama Canal opened to barge service.
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July 28 (thru August 6th) Outbreak of World War I in
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Europe occured.
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Aug 15 Panama Canal formally opened.
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Nov 23 U.S. forces left Vera Cruz.
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1915 May 24 Pan-American Finacial Conference opened at
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Washing D.C.
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Aug 5 Latin-American Conference to debate means of
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ending unrest in Mexico opened at Washington
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D.C.; attended by Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia,
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Chile, Guatemala, Uruguay, and U.S.
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Sept 16 Haiti becomes U.S. protectorate under terms of
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treaty signed with that country. U.S. senate
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approved February 28, 1916.
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Oct 19 U.S. government recognized General Venustiano
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Carranza as President of Mexico.
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1916 May 1 U.S. Marines landed in Santo Domingo to settle
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internal violence. Occupation continued untill
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1924.
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May 9 President Wilson ordered militia of Texas, New
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Mexico, and Arizona to be mobilized for duty on
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the Mexican border. 4500 regular army troops
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were also sent to supplement the militia.
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1917 Feb 19 War department issued an order for the
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demobilization of U.S troops stationed along the
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Mexican boarder.
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Bibliography:
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American Foreign Policy - edited by Robert A. Divine
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THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY, N.Y. (c)1960
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A History of American Foreign Policy - Alexander Deconde
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CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, N.Y. (c)1963
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An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations - Cole
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THE DORSEY PRESS, Homewood, Ill. (c)1968
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The Latin American Policy of the United States: An Historical
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Interpretation - Samual Flagg Bemis
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HARCOURT, BRACE & Co., N.Y. (c)1943
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History of A Free People - Bragdon, McCutchen, Cole
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MACMILLAN PUBLISHING Co., Inc., N.Y. (c)1973
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Class notes were also used as a resource.
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