595 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
595 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Foreign Affairs Timeline : American relations with Latin-
|
||
|
|
America from 1850 to 1920
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1850 May 25 New Mexico, impatient for statehood, formed own
|
||
|
|
state government. Convention set boundaries of
|
||
|
|
state, banned slavery, applied for statehood.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
July 9 President Zachary Taylor died. Vice-President
|
||
|
|
Millard Fillmore became president on July 10th.
|
||
|
|
Taylor was the 2nd and last of the Whig party to
|
||
|
|
be elected to presidency.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Sept 9 Texas and New Mexico act passed. The act
|
||
|
|
established the Texas boundaries, authorized
|
||
|
|
payment of $10 million for relinquishing her
|
||
|
|
claims to territories beyond the new state
|
||
|
|
lines, and established the boundaries of New
|
||
|
|
Mexico territory. Part of Compromise of 1850.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1851 Aug 24 Lopez Expedition, a group unauthorized by the
|
||
|
|
federal government formed for the purpose of
|
||
|
|
taking Cuba by force. General Narciso Lopez was
|
||
|
|
a leader of Spanish refugees agitating for the
|
||
|
|
liberation of Cuba. Lopez attracted a group
|
||
|
|
from New Orleans who thought that Cuba could be
|
||
|
|
annexed to the U.S.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1853 Gadsden Purchase negotiated for $10 million.
|
||
|
|
Southern Arizona and New Mexico, the territory
|
||
|
|
acquired, was the last addition to the present
|
||
|
|
U.S. boundaries. Congress passed legislation,
|
||
|
|
and on June 30, 1854 the treaty was mutually
|
||
|
|
ratified. Under final terms, the U.S. received
|
||
|
|
the Mesila Valley, about 20 million unfertile
|
||
|
|
acres of land and was able to adjust the
|
||
|
|
disputed U.S. Mexican boundary. The treaty made
|
||
|
|
it unnecessary for the U.S. to protect Mexico
|
||
|
|
from Indian invasions.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mar 4 Franklin Pierce, 14th president inaugurated. He
|
||
|
|
was a Democrat and served one term in office.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1854 Oct 18 Drafting of the Ostend Manifesto, declaring that
|
||
|
|
in order to preserve slavery, U.S. should obtain
|
||
|
|
Cuba. William Marcy had ordered the conference
|
||
|
|
to establish policy toward Cuba.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1855 William Walker landed a company of men in
|
||
|
|
Nicaragua, overthrew the government, and set
|
||
|
|
himself up as ruler. Walker, a lawyer, doctor,
|
||
|
|
and newspaper editor had seized Lower California
|
||
|
|
in 1853, and made himself by proclamation
|
||
|
|
president. Walker was executed in Nicaragua in
|
||
|
|
1860 by a Honduras court when a new invasion of
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nicaragua failed.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1857 Feb 21 Foreign coins declared no longer legal tender by
|
||
|
|
Act of Congress.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mar 3 Foreign duties lower to level of about 20% by
|
||
|
|
Tariff Act, and free list enlarged.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mar 4 James Buchanan, 15th president, sworn to office.
|
||
|
|
He was a Democrate and served one term in
|
||
|
|
office.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1861 Feb 18 Jefferson Davis inaugurated president of the
|
||
|
|
confederacy. Capital first established in
|
||
|
|
Montgomery, Alabama. Later moved to Richmond,
|
||
|
|
Virginia.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mar 4 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated president of what
|
||
|
|
was no longer the United States.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1862 July 22 1st draft of Emancipation Proclamation submitted
|
||
|
|
to cabinet by President Lincoln.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1863 Jan 1 Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1865 Apr 15 Andrew Johnson, 17th president inaugurated.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1867 Feb 25 Survey for canal at Darien, Panama, connecting
|
||
|
|
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans provided for by
|
||
|
|
a resolution adopted by Congress.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1869 Mar 4 Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated as 18th president.
|
||
|
|
He was a Republican and served two terms.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1877 Jan 2 Carpetbag government ended in South Carolina
|
||
|
|
when Federal troops evacuated Columbia.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1877 Mar 4 Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated, 19th president,
|
||
|
|
served one term as Republican.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1878 Jan 17 Commercial Treaty with Samoa signed. Pago Pago
|
||
|
|
harbor reserved for a coaling station for U.S.
|
||
|
|
Naval vessels.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1881 James A. Garfield, 20th president, inaugurated.
|
||
|
|
He was a Republican and died 6 months., 15 days
|
||
|
|
in office. Vice-president Chester A. Arthur
|
||
|
|
succeeded him. On July 2nd, Garfield was shot.
|
||
|
|
He died September 19th, 1881.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Sept 20 Chester A. Arthur inaugurated as 21st president,
|
||
|
|
Republican, he served 3 years, 5 months in
|
||
|
|
office.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 22 Pan-American movement launched.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1885 Mar 4 Grover Cleveland, 22nd president inaugurated. He
|
||
|
|
was a Democrat.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1889 Mar 4 Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president inaugurated.
|
||
|
|
He was a Republican and served one term.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1890 High protective tariffs issued by President
|
||
|
|
McKinley in order to cut down on imports.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Feb 4 Senate ratified the Samoan treaty with Germany
|
||
|
|
and Great Britain. This treaty placed Samoan
|
||
|
|
Islands under the joint control of the three
|
||
|
|
powers, and provided the U.S. with a fueling
|
||
|
|
station for it's Pacific fleet.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 14 Resolution of Pan-American Conference held in
|
||
|
|
Washington between Oct. 2nd, 1889, and April
|
||
|
|
21st, 1890, established the Pan-American Union.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1892 Boll Weevil, of Mexican or Central American
|
||
|
|
origin, first seen in Texas; pest spread widely
|
||
|
|
and has caused as much as $200,000,000 damage a
|
||
|
|
year to U.S. cotton crops.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1893 Mar 4 Grover Cleveland, 24th president, inaugurated
|
||
|
|
for second time. He was a Democrate and served
|
||
|
|
one term.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1895 Feb 24 Revolt against Spanish rule broke out in Cuba.
|
||
|
|
On June 12 President Cleveland called on the
|
||
|
|
U.S. citizens to avoid giving aid to
|
||
|
|
insurgents. Part of the cause of the rebellion
|
||
|
|
was the panic of 1893 which caused severe
|
||
|
|
economic depression in the Cuban sugar industry.
|
||
|
|
Repressive measures taken by the Spanish aroused
|
||
|
|
American sympathy, which was inflamed to a war
|
||
|
|
pitch by the "yellow journalism" of William
|
||
|
|
Randolph Hearst's New Your Journal and Joseph
|
||
|
|
Pulitzer's New York World.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Dec 21 Congress authorized President Cleveland to
|
||
|
|
appoint Venezuelan Boundary Commission.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1897 Mar 4 William McKinley, 25th president inaugurated.
|
||
|
|
He was a Republican and died by assassination
|
||
|
|
after serving 6 months of his 2nd term.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
May 24 Congress voted $50,000 for relief of Americans
|
||
|
|
in Cuba. Time of Cuban rebellion.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1898 Jan 25 U.S. battleship Maine arrived at Havana on
|
||
|
|
friendly visit. The real purpose of the Maine
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
was to protect American life and property.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Feb 15 American battleship Maine blown up in Havana
|
||
|
|
harbor; 260 seamen lost. U.S. sympathies were
|
||
|
|
already strong for Cuba in the revolt against
|
||
|
|
Spanish tyranny; the Maine disaster made U.S.
|
||
|
|
intervention inevitable, though the cause of the
|
||
|
|
sinking was never established.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 5 President McKinley recalled U.S. consuls in
|
||
|
|
Cuba.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 19 Congress adopted resolutions declaring Cuba
|
||
|
|
independent and directing the president to use
|
||
|
|
forces to put an end to Spanish authority in
|
||
|
|
Cuba.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 22 U.S. instituted a blockade of all Cuban ports.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1st prize of the Spanish-American War taken by
|
||
|
|
gunboat Nashville, which captured the Spanish
|
||
|
|
ship, Buena Ventura.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 24 Spain recognized state of war. U.S. declared
|
||
|
|
that state of war existed since April 21st when
|
||
|
|
Spain broke diplomatic relations with U.S.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 11 About 600 marines landed at Guantanamo, Cuba,
|
||
|
|
and made contact with the enemy the next day.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 12 (thru 14th) 17,000 Americans embarked under
|
||
|
|
General Shafter at Key West, Florida to attempt
|
||
|
|
an invasion of Santiago.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 15 Battle at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba where the U.S.
|
||
|
|
marines repulsed a Spanish force.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Pacific island of Guam was taken over. No
|
||
|
|
ammunition was on the island, and they had not
|
||
|
|
yet received word of war.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 22 General Shafer's invasion forces landed at
|
||
|
|
Daiquiri, 15 miles from Santiago. American
|
||
|
|
casualties were 1 killed, 4 wounded.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
July 1 (thru begining of August) Many battles occured
|
||
|
|
leaving many cities and towns surrendering to
|
||
|
|
U.S. troops. Included in these: Ponce, Puerto
|
||
|
|
Rico; Guanica, Puerto Rico; Cuban harbor of
|
||
|
|
Nipe, and Coamo, Puerto Rico
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Aug 9 Spanish government formally accepted peace
|
||
|
|
terms.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Dec 10 Treaty ending Spanish-American War signed in
|
||
|
|
Paris. U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and
|
||
|
|
Spain relinquished claim to Cuba. Treaty was
|
||
|
|
ratified by congress Jan. 9, 1899. U.S. paid
|
||
|
|
Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1901 Mar 2 Platt Amendment adopted by Congress.
|
||
|
|
Amendment established a quasi-protectorate over
|
||
|
|
Cuba. It was abrogated May 29, 1934.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 19 Rebellion in the Philippines ended by
|
||
|
|
proclamation.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Sept 6 President McKinley shot during public reception
|
||
|
|
at Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, N.Y.
|
||
|
|
He died on September 14th, and Theodore
|
||
|
|
Roosevelt was sworn in as 26th president serving
|
||
|
|
McKinleys remaining term of 3 years, 5 months
|
||
|
|
and was elected another term in 1904.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1902 May 20 U.S. flag lowered from government buildings in
|
||
|
|
Cuba and replaced with flag of new Cuban
|
||
|
|
government. Cuban independence achived 4 years
|
||
|
|
after end of Spanish-American war.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 28 Isthmian Canal Act passed by Congress. It
|
||
|
|
authorized the financing and building of the
|
||
|
|
canal across the Isthmian of Panama. Negotiated
|
||
|
|
with Columbia to authorize canal through
|
||
|
|
Nicargua.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
July 1 Philippine Government Act passed by Congress.
|
||
|
|
It declared the Philippine Islands an
|
||
|
|
unorganized territory.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1903 Jan 22 Hay-Herran Treaty (Panama Canal) signed with
|
||
|
|
Columbia. The U.S. Senate ratified it on March
|
||
|
|
17th, but on August 12th, the Columbian state
|
||
|
|
rejected it.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 2 President Roosevelt ordered warships to Panama
|
||
|
|
to maintain "free and uninterrupted transit "
|
||
|
|
across isthmus. This insured success of
|
||
|
|
revolution, which was engineered in part by
|
||
|
|
officers of the Panama Company and in part by
|
||
|
|
native groups, all with tacit approval of
|
||
|
|
Roosevelt's administration. Separatist movement
|
||
|
|
in Panama was directed against Colombia.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 3 Quickest recognition ever offered a foreign
|
||
|
|
county by U.S. came when Republic of Panama was
|
||
|
|
recognized 3 days after it was proclaimed.
|
||
|
|
Roosevelt's opponents openly hinted that he was
|
||
|
|
involved in the Panamanian revolution in order
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
to speed negotiations for the Panama Canal.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 18 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty negotiated. It gave
|
||
|
|
U.S. complete control over a 10-mile strip of
|
||
|
|
land in Panama in return for $10 million in gold
|
||
|
|
plus yearly payments of $250,000
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1904 Jan 4 Citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens, ruled
|
||
|
|
the U.S. Supreme Court. Although they are not
|
||
|
|
classified as citizens of the U.S., they can not
|
||
|
|
be denied or refused admission to the
|
||
|
|
continental limits of the U.S.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Feb 29 Panama Canal Commission appointed by President
|
||
|
|
Roosevelt. The 7-man board was in charge of the
|
||
|
|
construction of the waterway.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1905 Jan 21 Protocol signed with Santo Domingo which gave
|
||
|
|
the U.S. complete charge of customs finances
|
||
|
|
with the purpose of satifying European creditors
|
||
|
|
of Santo Domingo. This was an example of
|
||
|
|
Roosevelt's corollary to Monroe Doctrine in
|
||
|
|
action.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1906 Aug 23 Tomas Estrada Palma, 1st president of Cuba,
|
||
|
|
requested U.S intervention to quell a revolt
|
||
|
|
arising from election disputes. Order was
|
||
|
|
finaly restored after troops took over Cuban
|
||
|
|
government for 13 days in October.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Sept 29 Platt Amendment applied in Cuba when the U.S.
|
||
|
|
assumed military control.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 9 1st time a U.S. president left the country while
|
||
|
|
in office occurred when President Roosevelt
|
||
|
|
sailed on battleship Louisiana to visit Isthmus
|
||
|
|
of Panama and inspect the Canal. He returned on
|
||
|
|
Nov. 26, 1906.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1907 Feb 8 Treaty with Santo Domingo signed.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mar 21 U.S. Marines landed in Honduras to protect life
|
||
|
|
and property from revolutionary hazards.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1909 Mar 4 William H. Taft, 27th president inaugurated. He
|
||
|
|
was a Republican and served one term.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 18 U.S. Warships and troops ordered to Nicaragua
|
||
|
|
after it was reported that 500 revolutionists,
|
||
|
|
with 2 Americans among them, were executed by
|
||
|
|
dictator Zelaya.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1911 Mar 7 20,000 U.S. troops were ordered to the Mexican
|
||
|
|
boarder. Conditions in Mexico were still
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
chaotic; fighting sometimes occured so close to
|
||
|
|
the border that crowds of U.S. citizens
|
||
|
|
gathered to watch. Troops recalled June 24th.
|
||
|
|
Apr 14 President Taft sent a message to the Mexican
|
||
|
|
Government demanding that fighting cease along
|
||
|
|
the American border.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
June 5 U.S. Marines landed in Cuba to protect American
|
||
|
|
intrests.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1912 Oct 14 President Roosevelt shot from a distance of 6 ft
|
||
|
|
while in New York making a speech. He insisted
|
||
|
|
on delivering his speech before being taken to
|
||
|
|
the hospital.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1913 Mar 4 Woodrow Wilson, 28th president inaugurated. He
|
||
|
|
was a Democrat and served 2 terms.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Aug 27 President Wilson announced his policy on
|
||
|
|
"watchful waiting" in respect to Mexico.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1914 Jan 27 Permanent Civil government established in the
|
||
|
|
Panama Canal Zone by an executive order.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 9 Small party of U.S. Marines, landing at Tampico,
|
||
|
|
Mexico, to obtain supplies were arrested and
|
||
|
|
detained for one and a half hours by the Mexican
|
||
|
|
authorities.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 11 A breach of diplomatic relations with Mexico
|
||
|
|
occured because of an apology without a special
|
||
|
|
salute to the American flag.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 14 President Wilson ordered American fleet to
|
||
|
|
Tampico Bay, Mexico, as result of incident
|
||
|
|
involving arrest of U.S. troops.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 21 U.S. fleet seized the custom house at Vera Cruz,
|
||
|
|
Mexico, and Marines occupied the city. U.S.
|
||
|
|
losses: 4 dead; 20 wounded.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 22 Mexico severed diplomatic relations with U.S.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Apr 25 So-called "ABC" countries - Argentina, Brazil,
|
||
|
|
and Chile - offered to arbitrate U.S.-Mexico
|
||
|
|
dispute. President Wilson quickly accepted.
|
||
|
|
General Huerta was forced to resign presidency
|
||
|
|
of Mexico on July 15th.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
May 18 Panama Canal opened to barge service.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
July 28 (thru August 6th) Outbreak of World War I in
|
||
|
|
Europe occured.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Aug 15 Panama Canal formally opened.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Nov 23 U.S. forces left Vera Cruz.
|
||
|
|
1915 May 24 Pan-American Finacial Conference opened at
|
||
|
|
Washing D.C.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Aug 5 Latin-American Conference to debate means of
|
||
|
|
ending unrest in Mexico opened at Washington
|
||
|
|
D.C.; attended by Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia,
|
||
|
|
Chile, Guatemala, Uruguay, and U.S.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Sept 16 Haiti becomes U.S. protectorate under terms of
|
||
|
|
treaty signed with that country. U.S. senate
|
||
|
|
approved February 28, 1916.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Oct 19 U.S. government recognized General Venustiano
|
||
|
|
Carranza as President of Mexico.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1916 May 1 U.S. Marines landed in Santo Domingo to settle
|
||
|
|
internal violence. Occupation continued untill
|
||
|
|
1924.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
May 9 President Wilson ordered militia of Texas, New
|
||
|
|
Mexico, and Arizona to be mobilized for duty on
|
||
|
|
the Mexican border. 4500 regular army troops
|
||
|
|
were also sent to supplement the militia.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
1917 Feb 19 War department issued an order for the
|
||
|
|
demobilization of U.S troops stationed along the
|
||
|
|
Mexican boarder.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Bibliography:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
American Foreign Policy - edited by Robert A. Divine
|
||
|
|
THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY, N.Y. (c)1960
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A History of American Foreign Policy - Alexander Deconde
|
||
|
|
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, N.Y. (c)1963
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations - Cole
|
||
|
|
THE DORSEY PRESS, Homewood, Ill. (c)1968
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The Latin American Policy of the United States: An Historical
|
||
|
|
Interpretation - Samual Flagg Bemis
|
||
|
|
HARCOURT, BRACE & Co., N.Y. (c)1943
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
History of A Free People - Bragdon, McCutchen, Cole
|
||
|
|
MACMILLAN PUBLISHING Co., Inc., N.Y. (c)1973
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Class notes were also used as a resource.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|