diff --git a/nixos/modules/config/pulseaudio.nix b/nixos/modules/config/pulseaudio.nix
index bf66994b502..bd80c811348 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/config/pulseaudio.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/config/pulseaudio.nix
@@ -240,11 +240,14 @@ in {
       };
       systemd.user = {
         services.pulseaudio = {
+          restartIfChanged = true;
           serviceConfig = {
             RestartSec = "500ms";
+            PassEnvironment = "DISPLAY";
           };
-          environment = { DISPLAY = ":${toString config.services.xserver.display}"; };
-          restartIfChanged = true;
+        };
+        sockets.pulseaudio = {
+          wantedBy = [ "sockets.target" ];
         };
       };
     })
diff --git a/nixos/modules/programs/ssh.nix b/nixos/modules/programs/ssh.nix
index a00fc0dfd19..4faef2c609b 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/programs/ssh.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/programs/ssh.nix
@@ -199,9 +199,8 @@ in
     environment.etc."ssh/ssh_known_hosts".text = knownHostsText;
 
     # FIXME: this should really be socket-activated for über-awesomeness.
-    systemd.user.services.ssh-agent =
-      { enable = cfg.startAgent;
-        description = "SSH Agent";
+    systemd.user.services.ssh-agent = mkIf cfg.startAgent
+      { description = "SSH Agent";
         wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
         serviceConfig =
           { ExecStartPre = "${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/rm -f %t/ssh-agent";
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/arbtt.nix b/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/arbtt.nix
index a8d5e3b7fa0..b41a3c7b501 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/arbtt.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/arbtt.nix
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.arbtt = {
       description = "arbtt statistics capture service";
-      wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
 
       serviceConfig = {
         Type = "simple";
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/compton.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/compton.nix
index d75d24830f8..56bc66b7179 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/compton.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/compton.nix
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.compton = {
       description = "Compton composite manager";
-      wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
       serviceConfig = {
         ExecStart = "${cfg.package}/bin/compton --config ${configFile}";
         RestartSec = 3;
         Restart = "always";
       };
-      environment.DISPLAY = ":0";
     };
 
     environment.systemPackages = [ cfg.package ];
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/default.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/default.nix
index cf6efb7dae7..58773685ec1 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/default.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/default.nix
@@ -122,6 +122,9 @@ let
           source ~/.xprofile
       fi
 
+      # Start systemd user services for graphical sessions
+      ${config.systemd.package}/bin/systemctl --user start graphical-session.target
+
       # Allow the user to setup a custom session type.
       if test -x ~/.xsession; then
           exec ~/.xsession
@@ -164,6 +167,9 @@ let
       ''}
 
       test -n "$waitPID" && wait "$waitPID"
+
+      ${config.systemd.package}/bin/systemctl --user stop graphical-session.target
+
       exit 0
     '';
 
@@ -325,6 +331,13 @@ in
 
   config = {
     services.xserver.displayManager.xserverBin = "${xorg.xorgserver.out}/bin/X";
+
+    systemd.user.targets.graphical-session = {
+      unitConfig = {
+        RefuseManualStart = false;
+        StopWhenUnneeded = false;
+      };
+    };
   };
 
   imports = [
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/redshift.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/redshift.nix
index eb5dfdf9584..992709ed000 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/redshift.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/redshift.nix
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.redshift = {
       description = "Redshift colour temperature adjuster";
-      wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
       serviceConfig = {
         ExecStart = ''
           ${cfg.package}/bin/redshift \
@@ -107,12 +108,6 @@ in {
         RestartSec = 3;
         Restart = "always";
       };
-      environment = {
-        DISPLAY = ":${toString (
-          let display = config.services.xserver.display;
-          in if display != null then display else 0
-        )}";
-      };
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter-xfixes.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter-xfixes.nix
index b94dfb1a26a..71262431b68 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter-xfixes.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter-xfixes.nix
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.unclutter-xfixes = {
       description = "unclutter-xfixes";
-      wantedBy = [ "graphical.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
       serviceConfig.ExecStart = ''
         ${cfg.package}/bin/unclutter \
           --timeout ${toString cfg.timeout} \
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter.nix
index a22e5ac2c95..5f16a680050 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/unclutter.nix
@@ -56,19 +56,17 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.unclutter = {
       description = "unclutter";
-      wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
       serviceConfig.ExecStart = ''
         ${cfg.package}/bin/unclutter \
           -idle ${toString cfg.timeout} \
-          -display :${toString (
-             let display = config.services.xserver.display;
-             in if display != null then display else 0
-          )} \
           -jitter ${toString (cfg.threeshold - 1)} \
           ${optionalString cfg.keystroke "-keystroke"} \
           ${concatMapStrings (x: " -"+x) cfg.extraOptions} \
           -not ${concatStringsSep " " cfg.excluded} \
       '';
+      serviceConfig.PassEnvironment = "DISPLAY";
       serviceConfig.RestartSec = 3;
       serviceConfig.Restart = "always";
     };
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/urxvtd.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/urxvtd.nix
index 57ad93f2017..f2ce089ce19 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/urxvtd.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/urxvtd.nix
@@ -21,9 +21,8 @@ in {
     systemd.user = {
       sockets.urxvtd = {
         description = "socket for urxvtd, the urxvt terminal daemon";
-        after = [ "graphical.target" ];
-        wants = [ "graphical.target" ];
-        wantedBy = [ "sockets.target" ];
+        wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+        partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
         socketConfig = {
           ListenStream = "%t/urxvtd-socket";
         };
diff --git a/nixos/modules/services/x11/xbanish.nix b/nixos/modules/services/x11/xbanish.nix
index e1e3cbc8e44..b95fac68f16 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/services/x11/xbanish.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/services/x11/xbanish.nix
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ in {
   config = mkIf cfg.enable {
     systemd.user.services.xbanish = {
       description = "xbanish hides the mouse pointer";
-      wantedBy = [ "default.target" ];
+      wantedBy = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
+      partOf = [ "graphical-session.target" ];
       serviceConfig.ExecStart = ''
         ${pkgs.xbanish}/bin/xbanish ${cfg.arguments}
       '';