279 lines
15 KiB
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279 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [General Info on Woodrow ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Wilson ]
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[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[x]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:2011 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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Wilson, Woodrow
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Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States (1913-21), secured a
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legislative program of progressive domestic reform, guided his country
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during WORLD WAR I, and sought a peace settlement based on high moral
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principles, to be guaranteed by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
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Early Life and Career
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856. He was
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profoundly influenced by a devoutly religious household headed by his
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father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson, a Presbyterian minister, and his mother,
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Janet Woodrow Wilson, the daughter of a minister. Woodrow (he dropped the
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Thomas in 1879) attended (1873-74) Davidson College and in 1875 entered the
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College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), graduating in 1879.
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Wilson studied (1879-80) at the University of Virginia Law School, briefly
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practiced law in Atlanta, and in 1883 entered The Johns Hopkins University
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for graduate study in political science. His widely acclaimed book,
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Congressional Government (1885), was published a year before he received
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the doctoral degree. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson; they had three
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daughters.
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Wilson taught at Bryn Mawr College (1885-88) and Wesleyan University
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in Connecticut (1888-90) before he was called (1890) to Princeton as
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professor of jurisprudence and political economy. A popular lecturer,
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Wilson also wrote a score of articles and nine books, including Division
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and Reunion (1893) and his five-volume History of the American People
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(1902). In 1902 he was the unanimous choice of the trustees to become
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Princeton's president. His reforms included reorganization of the
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departmental structure, revision of the curriculum, raising of academic
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standards, tightening of student discipline, and the still-famous
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preceptorial system of instruction. But Wilson's quad plan--an attempt to
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create colleges or quadrangles where students and faculty members would
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live and study together--was defeated. Opposed by wealthy alumni and
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trustees, he also lost his battle for control of the proposed graduate
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college.
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The Princeton controversies, seen nationally as a battle between
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democracy and vested wealth, propelled Wilson into the political arena.
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George Harvey, editor of Harper's Weekly, with help from New Jersey's
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Democratic party bosses, persuaded Wilson to run for governor in 1910.
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After scoring an easy victory, he cast off his machine sponsors and
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launched a remarkable program of progressive legislation, including a
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direct-primary law, antitrust laws, a corrupt-practices act, a workmen's
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compensation act, and measures establishing a public utility commission and
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permitting cities to adopt the commission form of government.
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Success in New Jersey made him a contender for the Democratic
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presidential nomination. Although Wilson entered the 1912 Democratic
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National Convention a poor second to Speaker of the House Champ Clark, his
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strength increased as Clark's faded, and he won the nomination after 46
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ballots. Offering a program of reform that he called the New Freedom,
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Wilson ran against a divided Republican party. In November, with only 42
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percent of the popular vote, he won 435 electoral votes to 88 for
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Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt and 8 for the Republican
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candidate, President William Howard Taft.
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Progressive as President
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By presenting his program personally before the Democratically
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controlled Congress, employing personal persuasion as well as patronage,
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and appealing to the American public with his stirring rhetoric, Wilson won
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passage of an impressive array of progressive measures. The Underwood
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Tariff Act (1913), the first reduction in duties since the Civil War, also
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established a modest income tax. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided
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for currency and banking reform. Antitrust legislation followed in 1914,
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when Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act and the CLAYTON
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ANTI-TRUST ACT. In 1915, Wilson supported the La Follette Seamen's bill,
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designed to improve the working conditions of sailors. The following year
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he signed the Federal Farm Loan Act, providing low-interest credit to
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farmers; the Adamson Act, granting an 8-hour day to interstate railroad
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workers; and the Child Labor Act, which limited children's working hours.
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In foreign policy, Wilson was faced with greater problems than any
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president since Abraham Lincoln. He attempted to end U.S. dollar diplomacy
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and promote the mediation of disputes. He rejected a loan to China on the
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grounds that it impaired Chinese sovereignty, and he helped thwart Japanese
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designs on the Chinese mainland. He approved Secretary of State William
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Jennings BRYAN's efforts to minimize the danger of war through a series of
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"conciliation treaties" and joined him in an unsuccessful attempt to
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negotiate a Pan-American pact guaranteeing the integrity of the Western
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Hemisphere. In attempting to deal with revolutionary Mexico, Wilson first
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sought to promote self-government by refusing to recognize the military
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usurper Victoriano HUERTA and forcing him to allow free elections. When
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Huerta resisted, Wilson tried to force him out by ordering (April 1914)
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limited American intervention at Veracruz and by supporting
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constitutionalist Venustiano CARRANZA. Mediation by Argentina, Brazil, and
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Chile helped to prevent a general conflict and led to Huerta's resignation
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in July 1914.
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A year later, Wilson recognized Carranza's provisional government, and
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in 1916 he intervened again after Carranza's rival, guerrilla leader Pancho
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VILLA, had raided a town in New Mexico, killing several Americans. In 1915
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and 1916 he reluctantly sent troops to Haiti and Santo Domingo to establish
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U.S. protectorates.
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After the outbreak of the European war in August 1914, Wilson
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struggled with considerable success to fulfill the obligations of
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neutrality, to keep trade channels open, and to prevent any abridgement of
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U.S. rights, all in the face of the British blockade of Germany and the
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latter's introduction of submarine warfare. He warned Germany in February
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1915 that it would be held to "strict accountability" for the loss of
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American lives in the sinking of neutral or passenger ships. After the
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LUSITANIA was sunk in May 1915 (with the loss of 128 Americans), he
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negotiated with such firmness that Secretary Bryan, fearing a declaration
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of war, resigned in protest. In September 1915, Wilson won pledges from
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Germany to provide for the safety of passengers caught in submarine
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attacks, and in May 1916 the Germans agreed to abandon unrestricted
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submarine warfare.
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Running on his record of reform and with the slogan "He kept us out of
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the war," Wilson sought reelection in 1916 against Republican Charles Evans
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Hughes. The president won a narrow victory, receiving 277 out of 531
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electoral votes.
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Wartime Leader
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When Germany renewed all-out submarine warfare in 1917, Wilson severed
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diplomatic relations. In April he asked Congress for a declaration of war,
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asserting that "the world must be made safe for democracy."
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As war president, Wilson made a major contribution to the modern
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presidency as he led Americans in a spectacular mobilization of the
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nation's resources. Establishing a series of war agencies, he extended
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federal control over industry, transportation, labor, food, fuel, and
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prices. In May 1917 he forced through Congress a Selective Service bill
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under which 2.8 million men were drafted by war's end. He sought and
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received legislative delegation of increased powers, thus leaving for his
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successors the precedents and tools to meet future crises.
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Wilson the Peacemaker
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From 1914, Wilson had sought ways to mediate the conflict. In 1915 and
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1916 he sent his advisor and confidant, Col. Edward M. HOUSE, to Europe to
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work toward a negotiated peace and postwar cooperation. In the spring of
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1916, Wilson joined the call for a postwar association of nations; on Jan.
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22, 1917, he called for a peace without victory and reaffirmed his support
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for a league of nations.
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With the United States in the war, Wilson hoped to have a stronger
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influence on the peace settlement. On Jan. 8, 1918, he presented his
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FOURTEEN POINTS, a comprehensive statement of war aims. It became at once a
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war weapon and a peace program, inspiring the peoples of the Allied powers
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while undermining the confidence of the Germans. Germany made its peace
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overture in the hope of obtaining just treatment under Wilson's proposals.
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Wilson headed the American delegation to the PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE.
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He erred seriously, however, by not developing bipartisan support for his
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peace plans; he did not appoint a prominent Republican to the delegation,
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and he called on voters to reelect a Democratic Congress in 1918 as a vote
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of confidence. Most contests were decided on local issues, and when
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Republicans captured both houses of Congress, his leadership seemed
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repudiated.
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Wilson was hailed as a hero upon his arrival in Europe. At the
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conference (January-June 1919) Allied leaders Georges CLEMENCEAU, David
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LLOYD GEORGE, and Vittorio ORLANDO favored a traditional settlement. Wilson
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worked tirelessly for a peace along the lines of his Fourteen Points; only
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his shrewd bargaining prevented even harsher terms from being imposed on
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Germany. Wilson characterized the Versailles Treaty as the best obtainable
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compromise and put his hopes in the League of Nations, an integral part of
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the treaty, as the institution through which inequities could be later
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rectified.
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Senate Republicans, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to approve the
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peace treaty without significant modifications of the U.S. commitment to
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the League. Wilson accepted some compromise but then turned to the people.
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In a national speaking tour he eloquently defended the League and U.S.
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membership as essential to lasting world peace. Long months of exhausting
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labor had weakened the president, however, and he collapsed on Sept. 25,
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1919, following a speech in Pueblo, Colo.
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A week later Wilson suffered a stroke that left him partially
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incapacitated for the remainder of his life. From his bed he continued to
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oppose severe restrictions to the League. The Senate, meanwhile, rejected
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the treaty in November 1919 and March 1920. Wilson urged that the 1920
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presidential election be a referendum on the League. Republican Warren G.
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Harding, who had established a reputation as an opponent of the League, won
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in a landslide.
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In December 1920, Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for 1919. The
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former president and his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, whom he
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married in 1915, after the death of his first wife, continued to make their
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home in Washington, D.C. Wilson died there on Feb. 3, 1924.
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Bibliography: Baker, Ray S., Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters,
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8 vols. (1927-39; repr. 1968); Bell, Herbert C. F., Woodrow
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Wilson and the People (1945); Blum, John M., Woodrow Wilson and
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the Politics of Morality (1956); Bragdon, Henry W., Woodrow
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Wilson: The Academic Years (1967); Cooper, John M., The Warrior
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and the Priest (1983); Ferrell, Robert H., Woodrow Wilson and
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World War I: Nineteen Seventeen to Nineteen Twenty-one (1986);
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Heckscher, August, Woodrow Wilson (1991); Latham, Earl, ed.,
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The Philosophy and Policies of Woodrow Wilson (1975); Levin, N.
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Gordon, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (1968); Link, Arthur
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S., Wilson, 5 vols. (1947-65), Woodrow Wilson: A Brief
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Biography (1963), and Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World,
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1913-1921 (1982); Hirst, David W., et al., eds., The Papers of
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Woodrow Wilson, 55 vols. (1966-86); Walworth, Arthur, Woodrow
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Wilson, 3d ed. (1978).
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NAME: Woodrow Wilson
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28th President of the United States (1913-21)
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Nickname: "Schoolmaster in Politics"
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Born: Dec. 28, 1856, Staunton, Va.
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Education: College of New Jersey (now Princeton University;
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graduated 1879)
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Profession: Teacher, Public Official
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Religious affiliation: Presbyterian
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Marriage: June 24, 1885, to Ellen Louise Axson (1860-1914);
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Dec. 18, 1915, to Edith Bolling Galt (1872-1961)
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Children: Margaret Woodrow Wilson (1886-1944); Jessie Woodrow
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Wilson (1887-1933); Eleanor Randolph Wilson (1889-1967)
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Political Affiliation: Democrat
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Writings: George Washington (1896); A History of the American
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People (5 vols., 1902); Constitutional Government in the United
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States (1908); Papers of Woodrow Wilson (1966- ), ed. by Arthur
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S. Link, et al.
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Died: Feb. 3, 1924, Washington, D.C.
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Buried: National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.
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Vice-President: Thomas R. Marshall
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Cabinet Members:^ Secretary of State: William J. Bryan
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(1913-15); Robert Lansing (1915-20); Bainbridge Colby (1920-21)
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Secretary of the Treasury: William G. McAdoo (1913-18); Carter
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Glass (1918-20); David F. Houston (1920-21) Secretary of War:
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Lindley M. Garrison (1913-16); Newton D. Baker (1916-21)
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Attorney General: James C. McReynolds (1913-14); Thomas W.
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Gregory (1914-19); Alexander M. Palmer (1919-21) Postmaster
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General: Albert S. Burleson Secretary of the Navy: Josephus
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Daniels Secretary of the Interior: Franklin K. Lane (1913-20);
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John B. Payne (1920-21) Secretary of Agriculture: David F.
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Houston (1913-20); Edwin T. Meredith (1920-21) Secretary of
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Commerce: William C. Redfield (1913-19); Joshua W. Alexander
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(1919-21) Secretary of Labor: William B. Wilson
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