129 lines
6.5 KiB
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129 lines
6.5 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Jungle ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [and the Rainforest ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 09/94 # of Words:796 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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Jungle and rain forest
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Jungle and rain forest are terms that are often used
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synonymously but with little precision. The more meaningful and
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restrictive of these terms is rain forest, which refers to the
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climax or primary forest in regions with high rainfall (greater
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than 1.8 m/70 in per year), chiefly but not exclusively found
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in the tropics. Rain forests are significant for their valuable
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timber resources, and in the tropics they afford sites for
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commercial crops such as rubber, tea, coffee, bananas, and
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sugarcane. They also include some of the last remaining areas
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of the Earth that are both unexploited economically and
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inadequately known scientifically.
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The term jungle originally referred to the
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tangled, brushy vegetation of lowlands in India, but it has
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come to be used for any type of tropical forest or woodland.
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The word is more meaningful if limited to the dense, scrubby
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vegetation that develops when primary rain forest has been
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degraded by destructive forms of logging or by cultivation
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followed by abandonment.
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Types of Rain Forest
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Rain forests may be grouped into two major types: tropical and
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temperate. Tropical rain forest is characterized by broadleaf
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evergreen trees forming a closed canopy, an abundance of vines
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and epiphytes (plants growing on the trees), a relatively open
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forest floor, and a very large number of species of both plant
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and animal life. The largest trees have buttressed trunks and
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emerge above the continuous canopy, while smaller trees
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commonly form a layer of more shade-tolerant species beneath
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the upper canopy. The maximum height of the upper canopy of
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tropical rain forests is generally about 30 to 50 m (100 to 165
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ft), with some individual trees rising as high as 60 m (200 ft)
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above the forest floor.
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The largest areas of tropical rain forest are in the Amazon
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basin of South America, in the Congo basin and other lowland
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equatorial regions of Africa, and on both the mainland and the
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islands off Southeast Asia, where they are especially abundant
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on Sumatra and New Guinea. Small areas are found in Central
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America and along the Queensland coast of Australia.
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Temperate rain forests, growing in higher-latitude regions
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having wet, maritime climates, are less extensive than those of
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the tropics but include some of the most valuable timber in the
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world. Notable forests in this category are those on the
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northwest coast of North America, in southern Chile, in
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Tasmania, and in parts of southeastern Australia and New
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Zealand. These forests contain trees that may exceed in height
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those of tropical rain forests, but there is less diversity of
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species. Conifers such as REDWOOD and Sitka spruce tend to
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predominate in North America, while their counterparts in the
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southern hemisphere include various species of EUCALYPTUS,
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Araucaria, and Nothofagus (Antarctic beech).
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Ecology
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Rain forests cover less than six percent of the Earth's total
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land surface, but they are the home for up to three-fourths of
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all known species of plants and animals; undoubtedly they also
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contain many more species as yet undiscovered. Recent studies
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suggest that this great diversity of species is related to the
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apparently dynamic and unstable nature of rain forests over
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geologic time. The fact is that despite their appearance of
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fertile abundance, rain forests are fragile ecosystems. Their
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soils can quickly lose the ability to support most forms of
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vegetation once the forest cover is removed, and some soils
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even turn into hard LATERITE clay. The effect of forest removal
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on local climates is also often profound, although the role of
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rain forests in world climatic changes is not yet clear.
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Humans and Rain Forests
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Throughout history, human beings have encroached on rain
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forests for living space, timber, and agricultural purposes. In
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vast portions of upland tropical forest, for example, the
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practice of "shifting cultivation" has caused deterioration of
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the primary forest. In this primitive system of agriculture,
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trees are killed in small plots that are cropped for two or
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three seasons and then abandoned; if the plots are again
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cultivated before primary vegetation has reestablished itself,
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the result is a progressive deterioration of the forest,
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leading to coarse grass or jungle. Lowland forests are
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similarly being reduced in many areas; on the island of Java,
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the lowland primary forest has been almost totally removed and
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replaced with rice fields or plantation crops such as rubber.
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In the 20th century these incursions on rain forests have grown
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rapidly, and numerous organizations are now attempting to
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reduce the rate of the loss.
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Bibliography: Caufield, Catherine, In the Rainforest (1985);
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Forsyth, Adrian, and Miyata, Ken, Tropical Nature: Life and
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Death in the Rain Forests of Central and South America (1984);
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Sutton, S. L., et al., Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and
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Management (1984); Whitmore, T. C., Tropical Rain Forests of
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the Far East, 2d. ed. (1984).
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