88 lines
4.9 KiB
Plaintext
88 lines
4.9 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the History ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [of Papermaking ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:539 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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HISTORY OF PAPERMAKING
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Papermaking goes as far back as 105 A.D. when Ts'ai Lun, an official
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at the Imperial Court of China, made a sheet of paper using mulberry and
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other fibres along with fish nets, rags and hemp waste. The first paper
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was made in 793 A.D. in Baghdad during Harun-ar-Raschid's rule, with the
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golden age of Islamic culture that brought papermaking to Europe.
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By the 14th century paper mills existed all over Europe, particularly
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in Spain, Italy, France and Germany. During the 1450's paper printing(by
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machines) was introduced and the demand for paper increased all over the
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world. Papermaking remained unchanged till the 18th century, with linen
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and cotton rags used for raw materials. This soon presented a shortage,
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since no more rags and linen were available and it is was apparent that a
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process for utilizing a more abundant material was required.
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IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
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In 1800 a book was published which stated practical methods for
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manufacturing paper from wood and vegetable pulps. Soon many publishing
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processes were developed and the paper industry no longer had to depend on
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rags and linen and this made mass production possible. There were two main
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kinds of pulping processes used in the 18th century and they were,
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mechanical or groundwood pulping and chemical pulping. Mechanical pulping
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contains certain wood components and therefore, it is not suitable for
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paper in which high whiteness and permanence are required. Mechanical pulp
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was first made in Germany in the 1840's, but was not used much until 1870.
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Chemical wood pulp is used when high whiteness, strength and permanence are
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required. VAT SIZING: A sheet of paper composed of cellulosic fibres is
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water absorbent. Thus, aqueous liquids will penetrate it and spread in it.
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Impregnation of the paper with various substances that require this wetting
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and penetration is called vat sizing. During the 18th century paper sheets
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were impregnated with animal glue which was an expensive and tedious
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process. In 1807 Moritz Friedrich Illig of Germany discovered paper that
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could be sized in vats with rosin and alum, but his methods were not
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commonly used till 1840.
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INTRODUCTION OF MACHINERY
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Before the paper machine was invented, paper was made by hand one at a
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time. In 1798, a Frenchman named Nicolas-Louis Robert invented a moving
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screen belt that would receive a continuous flow of stock and give an
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unbroken sheet of paper to a pair of squeeze rolls. The invention was not
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really used much, but two Englishmen, the Fourdrinier brothers, improved on
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Robert's idea and built a better version in 1807. From these crude
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beginnings modern papermaking machines were developed. Although modern
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creations and engineering have formed and ancient craft into a technical
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industry, the basic procedures remain the same. These procedures are as
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follows:
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(A) A suspension of cellulosic fibres is prepared by beating it in water so
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that the fibres are completely separated and saturated with the water.
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(B) The paper stock is filtered on a woven screen to form a matted sheet of
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fibre.
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(C) The wet sheet is then pressed and compacted to squeeze out the water.
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(D) The remaining water is removed by evaporation.
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(E) The dry paper sheet is then compressed and impregnated if needed.
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