175 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
175 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Overview on creating the]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [safest classroom and lab]
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[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [atmosphere. ]
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[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1703 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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The Findings of the Legal/Safety Group After being dubbed the legal
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group, Chris, John, Jen, Jens, and Spencer began thinking about what this
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title meant. After talking about the meaning of our group, both to each
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other and to professor Sidebotham, it was concluded that the semantics
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behind legal formed the following definition. Le' gal: Pertaining to
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safety, i.e. anything that will keep Cooper Union out of legal trouble. We
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worked from there, and researched Uniform Building Code literature, OSHA
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manuals, and literature regarding the development of labs for chemical and
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biological use, as well as literature on the disposal of created waste. The
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following is an overview of precautions, safety measures, guidelines, and
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precedent which will theoretically create the safest, and most professional
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classroom and lab atmospheres. Information is presented on labs from the
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most innocuous, to the most potentially threatening.
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SECTION I THE CLASSROOM
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As simple as a classroom may seem, much thought should go into its
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design and construction. Seeing as how it will be the incubator of great
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minds, the classroom incorporated into room 643 should meet all safety
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regulations, while being a pleasant place to learn. Light, ventilation,
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exits, access, and fire safety must all be considered when building a
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classroom. The Uniform Building Code states that a classroom is a Group E
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occupancy, and follows that statement with a series of legislation. The
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legal aspects of a classroom begin with the basicsÐlight and ventilation.
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An enclosed area designated as a classroom has to have natural light from
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windows which should have an area proportional to at least 1/10 the total
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floor area. Ventilation from exterior openings should be proportional to
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at least 1/20 the total area. Where this is not possible, artificial light
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and mechanical must be implemented to accomplish the same effect, whereby
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ventilation would be achieved at 5 ft3/min. of outside air, and 15 ft3/min.
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per occupant. Entrances and exits must also follow guidelines dictated by
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the Uniform Building Code. The exits of the proposed classroom cannot be
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more than 75 feet from an exit corridor, enclosed stairway or the
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building's exterior. An exit through an adjoining room is also possible if
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the exit to exit distance does not exceed the specified 75 feet., and there
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are no obvious obstructions. Passage through a storage facility or haz-mat
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lab in the neighboring rooms would be unacceptable. The exit corridor
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walls and ceilings must be at least 1-hour-fire resistive construction with
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protected openings. The width of exit lanes must also be proportional to at
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least the number of occupants divided by 50. Also, since the classroom
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requires only two exits, the distance separating them must be at least half
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the length of the room's diagonal. As far as access to the room is
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concerned, it must acc essible to the physically handicapped. This access
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should come in the form of a ramp or elevator. The classroom atmosphere
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must also follow fire safety guidelines. Walls floors, and partitions must
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all be of a material consistent with construction requirements, and must be
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more effective than smoke or draft stops. All of the door openings must be
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fitted with fire assemblies, and be at least self or automatic closing,
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tight fitting, and smoke/fire protective, with a rating of at least 20
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minutes. The storage closets near the classroom must be of at least 1 hour
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fire resistive construction. As a new structure within Cooper, the
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classroom should also get up to code by having a sprinkler system, which is
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necessary in ALL occupancies.
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SECTION II THE LABS
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One of the most important pieces of the lab building puzzle is the
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installation of an acceptable skeleton. The infrastructure of any lab is a
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key to its smooth and safe operation. Ventilation, plumbing, climate
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control, accessibility, stor age, electricity, and fire control should all
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be integral parts of a lab, not carelessly placed afterthoughts. The
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following few paragraphs touch on the basics required for safe operation
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considered "up to code." Entrances and exits, as well as everything else in
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the lab, must be handicap accessible. Doors must have glass panels, and
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push outward in the direction of exit. Each lab must have two exits, each
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allowing for a different evacuation path. Air systems must be specifically
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designed to properly accommodate lab work. Toxic fumes and contaminated air
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must be driven from the lab through a series of ducts, which vent the air
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via a powerful fan. Air intake ducts must also be carefully situated by a
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distance of at least 30 feet from discharge vents so as not to re-circulate
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contaminated air. Discharge vents must extend at least 10 feet from the
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roof, and any structures and vents existing on it. All ducts must also be
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carefully tested for leaks after installation. When dealing with high
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toxicity, or contamination possibility, branched duct work must be stopped
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at the lab, and it must have its own comfort ventilation, supply air
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systems, and health and safety exhaust ventilation systems. Temperature and
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humidity can be worker controlled, or situation dictated. Electrical
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systems also face safety considerations. Emergency secondary power service
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(in the form of a diesel generator) must be allocated in the instance of a
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primary building power outage. Fire systems, emergency communication
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systems, lighting, signs, fire pumps, refrigeration, exhaust fans, heating
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and air supply systems, and smoke evacuation systems must all be connected
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to the secondary power source. Plumbing safety measures also play an
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important role in the creation of a good lab. Sinks must be constructed of
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chemical resistant materials. Drains should have built in solid waste
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strainers. Water pressure must be able to meet the needs of the high
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pressure safety systems at any time. Lastly, drinking wat er lines must be
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separate from lab sink lines. Safety considerations heavily concentrate on
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fire control. Fire walls must be erected along the perimeter of a lab.
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Halon 1301 sprinkler systems and heat sensitive detection systems must be
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installed. The primary electrical system of the lab and entire building
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should have an automatic power-down switch in the event of an electrical
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fire, or potentially threatening short circuit. Fuel gas must have the same
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sort of shut off capability. As far as hazardous waste is concerned, it
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includes anything other than paper, plastic, glass, and non-hazardous
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refuse. It must be stored in its own room with explosion venting glass
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windows, exhaust, and fire suppression systems. The room should have a
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divider in the event of the necessity to store incompatible chemicals. This
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is also where cadaver refrigeration should be located. The room must have
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an eyewash, fire extinguisher, shower and fire blanket in, or right outside
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of it. This is only a basic trea tment of hazardous waste, however. To go
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into more depth, proper disposal techniques must be discussed. After waste
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is stored in the ultra-safe storage room, what does one do with it? How is
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it removed from the school? As an example of the particularity of proper
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waste disposal, a case study of the procedures for disposing of infectious
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waste (found in bio-med labs) through a contractor is presented. If
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infectious biohazard waste was simply thrown out with the trash, and found
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its way to a landfill, it would present a major health risk to all in the
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immediate area. If the local vermin went swimming about in the trash and
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found a sweet little infection, they would become carriers, and spread the
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infection to pets or directly to us. This happens and is solely the result
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of irresponsibility and careless business practices. Anytime lab work is
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done with cells, blood, fluids, carcasses, or microorganisms, there is a
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strong possibility that some sort of infectious waste will be produced. L
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ab officials are responsible for developing and implementing safety and
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waste-management programs, but the one who is experimenting is responsible
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for following the guidelines and immediate disposal. S/he must also know
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who the contracted disposal company is, and be aware of all regulations
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pertaining to the waste at hand. Some of the produced waste can be treated
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on-site. Requirements for this include an autoclave and an incinerator. The
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incinerator needs pollution control permits to exist in the lab, or
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anywhere else. The solid waste which is treated in the autoclave or
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incinerator can be thrown out as trash after it is heated, and all bacteria
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are killed. Objects that are too big for the autoclave can incinerated in a
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proper incinerator-- not an open bonfire. Waste which cannot be treated in
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either of the manners listed above should be packaged in sturdy bags.
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Liquids must be placed in leak-proof containers. Anatomical specimens must
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be placed in rigid shipping containers. Typicall y, contracted disposal
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companies will treat waste with liquids, and or gases to decontaminate
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them. Waste having more than one danger attached to it (radioactivity,
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infectivity, toxicity, etc.) must be very specially treated by
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professionals. Animal specimen cages must be cleaned regularly, and bedding
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material can be incinerated. Cadavers and anatomical parts must be
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refrigerated until disposed of. When packed for disposal, they should be
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surrounded by absorbent material. "Sharps" are needles, glass, probes and
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other objects capable of piercing tissue. They must be placed in their own
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containers and packed in such a way hat will disallow puncture. In
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conjunction with such procedures, designed to keep society at large safe,
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there should be programs designed to assure those working in the lab that
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they will be safe. A medical program is an offshoot of any good safety
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program. The objective of the medical program is to prevent disease and
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injury. It is recommended that the medical progr am do four important
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things. It must educate lab technicians and workers about hazards and
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protective measures necessary to reduce the possibility of the hazards. It
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should also identify specific health problems in the particular
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environment. Thirdly, it should encourage frequent medical checkups to
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ensure early detection of diseases, or other changes in health. Lastly, the
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medical program should encourage necessary immunizations. The program,
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however, should not replace a regular physical examination. Biological
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monitoring is a specific type of medical program intended to follow a group
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of workers who are exposed to known hazards. It should determine any health
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changes caused by that hazard.
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