472 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
472 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on Jamaica 'mon ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:3770 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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The island of Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean island. It is in
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a group of islands called the greater antilles. It has an area of 10 991
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km squared or 4 244 sq. miles. Jamaica spans 230 km east to west and from
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80-36 from north to south. It is third only to Cuba, which is the largest,
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and Hispaniola which is the second largest island. Jamaica lies in the
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Caribbean sea which is a part of the much larger Atlantic ocean. The
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island is 960 km south of Florida, 160 km southwest of Haiti, and 140 km
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south of Cuba.
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Jamaica is mainly a mountainous island but there are 320 km of fine
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sandy beaches, swamps, moist fern- forests, sprawling open plains,
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plateaus, rushing rivers, and magnificent waterfalls. The Blue Mountains
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are the highest mountains in Jamaica and Blue Mountain Peak which is the
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highest peak in Jamaica rises to 2256 m or 7 402 feet. They are made up
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primarily of limestone. Farther to the west in the cockpit country the
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limestone has eroded over many years to form large depressions, narrow
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valleys, underground caverns and rivers. Most of the surface rivers are
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short, swift flowing and descend quickly to the coast and consist of a
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series of rapids and waterfalls. The island is ringed by plains separated
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by mountain and sea.
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The country is divided into three counties. They are Cornwall to the
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west, Middlesex is central, and Surrey is to the east. Middlesex is the
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largest county. Jamaica is also divided into 14 parishes which are
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basically like provinces or states. The parishes are Kingston, St. Andrew,
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St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary, St. Ann, Trelawny, St. James, Hanover,
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Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon, and St. Catherine.
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Jamaica is mainly a tropical climate. During the course of the year,
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Jamaica has no real winter whatsoever. The average yearly temperature
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ranges from 27 degrees celsius to 32 degrees celsius. It is cooler in
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hills, around 20 to 25 degrees and it is known to dip below 10 degrees in
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the blue mountains. Although it is hot in the day, light ocean breezes
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result in making the island more comfortable in the day and cooler breezes
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blow down from the Blue Mountains at night.
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Rain falls in Jamaica 12 months of the year because it is a rainy
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tropical climate. The average rainfall is 196 cm per annum. The main
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months for raining, however, are May to June and September to October. The
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major differences in elevation cause the rain to fall almost 600 cm per
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annum on the mountains and only 89 cm on the southeast coast. Hurricanes
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can strike anytime between June and October. One of the main hurricanes to
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hit Jamaica was hurricane Hugo in 1989 which badly damaged the country.
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The vegetation in Jamaica is exceptionally varied. This is mainly
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because of the islands varied rainfall, soil, elevations, and climate.
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Many of the plants which now thrive in Jamaica's rich soil have been
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introduced from other countries in colonial times.
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There are bamboo forests in the northern and northeastern areas. Also,
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rosewood, mahogany, ebony, and other species of wood which live throughout
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the island. Drought resistant plants live in the dry southeastern part of
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Jamaica. Sections of the plateau are heavily forested savannas or
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grasslands. The majority of the palm trees are in the southwest part of
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the island. The countryside is often covered by rampant growths of
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poinsettia, hibiscus, poinciana, oleander, and bougainvillaea.
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There are many products which are grown in Jamaica. Some of the
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produce raised are bananas, sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, coconut, pimento,
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ackee, nutmeg, & breadfruit.
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Jamaica has many animals although it boasts only one native mammal,
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the coney, which is a wild rabbit. The mongoose is large rodent
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originating from india. It was introduced to Jamaica in 1872 to control
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the problem of snakes and rats in the cane fields and has done an adequate
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job since then. Most of the snakes have disappeared from Jamaica except for
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a few non poisonous ones which look more like worms than snakes. In
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Jamaica, as well as many other caribbean islands there are an abundant
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population of small harmless lizards. There are over 200 species on the
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island. Crocodiles are also numerous on the south coast swamp areas.
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In the past, Jamaica's economy was generally based on agriculture.
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The dependency was on a few staple crops, primarily sugar and bananas. New
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economic development began with earnest in and around the 1950's. Bauxite
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mining began in 1952 and the tourist boom around the 1950's and 1960's.
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These factors lead to the rapid augmentation of mining and manufacturing
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industries. By 1959, the new industries exceeded agriculture in the Gross
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Domestic Product.
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In 1989, Jamaica's GNP topped $2 361 000 000 U.S. Only 6% of that
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figure was agriculture, 41% was in industry and 53% was in services. The
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GNP growth in Jamaica is 2.3% each year. When averaged, the GNP per capita
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is $939 dollars U.S. The country spends 2% of that for defence.
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For the year of 1989 the total bauxite production amounted to 2 535.7
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tonnes resulting in $384.74 million U.S. dollars. Other earnings in this
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sector such as levies and royalties were US$198.96 million tourism is the
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second largest earner of money behind bauxite/alumina production. It
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grossed US$340.3 million.
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The agricultural sector is Jamaica's largest employer. There are many
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types of plants grown in Jamaica. The country has two types of industry.
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There are the large plantations for major export and the small domestic
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farms used mainly for individual and local use.
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Sugarcane and bananas are Jamaica's major crops. Combined, they
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account of Jamaica's agricultural export earnings. The sugarcane is used
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for sugar, molasses, and Jamaican rum. Most of these plantations are
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situated in the southern coastal areas.
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The small domestic farms on the island are normally started on
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soil-rich hill sides. Crops which are grown include yams, sweet potatoes,
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corn, pumpkins, peas, beans, and other vegetables. Tree crops include
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things like breadfruits, mangoes, avocado pears, and ackees. It is said
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that some of the finest coffee beans in the world are from Jamaica's blue
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mountains. Activities being encouraged by the government are fishing, and
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increased livestock production. The government funds programs in the
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instruction of modern agricultural techniques for farmers and propose a
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guaranteed markets in order to stimulate and improve production for both
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local consumption and export.
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Bauxite is the major mineral mined in Jamaica. The country is the
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world leader in bauxite production accounting for 20% of the world's
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bauxite. It is also the world leader in alumina exports. Nearly 1/4 of the
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earth in Jamaica contains bauxite. It is mined in the central and western
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parts of the plateau. Bauxite is used to make alumina which is then used
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to make the metal aluminum. The ore was mined since 1952. The main
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company in the mining of bauxite in Jamaica is a Canadian company called
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Alcan. The rest are other large American and Jamaican companies. By 1972,
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there were five alumina plants and two bauxite drying plants on the island
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with combined capacities of 15 million tonnes of bauxite per year.
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Production levels are currently at 7 million tonnes per year because of
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changing trends in the international aluminum market.
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Programmes have been instituted to the increased development of
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Jamaica's other natural resources, especially limestone which is abundant
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throughout the island. The vast reserves of limestone pose a great
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potential for foreign export. Deposits of marble, clay, gypsum, & silica
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are also found and mined.
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Since the 1950's, manufacturing in Jamaica started with the
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establishment of the Jamaica Industrial Development Corporation (JIDC).
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Implementation of manufacturing incentive laws also helped in speeding up
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the slow process.
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Jamaica now manufactures many products. The goods manufactured are
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food and drinks, clothing, footwear, textiles, paints, building materials,
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agricultural machinery, and toilet articles. Most of the processing and
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manufacturing plants are located in the vicinity of Kingston and Spanish
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Town. Other products produced include sugar, molasses, rum, alumina,
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petroleum products, and cigarettes. Building materials including cement,
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concrete, pipes, bricks, building blocks, tiles, and gypsum are made from
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local raw materials. Goods such as metal products, industrial chemicals,
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paint, pharmaceuticals, records, plastic goods, paper bags, cardboard, tin
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cans, tires, razor blades, and electrical equipment are made from imported
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materials. In fact, most produced goods depend on foreign raw materials,
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machinery and technology for their production.
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The population of Jamaica as of 1990 was 2 512 000. In 1989 the
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population was 2 458 000. This tells us that Jamaica's population is
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increasing by 1.09% annually. (see next page for graph) Jamaica is
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overpopulated with a density of 224 persons/sq. km. It is estimated that
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Jamaica's population will double in 64 years. The life expectancy in
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Jamaica is 70 yrs for both males and females. The birth rate is 2.3/1000
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and the death rate is 5.5/1000. The infant mortality rate is 20/1000.
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The rapid emigration of Jamaicans to England and North America in the
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50's and 60's has helped to slow the population growth in the country.
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But, the emigration has slowed because of tight restrictions imposed by the
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British and United States governments. Many of them are now emigrating to
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Canada in hopes for a better life but many Jamaicans realize they would be
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better of back home.
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58% of the population live in urban areas while the other 42% live in
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rural areas because there is a tendency to move to the cities in hopes of
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better job opportunities.
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95% of the Jamaican population is of African descent. The rest are
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mostly East Indians, Syrians, Chinese, and Whites. In religion, 55% of the
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people are protestant, 20% are catholic, 25% are classified as other.
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These religions include rastafarianism, pocomania, muslim, and judaism.
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Rastafarianism, which was started by one of Jamaica's national heroes,
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Marcus Garvey, in the 1930's is based on the beliefs and aspirations of
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Garvey. He was born on August 17th, 1887. He advocated the "back to
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Africa" movement and founded the United Negro Improvement Association. The
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rastafarians believe that Ras Tafari or later called Haile Selassie was
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the Messiah. They use the bible as a book of reference and smoke marijuana
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"The sacred herb", or better known there as ganja for spiritual and
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ceremonial purposes.
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Pocomania is basically a mixture of christianity and African roots.
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The ceremonies are performed by a congregation of people with white turbans
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around a white table decorated with candles, dirt, and fruits.
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Jamaica has one of the most interesting histories of all of the
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caribbean islands. It starts out in about 650 A.D when the first wave of
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Arawak Indians arrived over the sea from South America. The second wave
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arrived on the island between 850 and 900 A.D.
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The Arawaks were a gentle agricultural based society. They first
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called Jamaica, Xamayca, meaning "land of wood and water". The Arawaks
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grew potatoes, vegetables, cotton and tobacco. They viewed smoking as a
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religious rite and taught colonialists how to smoke. They were skilled
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artisans and stonemakers. They travelled on the ocean in dugout canoes.
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They lived mainly around the coasts because it was the major source of food
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although they could be found allot farther inland. A few centuries later
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the lives of these peaceful inhabitants was abruptly disturbed by the
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savage, war-like carib indians. They began to brutally conquer all of the
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natives of the other islands as well. But, one day it got even worse for
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the poor Arawaks. Christopher Columbus, under the Spanish flag, landed
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there in 1492. This occurrence eventually led to the extinction of the
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Arawak people in Jamaica.
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Columbus arrived on May 5, 1494 at St. Ann's Bay with his three ships,
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the Santa Maria, the Nina and the Pinta. As he landed he remarked "the
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fairest island that eyes have beheld .... all full of valleys and fields.
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He named the country "St. Jago" or "Santiago" after Spain's patron St. He
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named St. Ann's bay Santa Gloria "on account of the extreme beauty"
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Nine years later, Columbus returned once again to Jamaica. This time he
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and his crew were in not such a good condition as during their first visit.
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His ships were battered and worm- eaten and could not sail the Atlantic
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without repair. He tried to sail for Hispaniola but they got no farther
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than St. Ann when they were stranded close to shore. The ships filled with
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water and settled in the soft sand of the bay.
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Here he stayed for a duration of 12 months tormented by hardships,
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hunger, and sickness. Eventually, two of his men, Diego Mendez and
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Bartoleme Fieschi voyaged to Hispaniola where they were able to attain a
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new caravel from a Spanish colony there. By June of 1504, the mates
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returned with the vessel. On the 29th Columbus left with the rest of his
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crew totalling about 100 to Hispaniola and then onward to spain. He died
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three years later.
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Spanish colonists first arrived in Jamaica in 1510. The first governor
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was Juan de Esquivel. The colonists named their settlement at St. Ann's
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bay Sevilla la Nueva or "New Seville." It included a fort, a castle, and a
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church. But the site was abandoned because of swamps. The colonists then
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moved to the south side of the island which is now called Spanish Town.
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The new settlement was convenient, healthful, had ample water, fertile
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surroundings and good protection from sea attack. It had approximately 400
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to 500 houses, 5 or 6 churches and chapels, and one monastery.
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The Spaniards enslaved the Arawaks and so overworked them that within
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a few decades the 100 000 or so Arawaks had been wiped out. They also had
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very little resistance to the European diseases that entered into their
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country from the Spanish colonists. Many had been killed by Spanish
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christian missionaries who tried forcefully to convert the Arawaks into
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christians.
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Today the only remains of the Arawaks in Jamaica are artifacts; a
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small group of words, like barbecue, hurricane, hammock, tobacco, and
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canoe.
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The Spanish began to snatch people from Africa and enslave them when
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there were no more Arawaks to use. They transported the enslaved Africans
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in terrible conditions on ships to Jamaica. It is estimated that millions
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of the Africans were killed on the trip from Africa to the Caribbean and
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North America. The first Africans began arriving in 1517.
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The Island was largely un- important to spain and eventually became a
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badly governed and largely overlooked outpost. Almost nothing was done to
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develop the natural resources.
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The colonists devoted themselves to pastoral and agricultural duties.
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The Spaniards introduced all the citrus fruits, bananas, and plantain. The
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brought on their cargo ships of death and suffering, horses, cattle, and
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pigs.
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Although the island was officially under the rule of Spain, it was
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basically 0xlf governing. The Spanish governor ruled with help from a
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council of appointed members. As in the colonies of North America, the
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church had a strong influence on the politics in a colony.
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End of Spanish Rule
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During the last years of Spanish control of the island, internal
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political fighting had weakened the colony. The governors were not
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supported well by Spain and constant attacks by pirates did not make the
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situation any better. On may 10th, 1655, a large English expeditionary
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fleet landed at Kingston Harbour. It consisted of 38 ships and 8000 men.
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After a short skirmish the British had successfully snatched Jamaica from
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Spanish hands.
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The spaniards fled from Jamaica leaving the enslaved Africans there
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with arms to wage guerilla warfare on the British until the Spanish could
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return with a strong fleet to retake Jamaica.
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In June of 1658, under Governor Christobal Arnaldo de Ysassi the
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Spanish tried to retake Jamaica. A large force of mainly mexicans landed
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and dug at Rio Nuevo. As soon as Colonel D'Oyley, the English commander
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received the news, he called 750 of his best men to sail around the coast
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and attack the Spaniards. The battle took place on June 27th and the
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British won a decisive victory killing 300 Spanish men. Ysassi hid in the
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mountains awaiting the Spanish relief force which never came. He escaped to
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Cuba in a canoe some time later. The island was officially ceded to
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British crown in 1670 under the Treaty of Madrid. Thus, the Spanish
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influence in Jamaica ended forever as they left very little traces of their
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occupation.
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Buccaneers and Pirates
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During Colonel D'Oyley's term as governor, a few small uprisings
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occurred under colonels Raymond and Tyson. But D'Oyley acted quickly and
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soon both of the colonels were publicly executed. In 1872 the capital was
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moved from Spanish town to Kingston.
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The British began to harass the spaniards from Jamaica. They
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supported the buccaneers who were a group of runaways, castaways, and
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escaped criminals from Spanish colonies. They attacked Spanish ships and
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soon became a strong naval power. Soon these men were given regular
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commissions from France and Britain and became technically legal. They
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were now called privateers.
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The buccaneers named Port Royal as their main city for trade of
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spanish loot, facilities for repair, and headquarters. Soon the wealth of
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this city had increased so much that it had earned the title of the richest
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and wickedest city in the world.
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In the late 1690's the French engaged in a war with Jamaica. A large
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force under the command of Admiral Jean du Casse landed on the eastern part
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of the Island. It was successfully defended against the attack but many of
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the settlers were killed and many goods were stolen. The war ended in 1697
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with the Treaty of Ryswick.
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Pirates began to attack Jamaica in growing numbers. Nicholas Brown was
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one of the pirates and he once burned down a house in St. Ann with 16
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people locked in it. Other pirates included "Blackbeard" or Edward Teach
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and Captain Charles Vain.
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Maroons and Slaves
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When the Spanish evacuated Jamaica during their war with Britain, the
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enslaved Africans escaped to the mountains and became known as the maroons.
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They developed new culture of their own in the mountains. In 1663, they
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ignored an offer of land and full freedom for every maroon if they
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surrendered but they decline and for the next 16 years, warfare was fought
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between them and the British settlements.
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The maroons had developed their own baffling but effective style of
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warfare. They preferred to ambush British troops rather than to have the
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more orthodox type of fighting. They attacked farms, burned buildings,
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and stole cattle mainly by night. They were skilled in woodcraft and were
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familiar with the untracked forests. At first, British troops suffered
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heavily in early clashes with the Maroons but eventually the British began
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to defeat the Maroons. Colonel Guthrie of the British soon made clear a
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set of terms for a formal ceasefire. The terms were that they had
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guaranteed freedom, and were allowed 1 500 acres of land. They had to
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cease hostilities against the British and refuse asylum from any runaway
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slaves and capture them instead for a reward. The Treaty was signed on
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March 1st, 1739.
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In 1664 Governor Modyford was appointed governor of Jamaica. He set
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about establishing a strong sugar industry. By 1740 there were 430 sugar
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estates around the island. Many of the African descendants were subject to
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the harshest and horrific conditions ever conceivable. Many rebelled,
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destroying those terrible plantations whenever possible.
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In 1670, the most serious slave rebellion broke out. The government
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called upon the Maroons assistance as outlined in the 1739 Treaty. It
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began in St. Mary and spread through the rest of the country. A man named
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Tacky was their leader who was a chief in Africa. Many casualties were
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taken by the British side but it was put down by a militia with the help of
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the maroons.
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But, peace was not long in Jamaica. In 1795 a second maroon war broke
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out. The British imported 400 blood hounds from Cuba and before they were
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released, the Maroons surrendered. Some 600 maroons were shipped to Nova
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Scotia and then onto Sierra Leone despite promises that they could stay in
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Jamaica.
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These factors, along with changing political tide in Europe caused the
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Africans to be emancipated from slavery as it was abolished there in 1838.
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Push for Independence
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Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island began
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feverishly pushing for independence from Britain. Soon, political unrest
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with the slow reform sparked widespread violence in 1938. This caused the
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countries first two parties to be formed. The JLP was headed by Alexander
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Bustamante and the PNP by Norman Manley. The rise of power of the JLP or
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Jamaican Labour Party ultimately led to independence on August 6th 1962.
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CRITIQUE
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I think this was an excellent project. The time and effort
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that went into the project is evident throughout the written
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report. I am pleased with the quality and attractiveness of the
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final product. I think the information was well written and
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organized in a logical fashion. There were good pictures and
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graphs which were integrated well with the typed text. The
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research was taken from a variety of sources and was compiled,
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condensed and re-written in an easy to understand fashion. If I
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were to do the project over, the only thing I would do differently
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is expand more on the people section of the report. I could also
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include the dialogue of both interviews.
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Chen, Ray. Jamaica. Montreal:
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Ray Chen books, 1988.
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Earle, Stafford. Basic Jamaica History. U.S.A:
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Earle Publishing, 1978
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Egan, Anne. Jamaica in Pictures. Minneapolis:
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The Company, 1967 and 1987 versions.
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Kaplan, Irving. Area Handbook of Jamaica. U.S.A:
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Mitchell Publishing, 1976
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Kuper, Adam. Changing Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica:
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Kingston Publishers, 1976
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Macpherson, John. Carribean Lands. Spain:
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|
Longman Group Ltd, 1974
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Sherlock, Philip. The Land and People of the West Indies. U.S.A:
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J.B. Lippincott Company, 1967
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Wilkins, Francis. Jamaica. Hong Kong:
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|
Chelsea House Publishers, 1987
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Zach, Paul., and Hoefer, Hans Insight Guides: Jamaica. Singapore:
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APA Productions, 1987
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Jamaica Information Service. Jamaica: An Overview. Kingston:
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|
Jamaica Information Service, 1990
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Potter, Mitch. "New Album Kicks off Marley Blitz."
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The Toronto Star. 6 February, 1991, Sec. E, p. 4
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"Jamaica." Merit Students Encyclopedia. 16th ed., 1980
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"Jamaica." The World Book Encyclopedia 14th ed., 1989
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APPENDIX
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Picture credits:
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The Land and People of the West Indies
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Insight Guides: Jamaica
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Carribean Lands
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Merit Students Encyclopedia
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Jamaica
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For my field trip I went to the Jamaica Information Service at 314
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King St. West, suite 216.
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I interviewed two people for my research. They are Avril Mills, and
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Barbara Theobolds at the Information Service.
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