229 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
229 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on inventions of ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [19th century. ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1543 School:Public State:NY
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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FILE CONTAINED: INVENT.TXT
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ACTUAL TOPIC: Inventions of the early nineteenth century.
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AUTHOR AND RESEARCHER: Big Brother @ The Works (617) 861-8976
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This file was originally researched and typed by Big Brother. All material
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used in the file is original and unplagerized, so these files are SAFE to
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use AS-IS with no modifications other than specifics to cover the actual
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required topic for school. Because school can be a BITCH, these files have
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been prepared to aide you in your research, and are not intended to be
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actually turned in AS-IS, but many of you will turn them in since they are
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worry free files... don't fuck up your life, study and get good grades,
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then get a good job, make some money, marry someone you love, and live
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happily ever after... ...because, after all - Big Brother is
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Watching You!
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Big Brother's Guide to School
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The Dreaded Reports
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actual examples...........
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START OF FILE
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INVENTIONS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
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The art of inventing has been around since remedies have been needed
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and solutions have been required to make our lives easier and more
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enjoyable. From the time our forefathers colonized the shores of a new
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land, up till the time of the modern day super-conductor: people have
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created devices and made discoveries on our behalf to make life easier for
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everyone.
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Before the early nineteenth century communications were inadequate.
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The limitations of our hearing meant that distant events were known long
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after they had occurred. Systems of communication existed which were
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quicker then the speed of a messenger - smoke signals, fires lit on hills,
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signalling flags. But these methods could only be used for communicating in
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code with pre-established sayings rather than out-right communication.
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These methods also required certain meteorological or geographical
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conditions in order to function properly.
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In the nineteenth century conditions were present that made the need
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for new forms of communications indispensable. Industrial society needed a
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method of communicating information quickly, safely and accurately.
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Artist-inventor Samuel F.B. Morse holds credit for devising American's
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first commercially successful electromagnetic telegraph (patented in
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January 1836). The telegraph was a device used to electrically send
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signals over a wire for long distances allowing an established
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communication link to be made from one city to another. (And everything
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in-between.) The basic principle of the telegraph was the opening and
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closing of an electrical circuit supplied by a battery: the variations of
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the current in the electromagnet would attract or repel a small arm
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connected to a pencil which would trace zigzag signs onto a strip of paper
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running under the arm at a constant speed. This early plan didn't offer
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great practical possibilities, mainly because the batteries then available
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could not produce a current strong enough to push the signal great
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distances.
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As an artist and sculptor, Morse had the personal qualities to succeed
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as inventor of the telegraph: intelligence, persistence, and a willingness
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to learn. What he lacked was: knowledge of recent scientific developments,
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adequate funds, mechanical ability, and political influence. Like all
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successful inventors of the nineteenth century, Morse exploited his
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strengths and worked on his weaknesses.
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Morse used Professor Leonard D. Gale's suggestions of improving both
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his battery and electromagnet by following the suggestions of Joseph Henry.
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Together they incorporated Henry's suggestions and stepped up the distance
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they could send messages from fifty feet to ten miles. This invention, no
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less important than the telegraph itself, was the so- called relay system,
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widely used today for automatic controls and adjustments. Morse introduced
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a series of electromagnets along the line, each of which opened and shut
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the switch of a successive electric circuit, supplied by it's own battery.
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At the same time Morse improved the transmitting and receiving devices and
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perfected the well-know signalling system based on dots and dashes, which
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is still in use today.
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The first telegraph line, connecting Baltimore to New York, was
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inaugurated in 1844. Before this however, on May 24th, 1843 wires were
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strung between Washington and Baltimore where Morse sent the first message
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from the Supreme Court room in Washington to Alfred Vail, Morse's assistant
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who was in Baltimore at a railroad depot (41 miles away): "What hath God
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wrought?"
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On May 29th, 1844 word flashed by wire from the democratic convention
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in Baltimore that James K. Polk had been nominated for the Presidency.
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People were fascinated by the "Magic key" and it was decided that the
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telegraph would be used for now to report congressional doings.
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By 1848 every state east of the Mississippi except Florida was served
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be the telegraph; by the end of the civil war more than 200,000 miles of
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line were used for business communications and personal messages as well as
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news of battles, politics, and sports results. The telegraph was a success.
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Samuel F. B. Morse died in 1872.
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While communications were important in the nineteenth century, there
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were some other inventions that made life a little easier. In April of
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1849, Walter Hunt patented his invention which to this day we probably
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wouldn't get by without. Hunt invented the safety pin, patented it, and
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then without hesitation sold all rights to the pin for $400. In 1846,
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Elias Howe invented the sewing machine which "was becoming a fixture in the
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homes of [all] American newlyweds." Soon to be followed by industry turning
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it's attention to the home by producing labor-saving appliances - novelties
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that soon became necessities.
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Charles Goodyear, one of the nineteenth century's greatest inventors
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and father of today's vast rubber industry discovered vulcanization, the
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process that toughens rubber and rids it of stickiness, in January of 1839.
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The riddle of rubber - how to prevent the stuff from becoming sticky in
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the summer, brittle in the winter and horrid-smelling in between. After
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years of anguish, Goodyear discovered quite by accident that by adding
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sulphur to raw rubber and heating the material from four to six hours at
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about 270 degrees F. the rubber would be cured by the sulphur resulting in
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increased strength and stiffness while preserving its flexibility.
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After spending many hundreds of hours, Goodyear, in his make-shift lab
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adding one substance after another to rid the rubber of it's natural
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stickiness using every ingredient he could get his hands on to put into the
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rubber mixture, (He used salt, paper, talcum powder, anything...) one
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afternoon when all else had failed, Goodyear dropped by accident a mixture
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of sulphur and rubber onto his hot stovetop. Goodyear looked at the blob in
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disbelief because it didn't melt as "gum elastic" always had in the past.
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Instead, it solidified and "[the rubber] charred like leather".
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Before Goodyear's discovery, rubber's bad qualities permitted few uses.
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French savants had studied the new substance for waterproof qualities;
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someone had found that the gray gum rubbed out pencil marks on paper, and
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thus the word "rubber" was born.
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By 1839 British manufacturers had learned a few other uses for uncured
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rubber. Charles Macintosh, a chemist, patented in 1823 a fabric that
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included a thin layer of rubber. From this he made raincoats that in
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England, the climate helped satisfy purchasers. In American winters they
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hardened like armor, in American summers it they softened like taffy.
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Eldest son of Amasa Goodyear, a New Haven merchant and sometimes
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inventor, Charles helped his father sell a "Patented Spring Steel Hay and
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Manure Fork" invented by his father. Amasa manufactured the first pearl
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buttons made in America and metal buttons that U.S. soldiers wore in the
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war of 1812.
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Goodyear foresaw many products - rubber gloves, toys, conveyor belts,
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watertight seals, water-filled rubber pillows, balloons, printing rollers,
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and rubber bands were among some of the brainstorms he would jot down, one
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after the other into his notebook.
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Also envisioned were rubber banknotes, musical instruments, flags,
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jewelry, "imitation buffalo-robes," vanes or "sails" for windmills, and
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ship's sails, even complete ships. While the automobile tire did escape his
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imagination, it was not without reason - the auto hadn't been invented yet!
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From barbed wire to keep our railways safe, to revolvers to keep our
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country safe, the nineteenth century marked a big boom in inventive
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history. Soon following all of these inventions, the civil war became a
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full blown testing field for all these inventions. Whether it was the coin
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operated hairbrush meant for public restrooms, or the automatic hat tipper
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(for when women are near and your hands are occupied,) the inventions of
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this time proved to be both interesting and useful. Well, most of them.
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Today, we still use a lot of the inventions of the early nineteenth
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century, but technology is passing us by at a pace we may not be ready for.
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Inventions are no longer just there to make life easier, safer, more
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enjoyable, and more entertaining, but they give us something to keep us
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occupied in this never-ending quest for - "perfectness?"
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Maybe in a hundred years someone will be looking back through their
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history books, searching though the libraries of the future and seeing our
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super-conductors, our computers, our High Definition t.v.s, our Super VHS
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video recorders, and our Digital Audio Tape players. Could they be saying
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"isn't that silly" just like the coin operated hairbrush, or the
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combination food masher/rat and mouse trap (?) Time will tell.
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__________________________________________________________
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Bibiliography:
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Men Of Science and Invention
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- Editors of American Heritage
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Published American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.
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Harper & Row (c)1960
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Those Inventive Americans
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- Poduced by National Geographic Society Publications Div.
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Published N.G.S
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N.G.S. (c)1971
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Big Brother
|
|
- The Works (617) 861-8976
|
|
Largest Text File Base (FBBS) Spam! Spam! Spam!
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(c)1990 Homework Helper!
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The Picture History of Inventions
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- Umberto Eco & G.B. Zorzoli (Translated from italian by
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Anthony Lawrence)
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Malmillan Co., NY. (c)1963
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Various photocopied charts and pictures from other
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references were also used.
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Special thanks to Big Brother... since he did all of the actual work for you!
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END OF FILE
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