146 lines
8.6 KiB
Plaintext
146 lines
8.6 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on 19th Century ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Technology in our homes.]
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[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 11/94 # of Words:1223 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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Toilets
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Yes...those tales you've heard are true. The toilet was first patented
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in England in 1775, invented by one Thomas Crapper, but the extraordinary
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automatic device called the flush toilet has been around for a long time.
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Leonardo Da Vinci in the 1400's designed one that worked, at least on
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paper, and Queen Elizabeth I reputably had one in her palace in Richmond in
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1556, complete with flushing and overflow pipes, a bowl valve and a drain
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trap. In all versions, ancient and modern, the working principle is the
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same.
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Tripping a single lever (the handle) sets in motion a series of
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actions. The trip handle lifts the seal, usually a rubber flapper,
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allowing water to flow into the bowl. When the tank is nearly empty, the
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flap falls back in place over the water outlet. A floating ball falls with
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the water level, opening the water supply inlet valve just as the outlet is
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being closed. Water flows through the bowl refill tube into the overflow
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pipe to replenish the trap sealing water. As the water level in the tank
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nears the top of the overflow pipe, the float closes the inlet valve,
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completing the cycle.
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From the oldest of gadgets in the bathroom, let's turn to one of the
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newest, the toothpaste pump. Sick and tired of toothpaste squeezed all
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over your sink and faucets? Does your spouse never ever roll down the tube
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and continually squeezes it in the middle? Then the toothpaste pump is for
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you!
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When you press the button it pushes an internal, grooved rod down the
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tube. Near the bottom of the rod is a piston, supported by little metal
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flanges called "dogs", which seat themselves in the grooves on the rod. As
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the rod moves down, the dogs slide out of the groove they're in and click
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into the one above it. When you release the button, the spring brings the
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rod back up carrying the piston with it, now seated one notch higher. This
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pushes one-notch's-worth of toothpaste out of the nozzle. A measured amount
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of toothpaste every time and no more goo on the sink.
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Refrigerators
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Over 90 percent of all North American homes with electricity have
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refrigerators. It seems to be the one appliance that North Americans can
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just not do without. The machine's popularity as a food preserver is a
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relatively recent phenomenon, considering that the principles were known as
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early as 1748. A liquid absorbs heat from its surroundings when it
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evaporates into a gas; a gas releases heat when it condenses into a liquid.
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The heart of a refrigerator cooling system is the compressor, which
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squeezes refrigerant gas (usually freon) and pumps it to the condenser,
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where it becomes a liquid, giving up heat in the process. The condenser
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fan helps cool it. The refrigerant is then forced through a thin tube, or
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capillary tube, and as it escapes this restraint and is sucked back into a
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gas again, absorbing some heat from the food storage compartment while it
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does so. The evaporator fan distributes the chilled air.
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In a self-defrosting refrigerator/freezer model, moisture condenses
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into frost on the cold evaporator coils. The frost melts and drains away
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when the coils are warmed during the defrost cycle which is initiated by a
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timer, and ended by the defrost limiter, before the frozen food melts. A
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small heater prevents condensation between the compartments, the freezer
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thermostat turns the compressor on and off, and the temp control limits
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cold air entering the fridge, by means of an adjustable baffle.
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Smoke Detectors
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Is your smoke detector good at scaring to death spiders who carelessly
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tiptoe inside it? Have you ever leapt out of the shower, clad only in
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you-know-what, to the piercing tones of your alarm, triggered merely by
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your forgetting the close the bathroom door? Is it supposed to do this?
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There are two types of smoke detectors on the market; the photoelectric
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smoke detector and ionization chamber smoke detector. The photoelectric
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type uses a photoelectric bulb that shines a beam of light through a
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plastic maze, called a catacomb. The light is deflected to the other end
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of the maze where it hits a photoelectric cell. Any smoke impinging on
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this light triggers the alarm (as do spiders and water droplets in the
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air!). The ionization chamber type contains a small radiation source,
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usually a man-made element called Americium. The element produces
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electrically-charged air molecules called ions, and their presence allows
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a small electric current to flow in the chamber. When smoke particles
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enter the chamber they attach themselves to these ions, reducing the flow
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of current and triggering the alarm.
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Both types are considered equally effective and may be battery-powered
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or wired to the home's electrical system. No matter which type you choose,
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if you don't have one installed, put down this article and go buy one now!
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And while you're signing that credit card voucher for the new smoke
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detector, pause for a moment and gaze at that other technological marvel
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you are probably holding in your hand, the ball-point pen. Ever wonder why
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it's called a ball-point? Because it has a ball. The first European
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patents for the handy device were issued in the late 19th century, but none
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of the early pens worked very well until a Swiss inventor named Lazio Josef
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Biro designed the first modern version in 1939. He called it a birome.
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Commercial production was delayed by World War II, and then in 1945, an
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American firm, Reynold's, introduced "the miraculous pen which
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revolutionizes writing" at Gimbel's in New York City. The new pen didn't
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work very well and cost a whopping $12.50 U.S., but it was an instant
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success. The Henry Ford of the ball-point industry, Marcel Bich, launched
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the Bic pen in 1949, after developing the Biro design for two years to
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produce a precision instrument which wrote evenly and reliably and was
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cheap. By the early seventies, Bic pens became the world's largest
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manufacturer of ball-point pens, and today some two and one-half million
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Bic ball-points alone are sold every day in North America.
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Ink feeds by gravity through five veins in a nose cone, usually made of
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brass, to a tungsten carbide ball. During the writing process, the ball
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rotates, picking up a continuous ink supply through the nose cone and
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transferring it to the writing paper. The ball is a perfect sphere, which
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must fit precisely into the extremely smooth nose cone socket so that it
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will rotate freely yet be held tightly in place so that there is an even
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ink flow. Although it sounds deceptively simple, perhaps the most amazing
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thing about ball-point pens is the ink. Why doesn't it just run out the
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end? Why doesn't it dry up in the plastic cartridge? Bic describes the ink
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as "exclusive, fast-drying, yet free flowing". The formula is, of course,
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secret.
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In the 19th century, writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson expressed a
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fear that perhaps we all feel to some extent, that "things are in the
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saddle and ride Mankind". But with the help of good household reference
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books, friendly reference librarians, and helpful manufacturers only too
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willing to help consumers understand their products, we can at least get a
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rein on the technology in our homes.
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