134 lines
8.1 KiB
Plaintext
134 lines
8.1 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [A report on Greek ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Architecture ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1036 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
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The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the
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sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern
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Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek
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architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical
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and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the
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Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local
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Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic
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forms of Greek architecture.
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One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred
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Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as
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anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural
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world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an
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outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the
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temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply
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as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings.
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This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),
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an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches),
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and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors.
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The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the
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temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had
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to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the
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mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic
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temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture
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conservative toward changes in design or in building technology.
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The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200
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BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought
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about the introduction of both the Doric and Ionic Orders.
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The Doric Order, which originated around 400 BCE brought rise to a
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whole new type of building technique and style. In the archaic temples,
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stone gradually started to replace wood, and some of the structural details
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of the early buildings appear to have been copied in stone. At Thermon, in
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northwestern Greece, a succession of buildings from the Last Bronze Age
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throughout the sixth century BCE show the evolution of the Doric temple
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from a hall shaped like a hairpin to a long rectangular building with a
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porch at either end and surrounded by columns. The temple of Hera at
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Olympia, built about 600 BCE, had wooden columns that were gradually
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replaced by stone ones, probably as votive gifts. The variety of column and
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capital shapes illustrates the evolution of the Doric order. The earliest
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columns had a heavy, bulging profile, and their capitals were broad and
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low. During the archaic period, limestone became the standard building
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material for foundations, steps, walls, columns, and Doric entablature.
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Building such as the famous Temple of Aphaia on Aegina illustrate the
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dramatic influence of the Doric order.
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White the Doric order became the standard for mainland Greece, the
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Ionian colonies in the eastern Aegean were developing a very different
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system of columns and entablature based on Egyptian and Near Eastern
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architecture. The tall slender columns, low entablature, and lack of
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sculptured frieze course were typical of Ionic buildings. The sixth century
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BCE Ionic temples were unprecedented in size, as large as 55 by 112 m.
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Wealthy cities each has six major temples, sometimes arranged in a regular
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sequence, in addition to the standard civic buildings. An outstanding
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number of Ionic buildings can be found throughout the eastern Aegean.
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During the classical period, Athenian Dominance greatly affected
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architecture. The war between the Greek city-states and Persia (499-480
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BCE) interrupted almost all temple building for a generation while the
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Greeks concentrated on restoring their defensive walls, civic buildings,
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and the fleet. Athens emerged as the leader, controlling the war chest of
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the Delian League, Panhellenic league; the city initiated extravagant
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program to rebuild the sanctuary of Athena on the Acropolis. The Parthenon,
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Propylaea, Temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheum were built entirely of
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marble and elaborately decorated with carved moldings and sculpture.The
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architects were Callicrates and Iotinus, and the chief sculptor was
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Phidias. A large school of builders and sculptors developed in Athens
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during the second half of the fifth century BCE. Most of these craft
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workers were freed slaves from the eastern Mediterranean. Perhaps as a
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consequence there developed in Attica a unique blend of the Doric and Ionic
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orders seen in the fortified sanctuaries as well as in Athens.
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The Corinthian order resulted from long civil wars during the fifth
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century BCE (Classical period). The Ionian cities recovered more quickly
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from the civil war under Persian sovereignty. The colossal sixth century
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BCE temples and altars were replaced on a grander scale. Several Ionian
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cities were rebuilt on a grid plan that has been credited to Hippodamus of
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Miletus.
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The rise of Macedonia and the conquests of Alexander the Great heralded
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the Hellenistic period. Old building types became more complex: altars,
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gate buildings, council houses, stoas with two or three levels, and
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theaters with large attached stage buildings. Many new building types were
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introduced, including the nymphaeum, monumental tomb, columned hall,
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choragic monument, clock tower and light house. Many of these structures
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were decorated with dramatic marble sculpture.
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Hellenistic architects made imaginative variations on the standard
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temple forms, introducing Apses, high podia (stepped or square platforms),
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and subtle combinations of Doric and Ionic features. Several temples had
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exterior Corinthinan columns, such as the colossal temple of Zeus Olympius
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in Athens, begun in 174 BCE. In the Ionic order, Hermogenes of Priene
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evolved new canons of proportion concerning the temple plan and the height
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and spacing of columns. His writings were also passed down to Roman
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architects who emulated his designs. Long after the Roman army captured
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Athens, the principles of Greek architecture continued to govern building
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designs in mainland Greece and in Anatolia and strongly influenced Roman
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architecture throughout the empire.
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Greek architecture changed and evolved over a number of years. The
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creative architecture of the Greeks led to the construction of some of the
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best known buildings in history. Therefore, the Greek's advancements in the
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field of architecture were not only beneficial to their civilizations, but
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ours as well.
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