504 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
504 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Info on Making a Fire ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Bomb ]
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[x]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:2329 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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Sec. V No. 4 Gelled Flame Fuels
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Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for
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use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles (Molotov cocktails). This
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type fuel adheres more readily to the target and produces greater heat
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concentration.
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Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly
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available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories
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based on the gelling agent:
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4.1 Lye System
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4.2 Lye-Alcohol System
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4.3 Soap-Alcohol Systems
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4.4 Egg White System
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4.5 Latex System
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4.6 Wax System
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4.7 Animal Blood System
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From the Improvised Munitions Handbook
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Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia
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Sec. V No. 4.1 Lye System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
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combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a
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flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
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Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
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igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
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acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.
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MATERIALS REQUIRED:
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Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
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--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
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60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station
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or motor vehicle
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2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, food/drug store
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1 (powder) making soap
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15 Rosin making paint naval stores
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and varnish paint factory
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or
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Castor Oil medicine food/drug store
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PROCEDURE:
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CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
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mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
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1 - Pour gasoline into a jar, bottle, or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
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ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)
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2 - If rosin is in cake form, cut into small pieces
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3 - Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five (5)
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minutes to mix thoroughly.
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4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
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water slowly while stirring constantly.
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CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
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is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
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5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
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(about 1 minute)
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The mixture will eventually thicken into a very firm paste which
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can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline.
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Sec. V No. 4.2 Lye-Alcohol System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in
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combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as
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a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
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Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self-
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igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The
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acid will react with the lye and break down the gel.
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MATERIALS REQUIRED:
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Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
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--------------- ---------- -------- -------------
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60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station
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or motor vehicle
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2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, drug store
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1 (powder) making soap food store
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2 Ethyl Alcohol liquor liquor store
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medicine drug store
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NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl alcohol can be
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substituted for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels.
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14 Tallow food Fat rendered by
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making soap cooking the meat
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or suet of animals
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NOTE: The following can be substituted for tallow:
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(a) Lanolin (very good) woolgrease -- fat extracted from
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sheep's wool
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(b) Castor Oil (good)
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(c) Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, etc.)
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(d) Any fish oil
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(e) Butter or margarine
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It ia necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the
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given amount of lye and fat for satisfactory thickening.
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PROCEDURE:
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CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
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mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
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1- Pour gasoline into bottle, jar or other container. (DO NOT USE AN
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ALUMINUM CONTAINER!)
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2- Add Tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for 30 seconds to
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dissolve fat completely
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3- Add alcohol to the gas/fat mixture
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4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of
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water slowly while stirring constantly.
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CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any
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is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
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5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens
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(about 30 minutes)
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The mixture will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken into a very firm
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paste which can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional
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gasoline.
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Sec. V No. 4.3 Soap-Alcohol System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Material Required:
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Parts by
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Volume Ingredient How Used Common Sources
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-------- ---------- -------- --------------
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36 Gasoline Motor fuel Gas station, Motor vehicles
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1 Ethyl Alcohol Liquor Liquor store
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medicine Drug store
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NOTE: Methyl (wood) or Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohols can de
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substituted for ethyl alcohol.
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20 (powder) Laundry Soap Washing Stores, homes
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28 (flake) of clothes
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NOTE: Unless the word "SOAP" actually appears somewhere on the
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container or wrapper, a washing powder is probably a detergent.
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DETERGENTS CAN NOT BE USED.
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PROCEDURE:
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CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when
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mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
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1- If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes with a knife or grate with
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a cheese grater.
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2- Pour gasoline and alcohol into a bottle, jar or other container and mix
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thoroughly.
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3- Add soap to gasoline-alcohol mixture and stir occasionally until
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thickened (about 15 minutes).
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Sec V No. 4.4 Egg System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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The white of any bird egg can be used to thicken gasoline for use as a
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flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
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Materials Required:
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Parts by
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Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
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------ ---------- -------- -------------
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85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
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14 Egg whites food, industry food stores, farms
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Any one of the following:
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1 Table salt food, industry food stores, hardware stores,
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seawater, brine
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3 Ground coffee food food store, coffee plant
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3 Dry tea leaves food food store, tea plant
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3 Cocoa food food store, cacao tree
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2 Sugar food, industry food store, food processing,
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sugar cane
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1 Saltpeter medicine, ex- Drug store, natural deposits
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(potassium plosives, pyro-
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nitrate) technics, matches
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1 Epsom salts medicine drug/food store, natural deposits
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2 Washing soda washing cleaner drug/food store
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(sal soda) medicine photo supply store
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photography
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1 1/2 Baking Soda baking, medicine drug/food stores
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(sodium bicarbonate)
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1 1/2 Aspirin medicine drug/food store
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(acetylsalicylic acid)
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PROCEDURE:
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CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing
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flame fuels. NO SMOKING!
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1- Separate egg whites from yolk. There is a simple kitchen tool to do
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this, or break the egg into a bowl and gently lift out the yolk with a
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spoon.
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NOTE: Do not mix ANY of the yellow yolk in with the clear white.
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If yolk contaminates the white, discard the egg.
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2- Pour egg into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline.
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3- Add the salt (or other additive) to the gas/egg mixture and stir
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occasionally until gel forms (5-10 minutes)
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NOTE: A thicker gelled flame fuel can be formed by putting the
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covered container in a bath of hot (65øC/145øF) water for about
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1/2 hour and then cooling to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE
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GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE)
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Sec. V No. 4.5 Latex System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Any milky white plant fluid is a potential source of latex which can be
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used to gel gasoline.
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Materials Required:
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Ingredient How Used Common Source
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---------- -------- -------------
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Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations,
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motor vehicles
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Latex paints, adhesives Rubber cement
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(commercial or natural) Tree or plant
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paint factory
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Acid- 1 of:
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Acetic Acid food, photography Food store
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(vinegar) Photo supplies
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hard cider
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Sulfuric acid Storage batteries Motor Vehicles
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(Oil of Vitriol) Industry Industrial plants
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Hydrochloric acid Metal pickling, Hardware stores
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(Muriatic acid) cleaning, industry Industrial plants
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NOTE: If acids are unavailable, use acid salt (alum, sulfates and
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chlorides rather than sodium or potassium). The formic acid from
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crushed red ants can be used.
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Procedure: With commercial rubber latex-
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1- Mix 92 parts by volume gasoline and 7 parts latex in a jar, bottle or
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other container. Mix thoroughly.
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2- Add 1 part by volume acid and stir or shake until gel forms.
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With Natural Latex:
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1- Natural latex should form lumps as it comes from the plant. If lumps do
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not form, add a small amount of acid to the latex. Strain off the lumps
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and allow to dry in air.
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2- Place 20 parts by volume latex in a jar and add 80 parts gasoline.
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Cover and wait until latex lumps swell to form a gelatinous mass (2-3
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days).
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Sec. V No. 4.6 Wax System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a
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flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces.
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Materials Required:
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Parts by
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Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
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------ ---------- -------- -------------
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80 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
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20 Any of the following:
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Ozocerite leather polish natural deposits
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Mineral wax sealing wax hardware store
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Ceresin wax candles general store
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fossil wax crayons department store
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waxed paper
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home canning
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Beeswax candles beehive honeycomb
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wax fruit Apiary supplies
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floor waxes general store
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textile finish department store
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Bayberry wax candles natural form
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Myrtle wax soaps Myrica berries
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medicines drug store
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leather polish general store
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Procedure:
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1- Natural Sources - Plants and berries are potential sources of waxes.
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Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The wax will melt and
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rise to the surface. Let the water cool and skim off the now hardened
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wax.
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2- Melt the wax and pour it into a jar or bottle which is in a hot water
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bath.
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3- Add the gasoline and stir to mix in the wax.
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4- When the wax has completely dissolved in gasoline, allow the water bath
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to slowly cool to room temperature.
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5- If a gel does not form, add additional wax, up to 40% by volume. If no
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gel forms with 40% wax, make a lye solution by dissolving a small
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amount of lye (sodium hydroxide) in an equal amount of water. Add this
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solution (1/2% by volume) to the gas/wax mixture and shake or stir
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until the mixture gels.
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Sec. V No. 4.7 Animal Blood System
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Gelled Flame Fuel
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Animal blood can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which
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will adhere to target surfaces.
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Materials Required:
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Parts by
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Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source
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------ ---------- -------- -------------
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68 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles
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30 Blood food Slaughterhouse, wild animals
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Serum medicine Hospitals
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2 Any one of the following:
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salt
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ground coffee
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dry tea leaves
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sugar
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baking soda
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epsom salts
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lime mortar Hardware/garden store
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plaster drug store
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medicine from calcium carbonate
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Procedure:
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Preparation of animal blood serum: Hang animal over pail or tub. Slit
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animal's throat by jugular vein and allow to drain into pail. Let the
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blood sit until it gets lumpy (coagulated). Place lumpy blood in a
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cloth or on a screen and collect the red fluid (serum) which drains
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through. Store this in a cool place if possible
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CAUTION: Do not get aged animal blood or serum into an open cut.
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This may cause infections.
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1- Pour blood serum into a jar, bottle , or other container and add
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gasoline.
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2- Add the salt (or other additive) and stir until a gel forms.
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Sec. V No. 1 Chemical Fire Bottle
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This incendiary bottle is self-igniting on impact
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(The advantage of a self-igniting flame bottle is that there is no
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flame trail leading back to the thrower. Hostile forces thus have
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some difficulty spotting the source of the device.)
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Materials Required:
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How Used Common Sources
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-------- --------------
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Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station, motor vehicles
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Sulfuric acid Batteries Motor vehicles
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Material Pro- Industrial plants
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cessing
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Potassium Chlorate Medicine Drug store
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Sugar Sweetener Food stores
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Glass bottle with stopper, cap, or cork (approx 1 litre size)
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Small bottle or jar with lid
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Rag or absorbent paper (paper towel, newspaper)
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String or rubber bands
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Procedure:
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1- Sulfuric Acid must be concentrated. If battery acid or other dilute
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acid is used, concentrate it by boiling until dense white fumes are
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given off. Use enamelware or ovenproof glass container, not metal and
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especially not aluminum.
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DANGER: Acid will burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is
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spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water.
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Fumes are also dangerous and must not be inhaled.
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2- Remove the acid from heat and allow to cool to room temperature.
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3- Pour gasoline into the large bottle until it is approximately 2/3 full.
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4- Add concentrated sulfuric acid until the bottle is filled to within 2-5
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cm from the top (1-2 in.). Cap the bottle securely.
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5- Wash the outside of the bottle thoroughly with clear water.
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CAUTION: If the bottle is not thoroughly washed, it may be
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dangerous to handle during use.
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6- Wrap a clean cloth or several layers of absorbent paper around the
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outside of the bottle. Tie with string or fasten with rubber
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bands.
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7- Dissolve 100g (1/2 cup) of potassium chlorate and 100g (1/2 cup) sugar
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in 250cc (1 cup) boiling water.
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8- Allow the solution to cool, pour it into the small jar and cap tightly.
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The cooled solution should be approx. 2/3 crystals and 1/3 liquid. If
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there is more liquid than this, pour off excess before using.
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DANGER: Do not store these two bottles together! If the solutions
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mix by accident a fire will immediately result.
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How To Use:
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1- Shake the small bottle to mix the contents thoroughly, and pour onto
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the cloth or paper around the large bottle. Bottle can be used while
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the cloth or paper is wet or after it dries. After drying, however, the
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sugar/potassium chlorate mixture is extremely flammable and can be
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ignited by the smallest spark or flame and must be handled accordingly.
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The bottle can be wrapped in plastic to delay drying.
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2- Throw or launch the bottle. When the bottle breaks against a hard
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surface, the fuel will ignite.
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