250 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
250 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Information about Insuln]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [-dependent Diabetes ]
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[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[x]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Date: 06/94 # of Words:1791 School: Database State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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******REMINDER******
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The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided
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for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or
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treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this
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disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies
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listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
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Insulin-dependent Diabetes is a disorder in which the body does not
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produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert nutrients
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into the energy necessary for daily activity. The disorder affects
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females and males approximately equally. Although the causes of
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insulin-dependent diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a
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role.
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Symptomatology
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--------------------------------
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Normally, sugars and starches (carbohydrates) in the foods we eat are
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processed by digestive juices into glucose. Glucose circulates in
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the blood as a major energy source for body functions. Its use is
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regulated primarily by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas gland
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(located behind the stomach). In the person with diabetes, there is
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a malfunction in the production of insulin. There are two main types
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of diabetes: Type I or Insulin-Dependent and Type II or
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Noninsulin-Dependent.
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The insulin-dependent type of diabetes generally has onset during
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childhood or adolescence, though it can occur at any age. Because
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the pancreas supplies little or no insulin in this disease, daily
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injections of the hormone and a controlled diet are necessary to
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regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin is generally effective in
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preventing glucose buildup, but it is a treatment and not a cure for
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diabetes.
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The onset of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes begins with frequent
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urination, extreme thirst, constant hunger, and unexplained weight
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loss. Because people with Type I Diabetes lack sufficient
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insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood to levels too high for the
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kidneys to excrete. In an effort to remove the excess sugar, the kidneys
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excrete large amounts of water as well as essential body elements
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resulting in frequent urination, thirst, and weakness. Hunger and
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fatigue are caused by the body's inability to utilize foods properly
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for nourishment and energy. To find alternate sources of energy, the
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body turns to its stores of fat and protein, causing weight loss and
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the accumulation of fat breakdown products (acetone and related
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acids) in the blood. These metabolites of fat produce increased acidity
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of the blood, and a potentially fatal condition (ketoacidosis) can
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result if treatment is not prompt.
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A child with Type I Diabetes may also fail to grow and develop
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normally. Diabetics of all ages may experience itching of the skin,
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changes in vision, and slow healing of cuts and bruises. Medical
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attention should be sought if any of these symptoms occur.
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The diabetic condition can result in certain long-term
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complications which may involve many organs of the body. The blood
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vessels, nervous system, kidneys and eyes are particularly affected.
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While successful control of blood glucose levels may reduce the risk of
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complications, the exact relationship between these factors is not
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fully understood. Studies are being conducted to determine whether
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strict blood glucose control plays a significant role in preventing or
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delaying the onset of complications resulting from diabetes.
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1. Cardiovascular Complications.
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Heart and blood vessel diseases such as heart attack, hardening of
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the arteries (arteriosclerosis), and stroke are the leading causes of
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illness, disability and death among diabetics. Persons with
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diabetes are twice as likely to suffer from coronary heart disease
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and stroke and five times as likely to suffer from arterial disease of
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the limbs than the non-diabetic population. Exactly how diabetes
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damages the cardiovascular system is not yet clear.
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2. Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease).
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Kidney (renal) disease, or diabetic nephropathy, can be a serious
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complication of diabetes. Normally, the kidneys cleanse
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impurities from the blood, but diabetes can cause damage to the blood
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vessels in the kidney and interfere with this vital process. A
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procedure called hemodialysis is frequently used to remove waste
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products from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform this
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function adequately. Diabetics with serious renal disease may also be
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candidates for a kidney transplant if a suitable donor organ is
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available.
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3. Diabetic Neuropathy (damage to the nerves).
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Diabetes can also cause a complication called Diabetic Neuropathy which
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is damage to the peripheral nerves. These nerves run throughout the
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body, connecting the spinal cord to muscles, skin, blood vessels, and all
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other organs. Most importantly, they serve as the primary link between
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the central nervous system and the entire body. Diabetes is a common
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cause of peripheral neuropathy; however, this condition can also result
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from injury, alcoholism, or other factors. Almost all people with
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diabetes eventually develop some peripheral nerve involvement, but for
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many, it is slight and produces no symptoms. For the 10 to 25 percent
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who suffer from serious neuropathy, it can produce problems such as
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tingling and numbness in the feet, dizziness, impotence, leg pain and
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double vision.
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4. Diabetic Retinopathy (damaged retina).
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Diabetes is the leading cause of partial loss of vision and new
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blindness in the United States today. Generally, diabetes affects
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the retina of the eye and produces a variety of changes referred to as
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diabetic retinopathy. Less frequent, but no less serious, are several
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other eye problems caused by diabetes including cataracts, glaucoma,
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and optic nerve disease. While many persons with diabetes undergo some
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changes in the retina, only about 3 percent are seriously threatened
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with blindness. Today, there are approximately 150,000 Americans who
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suffer significant visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy. (For
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more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetic Retinopathy" as your
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search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
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Although the way in which diabetes damages eye tissue is not
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known, two important treatments have been developed in recent years.
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The first, laser photocoagulation, uses finely focused beams of laser
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light to seal off and destroy abnormal retinal vessels and diseased
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tissues. While this treatment does not prevent diabetic changes from
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taking place, it has proven beneficial in reducing the risk of severe
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vision loss in many cases.
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The second technique, vitrectomy, involves surgical removal of
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cloudy eye fluids that result from blood vessel hemorrhage. This
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procedure offers hope to people with severely impaired vision
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resulting from this form of diabetic retinopathy. Scientists
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continue to explore better use of these techniques as well as the basic
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causes of eye damage resulting from diabetes.
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5. Complications of Pregnancy.
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Diabetic women run a greater risk of having babies who are
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stillborn, die in infancy, and suffer from congenital defects than do
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non-diabetics. It is not uncommon for infants of diabetic mothers
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to be larger than normal at birth if maternal blood glucose level is
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elevated. In fact, this is sometimes a warning sign of diabetes in a
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woman who has not yet been diagnosed with the disorder. Strict
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attention to control of diabetes is essential during pregnancy to help
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reduce risks to both mother and baby.
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Diabetic emergencies which require prompt medical attention
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include hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemia, also called "insulin
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reaction" or "insulin shock" can occur if the blood sugar level of the
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person with diabetes falls too low. This results from too much insulin
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in the system caused by too large a dose of insulin, overly strenuous
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exercise, or failure to eat shortly after insulin is taken. Although
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each person may react differently, common symptoms of insulin
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reaction include trembling, sweating and nervousness. Some persons with
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diabetes may experience hunger, headache, nausea, drowsiness, or symptoms
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similar to inebriation. In severe cases of insulin shock, the person
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with diabetes may even become unconscious. A careful blend of
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correct amounts of insulin, exercise and food can usually prevent
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insulin reaction. When hypoglycemia does occur, however, most people
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with diabetes sense early warning signals and eat or drink something
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sweet to raise the amount of sugar in the blood. If a person is
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unconscious, an injection of glucose solution or the hormone
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glucagon (which stimulates the production of glucose), should be
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administered.
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Ketoacidosis, or Diabetic Coma, results from too little insulin
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in the system.
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When the body is unable to use glucose for fuel, it draws on its own
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stores of protein and fat for energy. Acids, or ketones, produced by
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the excessive breakdown of fat then accumulate in the blood stream
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quicker than the kidneys can excrete them. Unlike hypoglycemia, the
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symptoms of ketoacidosis develop slowly over a period of days. The
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person with diabetes may begin to experience abdominal pain, nausea,
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vomiting, rapid breathing and drowsiness. If left untreated, ketoacidosis
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can progress to coma and death.
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Ketoacidosis can be prevented by careful daily evaluation of
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insulin needs. Particularly stressful situations such as illness
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or surgery may require increased amounts of insulin. Most importantly,
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a person with diabetes should never skip or delay an insulin injection
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and should pay careful attention to his/her diet.
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A survey by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
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during 1960 to 1962 on forty-four million adults showed that men and
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women with diabetes ran a higher than average risk of periodontal
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disease.
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Related Disorders
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--------------------------------
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Type II Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) is the more
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common form of the disorder. Also known as Adult Onset Diabetes, it
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usually occurs after the age of 40 years. This type of diabetes is
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not secondary to other diseases or conditions. In many cases,
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the disorder can be controlled through diet, regular exercise, and
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sometimes, with oral medications (e.g., chlorpropamide, glypizide, or
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glyburide).
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Therapies: Standard
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A daily routine of insulin-injection, controlled diet, exercise to
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burn off glucose, and testing for blood sugar level is vital in achieving
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and maintaining good blood sugar control in patients with
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. Urine testing for glucose spillage had
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been a standard recommendation in past years, but has now been replaced
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with self blood glucose testing. Self monitoring of blood glucose
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levels uses a single drop of blood which is obtained with a finger stick,
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and placed on a chemically treated pad on a plastic strip; the color
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change of the chemically treated pad is compared to a color chart or
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"read" by a battery operated portable meter.
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Insulin must be given by injection, usually two or more times each
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day. Recently portable "insulin pumps" have been developed, which permit
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continuous administration of insulin, as well as additional amounts of
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insulin when needed to control the changes in blood sugar level that occurs
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after meals.
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Etiology
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The exact causes of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes are not known
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although most types of diabetes are known to have hereditary factors.
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Scientists believe that both heredity and environment may play important
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roles in the development of diabetes.
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Research suggests that certain viruses, in combination with
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genetic susceptibility and other unknown environmental factors, may
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trigger the onset of some types of this disorder. High levels of
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growth hormone in adolescents and adults under stress may also stimulate
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the production of glucose by the liver.
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