459 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
459 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Report on the Human ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Brain ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words: School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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File BRAIN2.TXT has 2304 words, and 17381 bytes.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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HEADING PAGE NUMBER
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1. Table of Contents 1
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2. Table of Illustrations 2
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3. Introduction 3
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4. Body of work 4 to 8
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5. Conclusion 9
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6. Illustrations 10 to 12
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7. Bibliography 13
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8. Glossary 14 to 16
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9. Index 17 to 19
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TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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HEADING PAGE NUMBER
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1. Inside the Head 10
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2. Inside the Brain 11
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3. Areas and Jobs 12
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INTRODUCTION
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NOTE: All words in bold print will be found in the glossary.
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The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All
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of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located
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in the head. The brain weighs about 2.75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink
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appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre
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of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the
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body. The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves
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and the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires
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across the city. This is called the nervous system.
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The nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain to the
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organs, but also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs
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back to your brain. Some nerves are linked directly to the brain. Others
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have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called
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the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
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system.
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The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and
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remember. That part of the brain is called the mind.
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PROTECTING THE BRAIN
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Twenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are
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interlocking plates. These plates form the cranium. The cranium provides
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maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal combination. The other
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twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull.
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Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself in
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liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the
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brain. The brain then sends the blood through an intricate network of
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blood vessels to where the blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels
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called choroid plexuses produce a protective cerebrospinal fluid. This
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fluid is what the brain literally floats in.
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A third protective measure taken by the brain is called the blood
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brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries.
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These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood,
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but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter the brain.
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THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF
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THE BRAIN
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The brain is divided into three main sections. The area at the front
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of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It
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controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and
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memory. The cerebrum is split in two different sections, the right half and
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the left half.
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The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cortex. It is mainly
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made up of cell bodies of neurons called grey matter. Most of the work the
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brain does is done in the cortex. It is very wrinkled and has many folds.
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The wrinkles and folds give the cortex a large surface area, even though it
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is squeezed up to fit in the skull.
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The extra surface area gives the cerebrum more area to work. Inside
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the cortex, the cerebrum is largely made up of white matter. White matter
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is tissue made only of nerve fibres.
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The middle region is deep inside the brain. It's chief purpose is to
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connect the front and the back of the brain together. It acts as a
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"switchboard", keeping the parts of your brain in touch with each other.
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The back area of the brain is divided into three different parts. The
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pons is a band of nerve fibres which link the back of the brain to the
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middle. The cerebellum sees to it that all the parts of your body work as
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a team. It also makes sure you keep your balance.
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The medulla is low down at the back of your head. It links the brain
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to the top of the spinal cord. The medulla controls the way your heart
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pumps blood through your body. It also looks after your breathing and
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helps you digest food.
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THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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THE BRAINSTEM:
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The brainstem is one of the oldest parts of the brain. It controls
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such functions as breathing, blood pressure, swallowing and heart rate.
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THE HYPOTHALMUS:
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This part of the brain is located directly above the brain stem. The
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hypothalmus controls basic drives like hunger and sex and as well as our
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response to threat and danger. The hypothalmus also controls the
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pituitary.
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THE PITUITARY:
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The pituitary produces hormones such as testosterone that circulate
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through out the body.
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THE THALAMUS:
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The thalamus is like a relay area; it receives messages from lower
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brain areas such as the brainstem and hypothalmus and sends them to the two
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brain hemispheres. The thalamus is located in between above the lower
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brain and under the two hemispheres.
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THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN:
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Most of the above mentioned parts of the brain were produced early in
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evolution but the higher mammals especially humans went on to produce a
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sort of "thinking cap" on top of these parts. This "thinking cap" was
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divided into two different parts, the left hemisphere and the right
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hemisphere.
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If the left side of your brain is more developed like most people's
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are, you are right handed. On the other hand if the right side of your
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brain is more developed, then you will be left handed. The right side of
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your brain is more artistic and emotional while the left side of your brain
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is your "common sense" and practical side, such as figuring out math and
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logic problems.
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THE CEREBELLUM:
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One of the most important part of the Human brain is the cerebellum.
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The cerebellum is involved with the more complex functions of the brain and
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sometimes is even referred to as "the brain within the brain". The
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cerebellum acts as a control and coordination centre for movement.
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The cerebellum carries small "programs" that have been previously
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learned. For example, how to write, move, run and jump are all previously
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learned activities that the brain recorded and can playback when needed.
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Every time you practice, the brain rewrites the program and makes it
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better.
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You may have heard the saying "practice makes perfect". Well this
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saying is not entirely true; another way of "practising" is just to imagine
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what you wish to do. Since the cerebellum can't actually feel, it will
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think that you are doing what your imagining and respond by rewriting it's
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previous program and carrying out any other actions needed for that
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function. This is one why to explain wet dreams.
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THE CEREBRAL CORTEX:
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The cerebral cortex makes up the top of the two hemispheres of the
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brain. The cortex is a sheet of greyish matter which produces our
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thoughts, language and plans. It also controls our sensations and
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voluntary movements, stores our memories and gives us the ability to
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imagine, in short it's what makes humans, humans.
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IN THE FUTURE
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Today many experiments are being conducted that may be break through's
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for the future. For instance "brain grafting" is one procedure that may be
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used in the future. Brain grafting is to transplant a very thin layer of
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brain skin from one person to another. This would result in control of
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parkinson's disease and other seizure related diseases.
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Another radical idea that has already been successfully been tried on
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rhesus monkey's is, brain transplants. The ethics and legal problems for
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such a transplant would probably never let this operation be performed on
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humans. This is because the person would not be the same, would not have
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the same memories or the same abilities that the host body had had.
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The last idea of the future that we will list is called "artificial
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hearing and seeing". Artificial seeing is achieved by planting sixty-four
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small electrodes in front of the visual cortex of the brain. The
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electrodes are connected to a small camera that is some where on the
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person's ear. A computer is attached to the camera. The computer sends
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the images from the camera directly to the implanted electrodes. They
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flash as the picture from the camera, thus enabling the person to somewhat
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see.
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Artificial hearing is much more complicated then artificial seeing.
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First a electrodes must be planted in the brain. Then through a microphone
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a computer produces electrical pulses that are then sent to the electrodes
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in the brain.
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But as of yet these procedures are not practical first because of the
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size of the computer, it cannot be taken out of the laboratory second the
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cost of the package and third the risks involved.
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CONCLUSION
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After all of the work and research that we have done it is very
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evident to us that the brain is one of the most wondrous organs that humans
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could have. It guides us through almost every second of our life. Even
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after exploring vast and distant sky's to the microorganisms that exist
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today, the brain has never ceased to amaze us and probably never will.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. The Brain and Nervous System by Lambert, Mark
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copyright Macmillan Education, 1988
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2. The Brain and Nervous System by Parker, Steve
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copyright Franklin Watts, 1990
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3. Encyclopedia Britannica by Britannica, Encyclopedia Inc.
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copyright Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1986
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4. The Incredible Machine by Geographic, National Society
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copyright Geographic, National Society, 1992
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GLOSSARY
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artificial hearing: When a person is able to hear but not
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naturally.
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artificial seeing: When a person is able to see but not naturally.
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blood brain barrier: A set of special capillaries that are only
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found in brain. There purpose is to filter the blood so only
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oxygen, glucose and water are able to enter the brain.
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Unfortuantly they don't prevent narcotics from entering the brain.
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brain: An organ that is pinkish-white in appearance and is located
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in the skull. This organ controls almost everything that the body
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does.
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brain grafting: Brain grafting is the process of taking a thin
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layer of brain skin from the donor and moving to new host.
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brainstem: This is what the brain had used to be early evolution,
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but now it only controls our basic functions such as breathing and
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heart rate.
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capillaries: Tiny blood vessels.
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cells: What all living thing are built from.
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central nervous system: This the brain and spinal cord put
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together. Also see: brain, spinal cord.
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cerebellum: This part of the brain makes sure that all of your
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body works together. It also keeps your balance.
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cerebral cortex: This is one of the most important parts of the
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brain. It also is produces our thoughts, stores our memories, and
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plans.
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cerebrospinal fluid: This what the brain floats in.
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cerebrum: The cerebrum is split in to two different sides. Left
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and right. It is located at the front of the head.
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choroid plexuses: These special blood vessels are what produce the
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cerebrospinal fluid.
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cortex: This is the outer layer of the cerebrum.
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cranium: This is the part of the skull that holds the brain.
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diseases: Illnesses that can be terminal.
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electrodes: They are made out metal and emit electricity, usually
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very little.
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glucose: This is a combination of sugar and water.
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grey matter: Mainly made from the cell bodies of neurons.
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hemisphere: These are the two different part of the cerebrum.
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Almost all of the brain's work is done there.
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hormones: Chemicals that can change the chemical make up of your
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physical body.
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hypothalmus: This part of the brain is located above the
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brainstem. It controls basic drives such as hunger and sex.
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medulla: The medulla is almost right behind the brainstem. It
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helps you to digest your food.
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mind: Not just the brain but the actual consciousness that we
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have.
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nerves: Pathways that the brain uses to send messages to and from
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different parts of the body.
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nervous system: The whole system of nerves that attach to the
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spinal cord.
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organs: Important part of the body. The brain, heart and lungs
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are examples of organs.
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Parkinson's Disease: This disease causes the victim to have
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seizures.
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pituitary: The pituitary produces hormones.
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pons: A band of nerve fibre that connect the back the brain to the
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middle.
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skull: The skull is made up of twenty-eight bones. It is located
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above the spinal cord. It also contains the brain.
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spinal cord: This cord goes down your back. Almost all nerves in
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the body are connected to the spinal cord.
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thalamus: The thalamus a sort of relay room. It gets messages
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from the lower brain area and sends them to the higher brain.
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transplant: To transplant is to take something from one person and
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put it into another person.
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white matter: White matter is tissue made from nerve fibres.
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INDEX
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NOTE: For the Index, the introduction is the 1st page.
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artificial seeing 6
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artificial hearing 7
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balance 3
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blood brain barrier 2
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blood 2,3
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..harmful chemicals 2
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blood pressure 3
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blood vessels 2
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brain 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
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..hemispheres 4
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..transplants 6
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..grafting 6
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..protecting 2
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..section 2
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..front 2,3
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..middle 2,3
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..back 2,3
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brainstem 3,4
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breathing 3
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capillaries 2
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cells 1
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central nervous system 1
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cerebellum 3,5
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cerebral cortex 5
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cerebrospinal fluid 2
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cerebrum 2,3
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choroid plexus 2
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cortex 2,3,6
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cranium 2
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digesting food 3
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electrodes 6
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glucose 2
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grey matter 2
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heart 3
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hormones 4
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hunger 4
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hypothalamus 4
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medulla 3
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memory 2
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mind 1
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nerves 1,3
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nervous system 1
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neurons 2
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organs 1
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oxygen 2
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parkinson's disease 6
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pituitary 4
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pons 3
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sex 4
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skull 2,3
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spinal cord 1,3
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thalamus 4
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water 2
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white matter 3
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