310 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
310 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
SPAIN
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 504,750 km2; land area: 499,400 km2; includes Balearic
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Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de
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soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco--Ceuta, Mellila, Islas
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Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
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Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
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Land boundaries: 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km,
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Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km
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Coastline: 4,964 km
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Maritime claims:
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Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of
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sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of
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Morocco--the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests
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as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de
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la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
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Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate
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and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
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and cool along coast
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Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged
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hills; Pyrenees in north
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Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury,
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pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
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potash, hydropower
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Land use: arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and
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pastures 21%; forest and woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6%
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Environment: deforestation; air pollution
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Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
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PEOPLE
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Population: 39,384,516 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)
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Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Spaniard(s); adjective--Spanish
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Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
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Religion: Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%
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Language: Castilian Spanish; second languages include
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Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
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Literacy: 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture
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14%, constrction 9% (1988)
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Organized labor: less 10% of labor force (1988)
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Kingdom of Spain
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Type: parliamentary monarchy
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Capital: Madrid
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Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades
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autonomas, singular--comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon,
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Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon,
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Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares,
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La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note--there are five
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places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila,
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Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez
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de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown
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Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)
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Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
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Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications;
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does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: National Day, 12 October
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Executive branch: monarch, president of the government (prime
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minister), deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet),
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Council of State
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Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National
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Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate
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(Senado) and a lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los
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Diputados)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez
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(since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA (since
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13 March 1991)
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Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from
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right to left--Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR;
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Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES;
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Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo SUAREZ Gonzalez;
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Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez;
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Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA;
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Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA;
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chief regional parties--
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Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia;
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Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS;
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Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza;
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Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS;
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Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA;
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Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO;
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Independent Canary Group (AIC);
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Aragon Regional Party (PAR);
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Valencian Union (UV)
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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Senate --last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held October 1993);
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results--NA;
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seats (208) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5;
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Congress of Deputies--last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held
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October 1993); results--PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led
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coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, Basque Nationalist Party 1.2%, HB 1%,
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Andalusian Party 1%, other 8.4%;
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seats--(350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5,
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HB 4, other 11
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Communists: PCE membership declined from a possible high of
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160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost
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1 million voters and 10 deputies in the 1989 election; voters came
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mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; remaining strength is in
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labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of
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the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of
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about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national
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election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982
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Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque
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Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist
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Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free
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labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated
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Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT),
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and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic
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Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students
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Member of: AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD,
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EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
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ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
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IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest),
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NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
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UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at
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2700 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or
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0191; there are Spanish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston,
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Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan
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(Puerto Rico);
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US--Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
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(mailing address is APO New York 09285); telephone 34 (1) 577-4000;
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there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in Bilbao
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Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
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and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow
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band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of
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Hercules which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either
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side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar
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ECONOMY
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Overview: This Western capitalistic economy has done well since
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Spain joined the EC in 1986. With annual increases in real GNP averaging
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about 5% in the 1987-90 period, Spain has been the fastest growing member
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of the EC. Increased investment--both domestic and foreign--has been the
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most important factor pushing the economic expansion. Inflation moderated
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to 4.8% in 1988, but an overheated economy caused inflation to reach
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almost 7% in 1989-90. Another economic problem facing Spain is an
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unemployment rate of 16.3%, the highest in Europe.
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GDP: $435.9 billion, per capita $11,100; real growth rate 3.7%
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(1990)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.7% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 16.3% (1990)
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Budget: revenues $100.1 billion; expenditures $111.6 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
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Exports: $55.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
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commodities--foodstuffs, live animals, wood, footwear, machinery,
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chemicals;
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partners--EC 67.8%, US 6.5%, other developed countries 9%
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Imports: $87.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
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commodities--petroleum, footwear, machinery, chemicals, grain,
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soybeans, coffee, tobacco, iron and steel, timber, cotton, transport
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equipment;
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partners--EC 59.7%, US 8.5%, other developed countries 11.5%,
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Middle East 3.4%
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External debt: $37 billion (1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.)
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Electricity: 46,589,000 kW capacity; 141,000 million kWh produced,
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3,590 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and
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beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding,
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automobiles, machine tools
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Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and 14% of labor force; major
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products--grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus
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fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food;
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fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9
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billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-79), $545.0 million; not currently a recipient
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Currency: peseta (plural--pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) =
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100 centimos
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Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--95.20 (January 1991),
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101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05
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(1986), 170.04 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE)
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operates 12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and
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2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways)
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operates 1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km
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electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km of predominantly
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1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track
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Highways: 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km
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limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km
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intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km
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provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous,
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or stone block)
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Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance
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Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,794 km refined products; 1,666 km
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natural gas
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Ports: Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz,
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Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo,
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Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands),
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Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto,
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Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports
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Merchant marine: 304 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,367,529
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GRT/5,984,306 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger,
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105 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 29 roll-on/roll-off
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cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 50 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
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tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil,
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4 specialized tanker, 48 bulk
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Civil air: 172 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 104 total, 98 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways;
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4 with runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities;
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15,350,464 telephones; stations--206 AM, 411 (134 relays) FM, 143
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(1,297 relays) TV; 17 coaxial submarine cables; communications
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satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (5 Atlantic Ocean,
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1 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and ENTELSAT systems
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 10,134,256; 8,222,987 fit for
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military service; 339,749 reach military age (20) annually
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Defense expenditures: $8.6 billion, 2% of GDP (1990)
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