951 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
951 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
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TESLA, Inc.
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(a non profit corporation)
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Proposal:
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PROJECT TESLA
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The Demonstration of Artificially Stimulated Resonance of
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the Earth's Ionosphere Waveguide:
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a precursor for the wireless transmission of vast amounts of
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electrical power using the Schumann Cavity.
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February 21, 1989
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Toby Grotz James Sheppard
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President Secretary/Treasurer
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Mary Estill Buchanan Gardner Robertson
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Director Director
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Abstract 3
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Introduction 3
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Assessment of Need 4
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Project Objectives 5
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Methods 6
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Evaluation Procedure 7
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Regulating Agencies 7
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Environmental Considerations 7
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Project Administration 8
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Future Funding 8
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Timetable 9
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Financial Projections 10
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Tesla, Inc., History, Objectives 13
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Personnel 13
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Appendix 15
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Resumes
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References:
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"PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", by Davis D. Sentman, in
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Computers in Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.
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The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla
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Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.
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"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere
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Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.
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"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by
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James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
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"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James
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F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
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"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and
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Applications of Single Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power
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Processing, Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by
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James F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
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Abstract
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It has been proven by researchers, W. O. Schumann and Dr. James R.
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Waite, that electrical energy can be propagated around the world
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between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extremely low
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frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. Experiments to
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date have shown that electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the
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range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency,
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propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the
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Schumann Cavity.
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The Schumann Cavity can be resonated, similar to the way a
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magnetron tube excites the cavity of a home microwave oven. The
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power that is delivered to the cavity propagates at very low losses
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and can be extracted at other locations within the cavity.
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Experimental data collected and calculations made in recent years
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support the hypothesis that wireless power transmission is a viable
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and practical alternative to the present systems of power
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transmission.
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Introduction
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It was not until 1954-1959 that experimental measurements were made
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of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity
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surrounding the Earth. Recent analysis shows that it was Nikola
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Tesla in 1899, who first noticed the existence of stationary waves in
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the Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave
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length and frequency involved closely match Schumann's theoretical
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calculations. These observations were made in 1899 while Tesla was
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monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to lightning discharges
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in a thunderstorm. It passed over his Colorado Springs laboratory
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and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the plains. In
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his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these stationary waves
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"... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in parenthesis,
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"This is of immense importance." The importance of his observations
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is due to the support they lend to the prime objective of the
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Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of the experiments and the
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laboratory Tesla had constructed was to prove that wireless
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transmission of electrical power was possible.
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At the time of his measurements, Tesla was experimenting with and
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researching methods for, "...power transmission and transmission of
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intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Tesla was not
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able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the
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globe. However modern scientific theory, mathematical calculations
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and data collected during the last sixty years support his contention
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that the wireless propagation of electrical power is possible. It
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would be a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
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electrical transmission lines used today for electrical power
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distribution.
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It has been shown by Schumann that electrical energy can be
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propagated around the world between the surface of the earth and the
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ionosphere. The energy is propagated in this "Schumann Cavity" at a
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very low frequencies. Experiments to date have shown that
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electromagnetic wave propagation occurs at a frequency of about eight
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cycles and that the propagation occurs with very little loss or
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attenuation. The electromagnetic techniques to be used to transmit
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power in the Schumann Cavity are similar to microwave signal
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generation in a magnetron cavity and propagation in a waveguide. The
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latter technology is very well known and is used in microwave ovens,
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radar, and communication systems.
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High energy excitation is necessary to resonate the Schumann Cavity
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and transfer power. Lightning is a natural atmospheric phenomenon
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that provides high energy discharges. It is expected that lightning
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would transfer power to the Schumann Cavity. Indeed, lightning
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discharges throughout the world occur at a combined rate of several
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per second. However, due to their random nature they do not produce
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useful power. The presence of this energy is easily detected by AM
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radios during a thunderstorm. These discharges are disorganized and
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produce a wide range of frequencies from a few cycles per second to
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several thousand cycles per second. The higher frequencies attenuate
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rapidly with distance. The extremely low frequencies, which match the
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resonant frequency of the cavity, are reinforced and propagate great
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distances with very little loss. The wavelength of eight cycles per
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second is equal to the circumference of the Earth at the equator.
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One cycle of this frequency fits perfectly within the Schumann Cavity
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and circles the earth.
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The purpose of Project Tesla is to create pulses, or electrical
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disturbances, that would travel in all directions around the Earth
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and resonate in the thin membrane of nonconductive air between the
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ground and the ionosphere in the Schumann Cavity. The pulses, or
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waves, would follow the surface of the Earth expanding outward to the
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maximum circumference of the Earth, until meeting at a point opposite
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to that of the transmitter. This point is called the antipode. The
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exact location has been calculated to be above an area in the Indian
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Ocean far from any land mass. The traveling waves would be reflected
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from the antipode to the transmitter, be reinforced, and sent out
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again. This process, analogous to pushing a pendulum, would be
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repeated at 8.0 Hz, the resonant frequency of the Schumann Cavity.
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Assessment of Need
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A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive
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use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of
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the environment from the use of present energy conversion systems.
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Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of
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this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators
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to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical
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grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy
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generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical
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distribution is only 70-74% efficient.
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A system of power distribution with little or no loss would
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conserve energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting
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from the need to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses
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in the present grid system. Based on the 1971 world-wide power
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generation of 908 million kilowatts, approximately 207 million
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kilowatts are being produced to make up for losses. This results in
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a cost of 454 billion dollars at 5 cents a kilowatt. The power
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wasted in transmission now costs over 100 billion dollars a year.
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Wireless transmission of power, if fully utilized, could save over 90
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billion dollars per year. Any technology that can reduce these
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losses and the corresponding costs is of extreme importance.
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The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy
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distribution calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical
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distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need
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for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables,
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towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of
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electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of
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wires, cables, and transmission towers.
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There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power
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exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in
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need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water
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under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China,
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require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th
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century and to equal standing with western nations.
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As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of
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power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand
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capacity. This concept is based on the fact that some nations,
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especially the United States, have the capacity to generate much more
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power than is needed. This situation is accentuated at night. The
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greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is during the day.
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The extra power available during the night could be sold to the side
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of the planet where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of
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power plants in the United States, this system would provide a
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saleable product which could do much to aid our balance of payments.
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In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the
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world's population), used 690 kilowatts, 76 percent of all power
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generated. The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts.
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By comparison, China generated only 17 million kilowatts and India
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generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each). If
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a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the
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world which is only using one-quarter of the current power production
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were to eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an
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additional 908 million kilowatts will be needed. The demand for
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electrical power will continue to increase with the industrialization
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of the world.
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A system of wireless transmission of power would make electrical
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energy available to people and nations which are not now privileged
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with the access to power developed nations take for granted.
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Project Objectives
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The objectives of the proposed project will be divided into three
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areas of investigation:
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1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with
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an open air, vertical dipole antenna;
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2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
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3. Measurement of power retrieval losses locally.
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Methods
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A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency resonating
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coil and a 120 foot tower have been constructed and are operational
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at an elevation of approximately 11,000 feet for the experiment.
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This system is centered around a very powerful resonating Tesla Coil.
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It was originally built in 1973-1974 and used until 1982 by the
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United States Air Force at Wendover AFB in Wendover, Utah. The USAF
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used the coil for simulating natural lightning for testing and
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hardening fighter aircraft. The system has a capacity of 150
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kilowatts. The coil, which is the largest part of the system, has
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already been built, tested, and is operational.
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A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for
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reducing atmospheric losses which work against an efficient coupling
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to the Schumann Cavity. The high frequency, high voltage output of
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the coil will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single
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electrode X-ray tube. The X-ray tube will be used to
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electrostatically charge a 120 ft. tall, vertical mast which will
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function to provide a vertical current moment. The mast is topped by
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a metal sphere 30 inches in diameter. A circulating current of 1,000
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amperes in the system will create an ionization and corona causing a
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large virtual electrical capacitance in the medium surrounding the
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sphere. Discharging the antenna 7-8 times per second through a fixed
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or rotary spark gap will create electrical disturbances, which will
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resonantly excite the Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the
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entire Earth.
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The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode and
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reflected to the transmitter site. The reflected wave will be
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reinforced and again radiated when it returns to the transmitter. As
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a result, an oscillation will be established and maintained in the
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Schumann Cavity. The loss of power in the cavity has been estimated
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to be about 6% per round trip. If the same amount of power is put
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into the cavity on each cycle of oscillation of the transmitter,
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there will be a net energy gain which will result in a net voltage,
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or amplitude increase. This will result in reactive energy storage
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in the cavity. As long as energy is delivered to the cavity, the
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process will continue until the energy is removed by heating,
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lightning discharges, or as is proposed by this project, loading by
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tuned circuits at distant locations for power distribution.
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The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in
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the United States and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers
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and scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.
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Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at
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the transmitter site and at distant receiving locations. Equipment
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constructed especially for measurement of low frequency
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electromagnetic waves will be employed to measure the effectiveness
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of using the Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical power
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distribution. The detection equipment used by project personnel will
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consist of a pick up coil and industry standard low noise, high gain
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operational amplifiers and active band pass filters,
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In addition to project detection there will be a record of the
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experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have
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been set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the
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Schumann Cavity.
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Evaluation Procedure
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The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided
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by local and distant measurement stations. The output of the
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transmitter will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the
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discharges from the antenna. The recordings made by distant stations
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will be time synchronized to ensure that the data received is a
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result of the operation of the transmitter.
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Power insertion and retrieval losses will be analyzed after the
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measurements taken during the transmission are recorded.
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Attenuation, field strength, and cavity Q will be calculated using
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the equations presented in Dr. Corum's papers. These papers are
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supplied in the appendix. If recorded results indicate power can be
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efficiently coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a
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second phase of research involving power reception will be initiated.
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Regulating Agencies
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The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union
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(ITU), Article 2, Section 11, Geneva; 1959, list world wide frequency
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allocations from 10 kilohertz to 275 gigahertz. Frequencies below 10
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kilohertz and above 275 gigahertz are not allocated. In the United
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States the Federal Communications Commission has allocated
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frequencies in accordance with ITU regulations. In effect, there is
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no governmental agency in the world that has jurisdiction over the
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frequency of operation of Project Tesla.
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Environmental Considerations
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The extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the environment have
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several origins. The time varying magnetic fields produced as a
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result of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on
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the order of 30 nanoteslas. The largest time varying fields are
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those generated by solar activity and thunderstorms. These magnetic
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fields reach a maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT) The magnetic fields
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produced as a result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity
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peak at 7, 14, 20 and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities associated
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with these resonant frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6 picoteslas. per
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root hertz (pT/Hz1/2).
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Exposure to man made sources of ELF can be up to 1 billion (1000
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million or 1 x 109) times stronger than that of naturally occurring
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fields. Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields as
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high as 2.5 mT. The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying
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1 amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF antennae systems that are used for
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submarine communication produce fields of 20 uT. Video display
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terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of the
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Schumann Resonance frequencies.
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Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator to excite the Schumann
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cavity. Dr. Corum's calculations predict that the field strength due
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to this excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.
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Project Administration
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Project Tesla will be administered by an executive committee
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composed of members of the Board of Tesla Inc. The chairman of the
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executive committee will make decisions concerning day to day
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operations. The project budget will be approved by the Board of
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Directors. Any expenditures not specified in the original budget,
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over $1,000, will require the approval of the executive committee.
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Additional expenditures over $5,000 will need approval of the Board
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of Directors. A Certified Public Accountant will be retained to make
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quarterly statements. A book keeper will keep weekly and monthly
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records of expenditures. All purchased equipment will receive a
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project ID number which will aid property accountability. All
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aspects of project administration will be in accordance with any
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guidelines or requirements stipulated by the funding agency.
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Future Funding
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The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless
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transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of
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principle will require the engineering and design of receiving
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stations. On completion of the second phase, the third and fourth
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phases of the project involving further tests and improvements and a
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large scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove commercial
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feasibility.
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A larger system of several megawatts in size can be constructed to
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transmit power to a distant site such as a construction site in need
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of a large amount of electrical energy.
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TIMETABLE
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TASK |----------- FIRST YEAR ARO -----------|
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MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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Inventory existing |----|
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hardware
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Purchase Materials |---------------|
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Design Improvements |---------------|
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to coil
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Replace burned wire |-----|
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on coil
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Replace bearings on |--|
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break wheel
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Tune Coil |--|
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X-Ray Tube Design
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Design |----------------|
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Manufacture |-----------------------------------|
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Test |--------------------|
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Design Tower Discharge |--|
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Mechanism
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Build Tower Discharge |--|
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Mechanism
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Build ELF Detectors |------|
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Arrange Monitoring
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Stations
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Resonate Schumann Cavity |-------------------|
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Detect Resonance
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NOTE: This timetable is projected based on one year of experience
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with existing equipment. Some areas of effort involve pure research
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rather than applied research. This is the case especially with the
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X-Ray tube design.
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FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
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PHASE 1. FIRST YEAR MATERIAL $ 34.5K
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TUNE TRANSMITTER LABOR 97.3K
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BUILD X-RAY TUBES EXPENSES 18.2K
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FACILITY 70.0K
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TOTAL $220.0K
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PHASE 2. SECOND YEAR MATERIALS $ 34.5K
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DESIGN & LABOR 67.0K
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BUILD EXPENSES 12.0K
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RECEIVER
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TOTAL $112.0K
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PHASE 3. THIRD YEAR MATERIALS $ 10.0K
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TEST SYSTEM LABOR 30.0K
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IMPROVE DESIGN EXPENSES 90.0K
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TOTAL $130.0K
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|
||
|
||
PHASE 4. FORTH YEAR MATERIALS $ 500.0K
|
||
INDUSTRIAL LABOR 300.0K
|
||
PROTOTYPE EXPENSES 100.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL $ 900.0K
|
||
|
||
PROJECT TOTAL $1360.0K
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
FIRST YEAR BUDGET
|
||
|
||
|
||
Materials
|
||
Purchase of support equipment and hardware
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
a. Glass blowing and manufacturing equipment 1.0K
|
||
b. Power tools and hand tools 1.0K
|
||
c. Sulfur Hexaflouride and cylinder 1.0K
|
||
d. Wire, 5200 ft. of #6, 3,000 working volts 10.0K
|
||
e. 2 kw generator & 150 kw generator 6.5K
|
||
f. High voltage capacitors 2.0K
|
||
g. PC for record keeping/data acquisition 3.0K
|
||
h. Electronic instrumentation 2.0K
|
||
i. Vacuum Station support equipment 1.0K
|
||
Books, access to data bases 1.0K
|
||
Vehicle 6.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 34.5K
|
||
|
||
|
||
Labor (Contract)
|
||
Design and hardware improvements to present system 40.0K
|
||
X-ray tube manufacture, custom design 30.0K
|
||
X-ray tube testing 10.0K
|
||
Electro-mechanical design and assembly 10.0K
|
||
Administrative/Bookkeeping 6.3K
|
||
Technical Review 1.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 97.3K
|
||
|
||
Lab Facility TOTAL 220.0K
|
||
|
||
Operating expenses
|
||
Office supplies/computer supplies 1.2K
|
||
Office/Lab rent, remodel College
|
||
facilities for 2 year lease 9.2K
|
||
Fuel for generators 1.0K
|
||
Vehicle 1.0K
|
||
Insurance 1.0K
|
||
Phone 2.4K
|
||
Travel 2.4K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 18.2K
|
||
|
||
|
||
PROJECT TOTAL $220.0K
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
SECOND YEAR BUDGET
|
||
|
||
Materials
|
||
Purchase of support equipment and hardware
|
||
a. High voltage, flexible wire 10.0K
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
b. Power semiconductors 1.0K
|
||
c. 3-phase motor speed controllers 5.0K
|
||
d. High voltage capacitors 5.0K
|
||
e. Aerial support equipment 10.0K
|
||
f. Data aquisition/Electronic hardware 2.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 33.0K
|
||
|
||
Labor (Contract)
|
||
Unskilled 5.0K
|
||
Electrical Design 30.0K
|
||
Mechanical Design 30.0K
|
||
Administrative/Bookkeeping 2.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 67.0K
|
||
Operating expenses
|
||
Office supplies 1.0K
|
||
Fuel for generators 1.0K
|
||
Vehicles 1.0K
|
||
Phone 1.0K
|
||
Symposium fund 5.0K
|
||
Travel 3.0K
|
||
|
||
TOTAL 12.0K
|
||
|
||
|
||
PROJECT TOTAL $ 112.0K
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
TESLA Inc, History and Objectives
|
||
|
||
TESLA Inc. is a nonprofit corporation. Incorporated on November
|
||
12th, 1987, TESLA Inc. was formed primarily to engage in innovative
|
||
research in the field of electromagnetics. The organization has
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
begun research with a study of the feasibility of the wireless
|
||
transmission of power. The goals and objectives of the organization
|
||
are as follows:
|
||
|
||
The purposes of this Corporation are: to increase awareness of and
|
||
to stimulate interest in new discoveries in the scientific arena,
|
||
particularly, electromagnetics and the wireless transmission of
|
||
electrical power, to promote the inventions, discoveries and theories
|
||
of Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1946); to organize meetings of interested
|
||
engineers, scientists and laymen; to provide various educational
|
||
scientific and historical materials; to publish annual results of
|
||
research for the public without preference to any individual or
|
||
organization; to retain ownership of any patents, copyrights,
|
||
processes or formulas resulting from research; and to promote and
|
||
engage in contracted and sponsored research in the area of
|
||
electromagnetism and the discoveries and theories of Nikola Tesla.
|
||
Research in the arena of wireless transmission of power will be known
|
||
as Project Tesla. This Corporation is organized and operated
|
||
exclusively for educational, research, and scientific purposes within
|
||
the meaning of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954
|
||
as amended.
|
||
|
||
Personnel
|
||
|
||
Mr. Toby Grotz, President, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years
|
||
experience in the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial
|
||
research and design. While working for the Geophysical Services
|
||
Division of Texas Instruments and at the University of Texas at
|
||
Dallas, Mr. Grotz was introduced to and worked with the geophysical
|
||
concepts which are of importance to the proposed project. As a
|
||
Senior Engineer at Martin Marietta, Mr. Grotz designed and supervised
|
||
the construction of industrial process control systems and designed
|
||
and built devices and equipment for use in research and development
|
||
and for testing space flight hardware. Mr. Grotz organized and
|
||
chaired the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986
|
||
International Tesla Symposium and was president of the International
|
||
Tesla Society, a not for profit corporation formed as a result the
|
||
first symposium. As Project Manager for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz
|
||
aided in the design and construction of a recreation of the equipment
|
||
Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission of power experiments in
|
||
1899 in Colorado Springs. Mr. Grotz received his B.S.E.E. from the
|
||
University of Connecticut in 1973.
|
||
|
||
Mr. James Sheppard, Secretary/Treasurer, is a technical writer for
|
||
Martin Marietta and has 5 years experience in the professional field
|
||
of writing. He earned his BA in English from North Dakota State
|
||
University, Fargo, North Dakota in 1977. As a technical writer, Mr.
|
||
Sheppard has had experience with writing manuals for operating
|
||
various signal processing equipment, test procedures, and engineering
|
||
procedures for aerospace application, as well as assisting in
|
||
preparation of customer presentations and proposals. Mr. Sheppard
|
||
has also held the position as Secretary in a nonprofit corporation,
|
||
the International Tesla Society.
|
||
|
||
Mary Estill Buchanan, Director, is a management consultant and
|
||
writer. She is the former Secretary of State for Colorado and
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
remains active in political and national affairs. The first woman to
|
||
receive an M.B.A. with distinction from the Harvard Business School
|
||
in 1962, she also holds a B.A. in Chemistry from Wellesley College.
|
||
|
||
Gardner Robertson, Director, is a consultant to the mining industry
|
||
in the central Rocky Mountains. Mr. Robertson retired from the AMAX
|
||
Inc. molybdenum mine at Climax Colorado in 1976. As a Senior
|
||
Electrical Engineer Mr. Robertson supervised contracted electrical
|
||
construction both above and below ground. Mr. Robertson introduced
|
||
Project Tesla to AMAX management and acts as a liaison between the
|
||
project and local mine administration.
|
||
|
||
Dr. James F. Corum, Technical Director, was an Assistant Professor of
|
||
Electrical Engineering at West Virginia University and is now a
|
||
consultant for the broadcast industry working with CPG Communications
|
||
near Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Corum proved mathematically that the
|
||
experimental data Nikola Tesla recorded during his experiments in
|
||
Colorado Springs, in 1899, fit the equations for electromagnetic
|
||
propagation in the Schumann Cavity as developed and proven by
|
||
Schumann, Waite, and others. Dr. Corum has also proven
|
||
mathematically that it may be possible to resonate the Schumann
|
||
Cavity as described in this proposal.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
APPENDIX
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|