513 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
513 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
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TEACHER AND DISCIPLE
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Knowledge of spiritual and religious truth is often best imparted
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by a teacher. The personal relationship between a worthy teacher and his
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disciple allows a level of guidance and intimate communication of truth
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beyond what may be attained by the private study of scripture or through
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personal prayer and meditation. The teacher should have a mature faith,
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rich experience, and accomplishment by which he can set an example for his
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students and convey to them the insights born of his experience and
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mastery. The students, for their part, should be obedient to the teacher
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and willing to receive discipline.
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In some Eastern religions, where the teacher is the embodiment of
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truth through his own self-realization, he is regarded as the ultimate
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authority. In Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, on the other hand, the
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teacher is not to be trusted by virtue of his own personal spiritual or
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intellectual prowess. He is but a servant of God, and he must be true to
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the traditions and doctrinal foundations established by the founder,
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passed on by the elders, and laid down in scripture.
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Discipleship in many religions can also refer to following
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directly the example of the founder, who is the supreme teacher. The
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disciple not only heeds the words of the founder, who is the Revealer of
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Truth, pp. 628-35; he also follows in the founder's footsteps by imitating
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his example, life-style, and attitude of heart. Furthermore, in many
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religions the succession of disciples extending from the living teacher
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back to the founder establishes the Apostolic Succession, the proper chain
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of authority for teaching and administration.
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Finally, discipleship is a call to help and support the founder in
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his mission. The disciples of Jesus and the Companions of Muhammad were
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willing to die for their lord in service of the cause of God. The
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disciple proclaims the founder's message to the world; he shares in his
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persecution and sufferings; for "a servant is not above his master." This
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discipleship has its cost, but it also brings with it the honor of being a
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co-worker with God.
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One not knowing a land asks of one who knows it,
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he goes forward instructed by the knowing one.
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Such, indeed, is the blessing of instruction,
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one finds a path that leads him straight onward.
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Hinduism. Rig Veda 10.32.7
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Let thy house be a place of meeting for the wise, and dust thyself with
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the dust of their feet, and drink their words with thirst.
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Judaism. Mishnah, Abot 1.4
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Just as cold disappears by sitting near the fire,
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So are sins destroyed in the congregation of saints.
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Sikhism. Adi Granth, Ramkali Ashtpadi, M.5, p. 914
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One fakih (scholar in religion) is more annoying to Satan than a thousand
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of the faithful who perform only their ceremonial duties.
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Islam. Hadith of Tirmidhi
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Approach someone who has realized the purpose of life and question him
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with reverence and devotion; he will instruct you in this wisdom. Once
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you attain it, you will never be deluded. You will see all creatures in
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the Self, and all in Me.
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Hinduism. Bhagavad Gita 4.34-35
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Should one see a wise man, who, like a revealer of treasure, points out
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faults and reproves; let one associate with such a wise person; it will be
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better, not worse, for him who associates with such a one.
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Let him advise, instruct, and dissuade one from evil; truly pleasing is he
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to the good, displeasing is he to the bad.
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Buddhism. Dhammapada 76-77
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Rig Veda 10.32.7: Cf. Katha Upanishad 1.3.14, p. 672. In Jainism, respect
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for teachers who have attained liberation is expressed in the Namokar
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Mantra, pp. 54-55.
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Stand in the assembly of the elders.
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Who is wise? Cleave to him.
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Be ready to listen to every narrative,
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do not let wise proverbs escape you.
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If you see an intelligent man, visit him early;
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let your foot wear out his doorstep.
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Christianity. Sirach 6.34-36
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He who sees through the eye tells proverbs.
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African Traditional Religions. Igala Proverb (Nigeria)
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To many it is not given to hear of the Self. Many, though they hear of
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it, do not understand it. Wonderful is he who speaks of it. Intelligent
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is he who learns of it. Blessed is he who, taught by a good teacher, is
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able to understand it.
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The truth of the Self cannot be fully understood when taught by an
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ignorant man, for opinions regarding it, not founded in knowledge, vary
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one from another. Subtler than the subtlest is this Self, and beyond all
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logic. Taught by a teacher who knows the Self and Brahman as one, a man
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leaves vain theory behind and attains to truth.
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The awakening which you have known does not come through the intellect,
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but rather, in fullest measure, from the lips of the wise....
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Words cannot reveal him. Mind cannot reach him. Eyes do not see him.
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How then can he be comprehended, save when taught by those seers who
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indeed have known him?
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Hinduism. Katha Upanishad 1.2.7-9; 2.6.12
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Whoever does not have a guide, Satan is his guide.
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Islam. Hadith
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Igala Proverb: Only one with much life experience, who sees with the eye
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of wisdom, is qualified to instruct others. Hadith: This tradition is
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from Sufi circles. The role of the teacher is particularly important in
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the Sufi orders, for it is the teacher who preserves and conveys the
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esoteric wisdom essential to spiritual advancement on the Path.
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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It is very important for a person who wishes to "lament" to receive aid
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and advice from a wichasha wakan (holy man), so that everything is done
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correctly, for if things are not done in the right way, something very bad
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can happen, and even a serpent could come and wrap itself around the
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lamenter."
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Native American Religions. Black Elk, Sioux Tradition
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The teacher, brethren, should regard the pupil as his son. The pupil
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should regard the teacher as his father. Thus these two, by mutual
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reverence and deference joined, dwelling in community of life, will win
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increase, growth, progress in this Norm-discipline.
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Buddhism. Vinaya Pitaka, Mahavagga 3.1
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As in the sky flies the white-clothed crane,
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Keeping its mind behind,
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In its heart continually remembering its young ones;
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So the true Guru keeps the disciple absorbed in the love of God,
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And also keeps him in his heart.
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Sikhism. Adi Granth, Gauri, M.4
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Set the believers an example in speech and conduct, in love, in faith, in
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purity. Till I come, attend to the public reading of scripture, to
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preaching, to teaching. Do not neglect the gift you have, which was given
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you by prophetic utterance when the council of elders laid their hands
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upon you. Practice these duties, devote yourself to them, so that all may
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see your progress. Take heed to yourself and to your teaching; hold to
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that, for by so doing you will save both yourself and your hearers.
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Christianity. 1 Timothy 4.12-16
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The sage always excels in saving people, and so abandons no one;
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Always excels in saving things, and so abandons nothing.
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This is called following one's discernment.
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Hence the good man is the teacher the bad learns from;
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And the bad man is the material the good works on.
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Not to value the teacher
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Nor to love the material
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Though it seems clever, betrays great bewilderment.
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Taoism. Tao Te Ching 27
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Black Elk: To 'lament' means to enter a place of total isolation and cry
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for a vision; see Sioux Vision Quest, pp. 847ff. 1 Timothy 4.12-16: The
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teaching positions in the church: bishop, priest, and deacon, are endowed
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in a ceremony of the laying of hands. Thus the gift of apostolic
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authority, first given to Peter (see Matthew 16.15-19, p. 286), is passed
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on. Tao Te Ching 27: Cf. Chuang Tzu 14, p. 718.
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Much Torah have I learned from my teachers, more from my colleagues, but
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from my students most of all.
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Judaism. Talmud, Taanit 7a
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The Master said, "Even when walking in a party of no more than three I can
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always be certain of learning from those I am with. There will be good
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qualities that I can select for imitation and bad ones that will teach me
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what requires correction in myself."
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Confucianism. Analects 7.28
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What then is Apollos? What is Paul? Servants through whom you
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believed, as the Lord assigned to each. I planted, Apollos watered, but
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God gave the growth. So neither he who plants nor he who waters is
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anything, but only God who gives the growth. He who plants and he who
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waters are equal, and each shall receive his wages according to his labor.
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For we are God's fellow workers; you are God's field, God's building.
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According to the grace of God given to me, like a skilled master
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builder I laid a foundation, and another man is building upon it. Let
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each man take care how he builds upon it. For no other foundation can any
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one lay than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ.
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Christianity. 1 Corinthians 3.5-11
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The guru, it is declared, is the very Lord himself. To approach
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the guru, to worship the guru, is to approach the Lord, worship the Lord.
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Why should the Lord choose to manifest through the guru, why should he not
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act directly?
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Shiva is really all-pervading, above the mind, without features,
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imperishable... infinite; how can such a one be worshipped? That is why,
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out of compassion for his creatures, He takes the form of the guru and,
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when so worshipped in devotion, grants liberation and fulfillment. Shiva
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has no binding form, Shiva is not perceivable by the human eye; therefore
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He protects the disciple conforming to Dharma in the form of the guru. The
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guru is none other than the supreme Shiva enclosed in human skin; he walks
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the earth, concealed, for bestowing grace on the good disciples.... To
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him who is loaded with sinful karma, the guru appears to be human; but to
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him whose karma is auspicious, meritful, the guru appears as Shiva.
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Hinduism. Kularnava Tantra 13
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1 Corinthians 3.5-11: Paul is writing to a community in which disputes
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have arisen over the doctrines of different teachers. Paul reminds them
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that a teacher is no more than a servant of God and Christ, and that all
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true teaching is built on Christ's foundation, not the constructions of
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human reason. Kularnava Tantra 13: On the teacher as avatar or infused by
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God, see Bhagavad Gita 4.7-8, p. 1106n; Rig Veda 4.26.1, p. 652; Asa
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Chhant, M.4, p. 651; Swaiyya Guru, Kala, p. 663. Only the student with a
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sincere mind sees God in his teacher; cf. Bhagavad Gita 11.41-42, p. 653;
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Garland Sutra 10, p. 725. This Tantra also addresses the problem of
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hypocritical teachers; see p. 493.
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The disciple that takes abode in the Master's home to receive guidance
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Should with his heart the Master's guidance accept. He should nowise show
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off his ego; He should ever in his heart meditate on the Name Divine. The
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disciple that has abandoned himself to the Master-- All his objectives
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shall be fulfilled. One that serves and seeks no recompense, Finds union
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with the Lord.
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Sikhism. Adi Granth, Gauri Sukhmani 18, M.5, p. 285
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After having taught the Veda, a teacher instructs the pupil, "Say what is
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true! Do thy your! Do not neglect the study of the Veda! After having
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brought to your teacher his proper reward, do not cut off the line of
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children! Do not swerve from the truth! Do not swerve from duty! Do not
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neglect what is useful! Do not neglect greatness! Do not neglect the
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learning and teaching of the Veda!
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"Do not neglect the [sacrificial] works due to the gods and the
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fathers! Let your mother be to you like unto a god! Let your father be to
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you like unto a god! Let your teacher be to you like unto a god! Let
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your guest be to you like unto a god! Whatever good works have been
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performed by us, those should be observed by you."
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Hinduism. Taittiriyaka Upanishad 1.11.1-2
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During many kalpas I was long a king and vowed to seek the Supreme Wisdom,
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my mind never relenting.... For the sake of the Law, I gave up the throne
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of my domain, deputed my government to the prince-royal, and with beating
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drum and open proclamation, sought everywhere for the truth, promising,
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"Whoever is able to tell me of a Great Vehicle, him I will all my life
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provide for, and be his footman." At that time a certain hermit came to
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me, the king, and said, "I have a Great Vehicle, named Wonderful
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Law-flower Sutra. If you will not disobey me, I will explain it to you."
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I, the king, hearing what the hermit said, became ecstatic with joy and
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instantly followed, providing for his needs, gathering fruit, drawing
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water, collecting fuel, laying his food, even of my body making his seat
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and bed, yet never feeling fatigue of body or mind. While I thus served,
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a millennium passed, and for the sake of the Law, I zealously waited on
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him that he should lack nothing.
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Buddhism. Lotus Sutra 12
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Verily in the Messenger of God you have a good example for him who looks
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unto God and the Last Day, and remembers God much.
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Islam. Qur'an 33.21
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Look to the rock from which you were hewn,
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and to the quarry from which you were digged.
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Look to Abraham your father
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and to Sarah who bore you;
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for when he was but one I called him,
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and I blessed him and made him many.
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Judaism and Christianity. Isaiah 55.1-2
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Taittiriyaka Upanishad 1.11.1-2: Cf. Bhagavad Gita 13.7, p. 911; Qur'an
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31.17, p. 245; Oracle of Temmangu, p. 246. Lotus Sutra 12: The Buddha
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recounts a story of one of his previous lives, where as a bodhisattva in
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training he served his teacher to obtain the teaching of the Lotus Sutra.
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This episode inspired Gyoki (668-749 <a.d.) who was famed for his devotion
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to social welfare work. Qur'an 33.21: Cf. Sun Myung Moon, 9-11-77, p.
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570. Isaiah 55.1-2: The patriarchs Abraham and Sarah are models of faith
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and obedience, who established a tradition for later generations of Jews,
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Christians and Muslims. Cf. Galatians 3.1-7, p. 756; Qur'an 2.130-36, p.
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757; 1 Peter 3.1-6, p. 261; Hebrews 11.8-13, pp. 754f.
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I will follow the examples of the Buddhas from thought to thought. Even
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though the void of space has end, and the worlds of beings, the karmas of
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beings, the sorrows of beings all have end, yet my practice and following
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the examples of the Buddhas will not be ended. Thought succeeds thought
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without interruption, and in deeds of body, speech, and mind, without
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weariness.
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Buddhism. Gandavyuha Sutra, Vows of Samantabhadra
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Yen Hui said with a deep sigh, "The more I strain my gaze up towards it,
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the higher it soars. The deeper I bore down into it, the harder it
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becomes. I see it in front; but suddenly it is behind. Step by step the
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Master skillfully lures one on. He has broadened me with culture,
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restrained me with ritual. Even if I wanted to stop, I could not. Just
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when I feel that I have exhausted every resource, something seems to rise
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up, standing out sharp and clear. Yet though I long to pursue it, I can
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find no way of getting to it at all."
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Confucianism. Analects 9.10
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When [Jesus] had washed their feet, and taken his garments, and resumed
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his place, he said to them, "Do you know what I have done to you? You
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call me Teacher and Lord; and you are right, for so I am. If I then, your
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Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one
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another's feet. For I have given you an example, that you also should do
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as I have done to you. Truly, truly, I say to you, a servant is not
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greater than his master; nor is he who is sent greater than he who sent
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him. If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them."
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Christianity. John 13.12-17
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When Shakyamuni Buddha was at Mount Grdhrakuta, he held out a flower to
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his listeners. Everyone was silent. Only Kashyapa the Great broke into a
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broad smile. The Buddha said, "I have the True Dharma Eye, the Marvelous
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Mind of Nirvana, the True Form of the Formless, and the Subtle Dharma
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Gate, independent of words and transmitted beyond doctrine. This I have
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entrusted to Kashyapa the Great."
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Buddhism. Mumonkan 6
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Analects 9.10: Yen Hui was Confucius' favorite disciple, and he excelled
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all the others. Yet he, above all, was aware of how far away he was from
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the standard of his master. Other passages on Hui are Analects 6.9, p.
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938, and Shih Chi 47, pp. 607f. John 13.12-17: The essence of
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discipleship to Jesus is to love and serve others, and to witness for the
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Gospel; see Matthew 28.18-20, p. 1027. Mumonkan 6: Successful
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discipleship in Zen requires the wordless communication of enlightenment;
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cf. Lankavatara Sutra 61, pp. 634f; Diamond Sutra 21, p. 800. The lineage
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of Zen masters runs from Shakyamuni Buddha to his disciple Kashyapa, then
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through Bodhidharma, the First Patriarch of Chinese Buddhism, and Hui Neng
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(Jap. En-o), the Sixth Patriarch. Thence the teaching proliferated into
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many schools of Zen in Japan and China.
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Moses received the Torah on Sinai, and delivered it to Joshua, and Joshua
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to the elders, and the elders to the prophets, and the prophets delivered
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it to the men of the Great Synagogue. These said three things: Be
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deliberate in judging, and raise up many disciples, and make a hedge for
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the Torah.
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Judaism. Mishnah, Abot 1.1
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Truly, truly, I say to you, he who believes in me will also do the works
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that I do; and greater works than these will he do, because I go to the
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Father.
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Christianity. John 14.12
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A Zen proverb says, "When your view is the same as your teacher's, you
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destroy half your teacher's merit; when your view surpasses your
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teacher's, you are worthy to succeed him."
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Buddhism. Mumonkan 17
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And with how many a prophet have there been a number of devoted men who
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fought [beside him]. They quailed not for whatever befell them in the way
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of God, nor did they weaken, nor were they brought low. God loves the
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steadfast.
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Their cry was only, "Our Lord! Forgive us for our sins and wasted
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efforts, make our foothold sure, and give us victory over the disbelieving
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folk."
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Islam. Qur'an 3.145-147
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Then the Exalted One said to the brethren, "I am released,
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brethren, from all bonds, those that are divine and those that are human.
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You also, brethren, are released from all bonds, those that are divine and
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those that are human. Go you forth, brethren, on your journey, for the
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profit of the many, for the bliss of the many, out of compassion for the
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world, for the welfare, the profit, the bliss of devas and mankind!
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Go not any two together. Proclaim, brethren, the Norm, goodly in
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its beginning, goodly in its middle, goodly in its ending. Both in the
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spirit and in the letter make known the all-perfected, utterly pure
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righteous life. There are beings with but little dust of passion on their
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eyes. They are perishing through not hearing the Norm. There will be
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some who will understand.
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Buddhism. Vinaya i.21
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Abot 1.1: The essence of discipleship to Moses is to study Torah,
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according to Sifre Deuteronomy, p. 632. Rabbinic Judaism, which
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emphasizes the study of Torah above all else, began with Great Synagogue,
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a council of elders which existed from the time of Ezra (c. 428 <b.c.).
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The three maxims set down by these early rabbis were meant for the
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guidance of teachers, and they are the basis of the casuistry of the
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Talmud and the method of rabbinic instruction. To be deliberate in judging
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means to look at a question from every angle and take account of every
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possible contingency. To make disciples has always been an aim of
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rabbinic Judaism: Until the age of Constantine, Jews actively evangelized
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among Gentile peoples, and after repression by the Christian state the
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rabbis renounced evangelism but continued to make disciples of Jewish
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youth. But students did not disciple so much to a particular teacher as
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to the accu mulated wisdom of the tradition. Making a hedge around the
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Torah means to take every precaution to keep the revelation from the
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harmful encroachments of the world; see Abot 3.17, p. 920. Mumonkan 17:
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The place of the teacher is very important in Zen Buddhism, but straight
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imitation is not!
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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And [Jesus] called to him his twelve disciples and gave them
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authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every
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disease and every infirmity. The names of the twelve apostles are these:
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first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son
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of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip and Bartholemew; Thomas and
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Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon
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the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.
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These twelve Jesus sent out, charging them, "Go nowhere among the
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Gentiles, and enter no town of the Samaritans, but go rather to the lost
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sheep of the house of Israel. And preach as you go, saying, 'The kingdom
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of Heaven is at hand.' Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers,
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cast out demons. You received without paying, give without pay. Take no
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gold, nor silver, nor copper in your belts, no bag for your journey, nor
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two tunics, nor sandals, nor a staff; for the laborer deserves his food.
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Whatever town or village you enter, find out who is worthy in it, and stay
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with him until you depart. As you enter the house, salute it. And if the
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house is worthy, let your peace come upon it; but if it is not worthy, let
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your peace return to you. And if any one will not receive you or listen
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to your words, shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house
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or town. Truly, I say to you, it shall be more tolerable on the day of
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judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah than for that town.
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"Behold, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves; so be
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wise as serpents and innocent as doves. Beware of men; for they will
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deliver you up to councils, and flog you in their synagogues, and you will
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be dragged before governors and kings for my sake, to bear testimony
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before them and the Gentiles. When they deliver you up, do not be anxious
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how you are to speak or what you are to say; for what you are to say will
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be given to you in that hour; for it is not you who speak, but the Spirit
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of yur father speaking through you....
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"A disciple is not above his teacher, nor a servant above his
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master; it is enough for a disciple to be like his teacher, and the
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servant like his master. If they have called the master of the house
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Beelzebul, how much more will they malign those of his household."
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Christianity. Matthew 10.1-25
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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Matthew 10.1-25: Cf. Matthew 16.24-25, p. 875; 28.18-20, p. 1027; Mark
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6.7-9, p. 938; Romans 8.35-39, p. 880; 2 Corinthians 5.20-6.13, p. 1028.
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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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