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                                Demonic Powers
                                World Scripture

                                DEMONIC POWERS

                  Footnotes complete through the 13th passage.
Click on the number for a link to the passage; click on the citation for a link
                  to the footnotes and further connectivity.

The scriptures of all religions testify to demonic beings and powers. Some
regard them as real and rival powers to God (Dualism); others consider them to
be a manifestation of ignorance and ultimately unreal (Monism).  They testify
that at their head is a chief, known by various names: Satan, Beelzebub,
Lucifer, Iblis, Mara, Angra Mainyu, among others.  We have already met some of
them in the various accounts of the human fall and the origin of evil.  But the
demonic powers are continually active, drawing people's hearts to do
wickedness.  While rationalists have difficulty accepting the reality of the
Devil, merely looking at the horrors of the twentieth century causes one to
realize that the capability of human beings to inflict evil on one another
transcends the realm of reason.  Scriptures teach that when a person has the
desire to do a small evil, the devil has a claim and may influence him to do
something far worse.  Conversely, many people on the religious path experience
the temptations of the devil precisely at the point when they are about to make
great progress in their path.

We begin with descriptions of the Evil One from the texts of many religions.
Some emphasize the devil's power, some his enmity to God, and some his wrong
teachings.  Some identify him with death and disease, others with lusts and
selfish desires.  We then include two passages, one from Zoroastrianism and one
from Native American religions, which describe a dualism in which the Evil One
creates all evil in the world to counter God's good creation.  However, for the
monotheistic faiths that emphasize the goodness of God's creation, the demons
themselves are resultant beings who must have fallen from being good creations
of God. Thus, the following group of passages in this section portray the fall
of the angels.  A fourth selection of passages treats the theme of the devil's
disguises as a being of light, and next come two passages on the devil's
positive role to test and prove the faith of human beings. Finally, we give
texts on the devil's temptations and the manner in which people make themselves
vulnerable to his influence.

The Evil Ruler spoils the Word,
the plan of life, by his teachings.
He, indeed, deprives me
of the exalted goal of Good Thought.
With the word of my spirit,
I pray to You, O Wise One, and to truth!

                     1. Zoroastrianism.  Avesta, Yasna 32.9

O believers, follow not the steps of Satan; for whoever follows the steps of
Satan will assuredly be bid to indecency and dishonor.  But for God's bounty to
you and His mercy not one of you would have been pure ever; but God purifies
whom He will; and God is All-hearing, All-knowing.

                            2. Islam.  Qur'an 24.21

Jesus said to them... "Why do you not understand what I say?  It is because you
cannot bear to hear my word.  You are of your father the devil, and your will
is to do your father's desires.  He was a murderer from the beginning, and has
nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him.  When he lies,
it is according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies.
But, because I tell the truth, you do not believe me."

                      3. Christianity.  Bible, John 8.43-45

For we are not contending against flesh and blood, but against the
principalities, against the powers, against the world rulers of this present
darkness, against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.

                    4. Christianity.  Bible, Ephesians 6.12

The foremost of your armies is that of Desire, the second is called Dislike.
The third is Hunger-Thirst and the fourth is Craving.  The fifth is the army of
Lethargy-Laziness and the sixth is Fear.  The seventh is Doubt and the eighth
is Obstinacy-Restlessness.  Then there are Material Gain, Praise, Honor, and
Fame...  These, O Mara, are your forces, the attackers of the Evil One.  One
less than a hero will not be victorious over them and attain happiness.

                        5. Buddhism.  Sutta Nipata 436-39

The Essence of Mind or Suchness is the real Buddha,
While heretical views and the three poisonous elements [greed, anger delusion]
are Mara.
Enlightened by right views, we call forth the Buddha within us.
When our nature is dominated by the three poisonous elements
We are said to be possessed by the devil;
But when right views eliminate from our mind these poisonous elements
The devil will be transformed into a real Buddha.

                       6. Buddhism.  Sutra of Hui Neng 10

You, trees, hear my words, and you, grass, hear my words, and you, Divinity,
hear my words and you, earth, hear my words.  Repeat, ee!  O Divinity, because
of sickness, you help out my tongue.  For we have dedicated the ox and invoked
over it.  And if a man has hated Akol [and his sickness is the result of
malice] then that man will find what he deserves....  And you, ox, we have
given you to the Power [the illness]. And you fetish-bundles, they say that you
kill people.  Leave off, you are shamed.  You fetish, I have separated you,
cease!  And you Macardit they say that you kill people, I have separated you,
cease!  Thus!

 7. African Traditional Religions.  Dinka Invocation at an Ox Sacrifice (Sudan)

Seated on his golden throne, blazing like flame, Ravana resembled a great fire
kindled on an altar kept alive by sacrificial offerings. Unconquered by gods,
gandharvas, rishis or other creatures, that warrior, who resembled death itself
with wide-open jaws, bore on his person the wounds inflicted by the
thunderbolts in the war between gods and titans...  He, the scourge of the
gods, who transgressed every moral law, the ravisher of others' wives, the
wielder of celestial weapons, the destroyer of sacrifices, who descended into
the city of Bhogavati and subdued the serpent Vasuki, from whom, on his defeat,
he stole the gentle consort; he who scaled Mount Kailasha and overcame Kuvera
depriving him of his aerial chariot Pushpaka, which transported him wherever he
desired; he who in his anger destroyed the garden of Chaitaratha, the lotus
pool and the Nandana Grove and all the pleasurable retreats of the gods...
proud of his strength, he stole the Soma juice, sanctified by mantras, before
its pressing by the twice-born in the sacrifice; this perverse wretch, Ravana
of evil deeds, slayer of the brahmins, ruthless, pitiless, delighting in
causing harm to others, was verily a source of terror to all beings.

                    8. Hinduism.  Ramayana, Aranya Kanda 32

The first of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was
Paradise, by the good river Araxes.   Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all
death, and he counter-created by his witchcraft the serpent in the river and
winter, a work of the devils.

The second of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was
the plains in Samarkand.  Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all death, and he
counter-created by his witchcraft the fly Skaitya, which brings death to the
cattle.

The third of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was
the strong, holy Merv.  Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all death, and he
counter-created by his witchcraft sinful lusts....

The eighth of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was
Urva of the rich pastures.  Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all death, and
he counter-created by his witchcraft the sin of pride.

                      9. Zoroastrianism.  Videvdad 1.3-11

Many winters in the past, the Earth was entirely covered by a great blanket of
water.  There was no sun, moon, or stars and so there was no light.  All was
darkness.  At that time, the only living creatures of the earth were water
animals such as the beaver, muskrat, duck, and loon.  Far above the earth was
the Land of Happy Spirits where lived Rawennio, the Great Ruler.  In the center
of this upper world was a giant apple tree whose roots sank deep into the
ground.

One day, Rawennio pulled this giant tree up by its roots.  The Great Spirit
called his daughter, who lived in the Upper World, and commanded her to look
into the pit caused by the uprooted tree.  This woman, who was to be the mother
of the Good and Evil Spirits, came and looked into the hole by the uprooted
tree.  She saw far below her the Lower World covered with water and surrounded
by heavy clouds.  "You are to go to this world of darkness," said the Great
Spirit.  Gently lifting her, he dropped her into the hole.  She floated
downward....

[The water animals then dive beneath the water to find some dry land for her to
land upon; they erect the land on the back of a giant turtle.]

After a time, the Sky Woman gave birth to twins.  One, who became the Good
Spirit, was born first.  The other, the Evil Spirit, while being born, caused
her mother so much pain that she died during his birth.

The Good Spirit immediately took his mother's head and hung it in the sky. It
became the sun.  From his mother's body he fashioned the moon and stars and
placed them in the sky.  The rest of his mother's body he buried under the
earth.  That is why living things find nourishment in the soil.  They spring
from Mother Earth.

The Evil Spirit put darkness in the western sky to drive the sun before it. The
Good Spirit created many things which he placed upon the earth.  The Evil
Spirit tried to undo the work of his brother by creating evil.  The Good Spirit
made tall and beautiful trees such as the pine and hemlock.  The Evil Spirit
stunted some trees.  In others he put knots and gnarls.  He covered some with
thorns, and placed poison fruit on them.  The Good Spirit made animals such as
the dear and the bear.  The Evil Spirit made poisonous animals, lizards and
serpents to destroy the animals of the Good Spirit's creation.  The Good Spirit
made springs and streams of good, pure water.  The Evil Spirit breathed poison
into many of the springs.  He put snakes into others.  The Good Spirit made
beautiful rivers protected by high hills.  The Evil Spirit pushed rocks and
dirt into the rivers causing the current to become swift and dangerous.
Everything that the Good Spirit made, his wicked brother tried to destroy.

Finally, when the earth was completed, the Good Spirit fashioned man out of
some red clay.  He placed man upon the earth, and told him how he should live.
The Evil Spirit, not to be outdone, fashioned a creature out of the white foam
of the sea.  What he made was the monkey.

After mankind and the other creatures of the world were created, the Good
Spirit bestowed a protecting spirit upon each of his creations. He then called
the Evil Spirit, and told him that he must cease making trouble upon the earth.
This the Evil Spirit refused to do.  The Good Spirit became very angry with his
wicked brother and challenged him to combat, the victor to become ruler of the
earth.  They fought for many days; finally the Evil Spirit was overcome.  The
Good Spirit now became ruler over the earth.  He banished his wicked brother to
a dark cave under the earth.  There he must always remain.

But the Evil Spirit has wicked servants who roam the earth. These wicked
spirits can take the shape of any creature that the Evil Spirit desires them to
take.  They are constantly influencing the minds of men, thus causing men to do
evil things.  The Good Spirit continues to create and protect mankind.  He
controls the spirits of good men after death.  The Evil Spirit takes charge of
the souls of wicked men after death.

That is why every person has both a bad heart and a good heart. No matter how
good a man seems, he has some evil.  No matter how bad a man seems, there is
some good about him.  No man is perfect.

                10. Native American Religions  Mohawk tradition

How you are fallen from heaven,
O Lucifer, son of the morning!
How you are cut down to the ground,
you who weakened the nations!
For you said in your heart,
"I will ascend into heaven,
I will exalt my throne above the stars of God;
I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation,
in the sides of the north;
I will ascend above the heights of the clouds;
I will be like the Most High."
Yet you shall be brought down to hell,
to the depths of the pit.

              11. Judaism and Christianity.  Bible, Isaiah 14.12-15

And when We said to the angels, "Bow yourselves to Adam," they bowed
themselves, save Iblis; he said, "Shall I bow myself to one whom You have
created of clay?"  He said, "What do you think?  This [creature] You have
honored above me, if You defer me until the Day of Resurrection I shall
assuredly master his seed, save a few."

Said He, "Depart!  Those of them that follow you--surely hell shall be your
recompense, an ample recompense!  And startle any of them whom you can with
your voice; and rally against them your horsemen and your foot [soldiers], and
share with them in their wealth and their children, and promise them!"

But Satan promises them naught, except delusion.

                          12. Islam.  Qur'an 17.61-64

The Lord God spoke to Moses, saying, "That Satan... is the same who was from
the beginning, and he came before me, saying, 'Behold, here am I; send me, I
will be Thy son, and I will redeem all mankind, that not one soul shall be
lost.  Surely I will do it; therefore give me my honor.'

"But my Beloved Son, who was my Beloved and Chosen from the beginning, s aid to
me, 'Father, Thy will be done, and the glory be Thine forever.'

"Therefore, because that Satan rebelled against me, and sought to destroy the
agency of man, which I, the Lord God, had given him, and also, that I should
give to him my own power; by the power of my Only Begotten [Christ], I caused
that he should be cast down;

"And he became Satan, yea, even the devil, the father of all lies, to deceive
and to blind men, and to lead them captive at his will, even as many as would
not hearken unto my voice."

  13. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  Pearl of Great Price, Moses
                                      4.1-4

The gods and the demons, both having the Creator as their origin, were rivals
of each other.  So the demons, swollen with pride, said, "In what, pray, should
we place the oblation?"  And they proceeded to place the oblation in their own
mouths.  The gods then proceeded to place their oblations each in the mouth of
one of his fellows.  And the Creator gave himself over to them.  In this way
they became owners of sacrifice, for sacrifice is really the food of the gods.

                  14. Hinduism.  Satapatha Brahmana 5.1.1.1-2

Even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light.

                  15. Christianity.  Bible, 2 Corinthians 11.14

Mara the Evil One will expound to the bodhisattva a counterfeit of the Path.

                16. Buddhism.  Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom 382

O men, God's promise is true; so let not the present life delude you, and let
not the Deluder delude you concerning God.  Surely Satan is an enemy to you; so
take him for an enemy.  He calls his party only that they may be among the
inhabitants of the Fire.

                            17. Islam.  Qur'an 35.5-6

When I first heard Buddha preaching the Greater Vehicle,
In my heart I was greatly alarmed:
"Surely Mara is playing Buddha,
Confusing my thoughts!"
The Buddha by resort to various means,
Parables, and cunning phrases preaches,
But his thought is as calm as the sea;
When I hear him, my net of doubt is severed...
The World-Honored One preaches the Real Path,
While Mara has none of this.
By this token I know for a certainty
That this is no Mara playing Buddha,
But that I, through having fallen into a net of doubt,
Thought this was the work of Mara.
When I hear the Buddha's gentle voice,
Profound, far removed from the ordinary understanding, and
extremely subtle,
Setting forth the pure Dharma,
My heart is overjoyed,
My doubts and second thoughts are cleared away forever.

                          18. Buddhism.  Lotus Sutra 3

The Maras who play the devil in the innumerable universes of the ten directions
are all bodhisattvas dwelling in the inconceivable liberation, who are playing
the devil in order to develop living beings through their skill in liberative
technique.  Those miserable beggars who come to the bodhisattvas to ask for a
hand, a foot, an ear, a nose... a kingdom, a wife, a son, gold, silver,
jewels... these demanding beggars are usually bodhisattvas living in the
inconceivable liberation who, through their skill in liberative technique, wish
to test and thus demonstrate the firmness of the high resolve of the
bodhisattvas.  Why?  Bodhisattvas must demonstrate that firmness by means of
terrible austerities.

                  19. Buddhism.  Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti 6

Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the
Lord, and Satan also came among them.  The Lord said to Satan, "Whence have you
come?"  Satan answered the Lord, "From going to and fro on the earth, and from
walking up and down on it."  And the Lord said to Satan, "Have you considered
my servant Job, that there is none like him on the earth, a blameless and
upright man, who fears God and turns away from evil?"  Then Satan answered the
Lord, "Does Job fear God for naught?  Hast thou not put a hedge about him and
his house and all that he has, on every side?  Thou hast blessed the work of
his hands, and his possessions have increased in the land.  But put forth Thy
hand now, and touch all that he has, and he will curse Thee to thy face."  And
the Lord said to Satan, "Behold, all that he has is in your power."

                20. Judaism and Christianity.  Bible, Job 1.6-12

Be sober, be watchful.  Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring
lion, seeking some one to devour.

                      21. Christianity.  Bible, 1 Peter 5.8

One of the nights [when I "lamented"] the bad spirits came and started tearing
the offerings off the poles; and I heard their voices under the ground, and one
of them said, "Go and see if he is crying."  And I heard rattles, but all the
time they were outside the sacred place and could not get in, for I had
resolved not to be afraid, and did not stop sending my voice to Wakan-Tanka for
aid.

                  Native American Religions.  Black Elk (Sioux)

When a man grasps at things, Mara stands beside him.

                          Buddhism.  Sutta Nipata 1103

The Lord said to Cain, "Why are you angry, and why has your countenance fallen?
If you do well, will you not be accepted?  And if you do not do well, sin is
couching at the door; its desire is for you, but you must master it."

              24. Judaism and Christianity.  Bible, Genesis 4.6-7

The Messenger of God said, "There is none among you with whom is not an attache
from among the jinn (evil spirits)."  The Companions said, "With you, too?"  He
said, "Yes, but God helps me against him and so I am safe from his hand."

                            Islam.  Hadith of Muslim

And Satan says, when the issue is decided, "God surely promised you a true
promise; I also promised you, then I failed you, for I had no authority over
you, but that I called you, and you answered me.  So do not blame me, blame
yourselves."

                              Islam.  Qur'an 14.22

"We do not do all the evil that we do because of our own desire," said the
Rakshasa.  "It is because of your evil karma, and your disfavor toward us. Our
faction increases because of the brahmins who behave like Rakshasas and the
evil actions of the other three classes.  Those who dishonor brahmins become
Rakshasas, and their ranks are swelled by the sexual sins of evil women."

              27. Hinduism.  Vamana Purana Saromahatmyam 19.31-35

Whoever lives contemplating pleasant things, with senses unrestrained, in food
immoderate, indolent, inactive, him verily Mara overthrows, as the wind blows
down a weak tree.

Whoever lives contemplating the impurities of the body, with senses restrained,
in food moderate, full of faith, full of sustained energy, him Mara overthrows
not, as the wind cannot shake a rocky mountain.

                          28. Buddhism.  Dhammapada 7-8

Shall I inform you on whom it is that the devils descend?  They descend on
every lying, wicked person, into whose ears they pour hearsay vanities, and
most of them are liars.  And the Poets--it is those straying in Evil, who
follow them: do you not see them wandering distracted in every valley? They
preach what they never practice.

                            Islam.  Qur'an 26.221-26

Endowed with two dharmas does the Bodhisattva become one hard to assail by the
evil Maras: he surveys all phenomena from emptiness, and does not abandon any
being.  Endowed with two other dharmas does the Bodhisattva become one hard to
assail by the evil Maras: as he speaks so he acts, and he is brought to mind by
the Buddhas, the Lords.

                30. Buddhism.  Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom 431