528 lines
30 KiB
Plaintext
528 lines
30 KiB
Plaintext
Newsgroups: soc.culture.jewish
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From: hem@maverick.col400.att.com (Hillel E. Markowitz)
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Subject: Biblical Timeline
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Message-ID: <1992Nov23.191851.14941@cbfsb.cb.att.com>
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Originator: news@cbnewsf.cb.att.com
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Organization: AT&T Federal Systems
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Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1992 19:18:51 GMT
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The development of the time-line written below is based on a lecture by Rav
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Schwab of Kahal Adath Yeshurun (Rav Breuer's schul) given in the year 5729
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(1968/69 C.E.) according to the count we currently use from the creation of the
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world. The lecture dealt with the problem of dating the destruction of the
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two Temples and reconciling the dates with the Xian dating system currently in
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use.
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There are three methods of dating the beginning of the Creation era counting
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from the creation. They are:
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1. Year 1 begins with the actual creation of the Universe.
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2. Year "0" is the creation of the Universe, while we count year 1 from the
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creation of man
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3. The dating of the years is based on the ages shown in the Torah, thus Adam's
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creation began Year 0 and Year 1 began on his first birthday. This method
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allows the calendar to be set up by just adding the ages we find in Bereishis.
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Rabbi Schwab stated that we use method 1 in our current calendar.
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The difference in the three dating schemes is shown in the following table.
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_______________________________________________________________
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| Summary Event | Creation Era Dating |
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| Writeup | 1 2 3 |
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|________________________________|_____________________________|
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| | |
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| 1. Earth without form and void | 1 |
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|________________________________|_____________________________|
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| | |
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| 2. Creation of Adam | 2 1 |
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|________________________________|_____________________________|
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| | |
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| 3. Adam one year old | 3 2 1 |
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|________________________________|_____________________________|
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| | |
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| 4. Flood | 1658 1657 1656 |
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|________________________________|_____________________________|
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The following tables show the dating of events from the Chumash, TaNaCh,
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Talmud, and secular history through the destruction of the second Temple.
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I. 10 generations from Adam to Noach
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Date | Event
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1 | The universe is created
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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2 | Adam is created
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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3 | Adam is 1 year old
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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132 | Adam fathers Shes (at 130 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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237 | Shes fathers Enosh (at 105 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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327 | Enosh fathers Kainan (at 90 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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397 | Kainan fathers Mehalalel (at 70 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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462 | Mehalalel fathers Yared (at 65 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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624 | Yared fathers Chanoch (at 162 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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689 | Chanoch fathers Mesushelach (at 65 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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876 | Mesushelach fathers Lamech (at 187 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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932 | Adam dies (930 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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989 | Chanoch ends (365 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1044 | Shes dies (912 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1058 | Lamech fathers Noach (at 182 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1142 | Enosh dies (905 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1237 | Kainan dies (910 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1292 | Mehalalel dies (895 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1424 | Yared dies (962 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1560 | Noach fathers Shem (98 years before the flood)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1653 | Lamech dies (777 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1658 | Mesushelach dies (969 years old)
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1658 | FLOOD
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________|____________________________________________________________
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________|____________________________________________________________
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II. 10 Generations from Noach to Avraham
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Date | Event
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1660 | Shem fathers Arpachshad (at 100 years old)
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| 2 years after flood
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1695 | Arpachshad fathers Shelach (at 35 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1725 | Shelach fathers Aiver (at 30 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1759 | Aiver fathers Peleg (at 34 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1789 | Peleg fathers Reu (at 30 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1821 | Reu fathers Srug (at 32 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1851 | Srug fathers Nachor (at 30 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1880 | Nachor fathers Terach (at 29 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1950 | Terach fathers Avram (100 years before Yitzchak is born)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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________|____________________________________________________________
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III. The Patriarchs - Avrahom through Yaakov
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Date | Event
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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1998 | Peleg dies (239 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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1999 | Nachor dies (230 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2020 | Terach leaves Ur Kasdim for Canaan. Settles in Charan
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| Avram is 70 years old. Based on figure of 430 years
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| mentione in Exodus.
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2025 | Avram told to leave Charan (Lech Lecha) (at 75 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2028 | Reu dies (239 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2036 | Avraham fathers Yishmael (at 86 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2049 | Avraham performs Bris Milah (at 99 years old)
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| Yishmael is 13 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2050 | Avraham fathers Yitzchak (at 100 years old)
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| Yishmael is 14 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2051 | Srug dies (230 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2085 | Terach dies (205 years old) in Charan
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2087 | Avraham performs Akeidas Yitzchak (at 137 years old)
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| Yitzchak is 37 years old
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| Sarah dies (127 years old)
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| Yitzchak marries Rivka
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2110 | Yitzchak fathers Eisav and Yaakov (at 60 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2125 | Avraham dies (175 years old)
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| Yishmael & Yitzchak are reconciled
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| Eisav & Yaakov are 15
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| Eisav sells birthright to Yaakov
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2125 | Arpachshad dies (465 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2128 | Shelach dies (433 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2150 | Eisav marries Yehudis bas Beairi Hachiti (at 40 years old)
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| Eisav also marries Basmas bas Ailon Hachiti
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2160 | Shem dies (600 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2189 | Aiver dies (464 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2173 | Yitzchak gives Brocho to Yaakov (at 123 years old - Rashi)
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| Yaakov leaves home (at 63 years old)
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| for Yeshiva of Shem & Aiver
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| Eisav marries Machalas bas Yishmael (at 63 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2173 | Yishmael dies (137 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2187 | Yaakov leaves Yeshiva for Padan Aram (at 77 years old)
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| meet Rachel at the well, agress to work for 7 years
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2194 | Yaakov marries Leah (at 84 years old)
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| marries Rachel on promise to work 7 more years
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2201 | Yaakov fathers Yosef (at 91 years old)
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| makes deal with Lavan to begin earning his own flock
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2207 | Yaakov completes work for himself
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| begins traveling to Canaan (at 97 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2209 | Yaakov reaches Cannan, settles down (at 99 years old)
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| Yosef is 8 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2218 | Yosef is sold and ends up in Mitzrayim (at 17 years old)
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| Yaakov is 108 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2231 | Yosef interprets Paroah's dream (at 30 years old)
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| Yaakov is 121 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2240 | Yaakov goes down to Mitzrayim (at 130 years old)
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| after 7 years of plenty and 2 years of famine.
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| Yosef is 39 years old
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2257 | Yaakov dies in Mitzrayim (147 years old)
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| Eisav is killed at the Mearas Hamachpeilah
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________|____________________________________________________________
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IV. From Exile to Exile - Mitzraim to Bavel
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Date | Event
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________|_____________________________________________________________
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2311 | Yosef dies (110 years old)
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2370 | Moshe Rabbeinu is born in Mitzraim
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2450 | Exodus from Mitzrayim
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| Moshe Rabbeinu is 80 years old
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| Melachim I 6:1 states that this is 480 years before the
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| dedication of the First Temple by Shlomo Hamelech
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2490 | Moshe Rabbeinu dies (120 years old)
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| Entry into Canaan
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________|____________________________________________________________
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2930 | Dedication of the First Temple by Shlomo Hamelech
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| Temple lasts 410 years according to the Talmud
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________|____________________________________________________________
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3340 | Destruction of the First Temple
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| Babylonian exile lasts 70 years
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________|____________________________________________________________
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________|____________________________________________________________
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V. The Building of the Second Temple
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Rabbi Schwab pointed out that the historical evidence dates the destruction of
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the first Temple at 586 BCE and the destruction of the Second Temple at 70 CE.
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This seems to cause a conflict with the Talmud which lists the Second Temple as
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having lasted 420 years and the exile as 70 years. This 490 year span would put
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the destruction of the First temple at 420 BCE. The dating scheme used below is
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AM (Anno Mundi) for the dates from the creation as in the tables above, TCE for
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the Temple Construction Era, BCE for Before the Common (or Xian) Era, and CE for
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the Common (or Xian Era).
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Rabbi Schwab deals with this by postulating that the period of the building of
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the Second Temple lasted 168 years and was not counted in the calendar we use
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today. That is, the era he refers to as the "Temple Construction Era" was
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numbered seperately and was identical with the era of "Anshei Kneses Hagdola"
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(Men of the Great Assembly). One reason for this is to prevent the attempt to
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calculate the exact date that the moshiach will come. An appendix giving Rabbi
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Schwab's dates for the events of the end of the First Temple Era will be added
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later. Rabbi Schwab dated the Destruction of the First Temple in 3340 as 590/89
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BCE. The end of the Babylonian exile in 3409 is dated 521/20 BCE with the reign
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of Darius I. The era of the Anshei Knesses Hagdola is shown in the following
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table. Note that this would date the creation of the world (Year 1 AM)
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as 3929/28 BCE.
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Date TCE | Date BCE | Event
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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1 | 520/19 | Temple building is resumed. Hagai, Zechariah
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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5 | 516/15 | Dedication of (incomplete) Temple celebrated.
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| | Rebuilding of Jerusalem wall is begun
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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6 | 515/14 | Ezra arrives. First (prophetic) period of
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| | "Knesses Hagdola" begins. After death of Joshua
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| | Ezra become High Priest.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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34 | 487/86 | Darius I dies.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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35 | 486/85 | Xerxes (Artachshasstra of Ezra). Messianic
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| | redemption expected no later than 3450 from the
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| | creation (1,000 years after the Exodus). Ezra
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| | travels to Bavel to organize the Ingathering of the
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| | Exiles. He appoints Yoyakim as High Priest.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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40 | 481/80 | Xerxes appoints Ezrah as Pasha of Yehuda, encourages
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| | total immigration.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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41 | 480/79 | Second coming of Ezra with only 1500 immigrants.
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| | Refusal of majority to leave exile causes indefinite
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| | postponement of messianic redemption.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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42 | 479/78 | Mixed Marriages Dissolved.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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54 | 466/65 | Xerxes dies. Artaxerxes I (Longimanus = Artachashassta
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| | of Nechemiah). Through change of government, Ezra
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| | loses his political power. Deterioration sets in.
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| | Ezra (= Malachi) admonishes his contemporaries.
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| | Persecution under new governors. Sanballat in
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| | Samaria, Tobias the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arab
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| | are main antagonists. Enemies burn walls of Jerusalem
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| | many Jews flee country/ Poverty and corruption reign.
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| | Eliashev is the High Priest.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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75 | 446/45 | Nechemiah becomes governor. Walls of Jerusalem
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| | are repaired.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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76 | 445/44 | Spiritual restoration of Jewish community.
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| | "Covenant of the Faith". Second period of "Knesses
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| | Hagdola" (Soferim) begins. Yoyada is High Priest.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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86 | 435/34 | Nehemiah leaves for Shushan. Partial deterioration
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| | sets in again.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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88 | 433/32 | Nehemiah returns. festive dedication of Jerusalem
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| (ca) | wall. Ezra dies. Yochanan (= Jonathan) becomes
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| | High Priest. Biblical canon closed.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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97 | 424/23 | Darius II (Nothus)
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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| 410 | Yeb temple in Egypt destroyed.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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| 406 | Bagoas governor of Yehuda. Delaiah, son of
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| | Sanballat in Samaria.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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116 | 405/04 | Artaxerxes II (Mnemon)
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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161 | 360/59 | Artaxerxes III (Ochus)
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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168 | 353/52 | Final temple restoration completed by Shimon Hatzadik
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| | (Simon "The Just"). End of the Temple Construction
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| | Era. Resumption of Anno Mundi numbering.
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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_________|__________|__________________________________________________
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VI. The Second Temple Era
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Date AM | Date BCE | Event
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3410 | 352/51 | First year of second Temple Era
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3423 | 339/38 | Darius III (Codomanus)
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3428 | 334/33 | Alexander - Battle of Issus
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3430 | 332/31 | Alexander welcomed in Jerusalem by Shimon Hatzadik.
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| | Jewish social and cultural autonomy, granted under
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| | the Persian rulers, remains unimpaired for another
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| | 20 years until the battle of Gaza.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3438 | 324/23 | Alexander dies.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3442 | 320/19 | Ptolemy conquers Jerusalem
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3444 | 318/17 | Greek domination of Jewish life starts in Elam
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| | (Media). Spreads all over the Jewish world within
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| | the next 6 years and lasts for 180 years.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3446 | 316/315 | Antifones conquers Jerusalem.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3449 | 313/312 | Ptolemy reconquers Jerusalem.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3450 | 312/11 | Battle of Gaza. Ptolemy (="King of the South") and
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| | Seleucis (="King of the North") are in control of
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| | most of Alexander's empire.
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| | Greek Era begins. This year is identical with the
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| | first year of the Seleucid Era alos called "Minyan
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| | Shtaros". Since the 168 years of the Temple
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| | Construction Era are numbered seperately, follows
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| | the year "1000 after the Exodus" according to AM.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3624 | 133/37 | Commencement of the Chashmonaim Era (103 years)
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3727 | 35/34 | Commencement of the Herodian Era (103 years)
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3760 | 2/1 |
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3761 | 1BCE/1CE | Beginning of the Common (Xian) Era dating
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3762 | 1/2 CE |
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3830 | 69/70 CE | Destruction of the Second temple 420 years after
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| | its completion by Shimon Hatzadik.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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________|____________________________________________________________
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VII. The End of the First Temple Era.
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The following table goes back and gives the details of Rabbi Schwab's time-line
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of the end of the First Temple with the connection to the secular dating based
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on the 168 year gap in the AM dating shown above.
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Date AM | Date BCE | Event
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3304 | 626/25 | Yoval count restarted after Yirmiyahu bring back the
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| | ten tribes.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3318 | 612/11 | Yoshiah killed by Pharoah Necho. Yehoachaz reigns
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| | for three months
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3319 | 611/10 | First year of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
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| | Battle of Carchemish liquidates teh last remnant of
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| | "Ninive" (the former Assyrian Empire).
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| | Nevuchadnetzar's father dies on 8 Av and Nevuchadnetzar
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| | becomes emperor on 1 Elul. The Babylonians count this
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| | year as the "accesion year" ("rishonis") and the next
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| | year as year 1. According to Jewish counting, the
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| | year of his victory over "Ninive" is year 1 of his
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| | reign. Yoyakim kills Uriah and threatens
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| | Yirmiyahu's life.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3323 | 607/06 | In his second year, Nevuchadnetzar invades Yehuda.
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| | Yoyakim becomes his vassal for 3 years.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3326 | 604/03 | Yoyakim rebels. First year of regained independence.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3328 | 602/01 | In Adar (3rd year of independence) Nevuchadnetzar's
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| | troops capture Yoyakim and many nobles. Daniel and
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| | his three friends are among the captives brought to
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| | to Bavel. Yoyakim dies in his chains while being
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| | dragged out of Jerusalem. No king in Yehuda for
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| | about eight months.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3329 | 601/00 | Yoyachin (Yechoniah) becomes king for 3 months and
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| | 10 days. Babylonian troops lay siege to Jerusalem
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| | to capture him. In Adar, Nevuchadnetzar arrives,
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| | Jerusalem capitulates, Yechoniah goes into exile with
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| | almost all the leading and learned citizens.
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| |
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| | Daryavesh, son of Achashverosh, also called Subarru
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| | (Gobrias) is born in Media.
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| | Nevuchadnetzar appoints Tzidkiyahu king who swears
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| | allegiance to him.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3332 | 598/97 | Tzidkiyahu travels to Bavel to pay homage to
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| | Nevuchadnetzar and returns.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3334 | 596/95 | Tzidkiyahu conspires with Egypt against Bavel.
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| | Vision of Yechezkel in the 30th year after the Yovel.
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________|__________|__________________________________________________
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3336 | 594/93 | Pharoah Hophra (Apries) captures Gaza while returning
|
||
| | from an attempt to help Yehuda against the Babylonian
|
||
| | army on the march.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3339 | 591/90 | Siege of Yerushalayim (10 Teves). This is the 410th
|
||
| | year of the First temple Era
|
||
________|____________________________________________________________
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
|
||
VIII. The Galus Bavel
|
||
|
||
The following table goes back and gives the details of Rabbi Schwab's time-line
|
||
of the Galus Bavel (Babylonian Exile) with the connection to the secular dating
|
||
based on the 168 year gap in the AM dating shown above.
|
||
|
||
Date AM | Date BCE | Event
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3340 | 590/89 | On 9 Tamuz Yerushalayim is captured. Tzidkiyahu is
|
||
| | taken to Nevuchadnetzar in Rivlah and blinded.
|
||
| | 7th - 10th Av, Temple is destroyed. This is Year 1
|
||
| | of the "Galus Bavel" Era.
|
||
| | Gedaliah is appointed governor.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3341 | 589/88 | Gedaliah is assassinated. Yirmiyah is taken to
|
||
| | Egypt with the refugees.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3342 | 588/87 | Daniel interprets dreams of Nevuchadnetzar.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3345 | 585/84 | Conquest ot Tyre. Many Jewish refugees taken to
|
||
| | Bavel. Astyages becomes king of Media
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3349 | 581/80 | Nevuchadnetzar conquers Egypt.
|
||
| | Yirmiyahu goes to Bavel.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3366 | 564/63 | 25 Adar, Nevuchadnetzar dies. Exiled king Yechoniah
|
||
| | released from prison. Also Tzidkiyahu, who dies on
|
||
| | regaining his freedom and is buried with royal honors
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3367 | 563/62 | Era of Evil-Merodach lasts 22 years.
|
||
| | Jews are honored and favored.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3371 | 559/58 | Nirgal Sharetzar (Neriglasser) son-in-law of
|
||
| | Nevuchadnetzar.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3375 | 555/54 | Nabunaid (also calls himself Nevuchadnetzar) adopts
|
||
| | Nevuchadnetzr's grandson Belshatzar and grants him
|
||
| | royal powers. Nabunaid kills king of Edom, captures
|
||
| | Gaza, and lives for about 7 years in seclusion
|
||
| | in Tema.
|
||
| |
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3389 | 541/40 | Reign of Belshatzar lasts about 3 years. During this
|
||
| | period Jews are humiliated by Belshatzar who is
|
||
| | acting king.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3391 | 539/38 | Belshatzar killed (Nabunaid captured).
|
||
| | Cyrus apponts Gubarru (Daryavesh the Mede) as acting
|
||
| | king of the Chaldees. He rules for less than 1 year.
|
||
| | Daniel in the lions' den.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3392 | 538/37 | Cyrus: Proclamation of Return. Sheshbatzar,
|
||
| | Zerubavel.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3393 | 537/36 | Rebuilding of the Temple is started.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3394 | 536/35 | Samaritans and other "enemies of Yehuda" conspiring.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3395 | 535/34 | Cambyses (Ahashverosh) appointed coregent by his
|
||
| | father Cyrus. He establishes his own capital in
|
||
| | Shushan. Temple building stopped. Cyrus now also
|
||
| | called Artachshashta (Emperor) revokes proclamation.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3401 | 529/28 | Cyrus dies, Cambyses becomes sole emperor.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
| 525 | Cambyses conquers Egypt. He is ruling "Mehodu Vead
|
||
| | Kush" (from India to Ethiopia). Esther becomes queen
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3406 | 524/23 | Haman's fall
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3407 | 523/22 | Purim
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3408 | 522/21 | Cambyses dies. Persian empire revolts.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
3409 | 521/20 | Darius I. This is the last year of the
|
||
| | "Galus Bavel" Era.
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|
||
________|__________|__________________________________________________
|