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Computer underground Digest Wed Sep 25, 1996 Volume 8 : Issue 68
ISSN 1004-042X
Editor: Jim Thomas (cudigest@sun.soci.niu.edu)
News Editor: Gordon Meyer (gmeyer@sun.soci.niu.edu)
Archivist: Brendan Kehoe
Shadow Master: Stanton McCandlish
Field Agent Extraordinaire: David Smith
Shadow-Archivists: Dan Carosone / Paul Southworth
Ralph Sims / Jyrki Kuoppala
Ian Dickinson
Cu Digest Homepage: http://www.soci.niu.edu/~cudigest
CONTENTS, #8.68 (Wed, Sep 25, 1996)
File 1--7th maryland Workshop on Very High Speed Networks (fwd)
File 2--Report on Privacy on the Internet
File 3--CFP: 7th Conference on COMPUTERS, FREEDOM & PRIVACY (3/11-14/97) (fwd)
File 4--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 7 Apr, 1996)
CuD ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL, AND SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION ApPEARS IN
THE CONCLUDING FILE AT THE END OF EACH ISSUE.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 15:11:14 -0400
From: Noah <noah@enabled.com>
Subject: File 1--7th maryland Workshop on Very High Speed Networks (fwd)
From -Noah
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date--Tue, 17 Sep 1996 15:11:14 -0400
From--Dr. Deepinder Sidhu (CMSC) <sidhu@umbc.edu>
----------------------------------------------------
7th Maryland Workshop on Very High Speed Networks
----------------------------------------------------
November 5-6, 1996
Maryland Center for Telecommunications Research
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
University of Maryland Baltimore County
The Maryland Center for Telecommunications Research (MCTR) and
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the
University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) will hold the
7th Maryland Workshop on Very High Speed Networks on November 5-6,
1996 at the UMBC campus. The Workshop will be held in the Ballroom
of the University Center on the UMBC campus.
The goal of the Workshop is to bring together experts in related
areas to discuss progress and research issues in the design and
implementation of very high speed communication networks. Each of
the previous workshops attracted approximately 150 researchers
representing academia, industry and government. The two day
meeting will include invited speakers and contributed presentations.
Papers on selected presentations will appear in a special issue of
the Journal of High Speed Networks.
For more information on the workshop and directions to UMBC,
check our home page on WWW.(http://www.mctr.umbc.edu)
A registration fee of $325 will include two lunches and conference
proceeding. For questions regarding the technical content of the
workshop or giving a presentation, please contact the workshop
organizer, Dr. Deepinder Sidhu, at
Tel: (410) 455-3028 or 3063, Fax: (410) 455-3969,
Email: mctr@cs.umbc.edu.
Mail checks (payable to University of Maryland Foundation) and
registration form to Dr. D. P. Sidhu, Maryland Center for
Telecommunications Research, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250. All funds for this event will
be managed by the UM foundation.
Please DO NOT include hotel accommodation expenses in your payment
for the Workshop Registration. Room payment should be made directly
to the hotel you selected for stay. The following hotels are closest
to UMBC campus. Some hotels may offer reduced rate. To obtain the reduced
rate, you must identify yourself as an attendee of this workshop.
BWI Airport is approximately five miles from UMBC Campus.
1. Sheraton International Hotel - BWI Airport. Closest to airport
and UMBC campus. Tel: (410) 859-3300 or (800) 638-5858
2. Holiday Inn - BWI Airport. Close to airport and UMBC campus.
Tel: (410) 859-8400 or (800) HOLIDAY
3. Omni Inner Harbor Hotel. Close to Downtown Baltimore / Inner
Harbor. About 20 minutes drive to UMBC campus.
Tel: (410) 752-1100 or (800) 843-6664
For more information on the workshop and directions to UMBC,
check our home page on WWW.(http://www.mctr.umbc.edu)
--------------------------------------------------------
7th Maryland Workshop on Very High Speed Networks
(November 5-6, 1996)
Registration Form
Name:
-------------------------------------------------------------
Affiliation:
------------------------------------------
Address: ----------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Phone: Fax: Email:
---------------- ------------- ------------
Dietary Restriction : Vegetarian Kosher
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 1996 17:23:04 -0700
From: Berliner Datenschutzbeauftragter <dsb@datenschutz-berlin.de>
Subject: File 2--Report on Privacy on the Internet
The International Working Group on Data Protection in
Telecommunications is currently working on Data Protection
and Privacy on the Internet.
The Group was founded in 1983 and has been initiated by
Data Protection Commissioners from different countries
in order to improve Data Protection and Privacy in
Telecommunications. The Secretariat of the Group is
located at the Berlin Data Protection Commissioner=B4s
Office, Berlin, Germany.
At its spring meeting 1996 in Budapest the Group has
agreed on a Draft Report and Guidance on Data Protection
on the Internet. It was agreed to publish the Report on
the Net in order to receive comments from the network
community.
The Secretariat of the Working Group has initiated a
discussion forum located at the WWW-Server of the
Berlin Data Protection Commissioner
(http://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/diskus/) that could
also be used for comments.
You can also make a contribution by sending an e-mail
directly to the Secretariat <mailbox@datenschutz-berlin.de>.
In this case please include "Data Protection on the Internet"
as the subject.
A German version of the report is available at=20
http://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/diskus/budade.htm .
We are looking forward to your comments on the report.
Yours sincerely,
Hansj=FCrgen Garstka
(Berlin Data Protection Commissioner; Chairman of the Group)
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Start of the report
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
International Working Group
on Data Protection
in Telecommunications
21 May 1996
Data Protection on the Internet
Report and Guidance
"Budapest Draft"
(revised on the basis of the discussions at the 19th Meeting of the Group=
=20
in Budapest 15 and 16 April 1996)
Today, the Internet is the world=B4s largest international computer=20
network. There are "slip roads" to this "information superhighway" in=20
more than 140 countries. The Internet consists of more than four=20
millions of Internet sites ("hosts"); more than 40 millions of users=20
from all over the world can use at least one of the different Internet=20
services and have the facilities to communicate with each other via=20
electronic mail. Users have access to an immense pool of information=20
stored at different locations all over the world. The Internet can be=20
regarded as the first level of the emerging Global Information=20
Infrastructure (GII).The WorldWideWeb as the most modern Internet user=20
interface is a basis for new interactive multimedia services.
The participants in the Internet have different tasks, interests and
opportunities:
* The software, computer and telecommunications industries design the
networks and the services available.
* Telecommunications organisations like national telecoms provide =20
basic networks for data transfer (point-to-point or
point-to-multipoint connections).
* Access (communications) providers supply basic services for storage,
transmission and presentation. They are responsible for the Internet
transport system (routing, delivery) and process traffic data.
* Information (content) providers supply information stored in files
and databases to the users.
* Users access different kinds of Internet services (mail, news,
information) and use the Net for entertainment as well as for
teleshopping, teleworking, teleteaching/ -learning and telemedecine.
I. Problems and risks
Unlike in traditional processing of personal data where there is usually
a single authority or enterprise responsible for protecting the privacy
of their customers, there is no such overall responsibility on the=20
Internet assigned to a certain entity. Furthermore there is no=20
International oversight mechanism to enforce legal obligations as far as=20
they exist. Therefore the user is forced to put trust into the security=20
of the entire network, that is every single component of the network, no=20
matter where located or managed by whom. The trustworthiness of the Net=20
will become even more crucial with the advent of new software which=20
induces the user not only to download programs from the Net, but also=20
weakens his control over his personal data.
The fast growth of the Internet and its increasing use for commercial and
private purposes give rise to serious privacy problems:
* The Internet facilitates the quick transmission of great quantities
of information to any other computer system connected to the=20
network.Sensitive personal data can be communicated to countries=20
without an appropriate data protection level. Information providers=20
might offer personal data from sites situated in countries without=20
any privacy legislation where they can be accessed from all over the=
=20
world by a simple mouse click.
* Personal data may be routed via countries without any or without
sufficient data protection legislation. On the Internet, basically
built for academic purposes, confidential communication is not
ensured.
There is no central switching center or other responsible authority
in control of the entire network. Therefore the responsibility for=20
data protection and data security is shared between millions of=20
providers. Every message transmitted could be intercepted at any=20
site it passes and could be traced, changed, forged, suppressed or=20
delayed. Nevertheless the Internet use for business purposes=20
increases exponentially and personal and other sensitive data=20
(credit card data as well as individual health information) are=20
transmitted via the Internet.
* The use of Internet services does not allow for adequate anonymity
nor adequate authentification. Computer network protocols and many
Internet services generally work with dedicated (point-to-point-)
connections. In addition to the content data the identification (ID)
of the sender and the recipient is transmitted. Every electronic
mail message contains a header with information about the sender and=
=20
the recipient (name and IP-address, host name, time of the mailing).=
=20
The header contains further information on the routing and the=20
subject of the message. It may also contain references to articles=20
by other authors. Users are bound to leave an electronic trace which=
=20
can be used to develop a profile of personal interests and tastes.=20
Although there is no central accounting of the access to news or=20
WorldWideWeb, the information behaviour of senders and recipients=20
can be traced and supervised at least by the communications provider=
=20
to whom the user is connected.
* On the other hand, the weakness of identification and authentication
procedures on the Internet has been used to penetrate remote
computer systems which were insufficiently protected, to spy on the=20
information stored and to manipulate or delete it. The lack of=20
secure authentication could also be used to access commercial=20
services at the cost of another user.
* There are thousands of special news-groups in the Internet; most of
them are open for every user. The contents of articles may contain
personal data of third persons; this personal information is
simultaneously stored on many thousands of computer systems without
any right of redress for the individual.
The participants in the Internet share an interest in the integrity and
confidentiality of the information transmitted: Users are interested in
reliable services and expect their privacy to be protected. In some cases
they may be interested in using services without being identified. Users
do not normally realize that they are entering a global market-place=20
while surfing on the Net and that every single movement may be monitored.
On the other hand many providers are interested in the identification and
authentication of users: They want personal data for charging, but they
could also use these data for other purposes. The more the Internet is
used for commercial purposes, the more interesting it will be for service
providers and other bodies to get as much transaction-generated=20
information about the customer's behaviour on the Net as possible, thus=20
increasing the risk to the customer's privacy. Increasingly companies=20
start to offer free access to the Net as a way of assuring that customers=
=20
read their advertisements which become a major financing method for the=20
whole Internet. Therefore they want to follow to want extent, by whom and=
=20
how often their advertisements are being read.
With regard to certain risks mentioned the functions of the bodies which
on an international, regional and national level manage the Net are=20
important in particular when they develop the protocols and standards for=
=20
the Internet, fix rules for the identification of servers connected and
eventually for the identification of users.
II. Existing regulations and guidelines
Although several national governments and international organisations
(for example the European Union) have launched programmes to faciliate=20
and intensify the development of computer networks and services, only=20
very little efforts have been taken to provide for sufficient data=20
protection and privacy regulations in this respect. Some national Data=20
Protection Authorities have already issued guidelines on the technical=20
security of computer networks linked to the Internet and on privacy risks=
=20
for the individual user of Internet services. Such guidelines have been=20
laid down for example in France, in the U.K. (see the 14th Annual Report=20
of the Data Protection Registrar, Appendix 6) and in Germany. The main=20
topics can be summed up as follows:
* Providing information on the Internet is subject to the national
data protection laws and regulations. In this respect the Internet=20
is not as unregulated as often stated. Ist is, to name but one=20
example, illegal for a German provider of a WorldWideWebServer to=20
register the complete addresses of computers which have accessed=20
which Web pages and to which files are being downloaded without the=20
knowledge of the person initiating that procedure (as is the usual=20
practice on the Net). National regulations might include the=20
obligation for information providers to register at a national data=20
protection authority. National law also contains specific provisions=
=20
with regard to international criminal, private and administrative=20
law (conflict of laws) which may provide solutions in certain=20
circumstances.
* Before connecting a local computer network - for example of a public
authority - to the Internet the risks for the security of the local
network and the data stored there have to be assessed in conformity
with the national law. This may include drawing up a security plan=20
and assessing whether it is necessary to connect the entire network=20
or only parts of it to the Internet. Depending on the purpose it=20
might even be sufficient to connect only a stand-alone system to the=
=20
Net.
Technical measures should be taken to secure that only the data=20
which could be published can be accessed on the Internet for example=
=20
by setting up a firewall system separating the local network from=20
the Net. However, it should be noted that even if such technical=20
steps have been taken connecting a computer network to the Internet=20
means putting an additional risk to its security.
* If personal data on users of a service are collected it must be
clear to them who is to use the data and what are the purposes for=20
which the data are to be used or disclosed. This means giving=20
notification on the screen before disclosure and providing an=20
opportunity to prevent disclosure. The user should be able to make a=
=20
hardcopy of this notification and of any other terms and conditions=20
set by the provider.
* If access to personal data on a computer system is provided - for
example by publishing biographical details of staff members in a
directory - the information provider must make sure that those
individuals understand the global nature of that access. The safe
course is to publish the data only with the informed consent of the
persons concerned.
There are also a number of international legal regulations and
conventions that apply inter alia to the Internet:
* Recommendation with Guidelines on the protection of privacy and
transborder flows of personal data
adopted by the Council of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) on 23 September 1980
* Council of Europe Convention No. 108 for the protection of
individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data=20
adopted 28 January 1981
* Guidelines for the regulation of computerized personal data files
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 14 December 1990
* European Council 90/387/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the establishment of
the internal market for telecommunications services through the
implementation of Open Network Provision (ONP) and ensuing ONP
Directives (defining data protection as "essential requirement")
* Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the
processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data
(EU-Data Protection-Directive)
* General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (stating in Article
XIV that Member States are not prevented by this worldwide agreement=
=20
to adopt or enforce regulations relating to the protection of=20
privacy of individuals in relation to the processing and=20
dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality=
=20
of individual records and accounts.
The EU-Directive as the first supra-national legal instrument does
contain an important new definition of "controller" which is relevant in=20
the Internet context. Article 2 lit. c) defines "controller" as the=20
natural and legal person, public authority, agency or any other body=20
which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of=20
the processing of personal data. Applying this definition to the use of=20
the Internet for purposes of electronic mail the sender of an electronic=20
message has to be considered to be the controller of this message when=20
sending a file of personal data for he determines the purposes and means=20
of the processing and transmission of those personal data. On the other=20
hand the provider of a mailbox service himself determines the purposes=20
and means of the processing of the personal data related to the operation=
=20
of the mailbox service and therefore he as "controller" has at least a=20
joint responsibility to follow the applicable rules of data protection.
Although not legally binding and adopted on a national rather than an
international level the
* Principles for providing and using personal information "Privacy and
the National Information Infrastructure" adopted by the Privacy
Working Group of the Information Policy Committee within the United
States Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF) on 6 June 1995
should be mentioned in this context for they are bound to influence the
international data flows. They have been discussed intensively and
fruitfully with the International Working Group on Data Protection in
Telecommunications at the Joint Meeting in Washington, D.C. on 28 April
1995.
In practice some important and effective rules are being imposed by the=20
Net Community themselves by way of self-regulation (e.g. "Netiquette").=20
Such methods are not to be under-estimated as to the role they play and=20
might play in future in protecting the individual user's privacy. At=20
least they contribute to creating the necessary awareness among users=20
that confidentiality on the Net as a basic standard is non-existent=20
("Never send or keep anything in your mailbox that you would mind seeing=20
on the evening news.") The EU-Data Protection Directive in turn calls for=
=20
codes of conduct (Article 27) which should be encouraged by Member States=
=20
and the Commission.
III. Guidance
There can be no doubt that the legal and technical protection of Internet
users' privacy is at present insufficient.
On the one hand the right of every individual to use the information
superhighway without being observed and identified should be guaranteed.
On the other hand there have to be limits (crash-barriers) with regard to=
=20
the use of personal data (e.g. of third persons) on the highway.
There is a strong case to prohibit the use of the Internet for the
publication of search warrants by the police (the U.S. Federal Bureau of
Investigations has published a list of wanted suspects on the Net for
some time). The described deficiencies in the authentication procedure=20
and the easy manipulation of pictures in Cyberspace seem to prevent the=20
use of the Net for this purpose.
A solution to this basic dilemma will have to be found on the following
levels:
a) Service providers should inform each potential user of the Net
unequivocally about the risks to his privacy. He will then have to
balance these risks against the expected benefits. The Internet is a=20
"beautiful wilderness with lions and snakes" (Waltraut Kotschy) but there=
=20
is little awareness among users what this means.
b) As "elements of network infrastructure as well as participants each
have physical locations, states have the ability to impose and enforce a=20
certain degree of liability on networks and their participants" (Joel=20
Reidenberg). In many instances the decision to enter the Internet and how=
=20
to use it is subject to legal conditions under national data protection=20
law. Personal data may only be collected in a transparent way. Patients'=20
data and other sensitive personal data should only be communicated via=20
the Internet or be stored on computers linked to the Net if they are=20
encrypted.
c) Several national governments are calling for international agreements
on the Global Information Infrastructure. The French Minister for=20
Information Technology has argued in favour of an international treaty=20
similar to the International Convention on the Law of the Sea; the German=
=20
Minister for Research and Technology has called for an initiative in the=20
framework of the G 7 -group. These initiatives are to be supported. An=20
international cooperation, even an international convention governing=20
data protection in the context of transborder networks and services=20
including an oversight mechanism is essential.
d) National and international law should state unequivocally that the
process of communicating (e.g. via electronic mail) is also protected by
the secrecy of telecommunications and correspondence.
e) Furthermore it is necessary to develop technical means to improve the
user=B4s privacy on the Net. It is mandatory to develop design principles
for information and communications technology and multimedia hard- and=20
software which will enable the individual user to control and give him=20
feedback with regard to his personal data. In general users should have=20
the opportunity to access the Internet without having to reveal their=20
identity where personal data are not needed to provide a certain service.=
=20
Concepts for such measures have already been developed and published.=20
Examples are the "Identity Protector" concept included in=20
"Privacy-enhancing technologies: The path to anonymity" by the Dutch=20
Registratiekamer and The Information and Privacy Commissioner of=20
Ontario/Canada (presented at the 17th International Conference on Data=20
Protection in Copenhagen (1995) and the "User Agent-concept" as reported=20
on at the joint Washington meeting of the Working Group with the Privacy=20
Working Group of the IITF (April 1995).
f) Technical means should also be used for the purpose of protecting
confidentiality.
The use of secure encryption methods must become and remain a legitimate
option for any user of the Internet.
The Working Group supports new developments of the Internet Protocol
(e.g. IP v6) which offer means to improve confidentiality by encryption,
classification of messages and better authentication procedures. The
software manufacturers should implement the new Internet Protocol=20
security standard in their products and providers should support the use=20
of these products as quickly as possible.
g) The Working Group would endorse a study of the feasibility to set up a
new procedure of certification issuing "quality stamps" for providers and
products as to their privacy-friendliness. This could lead to an improved
transparency for users of the Information Superhighway.
h) Finally it will be decisive to find out how self-regulation by way of
an expanded "Netiquette" and privacy-friendly technology might improve=20
the implementation of national and international regulations on privacy
protection. It will not suffice to rely on any one of these courses of
action: they will have to be combined effectively to arrive at a Global
Information Infrastructure that respects the human rights to privacy and
to unobserved communications.
The International Working Group on Data Protection in Telecommunications
will monitor the developments in this field closely, take into account
comments from the Net Community and develop further more detailed
proposals.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 4 Sep 1996 21:48:34 -0500 (CDT)
From: David Smith <bladex@BGA.COM>
Subject: File 3--CFP: 7th Conference on COMPUTERS, FREEDOM & PRIVACY (3/11-14/97) (fwd)
---------- Forwarded message ----------
THE SEVENTH CONFERENCE ON COMPUTERS, FREEDOM, AND PRIVACY
Call for Participation
San Francisco Airport Hyatt Regency Hotel
Burlingame, California
March 11-14, 1997
CFP97: Commerce & Community will be sponsored by the Association for
Computing Machinery SIGCOM and SIGSAC. The host institutions will be
Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley.
Co-sponsors and cooperating organizations include the ACM SIGCAS, the
Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Center for Democracy and
Technology, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the WELL.
CFP97: Commerce & Community is the latest in a series of annual
conferences assembling a diverse group of experts and advocates from
the domains of technology, business, government, and academia to
explore the evolution of information and communication technologies and
public policy, and its effects on freedom and privacy in the United
States and throughout the world.
Past CFP sessions have discussed, debated -- and often anticipated --
issues of great social import. In this tradition, CFP97: Commerce &
Community will examine the social and policy questions posed by:
* the growth of electronic communities;
* electronic commerce and the commercialization of cyberspace;
* the problems of legal and regulatory control of the Net;
* the interests of privacy and property in the electronic domain;
* high-tech law enforcement and security concerns.
The CFP97 Program Committee invites your suggestions for presentations
on these or other important issues at the nexus of technology,
business, public policy, freedom, and privacy.
Proposals may be for individual talks, panel discussions, debates, moot
courts, moderated, interactive sessions or other formats. Each
proposal should be accompanied by a one-page statement describing the
topic and format. Descriptions of multi-person presentations should
include a list of proposed participants and session chair. Proposals
should be sent by email to cfp97@cfp.org. If necessary, typewritten
proposals may be sent to: CFP'97, 2210 Sixth Street, Berkeley, CA
94710.
Please submit your proposal as soon as possible. The deadline for
submissions is October 1, 1996. (Please note that we have extended our
deadline for submissions)
For more information on the Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conferences,
as well as up-to-date announcements on CFP'97, please visit our Web
page at: http://www.cfp.org
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 22:51:01 CST
From: CuD Moderators <cudigest@sun.soci.niu.edu>
Subject: File 4--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 7 Apr, 1996)
Cu-Digest is a weekly electronic journal/newsletter. Subscriptions are
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End of Computer Underground Digest #8.68
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