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Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!wupost!waikato!comp.vuw.ac.nz!kauri.vuw.ac.nz!gnat
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From: gnat@kauri.vuw.ac.nz (Nathan Torkington)
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Newsgroups: sci.classics,sci.answers,news.answers
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Subject: sci.classics FAQ
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Supersedes: <classics-faq_766324802@kauri.vuw.ac.nz>
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Followup-To: sci.classics
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Date: 30 Apr 1994 12:00:08 GMT
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Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Victoria Uni. of Wellington, New Zealand.
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Lines: 688
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Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu
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Distribution: world
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Message-ID: <classics-faq_767707201@kauri.vuw.ac.nz>
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Reply-To: classics-faq@unomaha.edu
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NNTP-Posting-Host: kauri.vuw.ac.nz
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Originator: gnat@kauri.vuw.ac.nz
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Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu sci.classics:2912 sci.answers:1114 news.answers:18815
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Archive-name: classics-faq
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Maintained-by: classics-faq@unomaha.edu
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Version: $Revision: 1.9 $
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----------------------------------------
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Changes as at $Date: 94/01/02 15:02:44 $:
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* libellus
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----------------------------------------
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This is the list of frequently asked questions (and their answers) for
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the newsgroup sci.classics. There are bibliographies for novice and
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knowledgable students of the classics, glossaries and compendia of
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mythological characters.
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Where possible, pointers to existing information (such as books,
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magazine articles, and ftp sites) are included here, rather than
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rehashing that information again.
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If you haven't already done so, now is as good a time as any to read
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the guide to Net etiquette which is posted to news.announce.newusers
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regularly. You should be familiar with acronyms like FAQ, FTP and
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IMHO, as well as know about smileys, followups and when to reply by
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email to postings.
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This FAQ is currently posted to sci.classics, news.answers and
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sci.answers on the first and fifteenth of every month. You can
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retrieve the latest copy of this FAQ via anonymous FTP from
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rtfm.mit.edu in the directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/ as the file
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classics-faq (remember to use ASCII mode when transferring).
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This FAQ was mostly written by readers of sci.classics. Credits
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appear at the end. Comments and indications of doubt are enclosed in
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[]s in the text. Each section begins with forty dashes ("-") on a
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line of their own, then the section number. This should make
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searching for a specific section easy.
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Contributions, comments and changes should be directed to the
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editorial board, via
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classics-faq@unomaha.edu
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----------------------------------------
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List of Answers
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0 What Is Classics?
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1 Questions
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1.1 How should I pronounce Ancient Greek?
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1.2 What are the best translations of ...?
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1.3 Who was ...?
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1.4 What are the famous classical authors?
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1.5 How do I translate ...?
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2 Bibliographies
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2.1 Introductory Bibliography
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2.2 Advanced Bibliography
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2.3 Specialist Bibliography
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2.4 Introductory Latin
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2.4.1 Classical
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2.4.2 Medieval
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2.4.3 Specialised
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2.5 Advanced Latin
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2.6 Introductory Greek
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2.7 Advanced Greek
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3 Mythological Deities
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4 Timeline
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5 Glossary
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6 Computer Readable Materials
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7 Radio Programming
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----------------------------------------
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0 What Is Classics?
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Good question. As used in academia, "Classics" or "Classical Studies"
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(with a capital C) or the adjective "classical" refer to the
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discipline described below, rather than to good books from any period.
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The discipline of Classics is the study of Greek and Roman
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civilization, from Homer to Constantine, but including study of the
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direct antecedents of Greece and Rome in the prehistoric period of
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southern Europe and their descendants in the Middle Ages. This
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encompasses both the Greek and Latin languages and their literature,
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including poetry, drama, history, philosophy, rhetoric, religion and
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political theory, as well as art, architecture, and archaeology.
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Precise chronological boundaries are difficult to establish, but the
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most common feature is the relevance of the period or material to
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Greek and/or Latin texts. An increasing number of classicists are
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devoting their energies to later Latin texts, including neo-Latin
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(relatively modern) original works, and to prehistory or linguistics,
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especially in archaeology.
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----------------------------------------
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1 Questions And Answers
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Commonly asked questions appear here:
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----------------------------------------
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1.1 How should I pronounce Ancient Greek?
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Technical Answer:
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Ancient Greek had dialects and regional inflections, so asking
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how it was pronounced is like asking how English is pronounced
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today. The original inhabitants of Greece were not
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greek-speakers, but spoke a lost non-Indo-European language
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(traces remain in some place-names).
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From about 1200 BCE to 850 BCE, there were several large
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migrations from the north. These people brought what we call
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the greek language.
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There were at least five main dialects of greek spoken during
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this time: Ionic, Aeolic, Arcadian, Doric, and North-West
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Greek.
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Practical Answer:
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It depends on who you ask. Most Europeans and Americans use
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what's called the "Erasmian" pronounciation, which is nothing
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like modern Greek. Native speakers of Modern Greek use the
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Modern Greek pronounciation. Others use less common systems.
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In actuality, Ancient Greek was probably nothing like ANY of
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the pronounciations commonly used. It was probably a tonal
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language (like Chinese, but less so) and both vowel quantity
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and pitch accent tend to be misrepresented in all modern
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pronounciation systems.
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----------------------------------------
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1.2 What are the best translations of ...?
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Good question :-)
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Translations into English of most of the popular classical authors may
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be found along with great authors of other periods in the Penguin
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Classics series.
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----------------------------------------
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1.3 Who was ... ?
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See section 2 for references to bibliographical dictionaries or
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encyclopaediae.
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----------------------------------------
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1.4 What are the famous classical authors?
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While a complete list of even important authors cannot be given here,
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the ones below commonly appear on reading lists of graduate
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departments of Classics. The format is:
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Author's Name
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dates: (approximate)
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genre: (quick & dirty encapsulation)
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style: (some elaboration of the above category, with notes on meter,
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dialect)
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diff : (difficulty; of course, highly subjective :))
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works: (not necessarily complete; fragmentary works excluded)
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fun fact: (sometimes not very much fun and often descending to the
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level of gossip)
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Greek:
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Aeschylus
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dates: 525-456 BCE
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genre: drama
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style: Classical Attic tragedy
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diff : 8
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works: Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers,
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Eumenides, Supplices, Prometheus Bound
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fun fact:
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Apollonius Rhodius
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dates: flourished 3rd century BCE
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genre: epic
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style: Homeric vocabulary with some bold new similes and
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anthropological/aetiological touches
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diff : 6
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works: Argonautica
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fun fact: feuded with his teacher, Callimachus
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Aristophanes
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dates: 457-385 BCE
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genre: drama
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style: Old Comedy
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diff : 9
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works: Acharnians, Knights, Clouds, Wasps, Peace, Birds, Lysistrata,
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Thesmophorizeusae (Female Celebrants of the Thesmophoria festival), Frogs,
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Ecclesiazeusae (Female Legislators), Wealth
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fun fact: Among his favorite targets for satire included the
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philosopher Socrates (in Clouds), the Tragic playwright Euripides (in Frogs),
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and the politician Cleon (in Knights).
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Aristotle
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dates: 384-322 BCE
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genre: treatises on philosophy, ethics, natural science, political science,
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literary criticism
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style: Attic prose
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diff : 7
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works: Metaphysics, De Anima, Nichomachean Ethics, History of Animals,
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Physics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics [fragmentary]
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fun fact: wrote accounts of the constitutions of 158 Greek states.
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Callimachus
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dates: 305-240 BCE
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genre: verse (epigram, narrative elegy, satiric iambic, hexameter hymn,
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epyllion [little epic])
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style: learned, allusive
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diff : 7
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works: Epigrams from Greek Anthology, Aetia (Causes), Iambics, Hymns, Hecale
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fun fact: Hecale, an epyllion, gets its name from the elderly woman who
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lets Theseus crash at her house while on his way to slay the bull of Marathon.
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Demosthenes
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dates: 384-322
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genre: political and legal oratory
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style: varied, avoids hiatus and successions of short syllables
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diff : 4
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works: For Phormio, Olynthiacs, Philippics, On the Crown
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fun fact: sued his guardians for mismanagement of his inheritance at age 21.
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Euripides
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dates: 485-406 BCE
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genre: drama
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style: Classical Attic tragedy
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diff : 7 dialogue 10 choruses
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works: Medea, Hippolytus, Ion, Bacchae
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fun fact: We have more of Euripides than of any other Attic tragedian
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because we have not only ten plays representing "the best of Euripides"
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but also nine plays which seem to be from the epsilon through kappa volume
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of the complete works of Euripides.
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Herodotus
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dates: 484-420 BCE
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genre: prose history
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style: uses Ionian dialect lots of ethnography and anecdotes
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diff : 5
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works: Histories
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fun fact: first surviving prose history in Greek
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Hesiod
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dates: flourished 700 BCE
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genre: creation-myth in verse, didactic poetry
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style: epic vocabulary
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diff : 6
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works: Theogony, Works and Days
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fun fact: Works and Days is ostensibly addressed to his MEGA NHPIE
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(very foolish) brother Perses and consists of advice on practical skills
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(farming, sailing, etc).
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Homer
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dates: eighth-sixth centuries BCE
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genre: epic
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style: brief, striking similes, about half each work is dialogue
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diff : 5
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works: Iliad, Odyssey
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fun fact: "Homer" is usually considered scholarly shorthand for an
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oral-formulaic tradition perhaps dating back to the fifteenth century BCE that
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was written down during the above dates.
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Lysias
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dates: 459-380 BCE
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genre: political and legal oratory
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style: smooth, moderate
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diff : 6
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works: Oration 1 (Against Eratosthenes), Oration 32 (Against Diogiton)
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fun fact: Originally from Syracuse, Lysias and his brothers Polemarchus and
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Euthydemus owned a shield-making workshop in the Piraeus.
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Menander
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dates: 342-289 BCE
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genre: drama
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style: New Comedy
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diff : 7
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works: The Grouch, She Who Was Shorn, The Samian
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fun fact: Menander was for the most part lost until this century, when
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numerous papyrus fragments of Menander came to light.
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Pindar
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dates: 518-438 BCE
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genre: victory ode
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style: uses a huge variety of meters and myths
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diff : 9
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works: Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Odes, all to celebrate
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victories in Greek athletic contests
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fun fact: In Olympian 1, he criticizes earlier poets for spreading lies
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about how the gods ate Pelops' shoulder.
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Plato
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dates: 429-347 BCE
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genre: philosophy
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style: idiosyncratic Attic prose
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diff : 3
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works: Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Symposium, Republic
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fun fact: Early dialogues often show Socrates and an interlocutor
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wrestling with a question which neither answers, but Socrates' achievement
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is getting the interlocutor to admit that he does not know the answer.
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Plutarch
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dates: 50-120 CE
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genre: prose (especially biography)
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style: many metaphors
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diff : 2
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works: Lives, Moralia (rhetorical treatises, moral essays, philosophical
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dialogues and treatises, antiquarian works)
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fun fact: For the last thirty years of his life, he was a priest at Delphi.
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Sophocles
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dates: 496-406 BCE
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genre: drama
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style: Classical Attic tragedy
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diff : 7
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works: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Ajax
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fun fact: According to Aristotle, he introduced to Tragedy the third
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actor, scene-painting, and the fifteen-man (as opposed to the twelve-man)
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chorus.
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Theocritus
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dates: 300-260 BCE
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genre: bucolic lyric/mime
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style: polished, deceptively simple
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diff : 6
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works: 31 short poems
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fun fact: Poem 11 is a love song sung by the Cyclops Polyphemus to the
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nymph Galatea, who has rejected him.
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Thucydides
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dates: 460-400 BCE
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genre: prose history
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style: some poeticisms, elliptical, likes antithesis
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diff : 10 (hardest prose author)
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works: Peloponnesian War
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fun fact: His account of Pericles' funeral oration, a wonderful piece of
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pro-Athenian propaganda, is followed by a harrowing account of the plague
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that struck Athens shortly afterward.
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Xenophon
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dates: 428-354 BCE
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genre: prose (history, philosophy, treatise, etc.)
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style: simple
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diff : 1
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works: Hellenica, Anabasis (March Upcountry), Household Manager
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fun fact: The Anabasis, about the retreat of Greek mercenaries after
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their employer Cyrus, brother to the Persian king Artakserksis, was
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deposed in a coup, features a wonderful scene in which the Greeks at
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last reach the sea and shout "THALATTA, THALATTA!!!" (The sea, the
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sea!!!).
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Latin:
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----------------------------------------
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1.5 How do I translate ...?
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You can make a post, and maybe it will be answered. You can buy a
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pocket Latin<->English or Greek<->English dictionary, and do it
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yourself. If you have access to a Classics Department, asking them
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might prove helpful.
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----------------------------------------
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2 Bibliographies
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----------------------------------------
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2.1 Introductory Bibliography
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If you know nothing about the classics, some recommended books are
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listed here. They assume no knowledge, and will give you a sound
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grasp in the basics.
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%T The Oxford Classical Dictionary
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%A (ed.) H.H. Scullard
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%D 1970
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%Z This gives solid (if unimaginative) articles on all major authors
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%Z and subjects in Greek and Latin, usually with good bibliographies
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%Z as well.
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%T L'Annee Philologique
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%Z THE bibliography of the classics -- it's not on computer yet, but
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%Z give them time.
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%T The Sound of Greek
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%A W. B. Stanford
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%T The Pronunciation and Reading of Ancient Greek: A Practical Guide
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%A Stephen G. Daitz
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%T Vox Graeca
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%A W. Sidney Allen
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%T Vox Latina
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%A W. Sidney Allen
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----------------------------------------
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2.2 Advanced Bibliography
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If, having completed a preliminary reading in the subject, you decide
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you enjoy classics, here are books to give you more knowledge.
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----------------------------------------
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2.3 Specialised Bibliography
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If you decide you are only interested in a narrow field of classics,
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here are books that will extend your knowledge in one subject.
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%T The Legacy of Rome: A New Appraisal
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%A ed. Richard Jenkyns
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%I Oxford University Press
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%D 1992
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%T The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal
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%A ed. M. I. Finley
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%I Oxford University Press
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%D 1984
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%Z Both these are excellent, and each article has suggestions for
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%Z further reading.
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%T L'Annee Philologique
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%A Marouzeau
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----------------------------------------
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2.4 Introductory Latin
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For the reader with little or no knowledge of Latin.
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----------------------------------------
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2.4.1 Classical
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%A Balme, Maurice.
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%T Oxford Latin course.
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%I Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press
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%D 1987-1988.
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%T Cambridge Latin course. 2nd ed
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%I Cambridge <Cambridgeshire> ; New York: Cambridge University Press
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for the Schools Council,
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%D 1982.
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%A Goldman, Norma
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%T Latin via Ovid: a first course.
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%I Detroit: Wayne State University Press
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%D 1977.
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%A Griffin, Robin M
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%T A student's Latin grammar.
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%I North American 3rd ed. Cambridge <England> ; New York: Cambridge
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University Press
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%D 1992.
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%A Jenney, Charles.
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%T First year Latin.
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%I Boston: Allyn and Bacon
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%D <1975>
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%A Jenney, Charles
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%T Second year Latin. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
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%D <1975>
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%A Johnston, Patricia A
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%T Traditio: an introduction to the Latin language and its influence.
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%I New York: Macmillan
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%D c1988.
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%A Jones, Peter V
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%T Reading Latin.
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%I Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press
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%D 1986.
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%A Knudsvig, Glenn M
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%T Latin for reading: a beginner's textbook with exercises
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%I Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
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%D c1982.
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%A Lawall, Gilbert
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%A Tafe, David
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%T Ecce Romani.
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%I White Plains, NY: Longman, Inc.
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%A Moreland, Floyd L.
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%T Latin: an intensive course.
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%I <New ed.> Berkeley: University of California Press
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%D c1977.
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%A Sinkovich, Kathryn A.
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%T Intermediate college Latin.
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%I Lanham, MD: University Press of America
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%D c1984.
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%A Wheelock, Frederic M.
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%T Latin: An Introductory Course Based on Ancient Authors.
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%I 3rd Edition. New York: Barnes & Noble
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%D 1963.
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----------------------------------------
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2.4.2 Medieval
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%A Beeson, Charles Henry
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%T A primer of Mediaeval Latin; an anthology of prose and poetry.
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%I Chicago, Scott, Foresman and Company
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%D <c1925>
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%A Collins, John F.
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%T A primer of ecclesiastical Latin.
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%I Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press
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%D c1985.
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%A Strecker, Karl
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%T Introduction to medieval Latin.
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%I 5. unveranderte Aufl. Dublin: Weidmann,
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%D <c1968>
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----------------------------------------
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2.4.3 Specialised
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%A Baranov, A.
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%T Basic Latin for plant taxonomists.
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%I Lehre, J. Cramer,
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%D 1971 <c1968>
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%A Gooder, Eileen A.
|
|
%T Latin for local history: an introduction. 2d ed.
|
|
%I London ; New York: Longman,
|
|
%D 1978.
|
|
|
|
%A Howe, George
|
|
%T Latin for pharmacists.
|
|
%I Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.
|
|
%D <c1916>
|
|
|
|
%A Stearn, William T.
|
|
%T Botanical Latin: history, grammar, syntax, terminology, and
|
|
vocabulary.
|
|
%A 3rd ed., rev. Newton Abbot, Devon ;
|
|
%I North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles,
|
|
%D 1983.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
2.5 Advanced Latin
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|
|
|
For the reader with several years study of Latin.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
2.6 Introductory Greek
|
|
|
|
For the reader with little or no knowledge of Greek.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
2.7 Advanced Greek
|
|
|
|
For the reader with several years study of Greek.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
3 Mythological Deities
|
|
|
|
Never been able to sort out Athena from Venus and remaining
|
|
perpetually confused about Mercury's role in life? Look no further.
|
|
|
|
%A Kravitz, David
|
|
%T Who's who in Greek and Roman mythology.
|
|
%I New York: C. N. Potter: distributed by Crown Publishers,
|
|
%D <1976> c1975.
|
|
|
|
%A Mercatante, Anthony S.
|
|
%T Who's who in Egyptian mythology.
|
|
%I New York: C. N. Potter: distributed by Crown Publishers,
|
|
%D c1978.
|
|
|
|
%A Morford, Mark P. O., and Lenardon, R.
|
|
%T Classical mythology. 4th ed.
|
|
%I New York: Longman,
|
|
%D c1991.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
4 Timeline
|
|
|
|
GREECE: Bronze Age 3000-1100 BCE
|
|
Fall of Troy ~1200
|
|
Archaic Period 1100-480
|
|
Xerxes' invasion 482
|
|
Classical Period 480-323
|
|
Peloponnesian War 466-404
|
|
Alexander
|
|
defeats Athens 323
|
|
Hellenistic Period 323-146
|
|
Roman Period 146 BCE - 565 CE
|
|
Byzantine Period 565 - 1453 CE
|
|
|
|
|
|
ROME: Regal Period 753-510 BCE
|
|
Republic 509-31
|
|
Empire 31 BCE -
|
|
Golden Age 1st century BCE - early 1st century CE
|
|
Silver Age Late 1st Cent CE - 2nd cent CE
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
5 Glossary
|
|
|
|
Providing endless fodder for flamewars, here are some simple
|
|
definitions of terms you will meet in classics.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
6 Computer Readable Materials
|
|
|
|
There are several institutions that offer electronic versions of
|
|
classics works and texts. They have varying quality and varying
|
|
restrictions on their use. Those known of are listed here.
|
|
|
|
Freely redistributable versions of various Latin texts, including all
|
|
of Vergil, Catullus, and Tibullus, and selections from Cicero, Caesar,
|
|
Horace, and others, are available from the project Libellus archive at
|
|
the University of Washington, Seattle. These can be had, in TeX form,
|
|
by anonymous FTP from host ftp.u.washington.edu, directory
|
|
/public/libellus/texts; some commentaries and other support files
|
|
(including a TeX-to-ASCII converter for the texts) are contained in
|
|
the other subdirectories of /public/libellus. These texts and support
|
|
files are also available, in a variety of formats (TeX, ASCII, RTF,
|
|
PostScript) through an experimental E-mail server, for those who do
|
|
not have Internet access; for more information about this service,
|
|
send mail to libellus@u.washington.edu with "help" in the message
|
|
body. Send comments, questions, etc. to perseant@u.washington.edu.
|
|
|
|
The Georgetown Catalogue Project for Electronic Texts have a directory
|
|
of electronic text projects in the humanities. The catalogues are
|
|
available by language and subject, and are available for anonymous FTP
|
|
from guvax.georgetown.edu:cpet_projects_in_electronic_text.
|
|
|
|
The Library at Dartmouth have a huge database containing and
|
|
concerning "La Commedia". To use it, telnet to
|
|
library.dartmouth.edu
|
|
and type
|
|
connect dante
|
|
|
|
Lectures by Robert Hollander on Dante are available for anonymous FTP
|
|
in ccat.sas.upenn.edu:/pub/recentiores named BARLOW.README, BARLOW.1,
|
|
BARLOW.2 and BARLOW.3.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
6.1 Oxford Text Archive
|
|
|
|
The Oxford Text Archive provides texts with restrictions on
|
|
redistribution, usually for cost of copying and shipping. The texts
|
|
are of varying quality. The following is taken from their
|
|
informational blurb:
|
|
|
|
> Further details are given in the published Short List
|
|
> (which includes an order form) which is printed at least
|
|
> once a year. Write to:
|
|
>
|
|
> Oxford Text Archive
|
|
> Oxford University Computing Service
|
|
> 13 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6NN, UK
|
|
>
|
|
> ARCHIVE@VAX.OX.AC.UK
|
|
>
|
|
> or FTP to black.ox.ac.uk:/ota
|
|
|
|
They have recently been able to make available some public-domain
|
|
texts for FTP.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
7 Radio Programming
|
|
|
|
Currently there are two major shortwave services that provide Latin
|
|
programming. They are:
|
|
|
|
Vatican Radio (daily programming, mostly of a religious nature)
|
|
Radio Finland (weekly world news reports)
|
|
|
|
Times and frequencies are likely to change, so are not included in this
|
|
FAQ. Schedule information may be obtained from the following:
|
|
|
|
World Radio and Television Handbook (WRTH)
|
|
(1993 Edition, ISBN #0-8230-5924-3)
|
|
Billboard Publications
|
|
1515 Broadway
|
|
New York, NY 10036
|
|
USA
|
|
|
|
Usenet newsgroup rec.radio.shortwave and the shortwave FTP archives
|
|
at nic.funet.fi under /pub/dx.
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
Credits
|
|
|
|
Nathan Torkington <gnat@kauri.vuw.ac.nz>, Tracy Monaghan
|
|
<monaghan@cac.washington.edu>, Owen Ewald <ome@u.washington.edu>,
|
|
ptrourke@acs.bu.edu (Patrick Rourke), kbibb@maui.qualcomm.com (Ken
|
|
Bibb), b-ogilvie@uchicago.edu (Brian W. Ogilvie), stigh@itk.unit.no
|
|
(Stig Atle Haugdahl), "Jim Ruebel" <S2.JSR@ISUMVS.IASTATE.EDU>, Neil
|
|
Bernstein <nwbernst@unix.amherst.edu>, kamorgan@athena.mit.edu (Keith
|
|
Morgan), Risto Kotalampi (rko@cs.tut.fi), Konrad Schroder
|
|
<perseant@u.washington.edu>, pef@dcs.qmw.ac.uk.
|