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::UNIX PRIMER PLUS COMMAND REFERENCE::
::: :::
::------------------------------::
:: ::
:: Created, edited and dist by ::
:: ::
:: ---* ::
:: ::
:: Frosty ::
:: ::
:: GCMS - MechWarriors ::
:: ::
::------------------------------::
Starting up :::
---------------
LOGIN - sign on
PASSWD - change login password
Manipulating Files and Directories :::
--------------------------------------
CAT - concatenate and print
CAT [-N,-S,-V] file . . .
Options :
-N numbers lines starting at 1
-S eliminates multiple, consecutive, blank lines
-V prints invisible characters
Example :
CAT FILE2 displays file2 on terminal.
CD, CHDIR - change directory
CD
CD directoryname
Example :
CD/USER/REGGIE/HACK places you in the USR/REGGIE/HACK directory
CHMOD - change modes or permissions on files
CHMOD UGO, + -, RWX file . . . or directory . . .
Who :
U login owner ( user )
G group
O other users
Op-Codes :
+ add permission
- remove permission
Permissions :
R read
W write
X execute
Examples :
CHMOD O-RWX PRIVATE removes read, write and execute permissions for
others from the file called PRIVATE
CP - make copy of files
CP[-I] file1 file2
CP[-I] file . . . ( file, file . . . , directory )
Option :
-I protects existing files
Examples :
CP FLIM FLAM makes a copy of the file FLIM and calls it FLAM
LN - make a file linds
LN file . . . file . . . or file . . . directoryname
Example :
LN HIST /USR/FRANCIE links the file HIST to the /USR/FRANCIE directory
LPR, LPQ and LPRM - use the line printer
LPR file . . .
LPQ
LPRM file . . .
Options :
These vary from system to system
Example :
LPR SOME STUFF sends the file SOME and STUFF to the printer
LPQ checks the line printer queue
LPRM DATA3 removes the file DATA3 from the printer queue
LS - list contents of directory
LS [-A, C, L, M, R, S, F, R, + others] directory . . .
Options :
-A list all entries
-C list by time of file creation
-L list in long format
-M list in a stream output
-R reverses the order of the listing
-S gives the size in blocks
-F marks directories with a '/' and executable programs with a '*'
( the -F is capitalized )
-R list recursively any subdirectories
( the -R is capitalized )
Example :
LS -C lists contents of current directory in order of time of creation
MKDIR - makes a new directory
MKDIR directoryname
Example :
MKDIR CHAPTER4 creates a new subdirectory called CHAPTER4 in the
present directory
MORE - views long files one screenful at a time
MORE file . . .
MV - move or rename files
MV [-I] filename1 filename2 or filename1 directoryname
Option :
-I Protects existing files
Example :
MV GABBY MUDBALL changes the name of the file GABBY to MUDBALL
RM - remove a file
RM [-I, -R] file . . .
Options:
-I Protects existing files
-R Deletes a directory and every file or directory in it ( be careful )
Example:
RM JUNKY removes the file JUNKY
RMDIR - removes directories
RMDIR directory . . .
Example:
RMDIR BUDGET65 removes directory BUDGET65 if it does not contain files
REDIRECTION OPERATORS -<, >, >>
Example:
CAT LISTA LISTB >> LISTC appends the files LISTA and LISTB to LISTC
PIPES - |
Example:
CAT LISTA LISTB | LPR joins two files and 'pipes' the result to printer
COMMUNICATIONS :::
------------------
BIFF - notification of mail upon arrival
BIFF [Y, N]
Example:
BIFF Y causes you to be notified the moment mail arrives
FINGER - provides information about users
FINGER [-M, -L, -S] name
Options:
-M search only login names
-L display long form
-S display short form
Example:
FINGER -S RONNIE finds all users with login name of 'RONNIE'
MAIL - receiving mail
MAIL
Commands:
1, 2, 3 . . . reads message number 1 each time you push 1, etc.
P prints the first message
D2 deletes message number 2
S3 FILENAME appends message number 3 to FILENAME
Q quits mail
Other commands may exist on some systems
MAIL - sending mail
MAIL LOGINNAME(S)
Examples:
MAIL SCUMMY MANIAX
{ text of message here }
[CONTROL - D]
MESG - permit or deny messages from write
MESG [-Y, -N]
Example:
MESG N prevents people from using WRITE to interrupt you
WRITE - write to another user
WRITE LOGINNAME
HOUSEKEEPING UTILITIES :::
--------------------------
CAL - provides a calendar
CAL [month] year
Example:
CAL 05 1942 is the calendar for May 1942
CALENDAR - a reminder service
You create a file in your home directory called CALLENDAR.
Unix sends you reminders by mail
Example:
Your CALENDAR file might look like:
Break into ATT March 19
Transfer funds to CuD March 20
1992 report due
DATE - gives date and time
LOCK - reserves your terminal
PWD - prints working directory
UPTIME - checks system status
W - who is on the system and what they are doing
W
W [-H, -S] user
Options:
-H suppresses the heading
-S short form
Example:
W -HS TROOPER lists the user, TROOPER, idle time, and job name
WHO - who is on the system
WHO [AM I]
Example:
WHO tells who is on the system
ON-LINE HELP :::
----------------
LEARN - computer-assisted lessons
Type LEARN to start these lessons
MAN - find manual information by keywords
MAN [-K] [keyword]
Option:
-K produces a one-line summary
Example:
MAN CAT displays the on-line namual explanation of CAT
TEXT PROCESSING AND FORMATTING :::
----------------------------------
ED - line-oriented text editor
ED file
NROFF - advanced typesetting
PR - prints partially formatted file
PR [-N, -M, -T] file . . .
Options:
-N arranges text into n columns
-M prints all files in multiple columns
-T suppresses heading on each page
Example:
PR FROSTY prints file FROSTY on the terminal
VI - the screen-oriented test editor
VI file
INFORMATION HANDLING :::
------------------------
AWK - pattern scanning and processing language
CMP - compare two files
CMP filename1 filename2
Example:
CMP SWASS TROOPER finds and prints by byte and line number the
first difference between the two files
COMM - finds lines common to two sorted files
COMM [-1, -2, -3] file1 file2
Options:
-1 don't print the first column
-2 don't print the second column
-3 don't print the third column
Example:
COMM FROSTY JUNKY prints three columns. First, lines only in FROSTY,
secondly, lines only in file JUNKY, and thirdly,
lines in both files
DICTION - will print wordy sentences
DICTION file . . .
DIFF - finds the difference between two files or directories
DIFF [-B, -E, -R] file1 file2 or directory1 directory2
Options:
-B ignores trailing blanks
-E output in the form of ED commands
-R apply to directories recursively
Example:
DIFF GIFT1 GIFT2 shows how to make GIFT1 like GIFT2
FIND - finds designated files and acts upon them
FIND pathname search criteria action(s)
Search Criteria:
-NAME filename files named 'filename'
-SIZE n files of size n blocks
-LINKS n files with n links
-ATIME n files accessed n days ago
-MTIME n files modified n days ago
-NEWER filename files modified more recently than the file 'filename'
( Note 'n' without a sign means exactly n, '+n' means greater than n,
'-n' means less than n )
Actions:
-PRINT prints the pathname of the found file
-EXEC command \; executes the given command upon finding a file;
{ } represents the found file
-OK command \; same as -EXEC except your approval is requested
before each execution; reply with a Y
Example:
FIND /USR/FROSTY -MTIME -10 -PRINT finds all files in USR/FROSTY
directory that have been modified
within 10 days and prints pathnames
GREP - search a file for a pattern
GREP [-N, -I, -C, -W] pattern file
Options:
-N precedes each matching line with its line number
-I ignores the case of letters
-C prints only a count of matching lines
-W matches only complete words with the pattern
Example:
GREP -IW PHRACK CODE searches the file PHRACK for the words
'code', 'CODE', 'Code', etc. . . .
HEAD - looks at the head of a file
HEAD [-N] file . . .
Option:
-N print 'n' lines
Example:
HEAD -15 2600 prints the first 15 lines of the file 2600
SORT - sorts and merges files
SORT [-B, -D, -F, -N, -O, -R] file . . .
Options:
-B ignore initial blanks
-D 'dictionary' order
-F ignores upper and lowercase letters
-N sorts numbers by value
-O FILENAME outputs to file called FILENAME
-R sort in reverse order
Example:
SORT -FR -O SORTBAG GRABBAG sorts the file GRABBAG in reverse order,
ignoring upper and lowercase letters.
results stored in SORTBAG
SPELL - find spelling errors
SPELL file . . .
TAIL - gives the last part of a file
TAIL [-N] file
Option:
-N start 'n' lines from the end
Example:
TAIL -20 EFF prints the last 20 lines of the file EFF
UNIQ - remove duplicated
UNIQ [-U, -D, -C] inputfile [outputfile]
Options:
-U prints only lines with no duplicates
-D prints one copy of lines with duplicates
-C prints number of times line is repeated
Example:
UNIQ -D CHAOS EO scans the file CHAOS for lines that appear more than
once. One copy of each line placed in the file EO
WC - word count
WC [-L, -W, -C, -P] file . . .
Options:
-L counts lines
-W counts words
-C counts characters
-P counts pages ( 66 lines )
Example:
WC -W MABELL counts the number of words in the file MABELL
RUNNING JOBS AND PROGRAMS :::
-----------------------------
AT - execute commands at a later time
AT time [day] [file]
Example:
AT 23 VIRAL runs the commands in the file VIRAL at 11:00 pm
CC - compile C programs
CC [-C, -O] file . . .
Options:
-C creates object file suuppressing loading
-O filename uses filename for the file A.OUT
Example:
CC PHREAKER.C compiles PHREAKER.C file, with the executable program
placed in A.OUT file
F77 - compile FORTRAN programs
F77 [-C, -O] file . . .
Options:
-C creates object file suppressing loading
-O filename uses filename for file A.OUT
Example:
F77 PAYROLL.F compiles PAYROLL.F file, with the executable
code placed in A.OUT file
JOBS - will list stopped and background jobs
JOBS [-L]
Option:
-L gives long listing that includes process identification number (PID)
KILL - will terminate jobs
KILL [-9] job number or process ID
Option:
-9 this is a sure kill
Example:
KILL %3 or KILL 3492 kills job[3] or PID #3492
PC - compiles Pascal programs
PC [-C, -O] file . . .
Options:
-C creates object code file suppressing loading
-O filename uses filename for A.OUT
Example:
PC E911.P compiles E911.P file, with the executable code placed
in A.OUT file
PS - the Process Status Report
PS [A]
Option:
A displays PS information for all terminals
TEE - split output
TEE [-I, -A] file
Options:
-I ignores interrupts
-A sends output to the end of named file
Example:
LS -L /USR | TEE -A CLUTTER produces the long listing of the /USR
directory on the terminal and also appends
it to the end of the file CLUTTER
TIME - will time a command
TIME commandname
Example:
TIME CC TROJAN.C runs the command CC TROJAN.C and prints execution time
when finished
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Produced by: Frosty ---*
GCMS - MechWarriors
" Educating the Masses "
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Call these other fine BBS'
Temple of the Screaming Electron..........415-935-5845
Sirius Cybernetics Corporation............808-521-3306
The Hollow................................415-849-2688
And NUAs
Lutzifer.................................26245400080177
LINA.....................................22222800173
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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