449 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
449 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
UNIX
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~~~~
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Command Description
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~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
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awk Search for a pattern within a file. Includes
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a built-in programming language.
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bdiff Compares two large files.
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bfs Scans a large file.
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cal Displays a calendar.
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cat Concatenates and prints files.
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cc C compiler.
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cd Change directory.
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chgrp Changes a file's group ownership.
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chmod Changes a file's access permissions.
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chown Changes the individual ownership of a file.
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cmp Compares two files; diplays the location (line
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and byte) of the 1st difference between these.
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comm Compares two files so as to determine which
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lines are common to both.
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cp Copies a file to another location.
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cu Calls another UNIX system.
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date Returns the date and time.
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df Displays free space in the file system.
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diff Displays the differences between two files
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or directories.
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diff3 Displays the differences between three files
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or directories.
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du Reports on file system usage.
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echo Displays its argument.
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ed Text editor.
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ex Text editor.
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expr Evaluates its argument which is generally
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a mathematical formula.
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f77 FORTRAN compiler.
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find Locates the files w/ specified characteristics.
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format Initializes a floppy disk.
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grep Searches for a pattern within a file. (see awk)
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help Salvation.
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kill Ends a process.
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ln Used to link files.
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lpr Copies the file to the line printer.
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ls Displays info. about one or more files.
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mail Used to receive or deliver e-mail.
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mkdir Creates a new directory.
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more Displays a long file so that the user
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can scroll through it.
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mv Used to move or rename files.
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nroff Used to format text.
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ps Display a process's status.
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pwd Display the name of the working directory.
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rm Removes one or more files.
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rmdir Deletes one or more directories.
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sleep Causes a process to become inactive for a
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specified length of time.
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sort Sort and merge one or more files.
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spell Finds spelling errors in a file.
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split Divides a file.
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stty Display or set terminal parameters.
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tail Displays the end of a file.
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troff Outputs formatted output to a typesetter.
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tset Sets the terminal type.
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umask Allows the user to specify a new creation
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mask.
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uniq Compares 2 files. Finds and displays lines
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in one file that are unique.
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uucp UNIX-to-UNIX execute.
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vi Full screen editor.
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wc Displays details in the file size.
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who Info. on who else be online.
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write Used to send a message to another user.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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awk program filenames
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awk -f programfilenames filenames
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [awk] utility can be used to find any lines in a file which
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match a certain pattern; once found, these lines can be processed.
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In the first configuration, the program that [awk] is to
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execute is specified in the command line. In the second,
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the program is stored as the file given in programfilename.
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The -f option instructs [awk] to read this file.
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[bdiff] is used to compare files too large for [diff]. See
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[diff] for the format.
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bfs filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[bfs] is used to scan a large file to determine where to split
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it into smaller files.
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cal 01-12 (month) 0-9999 (year)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[cal] utility can be used to display a calendar of any year
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from 0 to 9999 AD, and any or all of the twelve months.
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cat filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[cat] can be used to examine a short file. See [more] for
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lengthier files.
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number[cc]
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~~~~~~~~~~
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The [cc] command changes the entire current line, or a group
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of lines starting with the current line. [number] represents
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the number of old lines to be deleted.
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cd directory name
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [cd] command causes the current working directory to be
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changed. The [directory name] can be either a full or partial
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path name.
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chgrp groupname filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This command changes the group ownership of a file.
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chmod {ugoa} {+-} {rwx}
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [chmod] utility changes a file's access permissions. [u]
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specifies the user or owner's login name, [g] specifies a group
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and [o] indicates all others. [a] indicates the user, group,
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and all others; c'est the default. [+] adds permission; [-]
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deletes it. [r] indicates read, [w] write, and [x] execute.
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chown individualname filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[chown] changes the individual ownership of a file (see chgrp).
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cmp filename1 filename2
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[cmp] is one of the four principle UNIX file comparison utilities.
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It compares 2 files, and returns the positions where they differ.
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comm -options filename1 filename2
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [comm] utility, in comparing two files, produces three
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columns of output. The first contains lines unique to the
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first file, the second, lines unique to the second, and the
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third column, lines common to both files. By placing the
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numbers [1], [2], and/or [3] in the [options] position, any
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one (or more) of these columns can be suppressed.
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cp sendingfile receivingfile
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [cp] command copies a file. [sendingfile] is the file to be
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copied, [receivingfile] is the file to which it is copied.
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diff [options] filename1 filename2
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Again, a file comparison utility. However, with [diff], the
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differences are displayed as instructions that can be used
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to edit the files so that they are identical.
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diff3 filename1 filename2 filename3
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Similar to [diff], [diff3] is unique in that it can compare
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three files. Gee.
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ed filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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One of the UNIX's three editing utilities, [ed] is a basic line
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editor. I'm sure there are other files that will explain how
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to use [ed]. Thus, I'll confine myself to a rough outline:
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e filename ........... edit a different file
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f filename ........... changes the currently specified file.
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h .................... provides explanation of errors.
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I
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text ................. inserts text before the current line.
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line,linel ........... lists the specified lines.
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line,linen ........... displays specified lines, preceded by
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their line numbers.
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q .................... exit from [ed]
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w .................... writes buffer to current filename.
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+ or - ............... +number of lines closer to end
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-number of lines closer to beginning.
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expr formula
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Utility which evaluates an expression.
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find directory searchcriteria parameter actioncriteria parameter
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [find] utility can be very useful indeed, especially when
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confronted by a UNIX with countless files. Basically, this
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command finds files which meet certain criteria, and then
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performs an operation (such as printing the files). Search
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criteria consists of the following:
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Criteria Parameter Description
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~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
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-name filename Files whose names match [filename]
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will meet this criteria.
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-type filetype Files whose type matches that specified
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[b] block special will meet criteria.
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[c] character spec. file
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[d] directory file
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[f] plain file
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-links +/- x Files with # of links indicated by
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+ or - x meet this criteria.
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-user login name Files belonging to user with given
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or user ID # login name or ID # meet criteria.
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-group group name Files belonging to group with given
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or group ID # group name or ID # meet this criteria.
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-size + or - x Files greater than +x bytes or less
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than -x bytes meet this criteria.
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-atime + or - x Files not accessed within +x days,
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accessed within -x days, or acc-
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essed x days ago meet criteria.
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-mtime + or - x Files NOT modified within +x days,
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modified within -x days, or modified
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x days ago will meet this criteria.
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-newer filename Files modified more recently than
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[filename] meet this criteria.
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Action Criteria " "
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~
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-print - When search criteria are met, path
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name of the file is displayed.
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-exec command{ }\; Executes given command when search
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criteria are met. { } indicates file-
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name, [\;] ends the command.
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-ok command{ }\; Exactly like -exec, except user is
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prompted [y] or [n] before command.
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grep -options searchstring filenames
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Another search command, this for a particular string of chars.
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ln original new
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[ln] establishes a file link. For this utility, [original] repre-
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sents the filename to be linked, [new] the filename of the new
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link to the original.
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[ls] provides directory information. [ls -l/] displays a more
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complete version of the info. list.
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mail username username
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This utility allows e-mail to be sent to other system users.
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mail
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~~~~
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Simply typing [mail] checks the user's own mailbox.
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When sending mail, several items must be set:
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~s text ............ sets the subject field
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~c user names ...... sends other users carbon copies of mail
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m user names ....... activates the compose mode, with the
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specified users as the message's recipients.
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~h ................. displays and allows editing of all headers.
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^D ................. ends message editing; sends mail.
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~r filename ........ places file in body of message (keen command)
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Reading One's Own Mail:
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h number or range ....... causes specified headers to be displayed
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p message # ............. displays entire message
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d number or range ....... deletes specified messages
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u number or range ....... undelete specified mail during SAME
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mail session (messages removed after q)
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q ....................... leave the post office
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mkdir directoryname
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[mkdir] allows creation of a subdirectory, for your dining
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enjoyment.
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more filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For longer files, [more] is a convenient utility. It will display
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the first screen of file data and then stop, allowing the user
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to control scrolling henceforth.
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mv oldfilename newfilename
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [mv] utility can be used simply to rename a file, or...
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mv filea fileb... directory
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[mv] can also be used to move files to a new directory, provided
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the directory exists, and you have write access to it.
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ps -options
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [ps] command, by itself, displays the status of each active
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process controlled by your terminal. This status report includes
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the Process Identification Number (PID), the terminal (TTY), the
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time the process has been executing (TIME), and the command line
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used to execute the process (CMD).
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[ps]'s three options include -a (displays info. on active processes
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controlled by any terminal), -x (info. on ALL active processes), and
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-l (an extensive status report on all active processes).
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pwd
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~~~
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[pwd] command displays the present working directory.
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rm filename
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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[rm] removes a file. More than one file can be specified.
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rmdir directoryname
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This utility removes a directory, an EMPTY directory (save the
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hidden files).
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sleep seconds
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [sleep] utility causes a process to become inactive for a
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certain period of time. Max. seconds is 65,536 (about 18 hrs).
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sort -options filenames
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[sort] merges and sorts files. Without options, [sort] orders
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files by the ASCII codes of the characters at the beginning
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of each line. Options include -b (leading blanks ignored), -d
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(only letters, digs, and blanks considered; "dictionary sort"),
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-f (case ignored), -n (numerical sort [for numerical data]), and
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-r (a reverse sort).
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split -size original resulting
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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[split] divides a large file into smaller ones. [size] refers to
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the number of lines the resulting files contain, [original] is
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the name of the orig. file, and [resulting] represents the
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prefix name assigned to the newly created files.
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umask ugo
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~~~~~~~~~
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[umask] changes the file CREATION mask (see [chmod] for already
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existing files). Here, [u] represents the owner's access
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permission, [g] the group's a.p., and [o] the a.p. for all others.
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[uucp] (UNIX to UNIX copy) can be used to send files to a
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remote UNIX, or retrieve files from the remote system.
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Other UNIX comm commands include [cu] (which establishes contact
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with another system), and [uux] (UNIX to UNIX execute; allows
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commands to be executed on a remote system).
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wc -options filenames
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The [wc] utility displays file-size information. This includes
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the number of lines, words, and characters. By chosing the
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-l, -w, or -c options, the information can be limited to only
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line, word, or character number.
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who
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~~~
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A very useful command (which some systems respond to even before
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a user is actually logged on), [who] displays a list of users
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currently online. This list includes the user's name, terminal
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device # (tty), and the log-in time. [who am i] displays info.
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only on the user who executed the command.
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