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*This is the Project Gutenberg Etext of The CIA World Factbook*
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THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1990
|
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ELECTRONIC VERSION
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The World Factbook is produced annually by the Central Intelligence
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Agency for the use of United States Government officials, and the style,
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format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific
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----------------------------------------------------
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Table of Contents
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Text (249 nations, dependent areas, and other entities)
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Afghanistan
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|
Albania
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Algeria
|
|
American Samoa
|
|
Andorra
|
|
Angola
|
|
Anguilla
|
|
Antarctica
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
Arctic Ocean
|
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Argentina
|
|
Aruba
|
|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Australia
|
|
Austria
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|
|
|
Bahamas, The
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Bahrain
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|
Baker Island
|
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Bangladesh
|
|
Barbados
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|
Bassas da India
|
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Belgium
|
|
Belize
|
|
Benin
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|
Bermuda
|
|
Bhutan
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|
Bolivia
|
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Botswana
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Bouvet Island
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Brazil
|
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British Indian Ocean Territory
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British Virgin Islands
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Brunei
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|
Bulgaria
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Burkina
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Burma
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Burundi
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Cambodia
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Cameroon
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Canada
|
|
Cape Verde
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Cayman Islands
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Central African Republic
|
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Chad
|
|
Chile
|
|
China (also see separate Taiwan entry)
|
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Christmas Island
|
|
Clipperton Island
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
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Colombia
|
|
Comoros
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|
Congo
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|
Cook Islands
|
|
Coral Sea Islands
|
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Costa Rica
|
|
Cuba
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
Czechoslovakia
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|
|
|
Denmark
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Djibouti
|
|
Dominica
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Dominican Republic
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|
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Ecuador
|
|
Egypt
|
|
El Salvador
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Ethiopia
|
|
Europa Island
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|
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Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
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|
Faroe Islands
|
|
Fiji
|
|
Finland
|
|
France
|
|
French Guiana
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|
French Polynesia
|
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French Southern and Antarctic Lands
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Gabon
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|
Gambia, The
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Gaza Strip
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German Democratic Republic
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(East Germany)
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Germany, Federal Republic of
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(West Germany)
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Ghana
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|
Gibraltar
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|
Glorioso Islands
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|
Greece
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Greenland
|
|
Grenada
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|
Guadeloupe
|
|
Guam
|
|
Guatemala
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|
Guernsey
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|
Guinea
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|
Guinea-Bissau
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|
Guyana
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|
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Haiti
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|
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
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|
Honduras
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|
Hong Kong
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|
Howland Island
|
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Hungary
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|
|
|
Iceland
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|
India
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|
Indian Ocean
|
|
Indonesia
|
|
Iran
|
|
Iraq
|
|
Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone
|
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Ireland
|
|
Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries)
|
|
Italy
|
|
Ivory Coast
|
|
|
|
Jamaica
|
|
Jan Mayen
|
|
Japan
|
|
Jarvis Island
|
|
Jersey
|
|
Johnston Atoll
|
|
Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry)
|
|
Juan de Nova Island
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|
|
Kenya
|
|
Kingman Reef
|
|
Kiribati
|
|
Korea, North
|
|
Korea, South
|
|
Kuwait
|
|
|
|
Laos
|
|
Lebanon
|
|
Lesotho
|
|
Liberia
|
|
Libya
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
|
Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Macau
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
Malawi
|
|
Malaysia
|
|
Maldives
|
|
Mali
|
|
Malta
|
|
Man, Isle of
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|
Marshall Islands
|
|
Martinique
|
|
Mauritania
|
|
Mauritius
|
|
Mayotte
|
|
Mexico
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Midway Islands
|
|
Monaco
|
|
Mongolia
|
|
Montserrat
|
|
Morocco
|
|
Mozambique
|
|
|
|
Namibia
|
|
Nauru
|
|
Navassa Island
|
|
Nepal
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
|
New Caledonia
|
|
New Zealand
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
Niger
|
|
Nigeria
|
|
Niue
|
|
Norfolk Island
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Norway
|
|
|
|
Oman
|
|
|
|
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
(Palau)
|
|
Pacific Ocean
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
Palmyra Atoll
|
|
Panama
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
Paracel Islands
|
|
Paraguay
|
|
Peru
|
|
Philippines
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
|
Poland
|
|
Portugal
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
Qatar
|
|
|
|
Reunion
|
|
Romania
|
|
Rwanda
|
|
|
|
St. Helena
|
|
St. Kitts and Nevis
|
|
St. Lucia
|
|
St. Pierre and Miquelon
|
|
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
Senegal
|
|
Seychelles
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
Singapore
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
Somalia
|
|
South Africa
|
|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Spain
|
|
Spratly Islands
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
Sudan
|
|
Suriname
|
|
Svalbard
|
|
Swaziland
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Syria
|
|
|
|
Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe
|
|
Tanzania
|
|
Thailand
|
|
Togo
|
|
Tokelau
|
|
Tonga
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Tromelin Island
|
|
Tunisia
|
|
Turkey
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Tuvalu
|
|
|
|
Uganda
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
United States
|
|
Uruguay
|
|
|
|
Vanuatu
|
|
Vatican City
|
|
Venezuela
|
|
Vietnam
|
|
Virgin Islands
|
|
|
|
Wake Island
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
|
West Bank
|
|
Western Sahara
|
|
Western Samoa
|
|
World
|
|
|
|
Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
{Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen}
|
|
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
{Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
Zaire
|
|
Zambia
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
Taiwan
|
|
|
|
Appendix A: The United Nations System
|
|
Appendix B: International Organizations
|
|
Appendix C: Country Membership in International Organizations
|
|
Appendix D: Weights and Measures
|
|
Appendix E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
|
|
|
|
Note: all maps will be available only in the printed version for the
|
|
foreseeable future
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
There have been some significant changes in this edition. In the
|
|
Government section the former Branches entry has been replaced by
|
|
three entries--Executive branch, Legislative branch, and Judicial
|
|
branch. The Leaders entry now has subentries for Chief of State,
|
|
Head of Government, and their deputies. The Elections entry has
|
|
been completely redone with information for each branch of the
|
|
national government, including the date for the last election, the
|
|
date for the next election, results (percent of vote by candidate or
|
|
party), and current distribution of seats by party. In the Economy
|
|
section there is a new entry on Illicit drugs.
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations)
|
|
|
|
avdp. avoirdupois
|
|
c.i.f. cost, insurance, and freight
|
|
CY calendar year
|
|
DWT deadweight ton
|
|
est. estimate
|
|
Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States
|
|
f.o.b. free on board
|
|
FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
|
|
FY fiscal year
|
|
GDP gross domestic product
|
|
GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
|
|
GNP gross national product
|
|
GRT gross register ton
|
|
km kilometer
|
|
km2 square kilometer
|
|
kW kilowatt
|
|
kWh kilowatt-hour
|
|
m meter
|
|
NA not available
|
|
NEGL negligible
|
|
nm nautical mile
|
|
NZ New Zealand
|
|
ODA official development assistance
|
|
OOF other official flows
|
|
PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen
|
|
(Aden) or South Yemen}
|
|
UAE United Arab Emirates
|
|
UK United Kingdom
|
|
US United States
|
|
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
|
|
YAR Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen}
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and
|
|
first-order administrative divisions are generally those approved by the
|
|
United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) as of 5 April 1990. Changes
|
|
that have been reported but not yet acted upon by BGN are noted.
|
|
|
|
Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited
|
|
by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the
|
|
aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or
|
|
coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).
|
|
Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Most entities
|
|
are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller
|
|
entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or
|
|
The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, 0.23 miles2, 146 acres).
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year
|
|
per 1,000 population at midyear. Also known as crude birth rate.
|
|
|
|
Contributors: Information was provided by the Bureau of the
|
|
Census (Department of Commerce), Central Intelligence Agency,
|
|
Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of
|
|
State, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Navy Operational
|
|
Intelligence Center and Maritime Administration (merchant marine data),
|
|
Office of Territorial and International Affairs (Department of the
|
|
Interior), United States Board on Geographic Names, United States
|
|
Coast Guard, and others.
|
|
|
|
Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1
|
|
January 1990 was used in the preparation of this edition. Population
|
|
figures are estimates for 1 July 1990, with population growth rates
|
|
estimated for mid-1990 through mid-1991. Major political events have
|
|
been updated through 30 March 1990. Military age figures are average
|
|
annual estimates for 1990-94.
|
|
|
|
Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year
|
|
per l,000 population at midyear. Also known as crude death rate.
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic
|
|
relations with 162 nations. There are only 144 US embassies, since some
|
|
nations have US ambassadors accredited to them, but no physical US
|
|
mission exists. The US has diplomatic relations with 149 of the 159 UN
|
|
members--the exceptions are Albania, Angola, Byelorussia (constituent
|
|
republic of the Soviet Union), Cambodia, Cuba, Iran, Vietnam, People's
|
|
Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}, Ukraine
|
|
(constituent republic of the Soviet Union) and, obviously, the US itself.
|
|
In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 13 nations that are not
|
|
in the UN--Andorra, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati,
|
|
Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Korea,
|
|
Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Vatican City. North Korea is not in
|
|
the UN and the US does not have diplomatic relations with that nation.
|
|
The US has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and
|
|
Lithuania into the Soviet Union and continues to accredit the diplomatic
|
|
representatives of their last free governments.
|
|
|
|
Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations
|
|
that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral
|
|
claims of one sort or another. Every international land boundary
|
|
dispute in the "Guide to International Boundaries," a map published
|
|
by the Department of State, is included. References to other situations
|
|
may also be included that are border- or frontier-relevant, such as
|
|
maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues.
|
|
However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance
|
|
or recognition by the US Government.
|
|
|
|
Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special
|
|
sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not
|
|
independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US
|
|
Government. Nation refers to a people politically organized into a
|
|
sovereign state with a definite territory. Dependent area refers to a
|
|
broad category of political entities that are associated in some way
|
|
with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-form
|
|
names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The
|
|
long-form name is included in the Government section and an entry
|
|
of "none" indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some
|
|
instances, no short-form name exists--then the long-form name must
|
|
serve for all usages.
|
|
|
|
There are 249 entities in the Factbook that may be categorized as
|
|
follows:
|
|
|
|
NATIONS
|
|
157 UN members (there are 159 members in the UN, but only 157 are
|
|
included in The World Factbook because Byelorussia and Ukraine are
|
|
constituent republics of the Soviet Union)
|
|
15 nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Federated States of
|
|
Micronesia, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco,
|
|
Namibia, Nauru, North Korea, San Marino, South Korea, Switzerland,
|
|
Tonga, Tuvalu, Vatican City
|
|
|
|
OTHER
|
|
1 Taiwan
|
|
|
|
DEPENDENT AREAS
|
|
6 Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island,
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and
|
|
McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
|
|
2 Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland
|
|
16 France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island,
|
|
French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
|
|
Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island,
|
|
Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, St. Pierre and
|
|
Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
|
|
2 Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
|
|
3 New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
|
|
3 Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
|
|
1 Portugal--Macau
|
|
16 United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
|
|
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands,
|
|
Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat,
|
|
Pitcairn Islands, St. Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich
|
|
Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
15 United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
|
|
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands,
|
|
Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll,
|
|
Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau),
|
|
Virgin Islands, Wake Island
|
|
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS
|
|
7 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone,
|
|
Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara
|
|
|
|
OTHER ENTITIES
|
|
4 oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean
|
|
1 World
|
|
===
|
|
249 total
|
|
|
|
Notes: The US Government has not recognized the incorporation of
|
|
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union as constituent
|
|
republics during World War II. Those Baltic states are not members of the
|
|
UN and are not included in the list of nations. The US Government does
|
|
not recognize the four so-called "independent" homelands of
|
|
Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa.
|
|
|
|
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and
|
|
services produced domestically.
|
|
|
|
Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and
|
|
services produced domestically, plus income earned abroad, minus
|
|
income earned by foreigners from domestic production.
|
|
|
|
GNP/GDP methodology: GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the OECD
|
|
countries, the USSR, Eastern Europe, and a portion of the developing
|
|
countries, are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP)
|
|
calculations rather than from conversions at official currency exchange
|
|
rates. The PPP methods involve the use of average price weights,
|
|
which lie between the weights of the domestic and foreign price systems;
|
|
using these weights, US $100 converted into German marks by a PPP
|
|
method will buy an equal amount of goods and services in both the US
|
|
and Germany. One caution: the proportion of, say, military expenditures
|
|
as a percent of GNP/GDP in local currency accounts may differ
|
|
substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP is expressed in PPP dollar
|
|
terms, as, for example, when an observer estimates the dollar level of
|
|
Soviet or Japanese military expenditures. Similarly, dollar figures for
|
|
exports and imports reflect the price patterns of international
|
|
markets rather than PPP price patterns.
|
|
|
|
Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the
|
|
population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over
|
|
deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country.
|
|
The rate may be positive or negative.
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit
|
|
drugs--narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens,
|
|
and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and
|
|
prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold
|
|
outside medical channels.
|
|
|
|
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, provides
|
|
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot,
|
|
Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol),
|
|
hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).
|
|
|
|
Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush and the leaves contain the stimulant
|
|
cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa which comes from cacao
|
|
seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.
|
|
|
|
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.
|
|
|
|
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and
|
|
include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal,
|
|
phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone
|
|
(Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl,
|
|
Valmid).
|
|
|
|
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental,
|
|
emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.
|
|
|
|
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that
|
|
results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an
|
|
individual.
|
|
|
|
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking,
|
|
self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot),
|
|
mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA,
|
|
STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues
|
|
(PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn).
|
|
|
|
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant
|
|
(Cannabis sativa).
|
|
|
|
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
|
|
|
|
Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant
|
|
(Cannabis sativa).
|
|
|
|
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to
|
|
opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics
|
|
include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol),
|
|
codeine (Tylenol w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and
|
|
thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and
|
|
hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or
|
|
Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and
|
|
others (Darvon, Lomotil).
|
|
|
|
Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the
|
|
opium poppy.
|
|
|
|
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and
|
|
semisynthetic narcotics.
|
|
|
|
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried
|
|
opium poppy.
|
|
|
|
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis
|
|
that is chewed or drunk as tea.
|
|
|
|
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and
|
|
activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn,
|
|
Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and
|
|
others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one
|
|
year of age in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same
|
|
year.
|
|
|
|
Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as
|
|
arable land--land cultivated for crops that are replanted after
|
|
each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); permanent crops--land
|
|
cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest
|
|
(citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures--land permanently
|
|
used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland--land under
|
|
dense or open stands of trees; and other--any land type not
|
|
specifically mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The
|
|
percentage figure for irrigated refers to the portion of the entire
|
|
amount of land area that is artificially supplied with water.
|
|
|
|
Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country
|
|
who represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not
|
|
involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head
|
|
of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day
|
|
activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief
|
|
of state and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US,
|
|
the President is both the chief of state and the head of government.
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived
|
|
by a group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each
|
|
age remains constant in the future.
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent
|
|
some national claims from being fully extended.
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All
|
|
commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which
|
|
excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. Also, a
|
|
grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register.
|
|
|
|
Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory,
|
|
possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships
|
|
owned in the parent country. Also referred to as an offshore register,
|
|
the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive
|
|
register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local
|
|
variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation
|
|
rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive
|
|
register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent
|
|
country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned
|
|
abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience
|
|
register, except that it is not the register of an independent state.
|
|
|
|
Flag of convenience register--A national register offering
|
|
registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major
|
|
flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue
|
|
of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal
|
|
manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having
|
|
relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag
|
|
state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a
|
|
given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority
|
|
of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an
|
|
open register.
|
|
|
|
Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which
|
|
holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home
|
|
or abroad. Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine
|
|
how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be
|
|
placed on the register.
|
|
|
|
Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of
|
|
a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national
|
|
flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of
|
|
maritime rules from those on the main national register. These
|
|
differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by
|
|
foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state
|
|
(when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International
|
|
Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most
|
|
notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental
|
|
in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in
|
|
attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags.
|
|
|
|
Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of
|
|
freight. Commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately
|
|
restricted to commercial vessels only.
|
|
|
|
Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as
|
|
listed with the maritime authorities of a country. Also, the
|
|
compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of
|
|
a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws
|
|
of the country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the
|
|
nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.
|
|
|
|
Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars
|
|
unless otherwise indicated.
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons
|
|
entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons
|
|
(based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the
|
|
country is referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000
|
|
population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net
|
|
emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).
|
|
|
|
Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census
|
|
based on statistics from population censuses, vital registration
|
|
systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on
|
|
assumptions about future trends.
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would
|
|
be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing
|
|
years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age.
|
|
|
|
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless
|
|
indicated as fiscal year (FY).
|
|
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1990
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Country: Afghanistan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 647,500 km2; land area: 647,500 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,826 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km,
|
|
Pakistan 2,430 km, USSR 2,384 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Pashtun question with Pakistan; Baloch question with Iran
|
|
and Pakistan; periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights;
|
|
insurgency with Iranian and Pakistani involvement; traditional tribal
|
|
rivalries
|
|
|
|
Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites,
|
|
sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
|
|
|
|
Land use: 12% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 46% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 39% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains;
|
|
soil degradation, desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 15,862,293 (July 1990), growth rate 7.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 51 migrants/1,000 population (1990);
|
|
note--there are flows across the border in both directions, but data are
|
|
fragmentary and unreliable
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 47 years male, 46 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Afghan(s); adjective--Afghan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 12-15% Hazara; minor
|
|
ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others
|
|
|
|
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shia Muslim, 11% other
|
|
|
|
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages
|
|
(primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily
|
|
Balochi and Pashai); much bilingualism
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 12%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,980,000; 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry,
|
|
10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 10.7% services and other
|
|
(1980 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: some small government-controlled unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Afghanistan
|
|
|
|
Type: authoritarian
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kabul
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular--velayat);
|
|
Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah,
|
|
Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol,
|
|
Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar,
|
|
Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika,
|
|
Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol;
|
|
note--there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: adopted 30 November 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Saur Revolution, 27 April (1978)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, four vice presidents, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Meli Shura) consists of
|
|
an upper house or Senate (Sena) and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
(Wolasi Jirgah)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President (Mohammad)
|
|
NAJIBULLAH (Ahmadzai) (since 30 November 1987); Chairman of the Council
|
|
of Ministers Executive Committee Soltan Ali KESHTMAND (since 21
|
|
February 1989); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 May 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--the People's Democratic
|
|
Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) has two factions--the Parchami faction
|
|
has been in power since December 1979 and members of the deposed Khalqi
|
|
faction continue to hold some important posts mostly in the military and
|
|
Ministry of Interior; nonparty figures hold some posts
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal, male ages 15-50
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--last held NA April 1988 (next to be held April 1991);
|
|
results--PDPA is the only party;
|
|
seats--(192 total, 115 elected) PDPA 115;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held NA April 1988 (next to be held
|
|
April 1993);
|
|
results--PDPA is the only party;
|
|
seats--(234 total) PDPA 184, 50 seats reserved for opposition
|
|
|
|
Communists: the PDPA claims 200,000 members (1988)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: the military and other branches of
|
|
internal security have been rebuilt by the USSR; insurgency continues
|
|
throughout the country; widespread anti-Soviet and antiregime sentiment
|
|
and opposition on religious and political grounds
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from OIC in January 1980
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires MIAGOL;
|
|
Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 234-3770 or 3771; US--Charge d'Affaires (vacant);
|
|
Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul; telephone 62230 through
|
|
62235 or 62436; note--US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with the
|
|
national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red bands;
|
|
similar to the flag of Malawi which is shorter and bears a radiant, rising, red
|
|
sun centered in the black band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked
|
|
country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock
|
|
raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations, however, have played
|
|
second fiddle to political and military upheavals, including the nine-year
|
|
Soviet military occupation (ended 15 February 1989) and the continuing
|
|
bloody civil war. Over the past decade, one-third of the population has
|
|
fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering some 3 million refugees
|
|
and Iran perhaps 2 million. Another 1 million have probably
|
|
moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Large numbers
|
|
of bridges, buildings, and factories have been destroyed or
|
|
damaged by military action or sabotage. Government claims
|
|
to the contrary, gross domestic product almost certainly is
|
|
lower than 10 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital
|
|
and the disruption of trade and transport. Official claims indicate
|
|
that agriculture grew by 0.7% and industry by 3.5% in 1988.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 50% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $646.7 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $370.2 million (FY87 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $512 million (f.o.b., FY88);
|
|
commodities--natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets,
|
|
wool, cotton, hides, and pelts;
|
|
partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe
|
|
|
|
Imports: $996 million (c.i.f., FY88);
|
|
commodities--food and petroleum products;
|
|
partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.2% (FY89 plan)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 480,000 kW capacity; 1,470 million kWh produced,
|
|
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes,
|
|
fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry;
|
|
cash products--wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis
|
|
for the international drug trade; world's second largest opium producer
|
|
(after Burma) and a major source of hashish
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $265 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $419 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$4.1 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: afghani (plural--afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1--50.6 (fixed rate since
|
|
1982)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (USSR) to
|
|
Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (USSR) to Kheyrabad transshipment
|
|
point on south bank of Amu Darya
|
|
|
|
Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km
|
|
bituminous-treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and
|
|
tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which
|
|
handles steamers up to about 500 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: petroleum, oil, and lubricants pipelines--USSR
|
|
to Bagram and USSR to Shindand; natural gas, 180 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 TU-154, 2 Boeing 727, assorted smaller transports
|
|
|
|
Airports: 38 total, 34 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast
|
|
services; television introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; stations--5 AM,
|
|
no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Armed Forces (Army; Air and Air Defense Forces); Border
|
|
Guard Forces; National Police Force (Sarandoi); Ministry of
|
|
State Security (WAD); Tribal Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,880,124; 2,080,725 fit for
|
|
military service; 168,021 reach military age (22) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 9.1% of GDP (1984)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Albania
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 28,750 km2; land area: 27,400 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 768 km total; Greece 282 km, Yugoslavia 486 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 362 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specified;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 15 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Kosovo question with Yugoslavia; Northern Epirus question
|
|
with Greece
|
|
|
|
Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
|
|
summers; interior is cooler and wetter
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium,
|
|
copper, timber, nickel
|
|
|
|
Land use: 21% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 15% meadows and pastures;
|
|
38% forest and woodland; 22% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along
|
|
southwestern coast; deforestation seems to be slowing
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links
|
|
Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,273,131 (July 1990), growth rate 1.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Albanian(s); adjective--Albanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs,
|
|
Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state; all
|
|
churches and mosques were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited;
|
|
pre-1967 estimates of religious affiliation--70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox,
|
|
10% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 75%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,500,000 (1987); about 60% agriculture, 40% industry and
|
|
commerce (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Central Council of Albanian Trade Unions, 610,000
|
|
members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state (Stalinist)
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tirane
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 26 districts (rrethe, singular--rreth);
|
|
Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje,
|
|
Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite,
|
|
Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane,
|
|
Tropoje, Vlore
|
|
|
|
Independence: 28 November 1912 (from Turkey); People's Socialist
|
|
Republic of Albania declared 11 January 1946
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 27 December 1976
|
|
|
|
Legal system: judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium
|
|
of the People's Assembly, which is not a true court; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November (1944)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president of the Presidium of the People's Assembly,
|
|
three vice presidents, Presidium of the People's Assembly; chairman of the
|
|
Council of Ministers, three deputy chairmen, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Ramiz
|
|
ALIA (since 22 November 1982);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adil CARCANI
|
|
(since 14 January 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Albanian Workers Party,
|
|
Ramiz Alia, first secretary
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 19 February 1987 (next to be held
|
|
February 1991);
|
|
results--President Ramiz Alia was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
People's Assembly--last held 1 February 1987 (next to be held
|
|
February 1991);
|
|
results--Albanian Workers Party is the only party;
|
|
seats--(250 total) Albanian Workers Party 250
|
|
|
|
Communists: 147,000 party members (November 1986)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA (has not participated since rift with USSR
|
|
in 1961), FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none--the US does not recognize the Albanian
|
|
Government and has no diplomatic or consular relations with Albania; there is
|
|
no third-power representation of Albanian interests in the US or of US
|
|
interests in Albania
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center below a red
|
|
five-pointed star outlined in yellow
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: As the poorest country in Europe, Albania's development
|
|
lags behind even the least favored areas of the Yugoslav economy.
|
|
The Stalinist-type economy operates on the principles of central
|
|
planning and state ownership of the means of production. In recent years
|
|
Albania has implemented limited economic reforms to stimulate its lagging
|
|
economy, although they do not go nearly so far as current reforms
|
|
in the USSR and Eastern Europe. Attempts at self-reliance and a
|
|
policy of not borrowing from international
|
|
lenders--sometimes overlooked in recent years--have greatly hindered the
|
|
development of a broad economic infrastructure. Albania, however,
|
|
possesses considerable mineral resources and is largely self-sufficient
|
|
in food. Numerical estimates of Albanian economic activity are
|
|
subject to an especially wide margin of error because the government
|
|
is isolated and closemouthed.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $3.8 billion, per capita $1,200; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $378 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.); commodities--asphalt,
|
|
bitumen, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, oil,
|
|
vegetables, fruits, tobacco; partners--Italy, Yugoslavia, FRG,
|
|
Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary
|
|
|
|
Imports: $255 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.); commodities--machinery,
|
|
machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
|
|
partners--Italy, Yugoslavia, FRG, Czechoslovakia, Romania,
|
|
Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, GDR
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,630,000 kW capacity; 4,725 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,440 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber,
|
|
oil, cement, chemicals, basic metals, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; one-half of
|
|
work force engaged in farming; produces wide range of temperate-zone crops
|
|
and livestock; claims self-sufficiency in grain output
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: lek (plural--leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: leke (L) per US$1--8.00 (noncommercial fixed rate
|
|
since 1986), 4.14 (commercial fixed rate since 1987)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and
|
|
34 km narrow gauge, single track (1988); line connecting Titograd (Yugoslavia)
|
|
and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986
|
|
|
|
Highways: 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highway and roads, 10,000 km forest
|
|
and agricultural
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake
|
|
Ohrid, and Lake Prespa
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 145 km; refined products, 55 km; natural gas, 64 km
|
|
(1988)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Durres, Sarande, Vlore
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/75,993
|
|
DWT; includes 11 cargo
|
|
|
|
Airports: 12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; more than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--17 AM, 5 FM, 9 TV; 52,000 TV sets;
|
|
210,000 radios
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Albanian People's Army, Frontier Troops, Interior Troops,
|
|
Albanian Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 882,965; 729,635 fit for military
|
|
service; 33,598 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.1 billion leks, 11.3% of total budget (FY88);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Algeria
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,381,740 km2; land area: 2,381,740 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km,
|
|
Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km,
|
|
Western Sahara 42 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 998 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria
|
|
|
|
Climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along
|
|
coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is
|
|
a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow,
|
|
discontinuous coastal plain
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates,
|
|
uranium, lead, zinc
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 2% forest and woodland; 82% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: second largest country in Africa (after Sudan)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 25,566,507 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 64 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Algerian(s); adjective--Algerian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berber, less than 1% European
|
|
|
|
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion); 1% Christian and Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 52%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,700,000; 40% industry and commerce, 24% agriculture,
|
|
17% government, 10% services (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian
|
|
Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the
|
|
National Liberation Front
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Algiers
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (wilayat, singular--wilaya); Adrar,
|
|
Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bouira, Constantine,
|
|
Djelfa, El Asnam, Guelma, Jijel, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mostaganem,
|
|
M'sila, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda,
|
|
Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen; note--there may now be 48
|
|
provinces with El Asnam abolished, and the addition of 18 new provinces named
|
|
Ain Delfa, Ain Temouchent, Bordjbou, Boumerdes, Chlef, El Bayadh, El Oued,
|
|
El Tarf, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Mila, Naama, Relizane, Souk Ahras, Tindouf,
|
|
Tipaza, Tissemsilt
|
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Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France)
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Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976
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Legal system: socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review
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of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public
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officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory
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ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
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(cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assemblee
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Nationale Populaire)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Chadli BENDJEDID (since 7 February 1979);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Mouloud HAMROUCHE (since 9 September
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1989)
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Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN),
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Col. Chadli Bendjedid, chairman; Abdelhamid Mehri, secretary general;
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the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and
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as of 1 February 1990 19 legal parties existed
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held on 22 December 1988 (next to be held December
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1993); results--President Bendjedid was reelected without opposition;
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People's National Assembly--last held on 26 February 1987 (next
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to be held by February 1992);
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results--FLN was the only party;
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seats--(281 total) FLN 281; note--the government has promised
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to hold multiparty elections (municipal and wilaya) in June
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1990, the first in Algerian history
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Communists: 400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962
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Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT
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(de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
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IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN,
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UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID;
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Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 328-5300;
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US--Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir
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Brahimi, Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers);
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telephone p213o (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; there is a US Consulate in Oran
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Flag: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white
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with a red five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent,
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star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state
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religion)
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- Economy
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Overview: The exploitation of oil and natural gas products forms the
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backbone of the economy. Algeria depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its
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export receipts, about 30% of government revenues, and nearly 25%
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of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in oil prices led to a booming economy
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that helped to finance an ambitious program of industrialization. Plunging oil
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and gas prices, combined with the mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized
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economy, have brought the nation to its most serious social and economic crisis
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since independence. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including
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giving public sector companies more autonomy, encouraging private-sector
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activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and a major overhaul
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of the banking and financial systems. In 1988 the government started to
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implement a new economic policy to dismantle large state farms into
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privately operated units.
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GDP: $54.1 billion, per capita $2,235; real growth rate - 1.8%
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(1988)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.9% (1988)
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Unemployment rate: 19% (1988)
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Budget: revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $8.0 billion (1988)
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Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--petroleum and natural gas 98%;
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partners--Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US
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Imports: $7.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--capital goods 35%, consumer goods 36%, food 20%;
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partners--France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7%
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External debt: $26.2 billion (December 1989)
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Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (1986)
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Electricity: 4,333,000 kW capacity; 14,370 million kWh produced,
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580 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical,
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petrochemical, food processing
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Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force;
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net importer of food--grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production
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includes wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.2 billion;
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OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
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$2.7 billion
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Currency: Algerian dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Algerian dinar
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(DA) = 100 centimes
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Exchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1--8.0086 (January
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1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987), 4.7023 (1986), 5.0278 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Railroads: 4,146 km total; 2,632 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,258 km
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1.055-meter gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double
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track
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Highways: 80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km
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gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth
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Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined products, 298 km; natural gas,
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2,948 km
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Ports: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, Mostaganem,
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Oran, Skikda
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Merchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 900,957
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GRT/1,063,994 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 27 cargo, 2 vehicle carrier,
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10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
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9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo
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Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 147 total, 136 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,660 m; 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 68 with runways
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1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service in the
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north, sparse in the south; 693,000 telephones; stations--26 AM, no FM, 113 TV;
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1,550,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 receiver sets; 6 submarine cables; coaxial cable or
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radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; satellite earth
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stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik,
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1 ARABSAT, and 15 domestic
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,886,334; 3,638,458 fit for military
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service; 293,476 reach military age (19) annually
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Defense expenditures: 1.8% of GDP, or $974 million (1989 est.)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: American Samoa
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(territory of the US)
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- Geography
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Total area: 199 km2; land area: 199 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 116 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
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annual rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April,
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dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
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Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal
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plains, two coral atolls
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Natural resources: pumice and pumicite
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Land use: 10% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
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75% forest and woodland; 10% other
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Environment: typhoons common from December to March
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Note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in
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the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by
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peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km
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south-southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between
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Hawaii and New Zealand
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- People
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Population: 41,840 (July 1990), growth rate 2.9% (1990)
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Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 8 immigrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--American Samoan(s); adjective--American Samoan
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Ethnic divisions: 90% Samoan (Polynesian), 2% Caucasian, 2% Tongan,
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6% other
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Religion: about 50% Christian Congregationalist, 20% Roman Catholic,
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30% mostly Protestant denominations and other
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Language: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian
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languages) and English; most people are bilingual
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Literacy: 99%
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Labor force: 10,000; 48% government, 33% tuna canneries, 19% other
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(1986 est.)
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Organized labor: NA
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Note: about 65,000 American Samoans live in the States of
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California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii
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- Government
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Long-form name: Territory of American Samoa
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Type: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US
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Capital: Pago Pago
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Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
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Independence: none (territory of the US)
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Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
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National holiday: Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
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Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor
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Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature (Fono) consists of an upper
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house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
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Judicial branch: High Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
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Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
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Head of Government--Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20
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January 1989);
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Lieutenant Governor Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989)
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Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals,
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not US citizens
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Elections:
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Governor--last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November
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1992); results--Peter T. Coleman was elected (percent of vote NA);
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Senate--last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November
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1992);
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results--senators elected by county councils from 12 senate
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districts;
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seats--(18 total) number of seats by party NA;
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House of Representatives--last held 7 November 1988 (next to be
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held November 1990);
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results--representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts;
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seats--(21 total, 20 elected and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's
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Island);
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US House of Representatives--last held 19 November 1988 (next
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to be held November 1990);
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results--Eni R. F. H. Faleomavaega elected as a nonvoting delegate
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Communists: none
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Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
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Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly
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side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying
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toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority,
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a staff and a war club
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Note: administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of
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Territorial and International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US
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nationals, not citizens of the US
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- Economy
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Overview: Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with
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which American Samoa does 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna
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processing plants are the backbone of the private sector economy, with canned
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tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries are the second-largest
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employer, exceeded only by the government. Other economic activities include
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meat canning, handicrafts, dairy farming, and a slowly developing tourist
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industry. Tropical agricultural production provides little surplus for export.
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GNP: $190 million, per capita $5,210; real growth rate NA% (1985)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: 13.4% (1986)
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Budget: revenues $90.3 million; expenditures $93.15 million, including
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capital expenditures of $4.9 million (1988)
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Exports: $288 million (f.o.b., 1987);
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commodities--canned tuna 93%;
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partners--US 99.6%
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Imports: $346 million (c.i.f., 1987);
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commodities--building materials 18%, food 17%, petroleum
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products 14%;
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partners--US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9%
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External debt: $NA
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced,
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1,720 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies
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of raw tuna)
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Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams,
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copra, pineapples, papayas
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Aid: $20.1 million in operational funds and $5.8 million in construction
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funds for capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1989)
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Currency: US currency is used
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Exchange rates: US currency is used
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Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
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- Communications
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Railroads: small marine railroad in Pago Pago harbor
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Highways: 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved
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Ports: Pago Pago, Ta'u
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Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m
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(international airport at Tafuna, near Pago Pago); small airstrips on
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Ta'u and Ofu
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Telecommunications: 6,500 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; good
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telex, telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
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station
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- Defense Forces
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Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Andorra
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- Geography
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Total area: 450 km2; land area: 450 km2
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Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: 125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers
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Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
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Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber,
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iron ore, lead
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Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 56% meadows and pastures;
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22% forest and woodland; 20% other
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Environment: deforestation, overgrazing
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Note: landlocked
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- People
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Population: 51,895 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
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Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 18 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Andorran(s); adjective--Andorran
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Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3%
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other
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Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
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Language: Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian
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Literacy: 100%
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Labor force: NA
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Organized labor: none
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- Government
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Long-form name: Principality of Andorra
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Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of
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France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by
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officials called verguers
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Capital: Andorra la Vella
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Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies,
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singular--parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana,
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Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria
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Independence: 1278
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Constitution: none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage
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Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review
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of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September
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Executive branch: two co-princes (president of France, bishop of
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Seo de Urgel in Spain), two designated representatives (French veguer,
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Episcopal veguer), two permanent delegates (French prefect for the department
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of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese),
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president of government, Executive Council
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Legislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell
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General de las Valls)
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Judicial branch: civil cases--Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan
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(France) or the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain);
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criminal cases--Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes)
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Leaders:
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Chiefs of State--French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May
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1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Louis DEBLE; Spanish Episcopal
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Co-Prince Mgr. Joan MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented
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by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Batalla;
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Head of Government--Josep PINTAT Solans (since NA 1984)
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Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally
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recognized; traditionally no political parties but partisans for
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particular independent candidates for the General Council on the basis of
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competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small
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pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party, Andorran
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Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 and reorganized in 1979 as
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Andorran Democratic Party
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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General Council of the Valleys--last held 11 December 1989
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(next to be held December 1993);
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results--percent of vote NA;
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seats--(28 total) number of seats by party NA
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Communists: negligible
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Member of: CCC, UNESCO
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Diplomatic representation: Andorra has no mission in the US;
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US--includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District and
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the US Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Ruth A. DAVIS;
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Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, Barcelona 3, Spain (mailing
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address APO NY 09286); telephone p34o (3) 319-9550
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red
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with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms
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features a quartered shield; similar to the flag of Chad which does not have a
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national coat of arms in the center; also similar to the flag of Romania which
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has a national coat of arms featuring a mountain landscape below a red
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five-pointed star and the words REPUBLICA SOCIALISTA ROMANIA at the bottom
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- Economy
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Overview: The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated
|
|
12 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free
|
|
status and by its summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited
|
|
by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The
|
|
principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of
|
|
cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic
|
|
integration is a potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its
|
|
duty-free status.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986);
|
|
commodities--electricity; partners--France, Spain
|
|
|
|
Imports: $531 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--France, Spain
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,800 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco,
|
|
smuggling, banking
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat,
|
|
barley, oats, and some vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs) and Spanish peseta
|
|
(plural--pesetas); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta
|
|
(Pta) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985);
|
|
Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--109.69 (January 1990), 118.38 (1989),
|
|
116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05 (1986), 170.04 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 96 km
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: international digital microwave network; international
|
|
landline circuits to France and Spain; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700
|
|
telephones
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Angola
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,246,700 km2; land area: 1,246,700 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km,
|
|
Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,600 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 20 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975
|
|
|
|
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,
|
|
dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper,
|
|
feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 23% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 43% forest and woodland; 32% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,534,483 (July 1990), growth rate 2.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 158 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 46 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 37% Ovimbundu, 25% Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico,
|
|
1% European
|
|
|
|
Religion: 47% indigenous beliefs, 38% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant
|
|
(est.)
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 41%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active; 85% agriculture, 15% industry
|
|
(1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Republic of Angola
|
|
|
|
Type: Marxist people's republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Luanda
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias,
|
|
singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango,
|
|
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte,
|
|
Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
|
|
|
|
Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978 and 11 August 1980
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law, but
|
|
being modified along socialist lines
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos
|
|
SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Popular Movement for the
|
|
Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), Jose Eduardo
|
|
dos Santos; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA),
|
|
lost to the MPLA with Cuban military support in immediate postindependence
|
|
struggle, now carrying out insurgency
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections: none held to date
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered
|
|
yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed
|
|
by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for
|
|
80-90% of the population, but accounts for only 10-20% of GDP. Oil production
|
|
is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing about 50% to
|
|
GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an internal war has
|
|
severely affected the economy and food has to be imported.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.0 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate 9.2% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--oil, coffee,
|
|
diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton; partners--US,
|
|
USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--capital
|
|
equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts,
|
|
textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries;
|
|
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.0 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced,
|
|
90 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, mining (phosphate rock, diamonds), fish processing,
|
|
brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, food processing, building
|
|
construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc,
|
|
tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and
|
|
other local foodstuffs; disruptions caused by civil war and marketing
|
|
deficiencies require food imports
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $263 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $903 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $1.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter
|
|
gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks; sections of the
|
|
Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency
|
|
|
|
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350
|
|
km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 317 total, 184 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 60 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter
|
|
routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban links; 40,300
|
|
telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense; paramilitary
|
|
forces--People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard,
|
|
Popular Vigilance Brigades
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,049,295; 1,030,868 fit for military
|
|
service; 90,877 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Anguilla
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 91 km2; land area: 91 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 61 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobsters
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; mostly rock with sparse
|
|
scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt ponds
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October)
|
|
|
|
Note: located 270 km east of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,883 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Anguillan(s); adjective--Anguillan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, and Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,780 (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: The Valley
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 April 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister,
|
|
Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
|
|
Governor Geoffrey O. WHITTAKER (since NA 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March
|
|
1984, served previously from February 1977 to May 1980)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile
|
|
Gumbs; Anguilla United Party (AUP), Ronald Webster; Anguilla Democratic Party
|
|
(ADP), Victor Banks
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 27 February 1989 (next to
|
|
be held February 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP 1, independent 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light
|
|
blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered
|
|
in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy
|
|
depends heavily on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and
|
|
remittances from emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited
|
|
from a boom in tourism. Development is planned to improve the
|
|
infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist facilities, and
|
|
also light industry. Improvement in the economy has reduced
|
|
unemployment from 40% in 1984 to about 5% in 1988.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $23 million, per capita $3,350 (1988 est.); real growth rate
|
|
8.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $9.0 million; expenditures $8.8 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--lobsters and salt; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--NA; partners --NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 3,000 kW capacity; 9 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per
|
|
capita (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs,
|
|
cattle, poultry
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
|
|
commitments (1970-87), $33 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar
|
|
(EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 60 km surfaced
|
|
|
|
Ports: Road Bay, Blowing Point
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m
|
|
(Wallblake Airport)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones;
|
|
stations--3 AM, 1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of St. Martin
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Antarctica
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: about 14,000,000 km2; land area: about 14,000,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US;
|
|
second-smallest continent (after Australia)
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: see entry on Disputes
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 17,968 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: see entry on Disputes
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Antarctic Treaty suspends all claims; sections (some
|
|
overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land),
|
|
New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; Brazil claims
|
|
a Zone of Interest; the US and USSR do not recognize the territorial claims of
|
|
other nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do
|
|
so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90o west and
|
|
150o west
|
|
|
|
Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and
|
|
distance from the ocean; East Antarctica colder than Antarctic Peninsula in
|
|
the west; warmest temperatures occur in January along the coast and average
|
|
slightly below freezing
|
|
|
|
Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with average elevations
|
|
between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 5,000 meters high;
|
|
ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land,
|
|
and the scientific research areas of Graham Land and Ross Island on McMurdo
|
|
Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of coastline
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold, nickel,
|
|
platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small quantities along the coast;
|
|
offshore deposits of oil and gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other (98% ice, 2% barren rock)
|
|
|
|
Environment: mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) winds blow
|
|
coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the
|
|
plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around the
|
|
coast; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South
|
|
Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in October 1987
|
|
it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface
|
|
from harmful ultraviolet radiation, has dwindled to its lowest level
|
|
ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception Island)
|
|
|
|
Note: the coldest continent
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations
|
|
varies seasonally;
|
|
|
|
Summer (January) population--3,330; Argentina 179, Australia 216,
|
|
Brazil 36, Chile 124, China 62, France 46, FRG 9, GDR 15, India 59,
|
|
Italy 121, Japan 52, NZ 251, Poland 19, South Africa 102, South
|
|
Korea 17, UK 72, Uruguay 47, US 1,250, USSR 653 (1986-87);
|
|
|
|
Winter (July) population--1,148 total; Argentina 149, Australia
|
|
82, Brazil 11, Chile 59, China 16, France 32, FRG 9, GDR 9, India 17,
|
|
Japan 37, NZ 11, Poland 19, South Africa 15, UK 61, Uruguay 10, US 242,
|
|
USSR 369 (1986-87);
|
|
|
|
Year-round stations--43 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Brazil 1,
|
|
Chile 3, China 1, France 1, FRG 1, GDR 1, India 1, Japan 2, NZ 1,
|
|
Poland 1, South Africa 1, South Korea 1, UK 6, Uruguay 1, US 3, USSR 8
|
|
(1986-87);
|
|
|
|
Summer only stations--26 total; Argentina 3, Australia 3, Chile 4,
|
|
Italy 1, Japan 1, NZ 2, South Africa 2, US 4, USSR 6 (1986-87)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into
|
|
force on 23 June 1961, established, for at least 30 years, a legal framework for
|
|
peaceful use, scientific research, and suspension of territorial claims.
|
|
Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 14th
|
|
and last meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in October 1987.
|
|
|
|
Consultative (voting) members include claimant nations (they claim portions of
|
|
Antarctica as national territory and some claims overlap) and nonclaimant
|
|
nations (they have made no claims to Antarctic territory, although the US and
|
|
USSR have reserved the right to do so and do not recognize the claims of
|
|
others); the year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to
|
|
full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates an original 1959
|
|
treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile, France,
|
|
New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant nations are--Belgium,
|
|
Brazil (1983), China (1985), FRG (1981), GDR (1987), India (1983), Italy (1987),
|
|
Japan, Poland (1977), South Africa, Uruguay (1985), US, and the USSR.
|
|
|
|
Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parenthesis,
|
|
are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Cuba (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962),
|
|
Denmark (1965), Finland (1984), Greece (1987), Hungary (1984),
|
|
Netherlands (1987), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Peru (1981),
|
|
Romania (1971), South Korea (1986), Spain (1982), and Sweden (1984).
|
|
|
|
Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1--area to be used for peaceful purposes only
|
|
and military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military
|
|
personnel and equipment may be used for scientific purposes; Article 2--freedom
|
|
of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3--free
|
|
exchange of information and personnel; Article 4--does not recognize, dispute,
|
|
or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the
|
|
treaty is in force; Article 5--prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of
|
|
radioactive wastes; Article 6--includes under the treaty all land and ice
|
|
shelves south of 60o 00' south, but that the water areas be covered by
|
|
international law; Article 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including
|
|
aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and
|
|
equipment; advance notice of all activities and the introduction of
|
|
military personnel must be given; Article 8--allows for jurisdiction over
|
|
observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9--frequent consultative
|
|
meetings take place among member nations and acceding nations given consultative
|
|
status; Article 10--treaty states will discourage activities by any country in
|
|
Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11--disputes to be settled
|
|
peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13,
|
|
14--deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved
|
|
nations.
|
|
|
|
Other agreements: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
|
|
Resources; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals; a mineral
|
|
resources agreement is currently undergoing ratification by the Antarctic Treaty
|
|
consultative parties
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: No economic activity at present except for fishing off
|
|
the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad. Exploitation of
|
|
mineral resources will be held back by technical difficulties, high
|
|
costs, and objections by environmentalists.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 39 total; 25 usable; none with permanent surface runways;
|
|
3 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice
|
|
of all activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 440 km2; land area: 440 km2; includes Redonda
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 153 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher
|
|
volcanic areas
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible; pleasant climate fosters
|
|
tourism
|
|
|
|
Land use: 18% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 16% forest and woodland; 59% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October);
|
|
insufficient freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many
|
|
natural harbors
|
|
|
|
Note: 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 63,726 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Antiguan(s); adjective--Antiguan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely of black African origin; some of
|
|
British, Portuguese, Lebanese, and Syrian origin
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman
|
|
Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), local dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 30,000; 82% commerce and services, 11% agriculture,
|
|
7% industry (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association
|
|
(ABPSA), membership 500; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members;
|
|
Antigua Workers Union (AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Saint John's
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*,
|
|
Redonda*, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter,
|
|
Saint Philip
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 November 1981 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 November 1981
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 November (1981)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor General Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November
|
|
1981, previously Governor since 1976);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA
|
|
1976); Deputy Prime Minister Lester BIRD (since NA 1976)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird,
|
|
Sr., Lester Bird; United National Democratic Party (UNDP), Dr. Ivor Heath
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 9 March 1989 (next to be
|
|
held 1994);
|
|
results--percentage of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(17 total) ALP 15, UNDP 1, independent 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement
|
|
(ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group led by Leonard (Tim) Hector;
|
|
Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed by Noel Thomas
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF,
|
|
ISO, OAS, UN, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edmund Hawkins LAKE;
|
|
Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate
|
|
in Miami;
|
|
US--the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda,
|
|
and in his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires
|
|
Roger R. GAMBLE; Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's
|
|
(mailing address is FPO Miami 34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the
|
|
flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue,
|
|
and white with a yellow rising sun in the black band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the
|
|
most important determinant of economic performance. During the period
|
|
1983-87, real GDP expanded at an annual average rate of 8%. Tourism's
|
|
contribution to GDP, as measured by value added in hotels and restaurants, rose
|
|
from about 14% in 1983 to 17% in 1987, and stimulated growth in other
|
|
sectors--particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities.
|
|
During the same period the combined share of agriculture and manufacturing
|
|
declined from 12% to less than 10%. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas
|
|
in the Caribbean experiencing a labor shortage in some sectors of the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $353.5 million, per capita $5,550; real growth rate 6.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.1% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $77 million; expenditures $81 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $13 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $30.4 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--petroleum products 46%, manufactures 29%, food and live
|
|
animals 14%, machinery and transport equipment 11%; partners--Trinidad
|
|
and Tobago 40%, Barbados 8%, US 0.3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $302.1 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--food and
|
|
live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals,
|
|
oil; partners--US 27%, UK 14%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 4%, other 48%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $245.4 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 49,000 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 1,410 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing,
|
|
alcohol, household appliances)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton,
|
|
fruits, vegetables, and livestock sector; other crops--bananas, coconuts,
|
|
cucumbers, mangoes; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $40 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar
|
|
(EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge
|
|
used almost exclusively for handling sugarcane
|
|
|
|
Highways: 240 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: St. John's
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,315
|
|
GRT/501,552 DWT; includes 50 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 8 container,
|
|
8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
5 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 1 short-sea passenger; note--a flag of
|
|
convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
|
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 2,440 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones;
|
|
tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Guadeloupe; stations--4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV,
|
|
2 shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua
|
|
and Barbuda Police Force (includes the Coast Guard)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Arctic Ocean
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea,
|
|
Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay,
|
|
Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US;
|
|
smallest of the world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean,
|
|
and Indian Ocean)
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 45,389 km
|
|
|
|
Climate: persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges;
|
|
winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather
|
|
conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight,
|
|
damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
|
|
|
|
Terrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack
|
|
which averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be
|
|
three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream,
|
|
but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (USSR) to
|
|
Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by
|
|
open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter
|
|
and extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50%
|
|
continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a
|
|
central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen
|
|
Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the Fram Basin
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits,
|
|
polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales)
|
|
|
|
Environment: endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice
|
|
islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved
|
|
from western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow cover in
|
|
March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and lasts about
|
|
10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from October to June;
|
|
fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage
|
|
|
|
Note: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern
|
|
access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to
|
|
superstructure icing from October to May; strategic location between North
|
|
America and the USSR; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and
|
|
western USSR; floating research stations operated by the US and USSR
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural
|
|
resources, including crude oil, natural gas, fishing, and sealing.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (USSR), Prudhoe Bay (US)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: no submarine cables
|
|
|
|
Note: sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest
|
|
Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important waterways
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Argentina
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,766,890 km2; land area: 2,736,690 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km,
|
|
Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,989 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond
|
|
12 nm)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short
|
|
section of the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered
|
|
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British-administered South Georgia and
|
|
the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling
|
|
plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc,
|
|
tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, crude oil, uranium
|
|
|
|
Land use: 9% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 52% meadows and pastures;
|
|
22% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes;
|
|
pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated
|
|
soil degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in
|
|
Buenos Aires
|
|
|
|
Note: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil);
|
|
strategic location relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and
|
|
South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 32,290,966 (July 1990), growth rate 1.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Argentine(s); adjective--Argentine
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2%
|
|
Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 94%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 10,900,000; 12% agriculture, 31% industry, 57% services
|
|
(1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 3,000,000; 28% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Argentine Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Buenos Aires (tentative plans to move to Viedma by
|
|
1990 indefinitely postponed)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 22 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia),
|
|
1 national territory* (territorio nacional), and 1 district** (distrito);
|
|
Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes,
|
|
Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza,
|
|
Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
|
|
Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego and Antartida e Islas del
|
|
Atlantico Sur*, Tucuman
|
|
|
|
Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 May 1853
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 25 May (1810)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
|
|
Chamber of Deputies (Camera de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos Saul MENEM
|
|
(since 8 July 1989); Vice President Eduardo DUHALDE (since 8 July 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Justicialist Party (JP), Antonio Cafiero, Peronist umbrella political
|
|
organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Raul Alfonsin, moderately
|
|
left of center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCEDE), Alvaro
|
|
Alsogaray, conservative party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar
|
|
Alende, leftist party; several provincial parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held May 1995);
|
|
results--Carlos Saul Menem was elected;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 14 May 1989 (next to be
|
|
held May 1991); results--JP 47%, UCR 30%, UDC 7%, other 16%;
|
|
seats--(254 total); JP 122, UCR 93, UDC 11, other 28
|
|
|
|
Communists: some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including
|
|
a small nucleus of activists
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated labor movement,
|
|
General Confederation of Labor (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor
|
|
organization), Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association),
|
|
Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association), business
|
|
organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church, the Armed Forces
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Guido Jose Maria DI TELLA;
|
|
Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone
|
|
202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are Argentine Consulates General in
|
|
Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto
|
|
Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles;
|
|
US--Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia,
|
|
1425 Buenos Aires (mailing address is APO Miami 34034);
|
|
telephone p54o (1) 774-7611 or 8811, 9911
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light
|
|
blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known
|
|
as the Sun of May
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Argentina is rich in natural resources, and has a highly
|
|
literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a
|
|
diversified industrial base. Nevertheless, the economy has encountered
|
|
major problems in recent years, leading to a recession in 1988-89.
|
|
Economic growth slowed to 2.0% in 1987 and to - 1.8% in 1988; a sharp
|
|
decline of - 5.5% has been estimated for 1989. A widening public-sector
|
|
deficit and a multidigit inflation rate has dominated the
|
|
economy over the past three years, reaching about 5,000% in 1989.
|
|
Since 1978, Argentina's external debt has nearly doubled to $60
|
|
billion, creating severe debt-servicing difficulties and hurting
|
|
the country's creditworthiness with international lenders.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $72.0 billion, per capita $2,217; real growth rate - 5.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4,925% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 8.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $11.5 billion; expenditures $13.0 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.93 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $9.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool;
|
|
partners--US 14%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands
|
|
|
|
Imports: $4.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and
|
|
lubricants, agricultural products;
|
|
partners--US 25%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands
|
|
|
|
External debt: $60 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 16,449,000 kW capacity; 46,590 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,460 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing (especially meat packing), motor vehicles,
|
|
consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing,
|
|
metallurgy, steel
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces
|
|
abundant food for both domestic consumption and exports; among world's
|
|
top five exporters of grain and beef; principal crops--wheat, corn, sorghum,
|
|
soybeans, sugar beets; 1987 fish catch estimated at 500,000 tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.0 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.6 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $718 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: austral (plural--australes); 1 austral (A) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: australes (A) per US$1--1,930 (December
|
|
1989), 8.7526 (1988), 2.1443 (1987), 0.9430 (1986), 0.6018 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 34,172 km total (includes 169 km electrified); includes a
|
|
mixture of 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter
|
|
gauge, and 0.750-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel,
|
|
101,000 km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,900 km refined products; 9,918 km
|
|
natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario,
|
|
Santa Fe
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 131 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,693,540
|
|
GRT/2,707,079 DWT; includes 45 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container,
|
|
1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier, 48 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 18 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1,799 total, 1,617 usable; 132 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 335 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones
|
|
(12,000 public telephones); radio relay widely used; stations--171 AM, no FM,
|
|
231 TV, 13 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic
|
|
satellite network has 40 stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air
|
|
Force, National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture, National Aeronautical
|
|
Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,860,054; 6,372,189 fit for military
|
|
service; 277,144 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.4% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Aruba
|
|
(part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 193 km2; land area: 193 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 68.5 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat with a few hills; scant vegetation
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible; white sandy beaches
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt
|
|
|
|
Note: 28 km north of Venezuela
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 62,656 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Aruban(s); adjective--Aruban
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 80% mixed European/Caribbean Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 82% Roman Catholic, 8% Protestant; also small Hindu, Muslim,
|
|
Confucian, and Jewish minority
|
|
|
|
Language: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch,
|
|
English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: part of the Dutch realm--full autonomy in internal affairs obtained
|
|
in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles
|
|
|
|
Capital: Oranjestad
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)
|
|
|
|
Independence: planned for 1996
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1986
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English
|
|
common law influence
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Flag Day, 18 March
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Staten)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980),
|
|
represented by Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Electoral Movement Party (MEP),
|
|
Nelson Oduber; Aruban People's Party (AVP), Henny Eman; National
|
|
Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro Kelly; New Patriotic Party (PPN),
|
|
Eddy Werlemen; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny Nisbet; Aruban Democratic
|
|
Party (PDA), Leo Berlinski; Democratic Action '86 (AD'86), Arturo
|
|
Oduber; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by January
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1, PPA 1
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower
|
|
portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side
|
|
corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tourism is the mainstay of the economy. In 1985 the economy
|
|
suffered a severe blow when Exxon closed its refinery, a major source of
|
|
employment and foreign exchange earnings. Economic collapse was prevented
|
|
by soft loans from the Dutch Government and by a booming tourist industry.
|
|
Hotel capacity expanded by 20% between 1985 and 1987 and is projected to more
|
|
than double by 1990. Unemployment has steadily declined from about 20% in
|
|
1986 to about 3% in 1988.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $620 million, per capita $10,000; real growth rate 16.7%
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $42 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $47.5 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--mostly petroleum products;
|
|
partners--US 64%, EC
|
|
|
|
Imports: $296.0 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--food, consumer goods, manufactures;
|
|
partners--US 8%, EC
|
|
|
|
External debt: $81 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1984)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 15,120
|
|
kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, transshipment facilities
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural
|
|
activity to the cultivation of aloes
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Aruban florin (plural--florins);
|
|
1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1--1.7900 (fixed rate since
|
|
1986)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas
|
|
|
|
Airfield: government-owned airport east of Oranjestad
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: generally adequate; extensive interisland radio relay
|
|
links; 72,168 telephones; stations--4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 sea cable to St. Maarten
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands until 1996
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5 km2; land area: 5 km2; includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle,
|
|
and East Islets) and Cartier Island
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 74.1 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploration;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low with sand and coral
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other--grass and sand
|
|
|
|
Environment: surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National
|
|
Nature Reserve established in August 1983
|
|
|
|
Note: located in extreme eastern Indian Ocean between Australia
|
|
and Indonesia 320 km off the northwest coast of Australia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent inhabitants; seasonal caretakers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry
|
|
for Territories and Local Government
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia
|
|
|
|
Note: administered by the Australian Minister for Arts, Sports, the
|
|
Environment, Tourism, and Territories Graham Richardson
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic
|
|
visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Atlantic Ocean
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea,
|
|
Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea,
|
|
North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than nine times the size of the US;
|
|
second-largest of the world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger
|
|
than Indian Ocean or Arctic Ocean)
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 111,866 km
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa
|
|
near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur
|
|
from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
|
|
|
|
Terrain: surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark
|
|
Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad,
|
|
circular system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water
|
|
gyre in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic
|
|
Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin;
|
|
maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and
|
|
whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules,
|
|
precious stones
|
|
|
|
Environment: endangered marine species include the manatee, seals,
|
|
sea lions, turtles, and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US,
|
|
southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea,
|
|
Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial
|
|
waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and
|
|
Mediterranean Sea; icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the
|
|
northwestern Atlantic from February to August and have been spotted as far
|
|
south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur
|
|
in the extreme southern Atlantic
|
|
|
|
Note: ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic
|
|
from October to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent
|
|
fog can be a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points
|
|
include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez
|
|
Canals; strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida,
|
|
Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic
|
|
shipping lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator
|
|
divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic
|
|
Ocean
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural
|
|
resources, especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and
|
|
crude oil and natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea).
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium),
|
|
Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco),
|
|
Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland),
|
|
Hamburg (FRG), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain),
|
|
Le Havre (France), Leningrad (USSR), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK),
|
|
Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples (Italy),
|
|
New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway),
|
|
Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands),
|
|
Stockholm (Sweden)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: numerous submarine cables with most between
|
|
continental Europe and the UK, North America and the UK, and in the
|
|
Mediterranean; numerous direct links across Atlantic via INTELSAT
|
|
satellite network
|
|
|
|
Note: Kiel Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Australia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 7,686,850 km2; land area: 7,617,930 km2; includes
|
|
Macquarie Island
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than the US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 25,760 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)
|
|
|
|
Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
|
|
tropical in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium,
|
|
nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas,
|
|
crude oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 6% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 58% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 22% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast;
|
|
limited freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical,
|
|
invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in summer;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 16,923,478 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Australian(s); adjective--Australian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% Caucasian, 4% Asian, 1% Aboriginal and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 26.1% Anglican, 26.0% Roman Catholic, 24.3% other Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: English, native languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98.5%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 7,700,000; 33.8% finance and services, 22.3% public and
|
|
community services, 20.1% wholesale and retail trade, 16.2% manufacturing and
|
|
industry, 6.1% agriculture (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 42% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Australia
|
|
|
|
Type: federal parliamentary state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Canberra
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian
|
|
Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland,
|
|
South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island,
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
|
|
Islands, Norfolk Island
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Australia Day (last Monday in January), 29 January 1990
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper
|
|
house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor General William George HAYDEN (since NA February 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Robert James Lee HAWKE (since
|
|
11 March 1983); Deputy Prime Minister Paul KEATING (since 3 April 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: government--Australian Labor
|
|
Party, Robert Hawke; opposition--Liberal Party, Andrew Peacock;
|
|
National Party, Charles Blunt; Australian Democratic Party, Janine Haines
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by 12 May 1990);
|
|
results--Labor 43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%,
|
|
independents 2%;
|
|
seats--(76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian
|
|
Democrats 7, independents 3;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 24 March 1990 (next to be
|
|
held by November 1993);
|
|
results--Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats
|
|
and independents 11.1%;
|
|
seats--(148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: 4,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Australian Democratic Labor Party
|
|
(anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
|
|
Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CCC, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan,
|
|
Commonwealth, DAC, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
|
|
ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC,
|
|
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at
|
|
1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 797-3000;
|
|
there are Australian Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston,
|
|
Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla,
|
|
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO San
|
|
Francisco 6404);
|
|
telephone p61o (62) 705000; there are US Consulates General in Melbourne, Perth,
|
|
and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a
|
|
large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is
|
|
a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small
|
|
five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy,
|
|
with a per capita GNP comparable to levels in
|
|
industrialized West European countries. Rich in natural resources,
|
|
Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and
|
|
fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are primary products, so that,
|
|
as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big
|
|
impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports
|
|
of manufactured goods but competition in international markets will be severe.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $240.8 billion, per capita $14,300; real growth rate 4.1%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 6.0% (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $76.3 billion; expenditures $69.1 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY90 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $43.2 billion (f.o.b., FY89);
|
|
commodities--wheat, barley, beef, lamb, dairy products, wool, coal,
|
|
iron ore;
|
|
partners--Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%,
|
|
USSR 3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $48.6 billion (c.i.f., FY89);
|
|
commodities--manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer
|
|
goods;
|
|
partners--US 22%, Japan 22%, UK 7%, FRG 6%, NZ 4% (1984)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $111.6 billion (September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 38,000,000 kW capacity; 139,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
8,450 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food
|
|
processing, chemicals, steel, motor vehicles
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and 37% of export revenues;
|
|
world's largest exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton,
|
|
and among top wheat exporters; major crops--wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit;
|
|
livestock--cattle, sheep, poultry
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $8.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Australian dollar
|
|
($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge;
|
|
1,130 km electrified; government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of
|
|
privately owned track) (1985)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel,
|
|
crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,500 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas,
|
|
5,600 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong,
|
|
Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,300,049
|
|
GRT/3,493,802 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 7 cargo, 5 container,
|
|
10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 1 livestock carrier,
|
|
29 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 564 total, 524 usable; 235 with permanent-surface runways,
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 311 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good international and domestic service; 8.7
|
|
million telephones; stations--258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to
|
|
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service;
|
|
satellite stations--4 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Royal Australian Air
|
|
Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,588,750; 4,009,127 fit for military
|
|
service; 136,042 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Austria
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 83,850 km2; land area: 82,730 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,640 km total; Czechoslovakia 548 km, Hungary 366 km,
|
|
Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Switzerland 164 km, FRG 784 km,
|
|
Yugoslavia 311 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: South Tyrol question with Italy
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain
|
|
in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with
|
|
gentle slopes along eastern and northern margins
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum,
|
|
lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 17% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 24% meadows and pastures;
|
|
39% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: because of steep slopes, poor soils, and cold temperatures,
|
|
population is concentrated on eastern lowlands
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of
|
|
central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys;
|
|
major river is the Danube
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,644,275 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Austrian(s); adjective--Austrian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3% Croatian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant, 9% other
|
|
|
|
Language: German
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,037,000; 56.4% services, 35.4% industry and crafts,
|
|
8.1% agriculture and forestry; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in
|
|
other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about
|
|
6% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 1,672,820 members of Austrian Trade Union Federation
|
|
(1984)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Austria
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Vienna
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 states (bundeslander, singular--bundesland);
|
|
Burgenland, Karnten, Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg,
|
|
Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, Wien
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1920, revised 1929 (reinstated 1945)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and
|
|
civil/penal supreme courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 26 October (1955)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung)
|
|
consists of an upper council or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council
|
|
or National Council (Nationalrat)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil
|
|
and criminal cases, Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for
|
|
bureaucratic cases, Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for
|
|
constitutional cases
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Kurt WALDHEIM (since 8 July 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986);
|
|
Vice Chancellor Josef RIEGLER (since 19 May 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SPO),
|
|
Franz Vranitzky, chairman; Austrian People's Party (OVP), Josef
|
|
Riegler, chairman; Freedom Party of Austria (FPO), Jorg Haider,
|
|
chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Franz Muhri, chairman; Green
|
|
Alternative List (GAL), Andreas Wabl, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 19; compulsory for presidential elections
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 8 June 1986 (next to be held May 1992);
|
|
results of Second Ballot--Dr. Kurt Waldheim 53.89%, Dr. Kurt Steyrer
|
|
46.11%;
|
|
|
|
Federal Council--last held 23 November 1986 (next to be
|
|
held November 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(63 total) OVP 32, SPO 30, FPO 1;
|
|
|
|
National Council--last held 23 November 1986 (next to be
|
|
held November 1990);
|
|
results--SP0 43.1%, OVP 41.3%, FPO 9.7%, GAL 4.8%, KPO 0.7%,
|
|
other 0.32%;
|
|
seats--(183 total) SP0 80, OVP 77, FP0 18, GAL 8
|
|
|
|
Communists: membership 15,000 est.; activists 7,000-8,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and
|
|
Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three
|
|
composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OVP) representing
|
|
business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League of Austrian
|
|
Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization,
|
|
Catholic Action
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, CCC, DAC, ECE, EFTA, ESA,
|
|
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO, WSG; Austria is neutral and is not a member of NATO or the EC
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Friedrich HOESS; Embassy at
|
|
2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4474;
|
|
there are Austrian Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Henry A. GRUNWALD; Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091,
|
|
Vienna (mailing address is APO New York 09108); telephone p43o (222) 31-55-11;
|
|
there is a US Consulate General in Salzburg
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Austria boasts a prosperous and stable capitalist
|
|
economy with a sizable proportion of nationalized industry and extensive
|
|
welfare benefits. Thanks to an excellent raw material endowment, a
|
|
technically skilled labor force, and strong links with West German
|
|
industrial firms, Austria has successfully occupied specialized niches
|
|
in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces almost
|
|
enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in
|
|
agriculture. Living standards are roughly comparable with the large
|
|
industrial countries of Western Europe. Problems for the l990s include
|
|
an aging population and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within
|
|
budget capabilities.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $103.2 billion, per capita $13,600; real growth rate 4.2%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: 4.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $34.2 billion; expenditures $39.5 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $31.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles,
|
|
paper products, chemicals;
|
|
partners--FRG 35%, Italy 10%, Eastern Europe 9%, Switzerland 7%, US 4%,
|
|
OPEC 3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $37.9 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles,
|
|
chemicals, textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals;
|
|
partners--FRG 44%, Italy 9%, Eastern Europe 6%, Switzerland 5%, US 4%,
|
|
USSR 2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $12.4 billion (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 17,562,000 kW capacity; 49,290 million kWh produced,
|
|
6,500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals,
|
|
electrical, paper and pulp, tourism, mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP (including forestry);
|
|
principal crops and animals--grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets,
|
|
sawn wood, cattle, pigs poultry; 80-90% self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Austrian schilling (plural--schillings); 1 Austrian
|
|
schilling (S) = 100 groschen
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Austrian schillings (S) per US$1--11.907 (January 1990),
|
|
13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988), 12.643 (1987), 15.267 (1986), 20.690 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 6,028 km total; 5,388 km government owned and 640 km privately
|
|
owned (1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of
|
|
which 3,051 km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 363 km 0.760-meter
|
|
narrow gauge of which 91 km is electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 are the primary network (including
|
|
1,012 km of autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads);
|
|
of this number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition,
|
|
there are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 446 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Vienna, Linz (river ports)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
209,311 GRT/366,401 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 container, 5 bulk
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km refined
|
|
products
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 55 total, 54 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000
|
|
telephones; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems; stations--6 AM, 21 (544
|
|
repeaters) FM, 47 (867 repeaters) TV; satellite stations operating in INTELSAT
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean earth station and 1 Indian Ocean earth station and EUTELSAT
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Flying Division
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,970,189; 1,656,228 fit for military
|
|
service; 50,090 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.1% of GDP, or $1.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: The Bahamas
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 13,940 km2; land area: 10,070 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,542 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
|
|
|
|
Terrain: long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows
|
|
and pastures; 32% forest and woodland; 67% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
|
that cause extensive flood damage
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island
|
|
chain
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 246,491 (July 1990), growth rate 1.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bahamian(s); adjective--Bahamian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
|
|
|
|
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups
|
|
of other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
|
|
|
|
Language: English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 132,600; 30% government, 25% hotels and restaurants,
|
|
10% business services, 5% agriculture (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
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Type: commonwealth
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Capital: Nassau
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Administrative divisions: 21 districts; Abaco, Acklins Island,
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Andros Island, Berry Islands, Biminis, Cat Island, Cay Lobos, Crooked Island,
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Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island,
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Mayaguana, New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, Spanish Wells
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Independence: 10 July 1973 (from UK)
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Constitution: 10 July 1973
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Legal system: based on English common law
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National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July (1973)
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Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
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deputy prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
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Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
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represented by Acting Governor General Sir Henry TAYLOR (since 26 June 1988);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since
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16 January 1967)
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Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP),
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Sir Lynden O. Pindling; Free National Movement (FNM), Cecil Wallace-Whitfield
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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House of Assembly--last held 19 June 1987 (next to be held
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by June 1992);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(49 total) PLP 31, FNM 16, independents 2
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Communists: none known
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Other political or pressure groups: Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist
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Party (VNSP), a small leftist party headed by Lionel Carey; Trade Union
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Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington Miller
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Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
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GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, ILO, IMF,
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IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
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WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Margaret E. MCDONALD; Chancery at
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Suite 865, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
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telephone (202) 944-3390; there are Bahamian Consulates General in Miami
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and New York;
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US--Ambassador Chic HECHT; Embassy at Mosmar Building,
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Queen Street, Nassau (mailing address is P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau);
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telephone (809) 322-1181 or 328-2206
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Flag: three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and
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aquamarine with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side
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- Economy
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Overview: The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income developing nation whose
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economy is based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone
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provides about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people
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or 40% of the local work force. The economy has boomed in recent years, aided by
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a steady annual increase in the number of tourists. The per capita GDP of over
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$9,800 is one of the highest in the region.
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GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $9,875; real growth rate 2.0%
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(1988 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1988)
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Unemployment: 12% (1986)
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Budget: revenues $555 million; expenditures $702 million, including
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capital expenditures of $138 million (1989 est.)
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Exports: $733 million (f.o.b., 1987);
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commodities--pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish;
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partners--US 90%, UK 10%
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Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1987);
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commodities--foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels;
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partners--Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%, US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10%
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External debt: $1.5 billion (September 1988)
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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Electricity: 368,000 kW capacity; 857 million kWh produced,
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3,470 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: banking, tourism, cement, oil refining and
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transshipment, salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral weld,
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steel pipe
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Agriculture: accounts for less than 5% of GDP; dominated by
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small-scale producers; principal products--citrus fruit, vegetables,
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poultry; large net importer of food
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $42 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $344 million
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Currency: Bahamian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bahamian dollar
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(B$) = 100 cents
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Exchange rates: Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel
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Ports: Freeport, Nassau
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Merchant marine: 533 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,684,123
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GRT/19,574,532 DWT; includes 26 passenger, 15 short-sea passenger, 121 cargo,
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40 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 6 car carrier,
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123 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 19
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combination ore/oil, 29 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 86 bulk,
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3 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
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Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 59 total, 57 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally
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automatic system; tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida;
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stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables;1 Atlantic Ocean
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INTELSAT earth station
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (a coast guard element only),
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Royal Bahamas Police Force
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Military manpower: NA
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Defense expenditures: NA
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Bahrain
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- Geography
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Total area: 620 km2; land area: 620 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 161 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: not specific;
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Territorial sea: 3 nm
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Disputes: territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands
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Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
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Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
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Natural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas,
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fish
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Land use: 2% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
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0% forest and woodland; 90% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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Environment: subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires
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development of desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification
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Note: proximity to primary Middle Eastern crude oil sources
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and strategic location in Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's
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crude oil must transit to reach open ocean
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- People
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Population: 520,186 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
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Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 76 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Bahraini(s); adjective--Bahraini
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Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 13% Asian, 10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6%
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other
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Religion: Muslim (70% Shia, 30% Sunni)
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Language: Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
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Literacy: 40%
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Labor force: 140,000; 42% of labor force is Bahraini; 85% industry and
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commerce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3% government (1982)
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Organized labor: General Committee for Bahrain Workers exists in only
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eight major designated companies
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- Government
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Long-form name: State of Bahrain
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Type: traditional monarchy
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Capital: Manama
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Administrative divisions: 11 municipalities (baladiyat,
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singular--baladiyah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah
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al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta,
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Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq,
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Ar Rifa wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs,
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Madinat Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah
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Independence: 15 August 1971 (from UK)
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Constitution: 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973
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Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law
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National holiday: National Day, 16 December
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Executive branch: amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister,
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Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly was dissolved
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26 August 1975 and legislative powers were assumed by the Cabinet
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Judicial branch: High Civil Appeals Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Amir Isa bin Salman Al KHALIFA (since
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2 November 1961); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Isa Al KHALIFA (son of Amir;
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born 28 January 1950);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al KHALIFA,
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(since 19 January 1970)
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Political parties and pressure groups: political parties prohibited;
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several small, clandestine leftist and Shia fundamentalist groups are active
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Suffrage: none
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Elections: none
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Communists: negligible
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Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
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IDB--Islamic Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC,
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UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ghazi Muhammad AL-QUSAYBI;
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Chancery at 3502 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 342-0741 or 342-0742; there is a Bahraini Consulate General in
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New York; US--Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER; Embassy at Shaikh
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Isa Road, Manama (mailing address is P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO New York
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09526); telephone p973o 714151 through 714153
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Flag: red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the
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hoist side
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- Economy
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Overview: The oil price decline in recent years has had an adverse
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impact on the economy. Petroleum production and processing account for about
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85% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 20% of GDP. In 1986
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soft oil-market conditions led to a 5% drop in GDP, in sharp contrast
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wit the 5% average annual growth rate during the early 1980s. The
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slowdown in economic activity, however, has helped to check the
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inflation of the 1970s. The government's past economic diversification
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efforts have moderated the severity of the downturn but failed to
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offset oil and gas revenue losses.
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GDP: $3.5 billion, per capita $7,550 (1987); real growth rate 0% (1988)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.3% (1988)
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Unemployment: 8-10% (1989)
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Budget: revenues $1,136 million; expenditures $1,210 million,
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including capital expenditures of $294 million (1987)
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Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
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commodities--petroleum 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13%; partners--US,
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UAE, Japan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia
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Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--nonoil 59%,
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crude oil 41%; partners--UK, Saudi Arabia, US, Japan
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External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1% (1987)
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Electricity: 1,652,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced,
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12,800 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting,
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offshore banking, ship repairing
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Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP;
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not self-sufficient in food production; heavily subsidized sector produces
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fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products, shrimp, and fish; fish catch 9,000
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metric tons in 1987
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million;
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Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
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$28 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion
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Currency: Bahraini dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Bahraini dinar
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(BD) = 1,000 fils
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Exchange rates: Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1--0.3760 (fixed rate)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Highways: 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km
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bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia opened in November 1986; NA km
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natural surface tracks
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Ports: Mina Salman, Mina al Manamah, Sitrah
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Merchant marine: 1 cargo and 1 bulk (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,621
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GRT/44,137 DWT
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Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
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Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
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runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunications; adequate
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domestic services; 98,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; satellite
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earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
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tropospheric scatter and microwave to Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia; submarine cable
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to Qatar and UAE
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Army (Defense Force), Navy, Air Force, Police Force
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,580; 102,334 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $194 million (1990 est.)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Baker Island
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(territory of the US)
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- Geography
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Total area: 1.4 km2; land area: 1.4 km2
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Comparative area: about 2.3 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 4.8 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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Terrain: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow
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fringing reef
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Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until 1891)
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
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pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
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Environment: treeless, sparse and scattered vegetation consisting of
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grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water;
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primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,
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shorebirds, and marine wildlife
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Note: remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
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Ocean, just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
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- People
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Population: uninhabited
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Note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval
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attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but
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abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and
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generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and cemetery ruins
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located near the middle of the west coast
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- Government
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Long-form name: none
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Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish
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and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the
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National Wildlife Refuge system
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- Economy
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Overview: no economic activity
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- Communications
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Ports: none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the
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the middle of the west coast
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Airports: 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m
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Note: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
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- Defense Forces
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Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the
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US Coast Guard
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Bangladesh
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- Geography
|
|
Total area: 144,000 km2; land area: 133,910 km2
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|
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Wisconsin
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Land boundaries: 4,246 km total; Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
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Coastline: 580 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
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Continental shelf: up to outer limits of continental margin;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute;
|
|
water sharing problems with upstream riparian India over the Ganges
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Climate: tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer
|
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(March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)
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Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast
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Natural resources: natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber
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Land use: 67% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
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16% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 14% irrigated
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|
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Environment: vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded
|
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during summer monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation
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|
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Note: almost completely surrounded by India
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|
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- People
|
|
Population: 118,433,062 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
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|
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Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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|
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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|
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Infant mortality rate: 136 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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|
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Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 53 years female (1990)
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|
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Total fertility rate: 5.7 children born/woman (1990)
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|
|
Nationality: noun--Bangladeshi(s); adjective--Bangladesh
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|
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Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000 Biharis, and less than 1 million
|
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tribals
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Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian,
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and other
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|
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Language: Bangla (official), English widely used
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|
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Literacy: 29% (39% men, 18% women)
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|
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Labor force: 35,100,000; 74% agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry and
|
|
commerce; extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait
|
|
(FY86)
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|
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Organized labor: 3% of labor force belongs to 2,614 registered unions
|
|
(1986 est.)
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|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Republic of Bangladesh
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|
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Type: republic
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|
|
Capital: Dhaka
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|
|
Administrative divisions: 64 districts (zillagulo,
|
|
singular--zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barisal, Bhola, Bogra,
|
|
Borguna, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj,
|
|
Chattagram, Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka,
|
|
Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, Gazipur, Gopalganj,
|
|
Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, Jhenaidah,
|
|
Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur,
|
|
Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur,
|
|
Moulavibazar, Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail,
|
|
Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, Netrakona, Nilphamari,
|
|
Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram,
|
|
Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur,
|
|
Satkhira, Shariyatpur, Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet,
|
|
Tangail, Thakurgaon
|
|
|
|
Independence: 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended
|
|
following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March (1971)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
|
|
three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD
|
|
(since 11 December 1983, elected 15 October 1986); Vice President
|
|
Moudad AHMED (since 12 August 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Qazi Zafar AHMED (since 12
|
|
August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Jatiyo Party, Hussain Mohammad
|
|
Ershad; Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman; Awami League, Sheikh
|
|
Hasina Wazed; United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed; Democratic League,
|
|
Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur; Jatiyo Samajtantrik
|
|
Dal (National Socialist Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist Party
|
|
(pro-Soviet), Saifuddin Ahmed Manik; Jamaat-E-Islami, Ali Khan
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 15 October 1986 (next to be held October
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--President Hussain Mohammad Ershad received 83.5% of vote;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 3 March 1988 (next to be held March
|
|
1993); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats reserved for women)
|
|
Jatiyo Party won 256 out of 300 seats
|
|
|
|
Communists: 5,000 members (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador A. H. S. Ataul KARIM; Chancery
|
|
at 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-8372
|
|
through 8376; there is a Bangladesh Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate William B. MILAM; Embassy at Diplomatic
|
|
Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara Model Town, Dhaka (mailing address
|
|
is G. P. O. Box 323, Ramna, Dhaka); telephone p88o (2) 608170
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center;
|
|
green is the traditional color of Islam
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on the output of a narrow range of
|
|
agricultural products, such as jute, which is the main cash crop and major
|
|
source of export earnings. Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural
|
|
resources, a rapid population growth of 2.8% a year and a limited
|
|
infrastructure, and it is highly vulnerable to natural disasters.
|
|
Despite these constraints, real GDP averaged about 3.8% annually
|
|
during 1985-88. One of the poorest nations in the world, alleviation
|
|
of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's development
|
|
strategy. The agricultural sector contributes over 50% to GDP and
|
|
75% to exports, and employs over 74% of the labor force. Industry
|
|
accounts for about 10% of GDP.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $20.6 billion, per capita $180; real growth rate 2.1% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8-10% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 30% (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $1.7 billion (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., FY89 est.);
|
|
commodities--jute, tea, leather, shrimp, manufacturing;
|
|
partners--US 25%, Western Europe 22%, Middle East 9%, Japan 8%,
|
|
Eastern Europe 7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., FY89 est.);
|
|
commodities--food, petroleum and other energy, nonfood consumer goods,
|
|
semiprocessed goods, and capital equipment;
|
|
partners--Western Europe 18%, Japan 14%, Middle East 9%, US 8%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $10.4 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,700,000 kW capacity; 4,900 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: jute manufacturing, food processing, cotton textiles,
|
|
petroleum, urea fertilizer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP and 74% of both employment
|
|
and exports; imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest
|
|
exporter of jute; commercial products--jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane,
|
|
potatoes, beef, milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils
|
|
and cotton; fish catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $3.2 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $9.5 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $652 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$1.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: taka (plural--taka); 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: taka (Tk) per US$1--32.270 (January 1990), 32.270 (1989),
|
|
31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987), 30.407 (1986), 27.995 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km
|
|
1.676 meter broad gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes
|
|
2,575-3,058 km main cargo routes)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Chittagong, Chalna
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 331,568 GRT/493,935
|
|
DWT; includes 38 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
3 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 3 bulk
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 650 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 16 total, 13 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate international radio communications and
|
|
landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast
|
|
service; 182,000 telephones; stations--9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces--Bangladesh Rifles,
|
|
Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 28,110,802; 16,686,644 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.5% of GDP, or $309 million (FY90 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Barbados
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 97 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, fishing, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 77% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 9% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 14% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially June to October)
|
|
|
|
Note: easternmost Caribbean island
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 262,688 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Barbadian(s); adjective--Barbadian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed, 4% European
|
|
|
|
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4% Roman Catholic, 17% other,
|
|
including Moravian
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 112,300; 37% services and government; 22% commerce,
|
|
22% manufacturing and construction; 9% transportation, storage, communications,
|
|
and financial institutions; 8% agriculture; 2% utilities (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bridgetown
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew,
|
|
Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael,
|
|
Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas; note--there may a new city of
|
|
Bridgetown
|
|
|
|
Independence: 30 November 1966 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 30 November 1966
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 November (1966)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Judicature
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor General Sir Hugh SPRINGER (since 24 February
|
|
1984);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since
|
|
2 June 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine
|
|
Sandiford; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), Henry Forde; National Democratic
|
|
Party (NDP), Richie Haynes
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 28 May 1986 (next to be held by May 1991);
|
|
results--DLP 59.4%, BLP 40.6%; seats--(27 total) DLP 24, BLP 3; note--a
|
|
split in the DLP in February 1989 resulted in the formation of the NDP,
|
|
changing the status of seats to DLP 20, NDP 4, BLP 3
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Industrial and General Workers Union,
|
|
Bobby Clarke; People's Progressive Movement, Eric Sealy; Workers' Party of
|
|
Barbados, Dr. George Belle
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir William DOUGLAS; Chancery at
|
|
2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-9200 through
|
|
9202; there is a Barbadian Consulate General in New York and a Consulate
|
|
in Los Angeles;
|
|
US--Ambassador-nominee G. Philip HUGHES; Embassy at Canadian
|
|
Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown or FPO Miami 34054); telephone (809)
|
|
436-4950 through 4957
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue
|
|
with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head
|
|
represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms
|
|
contained a complete trident)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: A per capita income of $5,250 gives Barbados
|
|
the highest standard of living of all the small island states of the
|
|
eastern Caribbean. Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation
|
|
of sugarcane and related activities. In recent years, however, the economy
|
|
has diversified into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry
|
|
is now a major employer of the labor force and a primary source of
|
|
foreign exchange. A high unemployment rate of about 19% in 1988 remains
|
|
one of the most serious economic problems facing the country.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $5,250 (1988 est.); real growth rate
|
|
3.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: 18.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $476 million; expenditures $543 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $94 million (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $173 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar and molasses, electrical components, clothing, rum,
|
|
machinery and transport equipment;
|
|
partners: US 30%, CARICOM, UK, Puerto Rico, Canada
|
|
|
|
Imports: $582 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, crude oil;
|
|
partners--US 34%, CARICOM, Japan, UK, Canada
|
|
|
|
External debt: $635 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 5.4% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 132,000 kW capacity; 460 million kWh produced, 1,780
|
|
kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly
|
|
for export
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane;
|
|
other crops--vegetables and cotton; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $14 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $144 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Barbadian dollars (plural--dollars); 1 Barbadian dollar
|
|
(Bds$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1--2.0113 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bridgetown
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,200
|
|
GRT/7,338 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000
|
|
telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad and St. Lucia; stations--3 AM,
|
|
2 FM, 2 (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Barbados Defense Force, Royal Barbados Police Force,
|
|
Coast Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,677; 47,566 fit for military service,
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.6% of GDP (1986)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bassas da India
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 35.2 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: a volcanic rock 2.4 m high
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other (rock)
|
|
|
|
Environment: surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones
|
|
|
|
Note: navigational hazard since it is usually under water during
|
|
high tide; located in southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa
|
|
and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Belgium
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 30,510 km2; land area: 30,230 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,385 km total; France 620 km, Luxembourg
|
|
148 km, Netherlands 450 km, FRG 167 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 64 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: equidistant line with neighbors (extends
|
|
about 68 km from coast);
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged
|
|
mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and pastures;
|
|
21% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: air and water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels;
|
|
crossroads of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,909,285 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Belgian(s); adjective--Belgian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Walloon, 12% mixed or other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic; remainder Protestant or other
|
|
|
|
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11% legally
|
|
bilingual; divided along ethnic lines
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,000,000; 58% services, 37% industry, 5% agriculture (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Belgium
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Brussels
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (French--provinces,
|
|
singular--province; Flemish--provincien, singular--provincie); Antwerpen,
|
|
Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen,
|
|
West-Vlaanderen
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the
|
|
government is in the process of revising the Constitution, with the aim of
|
|
federalizing the Belgian state
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional
|
|
theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold
|
|
to the throne in 1831)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, five deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or
|
|
Senate (Flemish--Senaat, French--Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Representatives (Flemish--Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French--Chambre
|
|
des Representants)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish--Hof van Cassatie,
|
|
French--Cour de Cassation)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951);
|
|
Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of the King; born 6
|
|
June 1934);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS,
|
|
(since April 1979, with a 10-month interruption in 1981)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman
|
|
van Rompuy, president; Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard Deprez,
|
|
president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank Vandenbroucke, president; Walloon
|
|
Socialist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal (PVV),
|
|
Guy Verhofstadt, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine Duquesne,
|
|
president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president;
|
|
Volksunie (VU), Jaak Gabriels, president; Communist Party (PCB),
|
|
Louis van Geyt, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel Dillen;
|
|
other minor parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--last held 13 December 1987 (next to be held December
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--CVP 19.2%, PS 15.7%, SP 14.7%, PVV 11.3%, PRL 9.3%,
|
|
VU 8.1%, PSC 7.8%, ECOLO-AGALEV 7.7%, VB 2.0%, VDF 1.3%,
|
|
other 1.96%;
|
|
seats--(106 total) CVP 22, PS 20, SP 17, PRL 12, PVV 11, PSC 9, VU 8,
|
|
ECOLO-AGALEV 5, VB 1, FDF 1;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Representatives--last held 13 December 1987
|
|
(next to be held December 1991);
|
|
results--CVP 19.45%, PS 15.66%, SP 14.88%, PVV 11.55%, PRL 9.41%,
|
|
PSC 8.01%, VU 8.05%, ECOLO-AGALEV 7.05%, VB 1.90%, FDF 1.16%, other
|
|
2.88%;
|
|
seats--(212 total) CVP 43, PS 40, SP 32, PVV 25, PRL 23,
|
|
PSC 19, VU 16, ECOLO-AGALEV 9, FDF 3, VB 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: under 5,000 members (December 1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions;
|
|
Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing
|
|
bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
|
|
professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders
|
|
and Wallonia; various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against
|
|
Nuclear Weapons and Pax Christi
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE,
|
|
ECOSOC, EIB, EMS, ESA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Herman DEHENNIN; Chancery at
|
|
3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900;
|
|
there are Belgian Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Maynard W. GLITMAN; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent,
|
|
B-1000 Brussels (mailing address is APO New York 09667);
|
|
telephone p32o (2) 513-3830; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red;
|
|
the design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: This small private-enterprise economy has capitalized
|
|
on its central geographic location, highly developed transport
|
|
network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is
|
|
concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north, although
|
|
the government is encouraging reinvestment in the southern region
|
|
of Walloon. With few natural resources Belgium must import essential raw
|
|
materials, making its economy closely dependent on the state of world
|
|
markets. In 1988 over 70% of trade was with other EC countries. During the
|
|
period 1986-88 the economy profited from falling oil prices and a lower
|
|
dollar, which helped to improve the terms of trade. Real GDP grew
|
|
by an average of 3.5% in 1986-89, up from 1.5% in 1985. However, a
|
|
large budget deficit and 10% unemployment cast a shadow on the
|
|
economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $136.0 billion, per capita $13,700; real growth rate 4.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9.7% est. (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $100.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
|
|
Union; commodities--iron and steel, transportation equipment,
|
|
tractors, diamonds, petroleum products;
|
|
partners--EC 74%, US 5%, Communist countries 2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $100.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
|
|
Union; commodities--fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--EC 72%, US 5%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%,
|
|
Communist countries 3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $27.5 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 17,325,000 kW capacity; 62,780 million kWh produced,
|
|
6,350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages,
|
|
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP; emphasis on livestock
|
|
production--beef, veal, pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh
|
|
vegetables, fruits, grain, and tobacco; net importer of farm products
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $4.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Belgian franc (plural--francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100
|
|
centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Belgian francs (BF) per US$1--35.468 (January 1990),
|
|
39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672 (1986), 59.378 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km
|
|
electrified; 191 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated
|
|
|
|
Highways: 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
|
|
11,717 km national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km
|
|
paved and 51,000 km unpaved rural roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge, 1 secondary, and
|
|
1 minor maritime; 11 inland
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 67 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,854,898
|
|
GRT/3,071,637 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 6
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 6 container, 7 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 chemical tanker, 13
|
|
bulk, 6 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products 1,167 km; crude 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and
|
|
telegraph facilities; 4,560,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 19 FM (41 relays),
|
|
25 TV (10 relays); 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations operating
|
|
in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,512,681; 2,114,701 fit for military
|
|
service; 66,758 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.7% of GDP, or $3.7 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Belize
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 22,960 km2; land area: 22,800 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Massachusetts
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 516 km total; Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 386 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Guatemala, but boundary negotiations are
|
|
under way
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
|
|
44% forest and woodland; 52% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December)
|
|
and coastal flooding (especially in south); deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to
|
|
Belmopan because of hurricanes; only country in Central America without a
|
|
coastline on the North Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 219,737 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Belizean(s); adjective--Belizean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 39.7% Creole, 33.1% Mestizo, 9.5% Maya, 7.6%
|
|
Garifuna, 2.1% East Indian, 8.0% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 60% Roman Catholic; 40% Protestant (Anglican, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite)
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 93% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 51,500; 30.0% agriculture, 16.0% services, 15.4% government,
|
|
11.2% commerce, 10.3% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor and all types of
|
|
technical personnel (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 30% of labor force; 11 unions currently active
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary
|
|
|
|
Capital: Belmopan
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal,
|
|
Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo
|
|
|
|
Independence: 21 September 1981 (from UK; formerly British Honduras)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 September 1981
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 21 September
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
|
|
Governor General Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4
|
|
September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP),
|
|
George Price, Florencio Marin, Said Musa; United Democratic Party (UDP),
|
|
Manuel Esquivel, Curl Thompson, Dean Barrow; Belize Popular Party
|
|
(BPP), Louis Sylvestre
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held 4 September 1989 (next to be
|
|
held September 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(28 total)
|
|
PUP 15 seats, UDP 13 seats; note--in January 1990 one
|
|
member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count
|
|
16 PUP, UDP 12
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Society for the Promotion
|
|
of Education and Research (SPEAR) headed by former PUP minister;
|
|
United Workers Front
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CDB, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edward A. LAING; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 2J, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 363-4505;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert G. RICH, Jr.; Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hutson
|
|
Street, Belize City (mailing address is P. O. Box 286, Belize City); telephone
|
|
p501o 77161 through 77163
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges;
|
|
centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms
|
|
features a shield flanked by two workers with a mahogany tree at the top and the
|
|
related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at
|
|
the bottom, all encircled by a green garland
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based primarily on agriculture and
|
|
merchandising. Agriculture accounts for more than 30% of GDP and provides 75%
|
|
of export earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of
|
|
hard currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in
|
|
efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification
|
|
program. In 1987 the drop in income from sugar sales to the US because of quota
|
|
reductions was almost totally offset by higher world prices for sugar.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $225.6 million, per capita $1,285; real growth rate 6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 14% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $94.6 million; expenditures $74.3 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $33.9 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $120 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and
|
|
wood products;
|
|
partners--US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $176 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured
|
|
goods, fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
|
|
partners--US 55%, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Mexico (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $140 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 34,000 kW capacity; 88 million kWh produced,
|
|
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar refining, clothing, timber and forest products,
|
|
furniture, rum, soap, beverages, cigarettes, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP (including fish and forestry);
|
|
commercial crops include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding
|
|
output of lumber and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of cannabis for the
|
|
international drug trade; eradication program cut marijuana
|
|
production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to 66 metric tons in 1989;
|
|
transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $94 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $194 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Belizean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Belizean dollar
|
|
(Bz$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1--2.00 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved, 1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved
|
|
earth, and 310 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft;
|
|
seasonally navigable
|
|
|
|
Ports: Belize City, Belize City Southwest
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 38 total, 30 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on
|
|
radio relay; stations--6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force, Coast
|
|
Guard, Police Department
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 50,988; 30,502 fit for military service;
|
|
2,500 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.0% of GDP, or $4.6 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Benin
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 112,620 km2; land area: 110,620 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,989 km total; Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km,
|
|
Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 121 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone,
|
|
marble, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 12% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
|
35% forest and woodland; 45% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter;
|
|
deforestation; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: recent droughts have severely affected marginal
|
|
agriculture in north; no natural harbors
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,673,964 (July 1990), growth rate 3.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 52 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Beninese (sing., pl.); adjective--Beninese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic groups, most important being
|
|
Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
|
|
|
|
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Muslim, 15% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in
|
|
south; at least six major tribal languages in north
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 25.9%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,900,000 (1987); 60% agriculture, 38% transport, commerce,
|
|
and public services, less than 2% industry; 49% of population of working age
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 75% of wage earners
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Benin
|
|
|
|
Type: dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms
|
|
adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty system by 1991 planned
|
|
|
|
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono,
|
|
Oueme, Zou
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 August 1960 (from France; formerly Dahomey)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 23 May 1977 (nullified 1 March 1990); new
|
|
constitution to be drafted by April 1990
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 30 November (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Revolutionary Assembly
|
|
(Assemblee Nationale Revolutionnaire) dissolved 1 March 1990
|
|
and replaced by a 24-member interim High Council of the Republic
|
|
during the transition period
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Central People's Court (Cour Central Populaire)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Mathieu KEREKOU
|
|
(since 27 October 1972)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--People's Revolutionary
|
|
Party of Benin (PRPB), President Mathieu Kerekou, chairman of the
|
|
Central Committee
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held July 1989 (next to be held July 1994);
|
|
results--President Mathieu Kerekou was reelected by the
|
|
National Revolutionary Assembly;
|
|
|
|
National Revolutionary Assembly--dissolved 1 March 1990 and
|
|
replaced by a 24-member interim High Council of the Republic with
|
|
legislative elections for new institutions planned for February 1991
|
|
|
|
Communists: dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger
|
|
River Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Theophile NATA; Chancery at
|
|
2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6656;
|
|
US--Ambassador Harriet ISOM; Embassy at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard,
|
|
Cotonou (mailing address is B. P. 2012, Cotonou); telephone p229o 30-06-50
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a red five-pointed star in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world
|
|
because of limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure.
|
|
Agriculture accounts for almost 45% of GDP, employs about 60% of
|
|
the labor force, and generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings.
|
|
The industrial sector contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs
|
|
2% of the work force. Persistently low prices in recent years have
|
|
limited hard currency earnings from Benin's major exports of agricultural
|
|
products and crude oil.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $335; real growth rate 1.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: NA
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $168 million; expenditures $317 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $97 million (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $226 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa;
|
|
partners--FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $413 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products,
|
|
intermediate goods, capital goods, light consumer goods;
|
|
partners--France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 5%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 0.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 28,000 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced,
|
|
5 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing, textiles, beverages,
|
|
petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: small farms produce 90% of agricultural output;
|
|
production is dominated by food crops--corn, sorghum, cassava, beans,
|
|
and rice; cash crops include cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry
|
|
and livestock output has not kept up with consumption
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $41 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$101 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km
|
|
improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: navigable along small sections, important
|
|
only locally
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cotonou
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) of 2,999 GRT/4,407 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio
|
|
relay; 16,200 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 2,015,206; of the 950,921 males 15-49,
|
|
486,620 are fit for military service; of the 1,064,285 females 15-49, 537,049
|
|
are fit for military service; about 55,550 males and 53,663 females reach
|
|
military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.7% of GDP, or $28.9 million (1988 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bermuda
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 50 km2; land area: 50 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 103 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
20% forest and woodland; 80% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes;
|
|
consists of about 360 small coral islands
|
|
|
|
Note: 1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land
|
|
leased by US Government
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 58,337 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bermudian(s); adjective--Bermudian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 37% Anglican, 14% Roman Catholic, 10% African Methodist
|
|
Episcopal (Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-Day Adventist, 28% other
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 32,000; 25% clerical, 22% services, 21% laborers,
|
|
13% professional and technical, 10% administrative and managerial, 7% sales,
|
|
2% agriculture and fishing (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial
|
|
Union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Hamilton
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire,
|
|
Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys,
|
|
Smiths, Southampton, Warwick
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 8 June 1968
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Bermuda Day, 22 May
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier,
|
|
deputy premier, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor Sir Desmond LANGLEY (since NA October 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January
|
|
1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D.
|
|
Swan; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick Wade; National Liberal
|
|
Party (NLP), Gilbert Darrell
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 9 February 1989 (next to be
|
|
held by February 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU),
|
|
headed by Ottiwell Simmons
|
|
|
|
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK,
|
|
Bermuda's interests in the US are represented by the UK; US--Consul
|
|
General James M. MEDAS; Consulate General at Vallis Building,
|
|
Par-la-Ville Road (off Front Street West), Hamilton (mailing address is
|
|
P. O. Box 325, Hamilton, or FPO New York 09560); telephone (809) 295-1342
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a scrolled
|
|
shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered
|
|
on the outer half of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the
|
|
world, having successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist
|
|
facilities and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than
|
|
90% of its business from North America. The industrial sector is
|
|
small, and agriculture is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About
|
|
80% of food needs are imported.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $23,000; real growth rate 2.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: 2.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $280 million; expenditures $279 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $34 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $23 million (f.o.b.,1985);
|
|
commodities--semitropical produce, light manufactures;
|
|
partners--US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $402 million (c.i.f., 1985);
|
|
commodities--fuel, foodstuffs, machinery;
|
|
partners--US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan
|
|
5%, other 14%
|
|
|
|
External debt: NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 134,000 kW capacity; 446 million kWh produced,
|
|
7,680 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, finance, structural concrete products,
|
|
paints, pharmaceuticals, ship repairing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must
|
|
be imported; produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy
|
|
products
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $267 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Bermudian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar
|
|
(Bd$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1--1.0000 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Freeport, Hamilton, St. George
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 93 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,163,947
|
|
GRT/7,744,319 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 4 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 5 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off, 27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 combination ore/oil, 10 liquefied
|
|
gas, 20 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern with fully automatic telephone system; 46,290
|
|
telephones; stations--5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bhutan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 47,000 km2; land area: 47,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,075 km total; China 470 km, India 605 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
|
|
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
|
|
70% forest and woodland; 23% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source
|
|
of the country name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India;
|
|
controls several key Himalayan mountain passes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,565,969 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 137 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 48 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bhutanese (sing., pl.); adjective--Bhutanese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or
|
|
migrant tribes
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Indian- and Nepalese-influenced
|
|
Hinduism
|
|
|
|
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects--most widely spoken
|
|
dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 5%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 95% agriculture, 1% industry and commerce; massive lack
|
|
of skilled labor (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: not permitted
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Bhutan
|
|
|
|
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
|
|
|
|
Capital: Thimphu
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 regions and 1 division*; Central Bhutan,
|
|
Eastern Bhutan, Southern Bhutan*, Western Bhutan; note--there may now be 18
|
|
districts (dzong, singular and plural) named Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang,
|
|
Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi,
|
|
Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdiphodrang
|
|
|
|
Independence: 8 August 1949 (from India)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: no written constitution or bill of rights
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary
|
|
king), 17 December (1907)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council,
|
|
Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since
|
|
24 July 1972)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: no legal parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: each family has one vote in village-level elections
|
|
|
|
Elections: no national elections
|
|
|
|
Communists: no overt Communist presence
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant
|
|
community, ethnic Nepalese organizations
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM,
|
|
SAARC, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: no formal diplomatic relations, although
|
|
informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in
|
|
New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York has consular
|
|
jurisdiction in the US
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper
|
|
triangle is orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing
|
|
line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on agriculture and forestry, which
|
|
provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about
|
|
50% of GDP. One of the world's least developed countries, rugged mountains
|
|
dominate and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult
|
|
and expensive. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists
|
|
are its most important natural resources.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $273 million, per capita $199; real growth rate 6.3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: NA
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $99 million; expenditures $128 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $65 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $70.9 million (f.o.b., FY89);
|
|
commodities--cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit;
|
|
partners--India 93%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $138.3 million (c.i.f., FY89 est.);
|
|
commodities--fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts,
|
|
vehicles, fabrics;
|
|
partners--India 67%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $70.1 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 12.4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: cement, chemical products, mining, distilling, food
|
|
processing, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and
|
|
animal husbandry; self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other
|
|
production--rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $85.8 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: ngultrum (plural--ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100
|
|
chetrum; note--Indian currency is also legal tender
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1--16.965 (January 1990),
|
|
16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987), 12.611 (1986), 12.369 (1985);
|
|
note--the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 jet, 2 prop
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: inadequate; 1,890 telephones (1985); 15,000 radio
|
|
receivers (1987 est.); 85 TV sets (1985); stations--20 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 389,142; 208,231 fit for military
|
|
service; 17,203 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bolivia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,098,580 km2; land area: 1,084,390 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 6,743 km total; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400
|
|
km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since
|
|
the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca
|
|
water rights
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: high plateau, hills, lowland plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten,
|
|
antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 25% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 52% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to
|
|
efficient fuel combustion; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's
|
|
highest navigable lake, with Peru
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,706,854 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 125 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bolivian(s); adjective Bolivian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially
|
|
Evangelical Methodist
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 63%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,700,000; 50% agriculture, 26% services and utilities,
|
|
10% manufacturing, 4% mining, 10% other (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry,
|
|
construction, and transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers'
|
|
Central (COB) labor federation
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Bolivia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of
|
|
judiciary)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, El Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando,
|
|
Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 2 February 1967
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
|
|
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jaime
|
|
PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO Sanjines
|
|
(since 6 August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Movement of the Revolutionary
|
|
Left (MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN),
|
|
Hugo Banzer Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo
|
|
Sanchez de Lozada; United Left (IU), coalition of leftist parties which
|
|
includes Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), led by Antonio Aranibar,
|
|
Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P) led by Walter Delgadillo,
|
|
and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto Ramirez; Conscience of
|
|
the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos Palenque Aviles; Revolutionary
|
|
Vanguard-9th of April (VR-9), Carlos Serrate Reich
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single)
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993);
|
|
results--Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo Banzer Suarez
|
|
(ADN) 22%, Jaime Paz Zamora (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a
|
|
majority of the popular vote; Jaime Paz Zamora (MIR) formed a
|
|
coalition with Hugo Banzer (ADN); with ADN support Paz Zamora
|
|
won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated
|
|
on 6 August;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 8, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May
|
|
1993); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 38, MIR 30, IU 10, CONDEPA 9,
|
|
VR-9 3
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
|
|
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at
|
|
3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410
|
|
through 4412; there are Bolivian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert GELBARD; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building,
|
|
corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425,
|
|
La Paz, or APO Miami 34032); telephone p591o (2) 350251 or 350120
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with
|
|
the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana,
|
|
which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between
|
|
1980 and 1985 as La Paz financed growing budget deficits by expanding
|
|
the money supply and inflation spiraled--peaking at 11,700%. An austere
|
|
orthodox economic program adopted by newly elected President Paz
|
|
Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded in reducing inflation to between
|
|
10% and 20% annually during 1987 and 1989, eventually restarting
|
|
economic growth. President Paz Zamora has pledged to retain the economic
|
|
policies of the previous government in order to keep inflation down
|
|
and continue the growth begun under his predecessor. Nevertheless,
|
|
Bolivia continues to be one of the poorest countries in Latin
|
|
America, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for
|
|
its limited exports--mainly minerals and natural gas. Moreover,
|
|
for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's
|
|
work force, the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine
|
|
processing.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $4.6 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate 2.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2,867 million; expenditures $2,867 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $663 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $634 million (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--metals 45%, natural gas 32%, coffee, soybeans,
|
|
sugar, cotton, timber, and illicit drugs;
|
|
partners--US 23%, Argentina
|
|
|
|
Imports: $786 million (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods;
|
|
partners--US 15%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.7 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 817,000 kW capacity; 1,728 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco,
|
|
handicrafts, clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces the largest
|
|
revenues
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP (including forestry and
|
|
fisheries); principal commodities--coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice,
|
|
potatoes, timber; self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: world's second-largest producer of coca
|
|
(after Peru) with an estimated 54,000 hectares under cultivation;
|
|
government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit and subject to
|
|
eradication; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or
|
|
through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug
|
|
markets
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $909 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$1.4 billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $340 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: boliviano (plural--bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100
|
|
centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1--2.6917 (1989), 2.3502
|
|
(1988), 2.0549 (1987), 1.9220 (1986), 0.4400 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,643 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km
|
|
0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km
|
|
improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; refined products 580 km; natural gas
|
|
1,495 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile and
|
|
Matarani in Peru
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051
|
|
GRT/22,155 DWT; note--1 is owned by the Bolivian Navy
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 636 total, 551 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 110 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: radio relay system being expanded; improved
|
|
international services; 144,300 telephones; stations--129 AM, no FM, 43 TV,
|
|
68 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy, Bolivian Air Force (literally,
|
|
the Army of the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force of the Nation)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,629,154; 1,060,187 fit for military
|
|
service; 70,528 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Botswana
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 600,370 km2; land area: 585,370 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,013 km total; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km,
|
|
Zimbabwe 813 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Namibia is indefinite;
|
|
quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement
|
|
|
|
Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert
|
|
in southwest
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash,
|
|
coal, iron ore, silver, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 75% meadows and pastures;
|
|
2% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had
|
|
severely affected the important cattle industry; overgrazing; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; very long boundary with South Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,224,527 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 58 years male, 64 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun and adjective--Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% Batswana; about 4% Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi;
|
|
about 1% white
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), Setswana
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 60%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 400,000; 163,000 formal sector employees, most others
|
|
are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1988 est.);
|
|
19,000 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 19 trade unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Botswana
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Gaborone
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi,
|
|
Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern;
|
|
note--in addition, there may now be 4 town councils named Francistown,
|
|
Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Pikwe
|
|
|
|
Independence: 30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law;
|
|
judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Botswana Day, 30 September (1966)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
|
House of Chiefs and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since
|
|
13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett
|
|
Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma; Botswana People's Party
|
|
(BPP), Knight Maripe; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho;
|
|
Botswana Progressive Union (BPU), Daniel Kwele
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October
|
|
1994);
|
|
results--President Quett K. J. Masire was reelected by the National
|
|
Assembly;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 7 October 1989 (next to be
|
|
held October 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(34 total, 30 elected) BDP 31, BNF 3
|
|
|
|
Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history
|
|
of Communist contacts
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African
|
|
Customs Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley
|
|
SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 404, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-4990 or 4991;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate David PASSAGE; Deputy Chief of Mission
|
|
Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Botswana Road, Gaborone
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 90, Gaborone); telephone p267o 353982
|
|
through 353984
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe
|
|
in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and
|
|
crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for over 80% of the
|
|
population, but produces only about 50% of food needs and contributes
|
|
a small 5% to GDP. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of
|
|
the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the
|
|
strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50%
|
|
in 1988. No other sector has experienced such growth, especially not
|
|
that of the agricultural sector, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor
|
|
soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. A scarce resource base
|
|
limits diversification into labor-intensive industries.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.87 billion, per capita $1,600; real growth rate 8.4%
|
|
(FY88)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.45% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1,235 million; expenditures $1,080 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY90 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--diamonds 88%, copper and nickel 5%, meat 4%, cattle, animal
|
|
products;
|
|
partners--Switzerland, US, UK, other EC-associated members of
|
|
Southern African Customs Union
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products;
|
|
partners--Switzerland, US, UK, other EC-associated members of Southern
|
|
African Customs Union
|
|
|
|
External debt: $700 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 16.8% (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 217,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced,
|
|
510 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: livestock processing; mining of diamonds, copper,
|
|
nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence
|
|
farming predominates; cattle raising supports 50% of the population;
|
|
must import large share of food needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $242 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.6 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$24 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: pula (plural--pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: pula (P) per US$1--1.8734 (January 1990), 2.0125 (1989),
|
|
1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987), 1.8678 (1986), 1.8882 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 712 km 1.0 67-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or
|
|
gravel, 5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 99 total, 87 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines,
|
|
radio relay links, and a few radiocommunication stations; 17,900 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 249,480; 131,304 fit for military
|
|
service; 14,363 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.2% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bouvet Island
|
|
(territory of Norway)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 58 km2; land area: 58 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 29.6 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 4 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: antarctic
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters;
|
|
coast is mostly inacessible
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: covered by glacial ice
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km
|
|
south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Norway
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: automatic meteorological station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Brazil
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 8,511,965 km2; land area: 8,456,510 km2; includes
|
|
Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade,
|
|
Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than the US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 14,691 km total; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km,
|
|
Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km,
|
|
Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 7,491 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of
|
|
Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short
|
|
sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute (Arroyo de la
|
|
Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of
|
|
the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay); claims a Zone of Interest in Antarctica
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,
|
|
mountains, and narrow coastal belt
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium,
|
|
phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
|
67% forest and woodland; 6% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south;
|
|
deforestation in Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro
|
|
and Sao Paulo
|
|
|
|
Note: largest country in South America; shares common boundaries
|
|
with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 152,505,077 (July 1990), growth rate 1.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 69 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Brazilian(s); adjective--Brazilian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black,
|
|
Amerindian; 55% white, 38% mixed, 6% black, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic (nominal)
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 76%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 57,000,000 (1989 est.); 42% services, 31% agriculture,
|
|
27% industry
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federative Republic of Brazil
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Brasilia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 states (estados, singular--estado),
|
|
2 territories* (territorios, singular--territorio), and 1 federal district**
|
|
(distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa*, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara,
|
|
Distrito Federal**, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato
|
|
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana,
|
|
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul,
|
|
Rondonia, Roraima*, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins;
|
|
note--the territories of Amapa and Roraima will become states
|
|
on 15 March 1991
|
|
|
|
Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 October 1988
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
|
|
Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Fernando
|
|
Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice President
|
|
Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Reconstruction Party (PRN),
|
|
Daniel Tourinho, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),
|
|
Ulysses Guimaraes, president; Liberal Front Party (PFL), Hugo
|
|
Napoleao, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio (Lula) da
|
|
Silva, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz Gonzaga de Paiva
|
|
Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Doutel de Andrade,
|
|
president; Democratic Social Party (PDS), Jarbas Passarinho, president;
|
|
Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Mario Covas, president;
|
|
Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), Salomao Malina, secretary general;
|
|
Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao Amazonas, president
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70;
|
|
voluntary at age 70
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17
|
|
December 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
|
|
results--Fernando Collor de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da Silva 47%;
|
|
first free, direct presidential election since 1960;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 15 November 1986 (next to be held 3 October
|
|
1990); results--PMDB 60%, PFL 21%, PDS 8%, PDT 3%, others 8%;
|
|
seats--(66 total) PMDB 43, PFL 15, PDS 6, PDT 2, others 6; note--as of
|
|
1990 Senate has 75 seats;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 15 November 1986 (next to
|
|
be held 3 October 1990);
|
|
results--PMDB 53%, PFL 23%, PDS 7%, PDT 5%, other 12%;
|
|
seats--(495 total) PMDB 258, PFL 114, PDS 33, PDT 24, others 58;
|
|
note--as of 1990 Chamber of Deputies has 570 seats
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 30,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: left wing of the Catholic Church
|
|
and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's
|
|
social and economic policies
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
|
|
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Marcilio Marques MOREIRA; Chancery
|
|
at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700;
|
|
there are Brazilian Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami,
|
|
New Orleans, and New York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nocoes,
|
|
Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO Miami 34030);
|
|
telephone p55o (6) 321-7272; there are US Consulates General in Rio de Janeiro
|
|
and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in Porto Alegre and Recife
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue
|
|
celestial globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged
|
|
in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white
|
|
equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy, a mixture of private enterprises of all
|
|
sizes and extensive government intervention, experienced enormous
|
|
difficulties in the late 1980s, notably declining real growth, runaway
|
|
inflation, foreign debt obligations of more than $100 billion, and
|
|
uncertain economic policy. Government intervention includes trade and
|
|
investment restrictions, wage/price controls, interest and exchange rate
|
|
controls, and extensive tariff barriers. Ownership of major industrial
|
|
facilities is divided among private interests, the government, and
|
|
multinational companies. Ownership in agriculture likewise is varied,
|
|
with the government intervening in the politically sensitive
|
|
issues involving large landowners and the masses of poor peasants.
|
|
In consultation with the IMF, the Brazilian Government has initiated
|
|
several programs over the last few years to ameliorate the stagnation
|
|
and foreign debt problems. None of these has given more than temporary
|
|
relief. The strategy of the new Collor government is to increase
|
|
the pace of privatization, encourage foreign trade and investment,
|
|
and establish a more realistic exchange rate. One long-run strength
|
|
is the existence of vast natural resources.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $377 billion, per capita $2,500; real growth rate 3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,765% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2.5% (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $27.8 billion; expenditures $40.1 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $8.8 billion (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $34.2 billion (1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--coffee, metallurgical products, chemical products,
|
|
foodstuffs, iron ore, automobiles and parts;
|
|
partners--US 28%, EC 26%, Latin America 11%, Japan 6% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $18.0 billion (1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs,
|
|
coal;
|
|
partners--Middle East and Africa 24%, EC 22%, US 21%, Latin
|
|
America 12%, Japan 6% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $109 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 52,865,000 kW capacity; 202,280 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement,
|
|
lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital
|
|
goods, tin
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP; world's largest producer and
|
|
exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest exporter of
|
|
soybeans; other products--rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient
|
|
in food, except for wheat
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for
|
|
domestic consumption; government has an active eradication program
|
|
to control cannabis and coca cultivation
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.5 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $9.5 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$1.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: novo cruzado (plural--novos cruzados);
|
|
1 novo cruzado (NCr$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: novos cruzados (NCr$) per US$1--2.83392 (1989),
|
|
0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987), 0.01366 (1986), 0.00620 (1985); note--
|
|
25 tourist/parallel rate (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 29,694 km total; 25,268 km 1.000-meter gauge, 4,339 km
|
|
1.600-meter gauge, 74 km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge,
|
|
13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,308 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 3,804 km; natural gas,
|
|
1,095 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre,
|
|
Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 271 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,855,708
|
|
GRT/9,909,097 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 68 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
12 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 56 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 14 combination ore/oil,
|
|
82 bulk, 2 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3,774 total, 3,106 usable; 386 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,240-3,659 m; 503 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good system; extensive radio relay facilities;
|
|
9.86 million telephones; stations--1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave;
|
|
3 coaxial submarine cables 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations with total
|
|
of 3 antennas; 64 domestic satellite stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil, Brazilian Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,620,936; 26,752,307 fit for military
|
|
service; 1,617,378 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.6% of GDP, or $2.3 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 698 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Diego Garcia is claimed by Mauritius
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coconuts, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: archipelago of 2,300 islands
|
|
|
|
Note: Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies
|
|
strategic location in central Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000
|
|
islanders
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to
|
|
Mauritius before construction of UK and US defense facilities
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form
|
|
name); abbreviated BIOT
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: none
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Commissioner R. EDIS (since NA 1988),
|
|
Administrator Robin CROMPTON (since NA 1988);
|
|
note--both officials reside in the UK
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory
|
|
of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of the UK is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: All economic activity is concentrated on the largest
|
|
island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located.
|
|
Construction projects and various services needed to support the military
|
|
installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK and US.
|
|
There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands.
|
|
|
|
Electricity: provided by the US military
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on
|
|
Diego Garcia
|
|
|
|
Ports: Diego Garcia
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: minimal facilities; stations (operated by the
|
|
US Navy)--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: British Virgin Islands
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 150 km2; land area: 150 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 80 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 33% meadows and pastures;
|
|
7% forest and woodland; 33% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July
|
|
to October
|
|
|
|
Note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 12,258 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--British Virgin Islander(s); adjective--British
|
|
Virgin Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: over 90% black, remainder of white and Asian origin
|
|
|
|
Religion: majority Methodist; others include Anglican, Church of God,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,911 (1980)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Road Town
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 June 1977
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Territory Day, 1 July
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister,
|
|
Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
|
|
Governor John Mark Ambrose HERDMAN (since NA 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: United Party (UP), Conrad Maduro;
|
|
Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity Stoutt; Independent
|
|
People's Movement (IPM), Cyril B. Romney
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held 30 September 1986 (next to be
|
|
held by September 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(9 total) UP 2, VIP 5, IPM 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Member of: Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the
|
|
coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical
|
|
column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word
|
|
VIGILATE (Be Watchful)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is highly dependent on the tourist industry,
|
|
which generates about 21% of the national income. In 1985 the government
|
|
offered offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in
|
|
the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million
|
|
in 1987. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The
|
|
islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $106.7 million, per capita $8,900; real growth rate 2.5% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.7% (January 1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $26.2 million; expenditures $25.4 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--rum, fresh fish,
|
|
gravel, sand, fruits, animals; partners--Virgin Islands (US),
|
|
Puerto Rico, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $72.0 million (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--building
|
|
materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery; partners--Virgin Islands
|
|
(US), Puerto Rico, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.5 million (1985)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.0% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 13,500 kW capacity; 59 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,870 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block,
|
|
offshore financial center
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Road Town
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
|
|
less than 1,220 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone
|
|
service; submarine cable communication links to Bermuda; stations--1 AM,
|
|
no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Brunei
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5,770 km2; land area: 5,270 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 381 km with Malaysia
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 161 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides
|
|
the country
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland
|
|
in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
79% forest and woodland; 18% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare
|
|
|
|
Note: close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking
|
|
Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost
|
|
an enclave of Malaysia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 372,108 (July 1990), growth rate 7.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 23 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 52 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bruneian(s); adjective--Bruneian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 64% Malay, 20% Chinese, 16% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 60% Muslim (official); 8% Christian; 32% Buddhist and
|
|
indigenous beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: Malay (official), English, and Chinese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 45%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor
|
|
force is foreign (1988); 50.4% production of oil, natural gas, and
|
|
construction; 47.6% trade, services, and other; 2.0% agriculture,
|
|
forestry, and fishing (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Negara Brunei Darussalam
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional sultanate
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular--daerah);
|
|
Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1984 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended
|
|
under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since
|
|
independence on 1 January 1984)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 23 February (1984)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
(Majlis Masyuarat Megeri)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Sultan and Prime Minister Sir Muda
|
|
HASSANAL BOLKIAH Muizzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Brunei National United Party
|
|
(inactive), Anak Hasanuddin, chairman; Brunei National Democratic Party
|
|
(the first legal political party and now banned) Abdul Latif
|
|
bin Abdul Hamid, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held in March 1962; in 1970
|
|
the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the sultan
|
|
and no elections are planned
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Member of: ASEAN, ESCAP (associate member), IMO, INTERPOL, OIC, UN
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dato Paduka Haji MOHAMED SUNI
|
|
bin Haji Idris; Chancery at 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
|
telephone (202) 342-0159; US--Ambassador Christopher H. PHILLIPS;
|
|
Embassy at Teck Guan Plaza (corner of Jalan McArthur), Bandar Seri
|
|
Begawan (mailing address is P. O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan);
|
|
telephone p673o (2) 29670
|
|
|
|
Flag: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width)
|
|
and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is
|
|
superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of
|
|
a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two
|
|
upraised hands
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic
|
|
entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and
|
|
village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of
|
|
crude oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector
|
|
accounting for more than 70% of GDP. Per capita GDP of $9,600
|
|
is among the highest in the Third World, and substantial income from
|
|
overseas investment supplements domestic production. The government
|
|
provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3.3 billion, per capita $9,600; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: 2.5%, shortage of skilled labor (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.2 billion (1987); expenditures $1.6 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.07 billion (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products;
|
|
partners--Japan 55% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $800 million (c.i.f., 1987);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport equipment, manufactured
|
|
goods; food, beverages, tobacco; consumer goods;
|
|
partners--Singapore 31%, US 20%, Japan 6% (1986)
|
|
|
|
External debt: none
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,580 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, liquefied natural gas, construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops
|
|
and livestock include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $143.7 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Bruneian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar
|
|
(B$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1--1.8895 (January 1990),
|
|
1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985);
|
|
note--the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another
|
|
52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kuala Belait, Muara
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
348,476 GRT/340,635 DWT
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 418 km;
|
|
natural gas, 920 km
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757-200,
|
|
1 Boeing 737-200)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
|
runway over 3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present
|
|
needs; international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage
|
|
good; 33,000 telephones (1987); stations--4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers
|
|
(1987); satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, including air wing, navy, and ground
|
|
forces; British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Police; Gurkha Reserve Unit
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 104,398; 60,242 fit for military service;
|
|
3,106 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $197.6 million, 17% of central government budget
|
|
(FY86)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Bulgaria
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 110,910 km2; land area: 110,550 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,881 km total; Greece 494 km, Romania 608 km,
|
|
Turkey 240 km, Yugoslavia 539 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 354 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Macedonia question with Greece and Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber,
|
|
arable land
|
|
|
|
Land use: 34% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
|
|
35% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 11% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation;
|
|
air pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key
|
|
land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,933,544 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Bulgarian(s); adjective--Bulgarian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5% Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5%
|
|
Macedonian, 0.3% Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian
|
|
Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5%
|
|
Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic
|
|
breakdown
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,300,000; 33% industry, 20% agriculture, 47% other (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: all workers are members of the Central Council of
|
|
Trade Unions (CCTU); Pod Krepa (Support), an independent trade union,
|
|
legally registered in January 1990
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state, but democratic elections planned for 1990
|
|
|
|
Capital: Sofia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces (oblasti, singular--oblast)
|
|
and 1 city* (grad); Burgas, Grad Sofiya*, Khaskovo, Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad,
|
|
Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna
|
|
|
|
Independence: 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 May 1971, effective 18 May 1971
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in the State Council; has accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Socialist Revolution in Bulgaria,
|
|
9 September (1944)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
four deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranyie)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Petur Toshev MLADENOV (chairman of
|
|
the State Council since 11 November 1989; became president
|
|
on 3 April 1990 when the State Council was abolished);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Andrey LUKANOV (since 3 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the
|
|
Council of Ministers Chudomir Asenov ALEKSANDROV (since 8 February
|
|
1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Belcho Antonov BELCHEV
|
|
(since 8 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Konstantin Dimitrov KOSEV (since 8 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of
|
|
the Council of Ministers Nora Krachunova ANANIEVA (since 8 February 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP),
|
|
Aleksandur Lilov, chairman; Bulgarian National Agrarian
|
|
Union (BZNS), Angel Angelov Dimitrov, secretary of Permanent Board;
|
|
Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, Petur Dentlieu; Green Party;
|
|
Christian Democrats; Radical Democratic Party; others forming
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chairman of the State Council--last held 17 June 1986
|
|
(next to be held 10 and 17 June 1990);
|
|
results--Todor Zhivkov reelected but was replaced by
|
|
Petur Toshev Mladenov on 11 November 1989;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 8 June 1986 (next to be held
|
|
10 and 17 June 1990); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(400 total) BKP 276, BZNS 99, others 25
|
|
|
|
Communists: 932,055 party members (April 1986)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Democratic Forces
|
|
(umbrella organization for opposition groups); Ecoglenost, Podkrepa
|
|
Independent Trade Union, Fatherland Front, Communist Youth Union, Central
|
|
Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of
|
|
Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Committee
|
|
of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet
|
|
Friendship; Union of Democratic Forces, a coalition of about a
|
|
dozen dissident groups; numerous regional and national interest
|
|
groups with various agendas
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO,
|
|
IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Velichko Filipov VELICHKOV;
|
|
Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-7969;
|
|
US--Ambassador Sol POLANSKY; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard,
|
|
Sofia (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone p359o (2) 88-48-01
|
|
through 05
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red with the
|
|
national emblem on the hoist side of the white stripe; the emblem contains a
|
|
rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and
|
|
above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and
|
|
1944 (liberation from Nazi control)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Growth in the sluggish Bulgarian economy fell to the
|
|
2% annual level in the 1980s, and by 1989 Sofia's foreign debt had
|
|
skyrocketed to $10 billion--giving a debt service ratio of more
|
|
than 40% of hard currency earnings. The post-Zhivkov regime
|
|
faces major problems of renovating an aging industrial plant,
|
|
keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments,
|
|
investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric
|
|
power from nuclear energy reached 37% in 1988), and motivating workers,
|
|
in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises.
|
|
A major decree of January 1989 summarized and extended
|
|
the government's economic restructuring efforts, which include a partial
|
|
decentralization of controls over production decisions and foreign trade.
|
|
The new regime promises more extensive reforms and eventually a market
|
|
economy. But the ruling group cannot (so far) bring itself to give
|
|
up ultimate control over economic affairs exercised through the vertical
|
|
Party/ministerial command structure. Reforms have not
|
|
led to improved economic performance, in particular the provision of more
|
|
and better consumer goods. A further blow to the economy was the exodus
|
|
of 310,000 ethnic Turks in mid-1989, which caused temporary shortages
|
|
of skilled labor in glassware, aluminum, and other industrial plants
|
|
and in tobacco fields.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $51.2 billion, per capita $5,710; real growth rate - 0.1%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $28 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $20.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment 60.5%; agricultural products 14.7%;
|
|
manufactured consumer goods 10.6%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals
|
|
8.5%; other 5.7%;
|
|
partners--Socialist countries 82.5% (USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia
|
|
4.9%); developed countries 6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%); less developed
|
|
countries 10.7% (Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--fuels, minerals, and raw materials 45.2%; machinery and
|
|
equipment 39.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.6%; agricultural products 3.8%;
|
|
other 6.6%;
|
|
partners--Socialist countries 80.5% (USSR 57.5%, GDR 5.7%), developed
|
|
countries 15.1% (FRG 4.8%, Austria 1.6%); less developed countries 4.4%
|
|
(Libya 1.0%, Brazil 0.9%)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $10 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
5,000 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, machine and metal building,
|
|
electronics, chemicals
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP; climate and soil conditions support
|
|
livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables,
|
|
fruits and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain;
|
|
world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producer
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--$1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1956-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: lev (plural--leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1--0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988),
|
|
0.90 (1987), 0.95 (1986), 1.03 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 4,294 km total, all government owned (1986); 4,049 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 908 km double track; 2,342 km
|
|
electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 37,397 km total; 33,352 km hard surface (including 228 km
|
|
superhighways); 4,045 km earth roads (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 470 km (1986)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product, 418 km; natural gas, 1,400 km
|
|
(1986)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom
|
|
on the Danube
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 108 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,240,204
|
|
GRT/1,872,723 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 container,
|
|
1 passenger-cargo training, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 16 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 railcar carriers, 48 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 65 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--15 AM, 16 FM, 13 TV; 1 Soviet TV relay;
|
|
2,100,000 TV sets; 2,100,000 radio receivers; at least 1 satellite earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Bulgarian Navy, Air and Air
|
|
Defense Forces, Frontier Troops
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,177,404; 1,823,111 fit for military
|
|
service; 66,744 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.6051 billion leva (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Burkina
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 274,200 km2; land area: 273,800 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Colorado
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,192 km total; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km,
|
|
Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was
|
|
submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the
|
|
ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
|
|
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the
|
|
tripoint with Niger
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and
|
|
southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits
|
|
of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc,
|
|
silver
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 37% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 27% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting
|
|
marginal agricultural activities, population distribution, economy;
|
|
overgrazing; deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,077,828 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 52 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Burkinabe; adjective--Burkinabe
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about
|
|
2.5 million); other important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
|
|
and Fulani
|
|
|
|
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about 25% Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly
|
|
Roman Catholic)
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family,
|
|
spoken by 90% of the population
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 13.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,300,000 residents; 30,000 are wage earners;
|
|
82% agriculture, 13% industry, 5% commerce, services, and government; 20% of
|
|
male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal
|
|
employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: four principal trade union groups represent less than 1%
|
|
of population
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Burkina Faso
|
|
|
|
Type: military; established by coup on 4 August 1983
|
|
|
|
Capital: Ouagadougou
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba,
|
|
Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo,
|
|
Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri,
|
|
Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili,
|
|
Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo
|
|
|
|
Independence: 5 August 1960 (from France; formerly Upper Volta)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: none; constitution of 27 November 1977 was abolished
|
|
following coup of 25 November 1980
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: chairman of the Popular Front, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
was dissolved on 25 November 1980
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Appeals Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the
|
|
Popular Front Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: all political parties banned following
|
|
November 1980 coup
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: the National Assembly was dissolved 25 November 1980 and
|
|
no elections are scheduled
|
|
|
|
Communists: small Communist party front group; some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: committees for the defense of the
|
|
revolution, watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both
|
|
organizations and communities
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO,
|
|
GATT, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, OIC,
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul Desire KABORE;
|
|
Chancery at 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 332-5577 or 6895;
|
|
US--Ambassador David H. SHINN; Embassy at Avenue Raoul Follerau,
|
|
Ouagadougou (mailing address is B. P. 35, Ouagadougou);
|
|
telephone p226o 30-67-23 through 25
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow
|
|
five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina
|
|
has a high population density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile
|
|
soil. Economic development is hindered by a poor communications network within
|
|
a landlocked country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is
|
|
entirely of a subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable
|
|
government-controlled corporations, accounted for 13% of GDP in 1985.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.43 billion, per capita $170; real growth rate 7.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $422 million; expenditures $516 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $25 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $249 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold;
|
|
partners--EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%,
|
|
Ivory Coast 15% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $591 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--grain, dairy products, petroleum, machinery;
|
|
partners--EC 37% (France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US 15%
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $969 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 121,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 37 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing plants; brewery, cement, and brick
|
|
plants; a few other small consumer goods enterprises
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton; food
|
|
crops--sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
grains
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $271 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.5 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $94 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1--284.55 (January 1990),
|
|
319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Ivory Coast border and
|
|
100 km Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km
|
|
unimproved (1985)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 50 total, 43 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: all services only fair; radio relay, wire, and radio
|
|
communication stations in use; 13,900 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,775,143; 904,552 fit for military
|
|
service; no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Burma
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 678,500 km2; land area: 657,740 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,876 km total; Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km,
|
|
India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,930 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
|
|
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures,
|
|
lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper,
|
|
tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 15% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
49% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding
|
|
and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 41,277,389 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Burmese; adjective--Burmese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 68% Burman, 9% Shan, 7% Karen, 4% Rakhine, 3% Chinese,
|
|
2% Mon, 2% Indian, 5% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist beliefs, Muslim, Christian, or
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 78%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 16,036,000; 65.2% agriculture, 14.3% industry, 10.1% trade,
|
|
6.3% government, 4.1% other (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000 members, and
|
|
Peasants' Asiayone, 7,600,000 members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Union of Burma; note--the local official name is
|
|
Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw which has been translated as Union of Myanma
|
|
or Union of Myanmar
|
|
|
|
Type: military government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular--yin) and
|
|
7 states (pyine-mya, singular--pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State,
|
|
Karan State, Kayah State, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State,
|
|
Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tenasserim*
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: martial law in effect throughout most of the
|
|
country; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council,
|
|
State Law and Order Restoration Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw)
|
|
was dissolved after the coup of 18 September 1988
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Council of People's Justices was abolished after the
|
|
coup of 18 September 1988
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the State Law and Order
|
|
Restoration Council and Prime Minister Gen. SAW MAUNG (since 18
|
|
September 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National League for Democracy,
|
|
U Tin Oo and Aung San Suu Kyi; League for Democracy and Peace, U Nu;
|
|
National Unity Party (promilitary); over 100 other parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Assembly--last held 6-20 October 1985, but dissolved after
|
|
the coup of 18 September 1988; next scheduled 27 May 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(NA total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: several hundred, est., primarily as an insurgent group
|
|
on the northeast frontier
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army; Karen
|
|
National Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent groups); Burmese
|
|
Communist Party (BCP)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador U MYO AUNG; Chancery at
|
|
2300 S Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9044 through 9046;
|
|
there is a Burmese Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Burton LEVIN; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon
|
|
(mailing address is G. P. O. Box 521, Rangoon or
|
|
Box B, APO San Francisco 96346); telephone 82055 or 82181
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing,
|
|
all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of
|
|
rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Burma is one of the poorest countries in Asia, with a per
|
|
capita GDP of about $280. The government reports negligible growth
|
|
for FY88. The nation has been unable to achieve any significant
|
|
improvement in export earnings because of falling prices for many
|
|
of its major commodity exports. For rice, traditionally the most important
|
|
export, the drop in world prices has been accompanied by shrinking markets
|
|
and a smaller volume of sales. In 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export
|
|
and continues to hold this position. The economy is heavily dependent on the
|
|
agricultural sector, which generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment
|
|
for more than 65% of the work force.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $11.0 billion, per capita $280; real growth rate 0.2%
|
|
(FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22.6% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 10.4% in urban areas (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $5.0 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $311 million (f.o.b., FY88 est.)
|
|
commodities--teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems;
|
|
partners--Southeast Asia, India, China, EC, Africa
|
|
|
|
Imports: $536 million (c.i.f., FY88 est.)
|
|
commodities--machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products;
|
|
partners--Japan, EC, CEMA, China, Southeast Asia
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.6 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.5% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced, 70 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and
|
|
wood products; petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron;
|
|
construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fish and
|
|
forestry); self-sufficient in food; principal crops--paddy rice, corn,
|
|
oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; world's largest stand of hardwood trees;
|
|
rice and teak account for 55% of export revenues; 1985 fish catch of
|
|
644 million metric tons
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy
|
|
and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; opium
|
|
production is on the increase as growers respond to the collapse
|
|
of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $158 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.8 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $424 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: kyat (plural--kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1--6.5188 (January 1990), 6.7049 (1989),
|
|
6.3945 (1988), 6.6535 (1987), 7.3304 (1986), 8.4749 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter
|
|
gauge, 113 km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth
|
|
or gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial
|
|
vessels
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude, 1,343 km; natural gas, 330 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 595,814
|
|
GRT/955,924 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off,
|
|
1 vehicle carrier, 1 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 5 chemical, 16 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 88 total, 81 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37
|
|
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: meets minimum requirements for local and intercity
|
|
service; international service is good; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to
|
|
the most populous areas; 53,000 telephones (1986); stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
|
|
(1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 20,294,848; of the 10,135,886 males
|
|
15-49, 5,438,196 are fit for military service; of the 10,158,962 females 15-49,
|
|
5,437,518 are fit for military service; 434,200 males and 423,435 females
|
|
reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $315.0 million, 21.0% of central government budget
|
|
(FY88)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Burundi
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 27,830 km2; land area: 25,650 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 974 km total; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km,
|
|
Zaire 233 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt,
|
|
copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium
|
|
|
|
Land use: 43% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 35% meadows and pastures;
|
|
2% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,645,997 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 111 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Burundian(s); adjective--Burundi
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Africans--85% Hutu (Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1%
|
|
Twa (Pygmy); other Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and
|
|
Zairians; non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
|
|
|
|
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32%
|
|
indigenous beliefs, 1% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika
|
|
and in the Bujumbura area)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 33.8%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,900,000 (1983 est.); 93.0% agriculture, 4.0% government,
|
|
1.5% industry and commerce, 1.5% services; 52% of population of working age
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by
|
|
charter, membership is extended to all Burundi workers (informally); figures
|
|
denoting active membership unobtainable
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Burundi
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bujumbura
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi,
|
|
Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya,
|
|
Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
|
|
administration)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of
|
|
3 September 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and
|
|
customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Military Committee for National Salvation,
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
was dissolved following the coup of 3 September 1987
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26
|
|
October 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Party of
|
|
Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi-led party, Libere Bararunyeretse,
|
|
coordinator of the National Permanent Secretariat
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--dissolved after the coup of 3 September
|
|
1987; no elections are planned
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20007;
|
|
telephone (202) 342-2574;
|
|
US--Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; Embassy at Avenue du Zaire,
|
|
Bujumbura (mailing address is B. P. 1720, Bujumbura);
|
|
telephone 234-54 through 56
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom)
|
|
and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at
|
|
the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a
|
|
triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage
|
|
of economic development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only
|
|
a few basic industries. Its economic health is dependent on the coffee crop,
|
|
which accounts for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year.
|
|
The ability to pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the
|
|
vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $255; real growth rate 2.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $213 million; expenditures $292 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $131 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--coffee 88%, tea, hides and skins;
|
|
partners--EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $204 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs,
|
|
consumer goods;
|
|
partners--EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $795 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: real growth rate 5.1% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 51,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 19 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly
|
|
of imports; public works construction; food processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on
|
|
subsistence farming; marginally self-sufficient in food production;
|
|
cash crops--coffee, cotton, tea; food crops--corn, sorghum, sweet
|
|
potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock--meat, milk, hides, and skins
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $68 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $10 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$175 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Burundi franc (plural--francs); 1 Burundi franc
|
|
(FBu) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1--176.20 (January 1990),
|
|
158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123.56 (1987), 114.17 (1986), 120.69 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite,
|
|
3,000 km improved or unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of
|
|
Tanzania and Zaire
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none
|
|
with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and
|
|
low-capacity radio relay links; 8,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV;
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,230,559; 642,927 fit for military
|
|
service; 61,418 reach military age (16) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cambodia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 181,040 km2; land area: 176,520 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,572 km total; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km,
|
|
Vietnam 1,228 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 443 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the
|
|
boundary with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam
|
|
not defined; occupied by Vietnam on 25 December 1978
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season
|
|
(December to March); little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,
|
|
phosphates, hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 16% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
76% forest and woodland; 4% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River
|
|
and Tonle Sap
|
|
|
|
Note: buffer between Thailand and Vietnam
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,991,107 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 128 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 47 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cambodian(s); adjective--Cambodian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambodian), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Khmer (official), French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 48%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2.5-3.0 million; 80% agriculture (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under
|
|
government control
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: disputed between the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
|
|
(CGDK) led by Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK and the People's Republic of Kampuchea
|
|
(PRK) led by HENG SAMRIN
|
|
|
|
Capital: Phnom Penh
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and
|
|
1 autonomous municipality* (rottatheanei, singular and plural);
|
|
Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe,
|
|
Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh,
|
|
Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear,
|
|
Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey,
|
|
Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev; note--there may be a new province of
|
|
Banteay Meanchey and Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey may have been
|
|
divided into two provinces named Siemreab and Otdar Meanchey
|
|
|
|
Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 27 June 1981
|
|
|
|
National holidays: CGDK--Independence Day, 17 April (1975);
|
|
PRK--Liberation Day, 7 January (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: CGDK--president, prime minister; PRK--chairman of the
|
|
Council of State, Council of State, chairman of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: CGDK--none; PRK--unicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: CGDK--none; PRK--Supreme People's Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--CGDK--President Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK
|
|
(since NA July 1982); PRK--Chairman of the Council of State HENG SAMRIN
|
|
(since 27 June 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--CGDK--Prime Minister SON SANN (since NA July
|
|
1982);
|
|
PRK--Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: CGDK--three resistance groups including
|
|
Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under Khieu Samphan,
|
|
Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann, and National
|
|
United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia
|
|
(FUNCINPEC) under Prince Norodom Sihanouk; PRK--Kampuchean People's
|
|
Revolutionary Party (KPRP) led by Heng Samrin
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
CGDK--none;
|
|
|
|
PRK--National Assembly--last held 1 May 1981; in February 1986 the
|
|
Assembly voted to extend its term for five years (next to be
|
|
held by March 1990); results--KPRP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(123 total) KPRP 123
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee
|
|
(inactive), NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
CGDK--red with the yellow silhouette of a stylized three-towered temple
|
|
representing Angkor Wat in the center;
|
|
|
|
Non-Communists--three horizontal bands of blue, red (double width),
|
|
and blue with a white stylized temple representing Angkor Wat centered on
|
|
the red band;
|
|
|
|
PRK--red with the yellow silhouette of a stylized five-towered temple
|
|
representing Angkor Wat in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic
|
|
development has been stymied by deadly political infighting. The
|
|
economy is based on agriculture and related industries. Over the
|
|
past decade Cambodia has been slowly recovering from its near destruction
|
|
by war and political upheaval. It still remains, however, one of the
|
|
world's poorest countries, with an estimated per capita GDP of about
|
|
$130. The food situation is precarious; during the 1980s famine has
|
|
been averted only through international relief. In 1986 the production level
|
|
of rice, the staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The
|
|
biggest success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber
|
|
plantings and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is
|
|
almost nonexistent. Foreign trade is primarily with the USSR and Vietnam.
|
|
Statistical data on the economy continues to be sparse and unreliable.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $890 million, per capita $130; real growth rate 0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Exports: $32 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood;
|
|
partners--Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
|
|
|
|
Imports: $147 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--international food aid; fuels, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
|
|
|
|
External debt: $600 million (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 126,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced,
|
|
21 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber,
|
|
cement, gem mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations;
|
|
main crops--rice, rubber, corn; food shortages--rice, meat, vegetables, dairy
|
|
products, sugar, flour
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $719 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries (1970-85), $270 million; Communist countries
|
|
(1970-88), $950 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: riel (plural--riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1--218 (November 1989)
|
|
100.00 (1987), 30.00 (1986), 7.00 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone,
|
|
gravel, or improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6
|
|
meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh
|
|
|
|
Airports: 22 total, 9 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: service barely adequate for government requirements
|
|
and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to
|
|
Vietnam and other adjacent countries; stations--1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: PRK--People's Republic of Kampuchea Armed Forces;
|
|
Communist resistance forces--National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
|
|
(Khmer Rouge); non-Communist resistance forces--Sihanoukist National
|
|
Army (ANS) and Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,857,129; 1,025,456 fit for military
|
|
service; 61,649 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cameroon
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 475,440 km2; land area: 469,440 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,591 km total; Central African Republic 797 km,
|
|
Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km,
|
|
Nigeria 1,690 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 402 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 50 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: exact locations of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and
|
|
Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have not been determined, so the
|
|
boundary has not been demarcated and border incidents have resulted; Nigerian
|
|
proposals to reopen maritime boundary negotiations and redemarcate the entire
|
|
land boundary have been rejected by Cameroon
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid
|
|
and hot in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: diverse with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau
|
|
in center, mountains in west, plains in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber,
|
|
hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 13% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
|
|
54% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases;
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 11,092,470 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 120 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 53 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cameroonian(s); adjective--Cameroonian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31%
|
|
Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8%
|
|
Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1%
|
|
non-African
|
|
|
|
Religion: 51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Christian, 16% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: English and French (official), 24 major African language groups
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 56.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 74.4% agriculture, 11.4% industry and transport,
|
|
14.2% other services (1983); 50% of population of working age (15-64 years)
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Cameroon
|
|
|
|
Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential regime
|
|
|
|
Capital: Yaounde
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est,
|
|
Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under
|
|
French administration; formerly French Cameroon)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 20 May 1972
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law
|
|
influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government President Paul BIYA (since
|
|
6 November 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Cameroon People's
|
|
Democratic Movement (RDPC), Paul Biya, president
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 24 April 1988 (next to be held April 1993);
|
|
results--President Paul Biya reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 24 April 1988 (next to be
|
|
held April 1993);
|
|
results--RDPC is the only party;
|
|
seats--(180 total) RDPC 180
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party or significant number of sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon People's Union (UPC),
|
|
remains an illegal group with its factional leaders in exile
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
|
|
NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul PONDI; Chancery at
|
|
2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-8790
|
|
through 8794;
|
|
US--Ambassador Frances COOK; Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 817, Yaounde); telephone p237o 234014; there is a
|
|
US Consulate General in Douala
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow
|
|
with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Over the past decade the economy has registered a remarkable
|
|
performance because of the development of an offshore oil industry. Real
|
|
GDP growth annually averaged 10% from 1978 to 1985. In 1986 Cameroon had one of
|
|
the highest levels of income per capita in tropical Africa, with oil revenues
|
|
picking up the slack as growth in other sectors softened. Because of the sharp
|
|
drop in oil prices, however, the economy is now experiencing serious budgetary
|
|
difficulties and balance-of-payments disequalibrium. Oil reserves currently
|
|
being exploited will be depleted in the early 1990s, so ways must be found to
|
|
boost agricultural and industrial exports in the medium term. The Sixth
|
|
Cameroon Development Plan (1986-91) stresses balanced development and designates
|
|
agriculture as the basis of the country's economic future.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $12.9 billion, per capita $955; real growth rate - 8.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.6% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.17 billion; expenditures $2.17 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $833 million (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures;
|
|
partners--EC (particularly the Netherlands) about 50%, US 3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment,
|
|
chemical products, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--France 42%, Japan 7%, US 4%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 6.4% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 752,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced,
|
|
270 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil products, small aluminum plant, food processing,
|
|
light consumer goods industries, sawmills
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for
|
|
the majority of the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and
|
|
providing a high degree of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and
|
|
food crops include coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed,
|
|
grains, livestock, root starches
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $400 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.9 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$120 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter
|
|
gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km bituminous,
|
|
30,000 km unimproved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth, and improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance
|
|
|
|
Ports: Douala
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 61 total, 54 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and
|
|
radio relay; 26,000 telephones; stations--10 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,553,867; 1,286,831 fit for military
|
|
service; 121,773 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.7% of GDP, or $219 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Canada
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 9,976,140 km2; land area: 9,220,970 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 243,791 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with France (St. Pierre and Miquelon)
|
|
and US
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash,
|
|
silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 5% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
35% forest and woodland; 57% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border;
|
|
continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development
|
|
|
|
Note: second-largest country in world (after USSR); strategic
|
|
location between USSR and US via north polar route
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 26,538,229 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Canadian(s); adjective--Canadian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 40% British Isles origin, 27% French origin, 20% other
|
|
European, 1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
|
|
|
|
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United Church, 10% Anglican
|
|
|
|
Language: English and French (both official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%,
|
|
construction 3%, other 4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid
|
|
workers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Ottawa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta,
|
|
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland,
|
|
Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,
|
|
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to
|
|
Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil
|
|
law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or House of Commons
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January
|
|
1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since
|
|
4 September 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since
|
|
NA June 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Conservative, Brian Mulroney;
|
|
Liberal, John Turner; New Democratic, Audrey McLaughlin
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Commons--last held 21 November 1988 (next to be
|
|
held by November 1993);
|
|
results--Progressive Conservative 43.0%, Liberal 32%,
|
|
New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%;
|
|
seats--(295 total) Progressive Conservative 170, Liberal 82, New
|
|
Democratic Party 43
|
|
|
|
Communists: 3,000
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC,
|
|
ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at
|
|
1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1400;
|
|
there are Canadian Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago,
|
|
Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia,
|
|
San Francisco, and Seattle;
|
|
US--Ambassador Edward N. NEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street,
|
|
K1P 5T1, Ottawa (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669);
|
|
telephone (613) 238-5335; there are US Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax,
|
|
Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver
|
|
|
|
Flag: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width,
|
|
square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada
|
|
today closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented
|
|
economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the
|
|
impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has
|
|
transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily
|
|
industrial and urban. In the 1980s Canada registered one of the highest
|
|
rates of growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 4%. With its
|
|
great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant,
|
|
Canada has excellent economic prospects. In mid-1990, however, the
|
|
long-simmering problems between English- and French-speaking areas
|
|
became so acute that observers spoke openly of a possible split in the
|
|
confederation; foreign investors were becoming edgy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $513.6 billion, per capita $19,600; real growth rate
|
|
2.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $79.2 billion; expenditures $102.0 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $127.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--newsprint, wood pulp, timber, grain, crude petroleum,
|
|
natural gas, ferrous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles;
|
|
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, USSR
|
|
|
|
Imports: $116.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--processed foods, beverages, crude petroleum, chemicals,
|
|
industrial machinery, motor vehicles, durable consumer goods, electronic
|
|
computers;
|
|
partners--US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico
|
|
|
|
External debt: $247 billion (1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 103,746,000 kW capacity; 472,580 million kWh produced,
|
|
17,960 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and
|
|
paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum
|
|
and natural gas
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers
|
|
and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural
|
|
imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial
|
|
fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is
|
|
exported
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic
|
|
drug market
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $2.2 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Canadian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Canadian dollar
|
|
(Can$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1--1.1714 (January
|
|
1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987), 1.3895 (1986),
|
|
1.3655 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 80,095 km total; 79,917 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
|
(includes 129 km electrified); 178 km 0.915-meter narrow gauge (mostly unused);
|
|
two major transcontinental freight railway systems--Canadian National
|
|
(government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger service--VIA
|
|
(government operated)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved),
|
|
171,336 km earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including St. Lawrence Seaway
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas, 74,980 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick),
|
|
St. John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 78 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 555,749 GRT/774,914
|
|
DWT; includes 1 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 12 cargo,
|
|
2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container,
|
|
29 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note--does not include ships used
|
|
exclusively in the Great Lakes
|
|
ships
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1,359 total, 1,117 usable; 442 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
4 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 322 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0
|
|
million telephones; stations--900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial
|
|
submarine cables; over 300 satellite earth stations operating in
|
|
INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications
|
|
Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,174,119; 6,251,492 fit for military
|
|
service; 187,894 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.0% of GDP, or $10 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cape Verde
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 4,030 km2; land area: 4,030 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 965 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; warm, dry, summer precipitation very erratic
|
|
|
|
Terrain: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin,
|
|
fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 9% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NEGL% forest and woodland; 85% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure
|
|
visibility; volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location 500 km from African coast near major
|
|
north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air
|
|
refueling site
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 374,984 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cape Verdean(s); adjective--Cape Verdean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mulatto), 28% African, 1% European
|
|
|
|
Religion: Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African
|
|
words
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 48% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 102,000 (1985 est.); 57% agriculture
|
|
(mostly subsistence), 29% services, 14% industry (1981); 51% of
|
|
population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS)
|
|
closely associated with ruling party
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Cape Verde
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Praia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 12 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho);
|
|
Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, Paul, Praia, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina,
|
|
Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal; there may be 2 new districts named
|
|
Porto Novo and Santa Cruz
|
|
|
|
Independence: 5 July 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 7 September 1980, amended 12 February 1981 and
|
|
December 1988
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly
|
|
(Assembleia Nacional Popular)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de
|
|
Justia)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Aristides Maria PEREIRA (since 5 July 1975);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, (since
|
|
5 July 1975); Deputy Minister Aguinaldo Liboa RAMOS (since NA February
|
|
1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--African Party for
|
|
Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Aristides Maria Pereira, secretary
|
|
general
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 15
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 13 January 1986 (next to be held January
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--President Aristides Maria Pereira (PAICV) was reelected without
|
|
opposition;
|
|
|
|
National People's Assembly--last held 7 December 1985 (next
|
|
to be held December 1990);
|
|
results--PAICV is the only party;
|
|
seats--(83 total) PAICV 83
|
|
|
|
Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jose Luis FERNANDES LOPES;
|
|
Chancery at 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20007;
|
|
telephone (202) 965-6820; there is a Cape Verdean Consulate General in Boston;
|
|
US--Ambassador Terry McNAMARA; Embassy at Rua Hojl Ya
|
|
Yenna 81, Praia (mailing address is C. P. 201, Praia); telephone
|
|
p238o 614-363 or 253
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical
|
|
red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black
|
|
five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea-Bissau
|
|
which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in the red band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource
|
|
base, a 17-year drought, and a high birth rate. The economy is
|
|
service oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for
|
|
60% of GDP during the period 1984-86. Although nearly 70% of the population
|
|
lives in rural areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the
|
|
fishing and manufacturing sectors are 4% each. About 90% of food must be
|
|
imported. The fishing potential of the islands is not fully exploited
|
|
(the fish catch--mostly lobster and tuna--came to only 10,000 tons in
|
|
1985). Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by
|
|
remittances from emigrants, cash grants, food aid, and foreign loans.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $158 million, per capita $494; real growth rate 6.1% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $80 million; expenditures $87
|
|
million, including capital expenditures of $45 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $8.9 million (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--fish, bananas, salt;
|
|
partners--Portugal, Angola, Algeria, Belgium/Luxembourg,
|
|
Italy
|
|
|
|
Imports: $124
|
|
million (c.i.f., 1987);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products;
|
|
partners--Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, France, US, FRG
|
|
|
|
External debt: $140 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 14,000 kW capacity; 18 million kWh produced,
|
|
50 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industry: fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP; largely subsistence farming;
|
|
bananas are the only export crop; other crops--corn, beans, sweet
|
|
potatoes, coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by
|
|
poor soils and limited rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch
|
|
provides for both domestic consumption and small exports
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-88), $83 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $540 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$36 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Cape Verdean escudo (plural--escudos); 1 Cape Verdean
|
|
escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per
|
|
US$1--72.31 (February 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988), 72.5 (1987),
|
|
76.56 (1986), 85.38 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Mindelo and Praia
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,308
|
|
GRT/16,172 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: interisland radio relay system, high-frequency radio
|
|
to mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau; 1,740 telephones; stations--5 AM, 1 FM,
|
|
1 TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air
|
|
Force are separate components of FARP
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 68,776; 40,731 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 11.8% of GDP (1981)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cayman Islands
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 260 km2; land area: 260 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 160 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and
|
|
cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 8% meadows and pastures;
|
|
23% forest and woodland; 69% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: within the Caribbean hurricane belt
|
|
|
|
Note: important location between Cuba and Central America
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 26,356 (July 1990), growth rate 4.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 33 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Caymanian(s); adjective--Caymanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed, 20% white, 20% black, 20% expatriates of
|
|
various ethnic groups
|
|
|
|
Religion: United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican,
|
|
Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 8,061; 18.7% service workers, 18.6% clerical, 12.5%
|
|
construction, 6.7% finance and investment, 5.9% directors and business managers
|
|
(1979)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Global Seaman's Union; Cayman All Trade Union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: George Town
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 12 districts; Bodden Town, Creek, East End,
|
|
George Town, Jacksons, North Side, Prospect, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay,
|
|
West Bay, West End
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: British common law and local statutes
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1959, revised 1972
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Constitution Day (first Monday in July), 3 July 1989
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor and President of the Executive Council
|
|
Alan James SCOTT (since NA 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: no formal political parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held NA November 1988 (next to be held
|
|
November 1992); results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(15 total, 12 elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK,
|
|
Caymanian interests in the US are represented by the UK; US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the
|
|
flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with three
|
|
stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom bearing the
|
|
motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP
|
|
and 75% of export earnings) and offshore financial services, with
|
|
the tourist industry aimed at the luxury market and catering
|
|
mainly to visitors from North America. About 90% of the islands' food and
|
|
consumer goods needs must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest
|
|
standards of living in the region.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $238 million, per capita $10,000 (1989 est.); real growth
|
|
rate 12% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.4% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $46.2 million; expenditures $47.0 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $9.1 million (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.2 million (f.o.b., 1986 est.);
|
|
commodities--turtle products, manufactured consumer goods;
|
|
partners--mostly US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $134 million (c.i.f., 1986 est.);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, manufactured goods;
|
|
partners--US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $15 million (1986)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 59,000 kW capacity; 213 million kWh produced,
|
|
8,960 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, banking, insurance and finance, real estate
|
|
and construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle
|
|
farming
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $26.7 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$32.2 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Caymanian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar
|
|
(CI$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1--0.835 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 160 km of main roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: George Town, Cayman Brac
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 355,055 GRT/576,622
|
|
DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1
|
|
liquefied gas carrier, 8 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine
|
|
coaxial cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and
|
|
access international services; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Central African Republic
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 622,980 km2; land area: 622,980 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,203 km total; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km,
|
|
Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, Zaire 1,577 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills
|
|
in northeast and southwest
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
|
|
64% forest and woodland; 28% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas;
|
|
poaching has diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,877,365 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 141 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 48 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Central African(s); adjective--Central African
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have
|
|
related ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34% Baya, 27% Banda, 10% Sara,
|
|
21% Mandjia, 4% Mboum, 4% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French
|
|
|
|
Religion: 24% indigenous beliefs, 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic,
|
|
15% Muslim, 11% other; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence
|
|
the Christian majority
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national
|
|
language); Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 40.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 775,413 (1986 est.); 85% agriculture, 9% commerce and
|
|
services, 3% industry, 3% government; about 64,000 salaried workers;
|
|
55% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Central African Republic (no short-form name);
|
|
abbreviated CAR
|
|
|
|
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bangui
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures,
|
|
singular--prefecture) and 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures
|
|
economiques, singular--prefecture economique); Bamingui-Bangoran,
|
|
Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou,
|
|
Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham,
|
|
Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga; note--there may be a new autonomous commune
|
|
of Bangui
|
|
|
|
Independence: 13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African
|
|
Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 November 1986
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (proclamation of the republic),
|
|
1 December (1958)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
|
|
Economic and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional) and a
|
|
lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Andre-Dieudonne
|
|
KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Centrafrican Democrtic
|
|
Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne Kolingba
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held November
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--President Kolingba was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 31 July 1987 (next to be
|
|
held July 1992);
|
|
results--RDC is the only party;
|
|
seats--(total) RDC 52
|
|
|
|
Communists: small number of Communist sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Conference of East and Central African
|
|
States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET;
|
|
Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
483-7800 or 7801;
|
|
US--Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President
|
|
David Dacko, Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui);
|
|
telephone 61-02-00 or 61-25-78, 61-43-33
|
|
|
|
Flag: four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow
|
|
with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the
|
|
hoist side of the blue band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Central African Republic (CAR) is one of the poorest
|
|
countries in Africa, with a per capita income of roughly $450 in 1988.
|
|
Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the economy,
|
|
with over 70% of the population living in the countryside. In 1988 the
|
|
agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP, mining and manufacturing 14%,
|
|
utilities and construction 4%, and services 41%. Agricultural products accounted
|
|
for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry for 30%. Important
|
|
constraints to economic development include the CAR's landlocked position, a
|
|
poor transportation infrastructure, and a weak human resource base. Multilateral
|
|
and bilateral development assistance plays a major role in providing capital
|
|
for new investment.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.27 billion, per capita $453; real growth rate 2.0%
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 30% in Bangui (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $132 million; current expenditures $305 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $138 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco;
|
|
partners--France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $285 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical
|
|
equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods,
|
|
industrial products;
|
|
partners--France, other EC, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
External debt: $660 million (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: 1.9% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 84 million kWh produced,
|
|
30 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sawmills, breweries, diamond mining, textiles,
|
|
footwear, assembly of bicycles and motorcycles
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production
|
|
except for grain; commercial crops--cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food
|
|
crops--manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $44 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.3 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$38 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth,
|
|
11,000 unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of
|
|
shallow-draft dugouts; Oubangui is the most important river
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 66 total, 49 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system; network relies primarily on radio
|
|
relay links, with low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used;
|
|
6,000 telephones; stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 642,207; 335,863 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.8% of GDP, or $23 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Chad
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,284,000 km2; land area: 1,259,200 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,968 km total; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African
|
|
Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Libya claims and occupies a small portion of the Aozou Strip in
|
|
far north; exact locations of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria
|
|
tripoints in Lake Chad have not been determined--since the boundary has
|
|
not been demarcated, border incidents have resulted
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical in south, desert in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in
|
|
northwest, lowlands in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: small quantities of crude oil (unexploited but
|
|
exploration beginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 36% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 11% forest and woodland; 51% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and
|
|
desertification adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body
|
|
in the Sahel
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,017,431 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 22 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 136 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 38 years male, 40 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Chadian(s); adjective--Chadian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are
|
|
Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and
|
|
Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye,
|
|
Moudang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom
|
|
1,000 are French
|
|
|
|
Religion: 44% Muslim, 33% Christian, 23% indigenous beliefs,
|
|
animism
|
|
|
|
Language: French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more
|
|
than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 25.3%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 85% agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming,
|
|
herding, and fishing)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Chad
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: N'Djamena
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures,
|
|
singular--prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi,
|
|
Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi,
|
|
Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
|
|
|
|
Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 22 December 1989
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (founding of the Third Republic),
|
|
7 June (1982)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Consultative Council
|
|
(Conseil National Consultatif)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Hissein HABRE
|
|
(since 19 June 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Union for Independence and
|
|
Revolution (UNIR) established June 1984 with Habre as President;
|
|
numerous dissident groups (most significant opponents have returned
|
|
to the government since mid-1986)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held December
|
|
1996);
|
|
results--President Habre was reelected without opposition
|
|
|
|
Communists: no front organizations or underground party; probably a few
|
|
Communists and some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, Conference of East and Central African States,
|
|
EAMA, ECA, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
|
|
Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mahamat Ali ADOUM; Chancery at
|
|
2002 R Steet NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-4009;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Charge d'Affaires,
|
|
Julius WALKER; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena (mailing address
|
|
is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone p235o (51) 32-69 or 35-13,
|
|
28-62, 23-29, 32-29, 30-94, 28-47
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
|
|
similar to the flag of Andorra which has a national coat of arms featuring a
|
|
quartered shield centered in the yellow band; also similar to the flag of
|
|
Romania which has a national coat of arms featuring a mountain landscape
|
|
centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure
|
|
and natural resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped
|
|
countries in the world. Its economy is slowly recovering from the ravaging
|
|
effects of prolonged civil war, conflict with Libya, drought, and food
|
|
shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, with cotton, the major
|
|
cash crop, accounting for 43% of exports. Over 80% of the work force
|
|
is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is based almost
|
|
entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including cotton,
|
|
sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is still highly dependent on foreign aid, with its
|
|
economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $902 million, per capita $190; real growth rate 7.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $61 million; expenditures $85 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $432 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--cotton 43%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish;
|
|
partners--France, Nigeria, Cameroon
|
|
|
|
Imports: $214 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transportation equipment 39%,
|
|
industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%;
|
|
partners--US, France
|
|
|
|
External debt: $360 million (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 7.0% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 38,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 14 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron
|
|
(sodium carbonate)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton
|
|
most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice,
|
|
potatoes, manioc; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, camels;
|
|
self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $178 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries
|
|
(1970-88), $71 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite;
|
|
remainder unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for
|
|
intercity links; 5,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 1 FM, limited TV
|
|
service; many facilities are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,163,312; 603,923 fit for military
|
|
service; 50,255 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.5% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Chile
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 756,950 km2; land area: 748,800 km2; includes Isla de
|
|
Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 6,171 km total; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km,
|
|
Peru 160 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 6,435 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is
|
|
indefinite; Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South
|
|
Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884;
|
|
dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in
|
|
Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine
|
|
claim
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes
|
|
in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious
|
|
metals, molybdenum
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 16% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 21% forest and woodland; 56% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami;
|
|
Atacama Desert one of world's driest regions; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location relative to sea lanes between
|
|
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 13,082,842 (July 1990), growth rate 1.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Chilean(s); adjective--Chilean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant, and small Jewish
|
|
population
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 94%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,840,000; 38.6% services (including 12% government),
|
|
31.3% industry and commerce; 15.9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing;
|
|
8.7% mining; 4.4% construction (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 10% of labor force (1989)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Chile
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Santiago
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 13 regions (regiones, singular--region);
|
|
Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania,
|
|
Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos,
|
|
Magallanes y Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca,
|
|
Valparaiso
|
|
|
|
Independence: 18 September 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981;
|
|
amended 30 July 1989
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and
|
|
subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September (1810)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso
|
|
Nacional) consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Patricio
|
|
AYLWIN (since 11 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Renovation (RN), Sergio
|
|
Jarpa, president; Radical Party (PR), Enrique Silva Cimma;
|
|
Social Democratic Party (PSD), Eugenio Velasco; Christian Democratic
|
|
Party (PDC), Andres Zaldivar; Party for Democracy, Ricardo Lagos;
|
|
Socialist Party, Clodomiro Almeyda; other parties are
|
|
Movement of United Popular Action (MAPU), Victor Barrueto;
|
|
Christian Left (IC), Luis Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh),
|
|
Volodia Teitelboim; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) is
|
|
splintered, no single leader; several leftist and far left parties
|
|
formed a new coalition in November 1988 with Luis Maira as president;
|
|
the 17-party Concertation of Parties for Democracy backed
|
|
Patricio Aylwin's presidential candidacy in December 1989
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December
|
|
1993 or January 1994);
|
|
results--Patricio Aylwin 55.2%, Hernan Buchi 29.4%, other 15.4%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December
|
|
1993 or January 1994); seats--(47 total, 38 elected)
|
|
17-party Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held
|
|
December 1993 or January 1994); seats--(120 total)
|
|
Concertation of Parties for Democracy 69
|
|
|
|
Communists: 120,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; 50,000 (est.) active
|
|
militants
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: revitalized university student
|
|
federations at all major universities dominated by opposition political groups;
|
|
labor--United Labor Central (CUT) includes trade unionists from the
|
|
country's five-largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Octavio ERRAZURIZ; Chancery
|
|
at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746;
|
|
there are Chilean Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
|
|
New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Charles A. GILLESPIE, Jr.; Embassy at Codina Building,
|
|
1343 Agustinas, Santiago (mailing address is APO Miami 34033);
|
|
telephone p56o (2) 710133 or 710190, 710326, 710375
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue
|
|
square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white
|
|
band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based
|
|
on the US flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1989 the economy grew at the rate of 9.9%, reflecting
|
|
substantial growth in industry, agriculture, and construction. Copper
|
|
accounts for nearly 50% of export revenues; Chile's economic well-being
|
|
thus remains highly dependent on international copper prices. Unemployment
|
|
and inflation rates have declined from their peaks in 1982 to 5.3% and
|
|
21.4%, respectively, in 1989. The major long-term economic problem is
|
|
how to sustain growth in the face of political uncertainties.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $25.3 billion, per capita $1,970; real growth rate 9.9% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $5.1 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.6 billion (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $7.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--copper 48%, industrial products 33%, molybdenum, iron ore,
|
|
wood pulp, fishmeal, fruits;
|
|
partners--EC 34%, US 22%, Japan 10%, Brazil 7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials;
|
|
partners--EC 23%, US 20%, Japan 10%, Brazil 9%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $16.3 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,044,000 kW capacity; 17,710 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,380 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron
|
|
and steel, wood and wood products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 8% of GDP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); major exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major
|
|
crops--wheat, corn, grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit;
|
|
livestock products--beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods;
|
|
1986 fish catch of 5.6 million metric tons net agricultural importer
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $521 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.3 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $386 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Chilean peso (plural--pesos);
|
|
1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1--296.68 (January 1990),
|
|
267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987), 193.02 (1986), 161.08 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 8,613 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,578 km
|
|
1.676-meter gauge, 76 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km
|
|
improved and unimproved earth (1984)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 725 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km;
|
|
natural gas, 320 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso,
|
|
San Antonio, Talcahuano, Arica
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 498,354 GRT/804,809
|
|
DWT; includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied
|
|
gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk; note--in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1
|
|
military transport are sometimes used commercially
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 392 total, 352 usable; 49 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
57 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio relay
|
|
facilities; 768,000 telephones; stations--159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 shortwave;
|
|
satellite stations--2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation,
|
|
Carabineros of Chile
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,491,854; 2,610,048 fit for military
|
|
service; 118,569 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.0% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: China
|
|
(also see separate Taiwan entry)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 9,596,960 km2; land area: 9,326,410 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than the US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 23,213.34 km total; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km,
|
|
Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, North Korea 1,416 km,
|
|
Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km,
|
|
USSR 7,520 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 14,500 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way
|
|
to resolve four disputed sections of the boundary with the USSR
|
|
(Pamir, Argun, Amur, and Khabarovsk areas); a short section of
|
|
the boundary with North Korea is indefinite; Hong Kong is
|
|
scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region in 1997; Portuguese
|
|
territory of Macau is scheduled to become a Special Administrative
|
|
Region in 1999; sporadic border clashes with Vietnam; involved in a
|
|
complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines,
|
|
Taiwan, and Vietnam; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of
|
|
Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and
|
|
Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands)
|
|
|
|
Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains,
|
|
deltas, and hills in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten,
|
|
antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead,
|
|
zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 31% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 45% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern
|
|
and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: world's third-largest country (after USSR and Canada)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,118,162,727 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,
|
|
Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities
|
|
|
|
Religion: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic;
|
|
most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism;
|
|
about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing
|
|
dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
|
|
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see
|
|
ethnic divisions)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: over 75%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 513,000,000; 61.1% agriculture and forestry, 25.2% industry
|
|
and commerce, 4.6% construction and mining, 4.5% social services, 4.6% other
|
|
(1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the
|
|
leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about
|
|
65% of the urban work force (1985)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist Party-led state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Beijing
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural),
|
|
5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities**
|
|
(shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
|
|
Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
|
|
Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong,
|
|
Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan,
|
|
Zhejiang; note--China considers Taiwan its 23rd province
|
|
|
|
Independence: unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC,
|
|
Qing (Ch'ing or Manchu) Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912,
|
|
People's Republic established 1 October 1949
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 December 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal
|
|
law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes
|
|
in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve
|
|
civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, premier, three vice premiers,
|
|
State Council, Central Military Commission (de facto)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo
|
|
Renmin Daibiao Dahui)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto)--DENG
|
|
Xiaoping (since mid-1977);
|
|
|
|
Chief of State--President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988);
|
|
Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since
|
|
24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988);
|
|
Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979);
|
|
Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983);
|
|
Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Chinese Communist Party
|
|
(CCP), Jiang Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993);
|
|
Yang Shangkun was elected by the Seventh National People's Congress;
|
|
|
|
National People's Congress--last held NA March 1988 (next to
|
|
be held March 1993); results--CCP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(2,970 total) CCP 2,970 (indirectly elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 45,000,000 party members (1986)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: such meaningful opposition as exists
|
|
consists of loose coalitions, usually within the party and government
|
|
organization, that vary by issue
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at
|
|
2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese Consulates General
|
|
in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador James R. LILLEY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3,
|
|
Beijing (mailing address is FPO San Francisco 96655); telephone p86o (1)
|
|
532-3831;
|
|
there are US Consulates General in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow
|
|
five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag)
|
|
in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been
|
|
trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned
|
|
economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market elements--but
|
|
still within the framework of monolithic Communist control. To this
|
|
end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility
|
|
in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority
|
|
of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide
|
|
variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing,
|
|
and opened the foreign economic sector to increased trade and joint
|
|
ventures. The most gratifying result has been a strong spurt in production,
|
|
particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Otherwise, the leadership has
|
|
often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism
|
|
(bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains
|
|
and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked,
|
|
retightening central controls at intervals and thereby undermining the
|
|
credibility of the reform process. Open inflation and excess demand continue to
|
|
plague the economy, and political repression, following the crackdown at
|
|
Tiananmen in mid-1989, has curtailed tourism, foreign aid, and new investment
|
|
by foreign firms. Popular resistance and changes in central policy have weakened
|
|
China's population control program, which is essential to the nation's long-term
|
|
economic viability.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 19.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.0% in urban areas (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $52.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--manufactured goods, agricultural products, oilseeds, grain
|
|
(rice and corn), oil, minerals;
|
|
partners--Hong Kong, US, Japan, USSR, Singapore, FRG (1989)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $59.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--grain (mostly wheat), chemical fertilizer, steel,
|
|
industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment;
|
|
partners--Hong Kong, Japan, US, FRG, USSR (1989)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $51 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 8.0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 110,000,000 kW capacity; 560,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments,
|
|
textiles, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers
|
|
of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial
|
|
crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock
|
|
products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric tons
|
|
in 1986
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$11.1 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: yuan (plural--yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: yuan (Y) per US$1--4.7221 (January 1990),
|
|
3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987), 3.4528 (1986), 2.9367 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge;
|
|
all single track except 11,200 km double track on standard-gauge lines;
|
|
6,500 km electrified; 10,000 km industrial lines
|
|
(gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 980,000 km all types roads; 162,000 km paved
|
|
roads, 617,200 km gravel/improved earth roads, 200,800 km unimproved
|
|
natural earth roads and tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas,
|
|
6,200 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai,
|
|
Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1,373 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,303,685 GRT/
|
|
20,092,833 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 41 short-sea passenger, 17
|
|
passenger-cargo, 7 cargo/training, 766 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
65 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction barge carriers,
|
|
173 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 237 bulk,
|
|
2 vehicle carrier, 1 liquefied gas; note--China beneficially owns an additional
|
|
175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 5,380,415 DWT that operate
|
|
under the registry of Panama, UK, Hong Kong, Liberia, and Malta
|
|
|
|
Airports: 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic and international services are
|
|
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal
|
|
system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships;
|
|
11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); stations--274 AM, unknown FM,
|
|
202 (2,050 relays) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million
|
|
TVs; satellite earth stations--4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, and 55 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including
|
|
Marines), CPLA Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 330,353,665; 184,515,412 fit for military
|
|
service; 11,594,366 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $5.28 billion (1988)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Christmas Island
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 135 km2; land area: 135 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 138.9 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphate
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: almost completely surrounded by a reef
|
|
|
|
Note: located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,278 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Christmas Islander(s), adjective--Christmas Island
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 61% Chinese, 25% Malay, 11% European, 3% other; no
|
|
indigenous population
|
|
|
|
Religion: NA
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining
|
|
Company of Christmas Island, Ltd.
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of Christmas Island
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia
|
|
|
|
Capital: The Settlement
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Christmas Island Act of 1958
|
|
|
|
Legal system: under the authority of the governor general of Australia
|
|
|
|
National holiday: NA
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia,
|
|
administrator, Advisory Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: none
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Administrator A. D. TAYLOR (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Phosphate mining is the only significant economic
|
|
activity, but in November 1987 the Australian Government announced that
|
|
the mine would be closed because of labor unrest. Plans are under way to build a
|
|
casino and hotel to develop tourism.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--phosphate; partners--Australia, NZ
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--NA; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,000 kW capacity; 38 million kWh produced,
|
|
16,680 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: phosphate extraction (near depletion)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: NA
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Australian dollar
|
|
($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Flying Fish Cove
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 4,000 radios (1982)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Clipperton Island
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 11.1 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coral atoll
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other (coral)
|
|
|
|
Environment: reef about 8 km in circumference
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: French possession administered by High Commissioner of the
|
|
Republic Jean MONTPEZAT, resident in French Polynesia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 14 km2; land area: 14 km2; main islands are West Island and
|
|
Home Island
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 42.6 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine
|
|
months of the year; moderate rainfall
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat, low-lying coral atolls
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and
|
|
other vegetation
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the
|
|
Indian Ocean about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 670 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cocos Islander(s); adjective--Cocos Islander(s)
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays
|
|
on Home Island
|
|
|
|
Religion: NA
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia
|
|
|
|
Capital: West Island
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws
|
|
|
|
National holiday: NA
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia,
|
|
administrator, chairman of the Islands Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Islands Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Administrator D. LAWRIE (since NA 1989);
|
|
Chairman of the Islands Council Parson Bin YAPAT (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: NA
|
|
|
|
Elections: NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash
|
|
crop. Copra and fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local
|
|
gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most
|
|
other necessities must be imported from Australia.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: NA
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA;
|
|
commodities--copra;
|
|
partners--Australia
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA;
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--Australia
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per
|
|
capita
|
|
|
|
Industries: copra products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Australian dollar
|
|
($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; lagoon anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
airport on West Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone,
|
|
telex, and facsimile communications via satellite with Australia;
|
|
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Colombia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,138,910 km2; land area: 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla
|
|
de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 7,408 km total; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km,
|
|
Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, Venezuela 2,050 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,208 km total (1,448 km North Pacific Ocean;
|
|
1,760 Caribbean Sea)
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specified;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the
|
|
Gulf of Venezuela; territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago
|
|
de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east, central
|
|
highlands, some high mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel,
|
|
gold, copper, emeralds
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 29% meadows and pastures;
|
|
49% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions;
|
|
deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts
|
|
|
|
Note: only South American country with coastlines on both
|
|
North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 33,076,188 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Colombian(s); adjective--Colombian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% white, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3%
|
|
mixed black-Indian, 1% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 88% (1987 est.), Indians about 40%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 11,000,000 (1986); 53% services, 26% agriculture,
|
|
21% industry (1981)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 1,400,000 members (1987), about 12% of labor
|
|
force; the Communist-backed Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest
|
|
labor organization, with about 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Colombia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bogota
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 23 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento), 5 commissariats* (comisarias,
|
|
singular--comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias,
|
|
singular--intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar,
|
|
Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba,
|
|
Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta,
|
|
Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda,
|
|
San Andres y Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca,
|
|
Vaupes*, Vichada*; note--there may be a new special district (distrito
|
|
especial) named Bogota
|
|
|
|
Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 August 1886, with amendments codified in 1946 and 1968
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, presidential designate, cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
|
|
chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives
|
|
(Camara de Representantes)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Virgilio BARCO Vargas
|
|
(since 7 August 1986; term ends August 1990); Presidential Designate
|
|
Victor MOSQUERA Chaux (since 13 October 1986); President-elect Cesar
|
|
GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 27 May 1990, takes office 7 August 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party--Cesar Gaviria
|
|
Trujillo, Virgilio Barco Vargas, Alfonso Lopez Michelson, Julio Cesar
|
|
Turbay;
|
|
Conservative Party--Misael Pastrana Borrero, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado;
|
|
Patriotic Union (UP), is a legal political party formed by
|
|
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian
|
|
Communist Party (PCC), Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa; 19th of April Movement
|
|
(M-19), Rodrigo Lloreda
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994);
|
|
results--Cesar Gaviria Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado
|
|
(Conservative) 24%, Antonio Novarro Wolff (Conservative) 13%, Rodrigo
|
|
Lloreda (M-19) 12%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(114 total) Liberal 68, Conservative 45, UP 1;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held
|
|
March 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(199 total) Liberal 107, Conservative 82, UP 10
|
|
|
|
Communists: 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth
|
|
Organization (JUCO)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Colombian Communist Party (PCC),
|
|
Gilberto Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist (PCC/ML), Chinese-line
|
|
Communist Party; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC);
|
|
National Liberation Army (ELN); People's Liberation Army (EPL)
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, LAIA,
|
|
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Victor MOSQUERA; Chancery at
|
|
2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are
|
|
Colombian Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
|
|
San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston,
|
|
Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Tampa;
|
|
US--Ambassador Thomas E. McNAMARA; Embassy at Calle 38, No.8-61,
|
|
Bogota (mailing address is APO Miami 34038); telephone p57o (1) 285-1300 or
|
|
1688; there is a US Consulate in Barranquilla
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red;
|
|
similar to the flag of Ecuador which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of
|
|
arms superimposed in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity has slowed gradually since 1986, but
|
|
growth rates remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative
|
|
economic policies have encouraged investment and kept inflation
|
|
and unemployment under 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid development
|
|
of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past four
|
|
years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices--Colombia's major
|
|
export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer
|
|
of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence
|
|
dampen prospects for future growth.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $35.4 billion, per capita $1,110; real growth rate 3.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93
|
|
billion, capital expenditures $l.03 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $5.76 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--coffee 30%, petroleum 24%, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers;
|
|
partners--US 36%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $5.02 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
|
|
chemicals, paper products;
|
|
partners--US 34%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.5 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 9,250,000 kW capacity; 35,364 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,110 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear,
|
|
beverages, chemicals, metal products, cement; mining--gold, coal, emeralds,
|
|
iron, nickel, silver, salt
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds and
|
|
livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a wide
|
|
variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans,
|
|
oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming more
|
|
important
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of cannabis and coca for the
|
|
international drug trade; key supplier of marijuana and cocaine to
|
|
the US and other international drug markets; drug production and
|
|
trafficking accounts for an estimated 4% of GDP and 28% of foreign
|
|
exchange earnings
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.6 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.9 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $399 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Colombian peso (plural--pesos);
|
|
1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1--439.68 (January 1990),
|
|
382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988), 242.61 (1987), 194.26 (1986), 142.31 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel
|
|
surfaces
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas,
|
|
830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres,
|
|
Santa Marta, Tumaco
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,854 GRT/487,438
|
|
DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 9 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 673 total, 622 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 124 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations with 2 antennas and 11 domestic satellite stations
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: armed forces include Police (Policia Nacional) and
|
|
military--Army (Ejercito Nacional), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia),
|
|
Navy (Armada Nacional)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,768,072; 5,953,729 fit for military
|
|
service; 354,742 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.9% of GDP, or $700 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Comoros
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,170 km2; land area: 2,170 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 340 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims French-administered Mayotte
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains
|
|
to low hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 35% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
|
16% forest and woodland; 34% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: soil degradation and erosion; deforestation;
|
|
cyclones possible during rainy season
|
|
|
|
Note: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 460,188 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Comoran(s); adjective--Comoran
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
|
|
|
|
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 15%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 140,000 (1982); 80% agriculture, 3% government; 51% of
|
|
population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
|
|
|
|
Type: independent republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Moroni
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 islands; Anjouan, Grande Comore,
|
|
Moheli; note--there may also be 4 municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni,
|
|
Moroni, and Mutsamudu
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 July 1975 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Said
|
|
Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: Comoran Union for Progress (Udzima), Said
|
|
Mohamed Djohar, president; National Union for Democracy (UNDC),
|
|
Mohamed Taki
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996);
|
|
results--Said Mohamed Djohar (Udzima) 55%; Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim
|
|
(UNDC) 45%;
|
|
|
|
Federal Assembly--last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(42 total) Udzima 42
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank,
|
|
IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery
|
|
(temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street,
|
|
2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 972-8010;
|
|
US--Ambassador Howard K. WALKER, resides in Antananarivo (Madagascar);
|
|
Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing address B. P. 1318, Moroni);
|
|
telephone 73-12-03
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the
|
|
crescent points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four
|
|
white five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent;
|
|
the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four
|
|
stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago--Mwali, Njazidja,
|
|
Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed
|
|
by the Comoros)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of
|
|
several islands that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly
|
|
increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level
|
|
of the labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high
|
|
unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign technical assistance.
|
|
Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the leading sector of the
|
|
economy. It contributes about 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor
|
|
force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not self-sufficient in
|
|
food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for 90% of imports.
|
|
During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an annual average rate
|
|
of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was less than 4% in 1986. Despite major
|
|
investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for about 25% of GDP, growth
|
|
has stagnated since 1983.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $207 million, per capita $475; real growth rate 0.1% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.3% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: over 16% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $75.2 million; expenditures $77.9 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $4.8 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $12 million (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra;
|
|
partners--US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $52 million (c.i.f., 1987);
|
|
commodities--rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products,
|
|
consumer goods;
|
|
partners--Europe 62% (France 22%, other 40%), Africa 5%, Pakistan,
|
|
China
|
|
|
|
External debt: $238 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced,
|
|
55 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: perfume distillation
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in
|
|
subsistence agriculture and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for
|
|
export--vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, and copra; principal food
|
|
crops--coconuts, bananas, cassava; world's leading producer of essence of
|
|
ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net
|
|
food importer
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $9 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $371 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$18 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Comoran franc (plural--francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100
|
|
centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per US$1--287.99 (January 1990),
|
|
319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985);
|
|
note--linked to the French franc at 50 to 1 French franc
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed
|
|
stone or gravel
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mutsamudu, Moroni
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio
|
|
communication stations for interisland and external communications to Madagascar
|
|
and Reunion; over 1,800 telephones; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Presidential Guard, Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 97,504; 58,274 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3% of GDP (1981)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Congo
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 342,000 km2; land area: 341,500 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,504 km total; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km,
|
|
Central African Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 169 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite
|
|
(no division of the river or its islands has been made)
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June
|
|
to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating
|
|
climate astride the Equator
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium,
|
|
copper, phosphates, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 29% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 62% forest and woodland; 7% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in
|
|
Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, or along the railroad between them
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,242,274 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 55 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Congolese (sing., pl.); adjective--Congolese or Congo
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes,
|
|
almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south,
|
|
Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about
|
|
8,500 Europeans, mostly French
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% Christian, 48% animist, 2% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); many African languages with Lingala and
|
|
Kikongo most widely used
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 62.9%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 79,100 wage earners; 75% agriculture, 25% commerce, industry,
|
|
and government; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically
|
|
active (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of labor force (1979 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Republic of the Congo
|
|
|
|
Type: people's republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Brazzaville
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions, singular--region);
|
|
Bouenza, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha;
|
|
note--there may be a new capital district of Brazzaville
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 8 July 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 15 August (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's National Assembly
|
|
(Assemblee Nationale Populaire)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Denis
|
|
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979);
|
|
Prime Minister Alphonse POATY-SOUCHLATY (since 6 August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Congolese Labor Party
|
|
(PCT), President Denis Sassou-Nguesso, leader
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held July 1993);
|
|
results--President Sassou-Nguesso unanimously reelected leader of the
|
|
PCT by the Party Congress, which automatically makes him president;
|
|
|
|
People's National Assembly--last held 24 September 1989 (next
|
|
to be held 1993); results--PCT is the only party;
|
|
seats--(153 total) single list of candidates nominated by the PCT
|
|
|
|
Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth
|
|
(UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese
|
|
Women (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Conference of East and Central African
|
|
States, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC,
|
|
UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Benjamin BOUNKOULOU; Chancery at
|
|
4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue
|
|
Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville,
|
|
or Box C, APO New York 09662-0006); telephone 83-20-70 or 83-26-24
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with the national emblem in the upper hoist-side corner; the
|
|
emblem includes a yellow five-pointed star above a crossed hoe and hammer (like
|
|
the hammer and sickle design) in yellow, flanked by two curved green palm
|
|
branches; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the
|
|
economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and
|
|
exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo
|
|
to finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5%
|
|
annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The world decline in
|
|
oil prices, however, has forced the government to launch an austerity
|
|
program to cope with declining receipts and mounting foreign debts.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $1,000; real growth rate - 3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $382 million; expenditures $575 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $118 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $912 million (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa,
|
|
sugar, diamonds;
|
|
partners--US, France, other EC
|
|
|
|
Imports: $494.4 million (c.i.f., 1987);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures,
|
|
capital equipment;
|
|
partners--France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 5.9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 133,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced,
|
|
130 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm
|
|
oil, soap, cigarettes
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); cassava accounts for 90% of food output; other crops--rice,
|
|
corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash crops include coffee and cocoa; forest
|
|
products important export earner; imports over 90% of food needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $56 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.1 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$338 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km
|
|
that are privately owned)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 12,000 km total; 560 km bituminous surface treated; 850 km
|
|
gravel, laterite; 5,350 km improved earth; 5,240 km unimproved roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km
|
|
of commercially navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic
|
|
only
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 51 total, 46 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network
|
|
is composed of radio relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are
|
|
Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; stations--3 AM, 1 FM,
|
|
4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National People's Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 492,419; 250,478 fit for military
|
|
service; 23,622 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cook Islands
|
|
(free association with New Zealand)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 240 km2; land area: 240 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 120 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or edge of continental margin;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 22% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 74% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons from November to March
|
|
|
|
Note: located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 18,187 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cook Islander(s); adjective--Cook Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and
|
|
European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands
|
|
Christian Church
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%,
|
|
industry 15%, and other 4% (1981)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands
|
|
fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for
|
|
external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
|
|
|
|
Capital: Avarua
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: became self-governing in free association with New Zealand
|
|
on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by
|
|
unilateral action
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 August 1965
|
|
|
|
National holiday: NA
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, representative of the UK,
|
|
representative of New Zealand, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note--the unicameral
|
|
House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but has no
|
|
legislative powers
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
Representative of the UK Sir Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA);
|
|
Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK (since NA);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY
|
|
(since NA February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Inatio AKARURU (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey Henry;
|
|
Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent Ingram; Democratic Party, Dr. Vincent Pupuke
|
|
Robati; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena Jonassen; Cook Islands People's Party,
|
|
Sadaraka Sadaraka
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by
|
|
January 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, Democratic
|
|
Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) 9,
|
|
independent 1
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ESCAP (associate member), IDA, IFC, IMF, SPEC,
|
|
SPF
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing in free association
|
|
with New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant
|
|
and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island)
|
|
centered in the outer half of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export
|
|
earners are fruit, copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to
|
|
a fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development
|
|
is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack of
|
|
natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is
|
|
annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. Current
|
|
economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential and
|
|
expanding the fishing industry.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.); real growth rate
|
|
5.3% (1986-88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing;
|
|
partners--NZ 80%, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber;
|
|
partners--NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,800 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced,
|
|
830 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fruit processing, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: export crops--copra, citrus fruits, pineapples,
|
|
tomatoes, bananas; subsistence crops--yams, taro
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-89), $128 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Zealand
|
|
dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January
|
|
1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved
|
|
earth, 33 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Avatiu
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 7 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers;
|
|
2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Coral Sea Islands
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: undetermined; includes numerous small islands and reefs
|
|
scattered over a sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the
|
|
most important
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,095 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other, mostly grass or scrub cover; Lihou Reef
|
|
Reserve and Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves
|
|
on 3 August 1982
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent
|
|
fresh water; important nesting area for birds and turtles
|
|
|
|
Note: the islands are located just off the northeast coast of
|
|
Australia in the Coral Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3 meteorologists
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Coral Sea Islands Territory
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia administered by the Minister for
|
|
Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories Graham
|
|
Richardson
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorages only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by
|
|
the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Costa Rica
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 51,100 km2; land area: 50,660 km2; includes Isla del
|
|
Coco
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 639 km total; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,290 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to
|
|
November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plains separated by rugged mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 6% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 45% meadows and pastures;
|
|
34% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic
|
|
coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,032,795 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Costa Rican(s); adjective--Costa Rican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mestizo), 2% black,
|
|
1% Indian, 1% Chinese
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 93%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and
|
|
services 33%, agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 15.1% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Costa Rica
|
|
|
|
Type: democratic republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: San Jose
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia);
|
|
Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 9 November 1949
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Rafael Angel
|
|
CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice President German SERRANO
|
|
Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi
|
|
(since 8 May 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN),
|
|
Carlos Manuel Castillo; Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel
|
|
Calderon Fournier; Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto Vargas
|
|
Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick Ardon;
|
|
Progressive Party (PP), Javier Solis; People's Party of Costa Rica
|
|
(PPC), Lenin Chacon Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose
|
|
Echeverria Brealey
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February
|
|
1994);
|
|
results--Rafael Calderon Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel Castillo 47%;
|
|
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held
|
|
February 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional parties 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: 7,500 members and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of
|
|
Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confederated Union of
|
|
Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), Authentic Confederation of
|
|
Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee
|
|
Growers, National Association for Economic Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica
|
|
Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), National Association of Educators (ANDE)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council,
|
|
OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Danilo JIMENEZ; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009;
|
|
telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947; there are Costa Rican Consulates General
|
|
at Albuquerque, Boston, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
|
|
San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Tampa, and
|
|
Consulates in Austin, Buffalo, Honolulu, and Raleigh;
|
|
US--Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose
|
|
(mailing address is APO Miami 34020); telephone p506o 33-11-55
|
|
|
|
Flag: five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width),
|
|
white, and blue with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the
|
|
red band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1988 the economy grew at a 3.8% rate, a drop from the
|
|
5.1% of the previous year. Gains in agricultural production
|
|
(on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) and in construction,
|
|
were partially offset by declines in the rates of growth for the industry
|
|
and commerce sectors. In 1988 consumer prices rose by nearly 21%
|
|
followed by a 10% rise in 1989. Unemployment is officially reported at
|
|
about 6%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a
|
|
per capita basis, is among the world's highest.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.7 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth rate 3.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.5% (March 1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $719 million; expenditures $808 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $103 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar;
|
|
partners--US 75%, FRG, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals,
|
|
fertilizer, foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--US 35%, Japan, Guatemala, FRG
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.5 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 909,000 kW capacity; 2,928 million kWh produced,
|
|
990 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction
|
|
materials, fertilizer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash
|
|
commodities--coffee, beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice,
|
|
beans, potatotes; normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion
|
|
of forest resources resulting in lower timber output
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit production of cannabis on small scattered
|
|
plots; transshipment country for cocaine from South America
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.3 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $706 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-88), $27 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Costa Rican colon (plural--colones);
|
|
1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1--84.689 (January 1990),
|
|
81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987), 55.986 (1986), 50.453 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 176 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
|
|
totaling 4,279 GRT/6,602 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 193 total, 177 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: very good domestic telephone service; 292,000
|
|
telephones; connection into Central American Microwave System; stations--71 AM,
|
|
no FM, 18 TV, 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note--Constitution
|
|
prohibits armed forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 785,429; 530,986 fit for military
|
|
service; 31,899 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.6% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cuba
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 110,860 km2; land area: 110,860 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 29.1 km with US Naval Base at Guantanamo;
|
|
note--Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,735 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual
|
|
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
|
|
April); rainy season (May to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains
|
|
in the southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt,
|
|
timber, silica
|
|
|
|
Land use: 23% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 23% meadows and pastures;
|
|
17% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 10% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: averages one hurricane every other year
|
|
|
|
Note: largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,620,099 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cuban(s); adjective--Cuban
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% black, 1% Chinese
|
|
|
|
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed
|
|
power
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98.5%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,400,000 in state sector; 30% services and
|
|
government, 22% industry, 20% agriculture, 11% commerce,
|
|
10% construction, 7% transportation and communications (1988);
|
|
economically active population 4,500,000 (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor
|
|
federation approved by government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an
|
|
umbrella organization composed of 17 member unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Cuba
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Havana
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia)
|
|
and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila,
|
|
Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin,
|
|
Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio,
|
|
Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
|
|
|
|
Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered
|
|
by the US from 1898 to 1902)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 24 February 1976
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of
|
|
Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 January (1959)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president of the Council of State, first vice
|
|
president of the Council of State, Council of State, president of the
|
|
Council of Ministers, first vice president of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of the People's
|
|
Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the Council of
|
|
State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz
|
|
(became Prime Minister in January 1959 and President since 2 December
|
|
1976);
|
|
First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President
|
|
of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December
|
|
1976)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Cuban Communist Party
|
|
(PCC), Fidel Castro Ruz, first secretary
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 16
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly of the People's Power--last held NA December
|
|
1986 (next to be held December 1991);
|
|
results--PCC is the only party;
|
|
seats--(510 total) PCC 510 (indirectly elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 600,000 full and candidate members
|
|
|
|
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA,
|
|
IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none; protecting power in the US is
|
|
Czechoslovakia--Cuban Interests Section; Counselor Jose Antonio Arbesu
|
|
FRAGA; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202)
|
|
797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610; US--protecting power in Cuba is
|
|
Switzerland--US Interests Section; Principal Officer John J. TAYLOR;
|
|
Calzada entre L y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana; telephone 320551 or 320543
|
|
|
|
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating
|
|
with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white
|
|
five-pointed star in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Soviet-style economy, centrally planned and largely
|
|
state owned, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector and foreign
|
|
trade. Sugar provides about 75% of export revenues and is mostly exported
|
|
to the USSR and other CEMA countries. The economy has stagnated since
|
|
1985 under a program that has deemphasized material incentives in the
|
|
workplace, abolished farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices
|
|
of government-supplied goods and services. Castro has complained that
|
|
the ongoing CEMA reform process has interfered with the regular flow of
|
|
goods to Cuba. Recently the government has been trying to increase
|
|
trade with Latin America and China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing
|
|
its foreign debt since 1982. The government currently is encouraging
|
|
foreign investment in tourist facilities. Other investment priorities
|
|
include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. The annual $4 billion Soviet
|
|
subsidy, a main prop to Cuba's threadbare economy, may be cut in view
|
|
of the USSR's mounting economic problems.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $20.9 billion, per capita $2,000; real growth rate - 1%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment: 6% overall, 10% for women (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $11.7 billion; expenditures $13.5 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar, nickel, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee;
|
|
partners--USSR 67%, GDR 6%, China 4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum;
|
|
partners--USSR 71%, other Communist countries 15% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: 3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 3,991,000 kW capacity; 14,972 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,425 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco
|
|
processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
|
|
(particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural
|
|
machinery
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key
|
|
commercial crops--sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products--coffee,
|
|
rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient
|
|
in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $657.5 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $13.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Cuban peso (plural--pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100
|
|
centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1--1.0000 (linked to the
|
|
US dollar)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,295 km of
|
|
1.435-meter gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of sugar plantation
|
|
lines of 0.914-1.435-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and
|
|
earth surfaced
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 240 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba;
|
|
7 secondary, 35 minor
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 91 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
701,418 GRT/1,014,014 DWT; includes 62 cargo, 7 refrigerated cargo, 3
|
|
cargo/training, 10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk; note--Cuba beneficially owns
|
|
an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 475,864 DWT under
|
|
the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 197 total, 168 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TV sets;
|
|
2,140,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy,
|
|
Air and Air Defense Force), Ministry of Interior Special Troops, Border Guard
|
|
Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 6,027,131; of the 3,024,385 males
|
|
15-49, 1,897,175 are fit for military service; of the 3,002,746 females 15-49,
|
|
1,879,471 are fit for military service; 96,319 males and 92,765 females reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: about 6% of GNP, or $1.2-$1.4 billion
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Cyprus
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 9,250 km2; land area: 9,240 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 648 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto
|
|
autonomous areas--a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of
|
|
the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that
|
|
are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK
|
|
sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet
|
|
winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt,
|
|
marble, clay earth pigment
|
|
|
|
Land use: 40% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 10% meadows and pastures;
|
|
18% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 10% irrigated (most
|
|
irrigated lands are in the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)
|
|
|
|
Environment: moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems
|
|
(no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most
|
|
potable resources concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 707,776 (July 1990), growth rate 1.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Cypriot(s); adjective--Cypriot
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian,
|
|
Apostolic, and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: Greek area--251,406; 42% services, 33% industry,
|
|
22% agriculture; Turkish area--NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 156,000 (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Cyprus
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting
|
|
the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation
|
|
was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July
|
|
1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek
|
|
Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November
|
|
1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the
|
|
formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized
|
|
only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal
|
|
differences and creation of a new federal system of government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Nicosia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia,
|
|
Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos
|
|
|
|
Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new
|
|
or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between
|
|
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish
|
|
Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish
|
|
Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of Northern
|
|
Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum
|
|
in May 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note--there
|
|
is a president, prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the
|
|
Turkish area
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli
|
|
Antiprosopon); note--there is a unicameral Assembly of the Republic
|
|
(Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note--there is also a Supreme Court
|
|
in the Turkish area
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George VASSILIOU
|
|
(since February 1988); note--Rauf R. DENKTAS was proclaimed President of
|
|
the Turkish area on 13 February 1975
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot--Progressive
|
|
Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios
|
|
Christotias, Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos Clerides; Democratic Party
|
|
(DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),
|
|
Vassos Lyssarides;
|
|
|
|
Turkish area--National Unity Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu;
|
|
Communal Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Republican Turkish
|
|
Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur; New Birth Party (NBP), Aytac Besheshler;
|
|
New Cyprus savey (NCP), Alpay Durduran
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next
|
|
to be held February 1993);
|
|
results--George Vassiliou 52%, Glafkos Clerides 48%;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 8 December 1985 (next to
|
|
be held December 1990);
|
|
results--Democratic Rally 33.56%, Democratic Party 27.65%, AKEL 27.43%,
|
|
EDEK 11.07%;
|
|
seats--(56 total) Democratic Rally 19, Democratic Party 16,
|
|
AKEL (Communist) 15, EDEK 6;
|
|
|
|
Turkish Area: President--last held 9 June 1985 (next to be
|
|
held June 1990);
|
|
results--Rauf Denktash 70%;
|
|
|
|
Turkish Area: Legislative Assembly--last held 23 June 1985
|
|
(next to be held June 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(50 total) National Unity Party (conservative)
|
|
24, Republican Turkish Party (Communist) 12, Communal Liberation Party
|
|
(center-right) 10, New Birth Party 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 12,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization
|
|
(EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist
|
|
controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation
|
|
(PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West);
|
|
Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of
|
|
Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State
|
|
of Cyprus--OIC (observer)
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS;
|
|
Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772;
|
|
there is a Cypriot Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--(vacant); Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street
|
|
and Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is FPO New York 09530);
|
|
telephone p357o (2) 465151
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name
|
|
Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive
|
|
branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace
|
|
and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: These data are for the area controlled by the Republic of
|
|
Cyprus (information on the northern Turkish-Cypriot area is sparse).
|
|
The economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes
|
|
about 28% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service
|
|
sector contributes about 55% to GDP and employs 40% of the labor force.
|
|
Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products
|
|
and in tourism have played important roles in the average 6% rise in GDP
|
|
in recent years. While this growth put considerable pressure on prices
|
|
and the balance of payments, the inflation rate has remained low
|
|
and the balance-of-payments deficit manageable.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.2 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 6.9%
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $178 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $767 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes;
|
|
partners--Middle East and North Africa 37%, UK 27%, other EC
|
|
11%, US 2%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--consumer goods 23%, petroleum and lubricants 12%, food and
|
|
feed grains, machinery;
|
|
partners--EC 60%, Middle East and North Africa 7%, US 4%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.8 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos);
|
|
manufactured products--beverages, footwear, clothing, and cement--are
|
|
principally for local consumption
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP and employs 22% of labor force; major
|
|
crops--potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits;
|
|
vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $272 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $223 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$24 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Cypriot pound (plural--pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish
|
|
lira (plural--liras); 1 Cypriot pound (LC) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira
|
|
(TL) = 100 kurus
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds (LC) per US$1--0.4854 (January 1990),
|
|
0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987), 0.5167 (1986), 0.6095 (1985);
|
|
in Turkish area, Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--2,314.7 (November 1989),
|
|
1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km bituminous surface treated; 5,610 km
|
|
gravel, crushed stone, and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1,100 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,093,340
|
|
GRT/32,148,550 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 12 short-sea passenger, 2
|
|
passenger-cargo, 434 cargo, 61 refrigerated cargo, 18 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
40 container, 94 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 specialized
|
|
cargo, 3 liquefied gas, 13 chemical tanker, 29 combination ore/oil,
|
|
341 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 combination bulk carrier;
|
|
note--a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 20 of these
|
|
ships and Yugoslavia owns 1
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 13 total, 13 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent in the area controlled by the Cypriot
|
|
Government (Greek area), moderately good in the Turkish-Cypriot administered
|
|
area; 210,000 telephones; stations--13 AM, 7 (7 repeaters) FM, 2 (40
|
|
repeaters) TV; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine
|
|
coaxial cables; satellite earth stations--INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
and 1 Indian Ocean, and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish area--Turkish Cypriot Security
|
|
Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 180,946; 125,044 fit for military
|
|
service; 5,083 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $84 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Czechoslovakia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 127,870 km2; land area: 125,460 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New York State
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,446 km total; Austria 548 km, GDR 459 km,
|
|
Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, USSR 98 km, FRG 356 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite,
|
|
iron ore, copper, zinc
|
|
|
|
Land use: 40% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures;
|
|
37% forest and woodland; 9% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution;
|
|
air pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest
|
|
and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional
|
|
military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central
|
|
Europe
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 15,683,234 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Czechoslovak(s); adjective--Czechoslovak
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slovak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German,
|
|
0.4% Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 28% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 8,200,000 (1987); 36.9% industry, 12.3% agriculture,
|
|
50.8% construction, communications, and other (1982)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Revolutionary Trade Union Movement (ROH),
|
|
formerly regime-controlled; other industry-specific strike committees;
|
|
new independent trade unions forming
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic; abbreviated CSSR;
|
|
note--on 23 March 1990 the name was changed to Czechoslovak Federative
|
|
Republic; because of Slovak concerns about their status in the
|
|
Federation, the Federal Assembly approved the name Czech and Slovak
|
|
Federative Republic on 20 April 1990
|
|
|
|
Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Prague
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 2 socialist republics (socialisticke
|
|
republiky, singular--socialisticka republika); Ceska Socialisticka
|
|
Republika, Slovenska Socialisticka Republika
|
|
|
|
Independence: 18 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new
|
|
constitution under review (1 January 1990)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified
|
|
by Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Holiday of the Republic (Anniversary
|
|
of the Liberation), 9 May (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni
|
|
Shromazdeni) consists of an upper house or House of Nations
|
|
(Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or House of the People
|
|
(Snemovna Lidu)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders: Chief of State--President Vaclav HAVEL
|
|
(since 28 December 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier Marian CALFA (since
|
|
10 December 1989); First Deputy Premier Valtr KOMAREK (since
|
|
7 December 1989); Jan CARNOGURSKY (since 7 December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Civic Forum, since December 1989
|
|
leading political force, loose coalition of former oppositionists headed
|
|
by President Vaclav Havel; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
|
|
(KSC), Ladislav Adamec, chairman (since 20 December 1989); KSC
|
|
toppled from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime
|
|
demonstrations, minority role in coalition government since 10
|
|
December 1989
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 22 May 1985 (next to be held 8 June 1990;
|
|
will be a free election);
|
|
results--Gustav Husak was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
Federal Assembly--last held 23 and 24 May 1986 (next to
|
|
be held 8 June 1990; will be a free election);
|
|
results--KSC was the only party;
|
|
seats--(350 total) KSC 350
|
|
|
|
Communists: 1.71 million party members (April 1988) and falling
|
|
|
|
Other political groups: Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
|
|
People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian
|
|
Democratic Party; more than 40 political groups are expected to field
|
|
candidates for the 8 June 1990 election
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICO, ILO, ILZSG,
|
|
IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA;
|
|
Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
363-6315 or 6316;
|
|
US--Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15-12548,
|
|
Prague (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone p42o (2) 53 6641
|
|
through 6649
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized and has a
|
|
well-educated and skilled labor force. Its industry, transport, energy
|
|
sources, banking, and most other means of production are state owned. The
|
|
country is deficient, however, in energy and many raw materials.
|
|
Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European
|
|
standards. Industry contributes over 50% to GNP and construction 10%.
|
|
About 95% of agricultural land is in collectives or state farms. The
|
|
centrally planned economy has been tightly linked in trade (80%) to
|
|
the USSR and Eastern Europe. Growth has been sluggish, averaging
|
|
less than 2% in the period 1982-89. GNP per capita ranks
|
|
next to the GDR as the highest in the Communist countries.
|
|
As in the rest of Eastern Europe, the sweeping political changes of
|
|
1989 have been disrupting normal channels of supply and compounding
|
|
the government's economic problems. Czechoslovakia is beginning
|
|
the difficult transition from a command to a market economy.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $123.2 billion, per capita $7,878; real growth rate 1.0%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0.9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $22.4 billion; expenditures $21.9 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $3.7 billion (1986 state budget)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $24.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment 58.5%;
|
|
industrial consumer goods 15.2%;
|
|
fuels, minerals, and metals 10.6%;
|
|
agricultural and forestry products 6.1%, other products 15.2%;
|
|
partners--USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria,
|
|
Bulgaria, Romania, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment 41.6%;
|
|
fuels, minerals, and metals 32.2%; agricultural and forestry
|
|
products 11.5%; industrial consumer goods 6.7%; other products 8.0%;
|
|
partners--USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria,
|
|
Bulgaria, Romania, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $7.4 billion, hard currency indebtedness (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 22,955,000 kW capacity; 85,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
5,410 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet
|
|
glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper
|
|
products, footwear
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP (includes forestry); largely
|
|
self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock production,
|
|
including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry;
|
|
exporter of forest products
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--$4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1954-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: koruna (plural--koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1--17.00 (March 1990),
|
|
10.00 (1989), 5.63 (1988), 5.43 (1987), 5.95 (1986), 6.79 (1985), 6.65 (1984)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 13,116 km total; 12,868 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km
|
|
1.524-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,854 km
|
|
double track; 3,530 km electrified; government owned (1986)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 73,805 km total; including 489 km superhighway (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 475 km (1986); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 1,500 km; natural gas,
|
|
8,000 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin),
|
|
Yugoslavia (Rijeka, Koper), FRG (Hamburg), GDR (Rostock); principal river ports
|
|
are Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the
|
|
Danube, Bratislava on the Danube
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 208,471 GRT/
|
|
308,072 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 6 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--58 AM, 16 FM, 45 TV; 14 Soviet TV relays;
|
|
4,360,000 TV sets; 4,208,538 radio receivers; at least 1 satellite earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense
|
|
Forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,019,311; 3,076,735 fit for military
|
|
service; 137,733 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 28.4 billion koruny, 7% of total budget (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Denmark
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 43,070 km2; land area: 42,370 km2; includes the island of
|
|
Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes
|
|
the Faroe Islands and Greenland
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 68 km with FRG
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,379 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 4 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland,
|
|
and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the
|
|
Rockall area); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between
|
|
Greenland and Jan Mayen
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
|
|
summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone
|
|
|
|
Land use: 61% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 9% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: air and water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,131,217 (July 1990), growth rate NEGL% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Dane(s); adjective--Danish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman
|
|
Catholic, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small
|
|
German-speaking minority
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,760,000; 51% services, 34% industry, 8% government,
|
|
7% agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Denmark
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Copenhagen
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark--14 counties (amter,
|
|
singular--amt) and 1 city* (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn,
|
|
Kobenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde, Sonderjylland,
|
|
Staden Kobenhavn*, Storstrom, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note--see
|
|
separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland which are part of the
|
|
Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions
|
|
|
|
Independence: became a constitutional monarchy in 1849
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 June 1953
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts;
|
|
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Folketing)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972);
|
|
Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September
|
|
1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Svend Auken;
|
|
Liberal, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul Schluter; Radical Liberal,
|
|
Niels Helveg Petersen; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Ole
|
|
Sohn; Left Socialist, Elizabeth Brun Olesen; Center Democratic, Mimi
|
|
Stilling Jakobsen; Christian People's, Flemming Kofoed-Svendsen;
|
|
Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Progress Party, Aage Brusgaard;
|
|
Socialist Workers Party, leader NA; Communist Workers' Party
|
|
(KAP); Common Course, Preben Moller Hansen; Green Party, Inger
|
|
Borlehmann
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 10 May 1988 (next to be held by May
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--Social Democrat 29.9%, Conservative 19.3%, Socialist
|
|
People's 13.0%, Liberal 11.8%, Radical Liberal 9.0%, Center
|
|
Democratic 5.6%, Christian People's 2.0%, Common Course 2.7%,
|
|
other 6.7%;
|
|
seats--(175 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe
|
|
Islands) Social Democratic 55, Conservative 35,
|
|
Socialist People's 24, Liberal 22, Progress 16,
|
|
Radical Liberal 10, Center Democratic 9, Christian People's 4
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EMS, ESA, FAO, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American Development Bank,
|
|
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC,
|
|
ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG;
|
|
Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates General at Chicago, Houston,
|
|
Los Angeles, and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Keith L. BROWN; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24,
|
|
2100 Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO New York 09170);
|
|
telephone p45o (31) 42 31 44
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
|
|
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side and that design element
|
|
of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other
|
|
Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: This modern economy features high-tech
|
|
agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive
|
|
government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high
|
|
dependence on foreign trade. Growth in output, however, has been
|
|
sluggish in 1987-89, and unemployment in early 1989 stood at 9.6%
|
|
of the labor force. The government is trying to revitalize growth
|
|
in preparation for the economic integration of Europe in 1992.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $73.7 billion, per capita $14,300; real growth rate 1.4%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.25% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9.6% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $34 billion; expenditures $34 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $19 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $27.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment,
|
|
fish, chemicals, industrial machinery;
|
|
partners--US 6.0%, FRG, Norway, Sweden, UK, other EC, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $26.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and
|
|
foodstuffs, textiles, paper;
|
|
partners--US 7.0%, FRG, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, other EC
|
|
|
|
External debt: $41.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,215,000 kW capacity; 30,910 million kWh produced,
|
|
6,030 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and
|
|
clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other
|
|
wood products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GNP and employs 1.8% of labor force
|
|
(includes fishing); farm products account for nearly 16% of export revenues;
|
|
principal products--meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;
|
|
self-sufficient in food production
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87) $4.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Danish krone (plural--kroner); 1 Danish krone
|
|
(DKr) = 100 ore
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.560 (January 1990),
|
|
7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987), 8.091 (1986), 10.596 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways
|
|
(DSB) operate 2,025 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services);
|
|
188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge lines are
|
|
privately owned and operated
|
|
|
|
Highways: 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block;
|
|
1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 417 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined products, 578 km; natural gas, 700
|
|
km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous
|
|
secondary and minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 252 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,498,611
|
|
GRT/6,711,011 DWT; includes 12 short-sea passenger, 82 cargo, 15 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 28 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier, 37 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 13 chemical tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 4
|
|
livestock carrier, 12 bulk; note--Denmark has created a captive register
|
|
called the Danish International Ship Register (DIS) as its own internal
|
|
register; DIS ships do not have to meet Danish manning regulations,
|
|
and they amount to a flag of convenience within the Danish register;
|
|
by the end of 1990, most Danish flag ships will belong to the DIS
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 130 total, 114 usable; 27 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast
|
|
services; 4,237,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 15 (39 repeaters) FM, 27
|
|
(25 repeaters) TV stations; 7 submarine coaxial cables; 1 satellite earth
|
|
station operating in INTELSAT, 4 Atlantic Ocean, EUTELSAT, and
|
|
domestic systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air
|
|
Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,368,013; 1,180,865 fit for
|
|
military service; 37,228 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP, or $1.5 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Djibouti
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 22,000 km2; land area: 21,980 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Massachusetts
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 517 km total; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 314 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; torrid, dry
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: geothermal areas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 9% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NEGL% forest and woodland; 91% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: vast wasteland
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes
|
|
and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 337,386 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 46 years male, 49 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Djiboutian(s); adjective--Djiboutian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35% Afar, 5% French, Arab,
|
|
Ethiopian, and Italian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Arabic, Somali, and Afar widely used
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 20%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port
|
|
and 3,000 railway workers; 52% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Djibouti
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Djibouti
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 5 districts (cercles, singular--cercle);
|
|
Ali Sahih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura
|
|
|
|
Independence: 27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of
|
|
the Afars and Issas)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the
|
|
Chamber of Deputies
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices,
|
|
and Islamic law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 June (1977)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Barkat GOURAD Hamadou (since 30
|
|
September 1978)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--People's Progress
|
|
Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Aptidon
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993);
|
|
results--President Hassan Gouled Aptidon was reelected without
|
|
opposition;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 24 April 1987 (next to be
|
|
held April 1992); results--RPP is the only party; seats--(65 total) RPP 65
|
|
|
|
Communists: NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
|
NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery
|
|
(temporary) at the Djiboutian Permanent Mission to the UN; 866 United Nations
|
|
Plaza, Suite 4011, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 753-3163;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert S. BARRETT IV; Embassy at Villa Plateau du
|
|
Serpent Boulevard, Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185,
|
|
Djibouti); telephone p253o 35-38-49 or 35-39-95, 35-29-16, 35-29-17
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with
|
|
a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed
|
|
star in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on service activities connected with the
|
|
country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone. Djibouti
|
|
provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international
|
|
transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little
|
|
industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance
|
|
to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects.
|
|
An unemployment rate of over 50% continues to be a major problem.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $333 million, $1,070 per capita; real growth rate - 0.7% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: over 50% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $117 million; expenditures $163 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $52 million (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--hides and skins,
|
|
coffee (in transit); partners--Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe
|
|
7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $198 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--foods, beverages,
|
|
transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products; partners--EC 36%,
|
|
Africa 21%, Bahrain 14%, Asia 12%, US 2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $250 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.6% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 110,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced,
|
|
580 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as
|
|
dairy products and mineral-water bottling
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop
|
|
production to mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads
|
|
herding goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-88), $36 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $962 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist
|
|
countries (1970-88), $35 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Djiboutian franc (plural--francs); 1 Djiboutian franc
|
|
(DF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1--177.721 (fixed rate since
|
|
1973)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through
|
|
Djibouti
|
|
|
|
Highways: 2,900 km total; 280 km bituminous surface, 2,620 km
|
|
improved or unimproved earth (1982)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Djibouti
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 12 total, 9 usable; none with runways over 3,659 m;
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
4 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio
|
|
relay stations at outlying places; 7,300 telephones; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV;
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi
|
|
Arabia
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary National Security Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 88,132; 51,260 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $29.9 million, 23% of central government budget
|
|
(1986)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Dominica
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 750 km2; land area: 750 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 148 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged mountains of volcanic origin
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 9% arable land; 13% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
41% forest and woodland; 34% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes
|
|
|
|
Note: located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 84,854 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Dominican(s); adjective--Dominican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib indians
|
|
|
|
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Methodist
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); French patois widely spoken
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 25,000; 40% agriculture, 32% industry and commerce, 28%
|
|
services (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Dominica
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Roseau
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David,
|
|
Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick,
|
|
Saint Paul, Saint Peter
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 November 1978 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 November 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1978)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (includes 9 appointed
|
|
senators and 21 elected representatives)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since
|
|
19 December 1983);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21
|
|
July 1980)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Freedom Party (DFP),
|
|
(Mary) Eugenia Charles; Labor Party of Dominica (LPD, a leftist-dominated
|
|
coalition), Michael Douglas; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison James
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December
|
|
1993); the president is elected by the House of Assembly;
|
|
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 1 July 1985 (next to be held July
|
|
1990); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(21 total) DFP 17, LPD 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a
|
|
small leftist group
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: there is no Chancery in the US;
|
|
US--no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown
|
|
(Barbados), but travels frequently to Dominica
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a centered cross of three equal bands--the vertical part
|
|
is yellow (hoist side), black, and white--the horizontal part is yellow (top),
|
|
black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing
|
|
a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the
|
|
10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly
|
|
vulnerable to climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30%
|
|
of GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Principal products include
|
|
bananas, coconuts, citrus, and root crops. In 1988 the economy achieved a
|
|
5.6% growth in real GDP on the strength of a boost in construction,
|
|
higher agricultural production, and growth of the small manufacturing
|
|
sector based on soap and garment industries. The tourist industry
|
|
remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an
|
|
international-class airport.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $137 million, per capita $1,408; real growth rate 5.6% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 10% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $60 million; expenditures $52 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $18 million (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $46 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--bananas,
|
|
coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets;
|
|
partners--UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $66.0 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--food, oils and
|
|
fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, machinery and
|
|
equipment;
|
|
partners--US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%,
|
|
Canada 3%, other 21%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $63.6 million (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% in manufacturing (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced,
|
|
190 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing, tourism, soap and other
|
|
coconut-based products, cigars, pumice mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops--bananas, citrus
|
|
fruit, coconuts, root crops; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings;
|
|
forestry and fisheries potential not exploited
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $109 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar
|
|
(EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Roseau, Portsmouth
|
|
|
|
Civil air: NA
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and
|
|
UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe;
|
|
stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Dominican Republic
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 48,730 km2; land area: 48,380 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire
|
|
|
|
Land boundary 275 km with Haiti
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,288 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys
|
|
interspersed
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
|
|
|
|
Land use: 23% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 43% meadows and pastures;
|
|
13% forest and woodland; 14% other; includes 4% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October);
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is
|
|
Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,240,793 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Dominican(s); adjective--Dominican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white, 11% black
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 74%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,300,000-2,600,000; 49% agriculture, 33% services,
|
|
18% industry (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 12% of labor force (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Dominican Republic (no short-form name)
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Santo Domingo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 29 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia)
|
|
and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon,
|
|
Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor,
|
|
Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez,
|
|
Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata,
|
|
Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Juan,
|
|
San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Valverde
|
|
|
|
Independence: 27 February 1844 (from Haiti)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 November 1966
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil codes
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February (1844)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or
|
|
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Joaquin BALAGUER
|
|
Ricardo (since 16 August 1986); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso
|
|
(since 16 August 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
|
|
Major parties--Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC),
|
|
Joaquin Balaguer Ricardo; Dominican Revolutionary
|
|
Party (PRD), which fractured in May 1989 with the understanding that
|
|
leading rivals Jacobo Majluta and Jose Francisco
|
|
Pena Gomez would run separately for president at the head of the
|
|
Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Social Democratic
|
|
Institutional Bloc (BIS), respectively, and try to reconstitute the
|
|
PRD after the election; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch
|
|
Gavino;
|
|
|
|
Minor parties--National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC),
|
|
Juan Rene Beauchanps Javier; The Structure (LE), Andres Van Der Horst;
|
|
Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin Chavez;
|
|
Constitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis Arzeno
|
|
Rodriguez; National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino Vinicio Castillo;
|
|
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Dominican
|
|
Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic
|
|
Union (UPA), Ivan Rodriguez; in 1983 several leftist parties,
|
|
including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID);
|
|
however, they still retain individual party structures
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of
|
|
the armed forces and police cannot vote
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 16 May 1986 (next to be held May 1990);
|
|
results--Joaquin Balaguer (PRSC) 41.8%, Jacobo Majluta (PRD) 39.7%,
|
|
Juan Bosch Gavino (PLD) 18.5%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 16 May 1986 (next to be held May 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(30 total) PRSC 21, PRD 7, PLD 2;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 16 May 1986 (next to be
|
|
held May 1990);
|
|
results--PRSC 40.6%, PRD 33.5%, PLD 18.3%, LE 5.3%, other 2.3%;
|
|
seats--(120 total) PRSC 56, PRD 48, PLD 16
|
|
|
|
Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and
|
|
illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differences and
|
|
organizational inadequacies
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso
|
|
(serves concurrently as Vice President); Chancery at
|
|
1715 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280;
|
|
there are Dominican Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles,
|
|
Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan
|
|
(Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit,
|
|
Houston, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and
|
|
San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Paul D. TAYLOR; Embassy at the corner of
|
|
Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo
|
|
(mailing address is APO Miami 34041-0008); telephone p809o 541-2171
|
|
|
|
Flag: a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag
|
|
into four rectangles--the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom
|
|
ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of
|
|
the cross
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is largely dependent on the agricultural sector,
|
|
which employs 50% of the labor force and provides about half of export revenues.
|
|
The principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cocoa, and
|
|
tobacco. Industry is based on the processing of agricultural products, durable
|
|
consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Rapid growth of free trade zones has
|
|
established a significant expansion of manufacturing for export, especially
|
|
wearing apparel. Over the past decade tourism has also increased in importance
|
|
and is a significant earner of foreign exchange and a source of new jobs.
|
|
Unemployment is officially reported at about 25%, but underemployment may
|
|
be much higher.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.1 billion, per capita $790; real growth rate 0.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 57.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $413 million; expenditures $522 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $218 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $711 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel;
|
|
partners--US, including Puerto Rico, 74%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and
|
|
pharmaceuticals;
|
|
partners--US, including Puerto Rico, 37% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.6 billion (1989) est.
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 30% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,376,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
560 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining,
|
|
textiles, cement, tobacco
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 49% of labor
|
|
force; sugarcane most important commercial crop, followed by coffee,
|
|
cotton, and cocoa; food crops--rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas;
|
|
animal output--cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.1 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $529 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Dominican peso (plural--pesos); 1 Dominican peso
|
|
(RD$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Dominican pesos per US$1--6.3400 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3400 (1989), 6.1125 (1988), 3.8448 (1987), 2.9043 (1986), 3.1126 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges
|
|
from 0.558 m to 1.435 m
|
|
|
|
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved
|
|
earth, 600 km unimproved
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 96 km; refined products, 8 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,335
|
|
GRT/40,297 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 44 total, 30 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on
|
|
islandwide radio relay network; 190,000 telephones; stations--120 AM, no
|
|
FM, 18 TV, 6 shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,912,101; 1,210,172 fit for military
|
|
service; 80,290 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.2% of GDP, or $61 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ecuador
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 283,560 km2; land area: 276,840 km2; includes
|
|
Galapagos Islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Nevada
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,010 km total; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,237 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical along coast becoming cooler inland
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra),
|
|
and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 6% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 17% meadows and pastures;
|
|
51% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic
|
|
activity; deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts
|
|
|
|
Note: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,506,668 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Ecuadorian(s); adjective--Ecuadorian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10%
|
|
Spanish, 10% black
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 85% (1981)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,800,000; 35% agriculture, 21% manufacturing,
|
|
16% commerce, 28% services and other activities (1982)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Ecuador
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Quito
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia);
|
|
Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas,
|
|
Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago,
|
|
Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe
|
|
|
|
Independence: 24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 10 August 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence
|
|
of Quito)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives
|
|
(Camara de Representantes)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos
|
|
(since 10 August 1988); Vice President Luis PARODI Valverde (since
|
|
10 August 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Right to center
|
|
parties--Social Christian Party (PSC), Camilio Ponce, president;
|
|
Conservative Party (PC), Jose Teran Varea, director;
|
|
Radical Liberal Party (PLR), Blasco Penaherrera, director;
|
|
|
|
Centrist parties--Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes
|
|
Bucaram Saxida, director; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia
|
|
Calderon de Castro, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles
|
|
Rigail Santistevan, director; Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PNR),
|
|
Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, leader;
|
|
|
|
Center-left parties--Democratic Left (ID), President Rodrigo Borja,
|
|
leader; Roldosist Party of Ecuador (PRE), Abdala Bucaram, director;
|
|
Popular Democracy (DP), Vladimiro Alvarez, leader;
|
|
Christian Democratic (CD), Julio Cesar Trujillo;
|
|
Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta Montalvo, leader;
|
|
|
|
Far-left parties--Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge
|
|
Mosquera, director; Socialist Party (PSE), Victor Granda Aguilar,
|
|
secretary general; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado
|
|
Gonzalez, leader; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo Castillo;
|
|
Popular Revolutionary Action Party (APRE), Lt. Gen. Frank Vargas
|
|
Pazzos, leader
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,
|
|
optional for other eligible voters
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--first round held 31 January 1988 and second round on
|
|
8 May 1988 (next first round to be held January 1992 and second round
|
|
May 1992);
|
|
results--Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (ID) 54%, Abdala Bucaram Ortiz
|
|
(PRE) 46%;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Representatives--last held 31 January 1988
|
|
(next to be held June 1990);
|
|
results--ID 42%, PSC 11%, PRE 11%, DP 9%, others 27%;
|
|
seats--(71 total) ID 30, PRE 8, PSC 8, DP 7, CFP 6, PSE 4,
|
|
FADI 2, MPD 2, FRA 2, PCE 1, PLR 1; note--with the addition of the
|
|
new province of Sucumbios there will be 72 seats in the August 1990
|
|
election
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene
|
|
Mauge Mosquera, secretary general, 5,000 members; Communist Party of
|
|
Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist
|
|
Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000 members (est.); National
|
|
Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), 5,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
|
|
IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at
|
|
2535 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7200;
|
|
there are Ecuadorian Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
|
|
New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and a Consulate in San Diego;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Paul C. LAMBERT; Embassy at Avenida Patria
|
|
120, on the corner of Avenida 12 de Octubre, Quito (mailing address is P. O.
|
|
Box 538, Quito, or APO Miami 34039); telephone p593o (2) 562-890; there is a US
|
|
Consulate General in Guayaquil
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red
|
|
with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the
|
|
flag of Colombia which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Ecuador continues to recover from a 1986 drop in international
|
|
oil prices and a major earthquake in 1987 that interrupted oil exports
|
|
for six months and forced Ecuador to suspend foreign debt payments.
|
|
In 1988-89 oil exports recovered--accounting for nearly half of
|
|
Ecuador's total export revenues--and Quito resumed full interest
|
|
payments on its official debt, and partial payments on its commercial
|
|
debt. The Borja administration has pursued austere economic
|
|
policies that have helped reduce inflation and restore international
|
|
reserves. Ecuador was granted an IMF standby agreement worth $135
|
|
million in 1989, and Quito will seek to reschedule its foreign
|
|
commercial debt in 1990.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $9.8 billion, per capita $935; real growth rate 0.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 54% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 14.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $601 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum 47%,
|
|
coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products; partners--US 58%,
|
|
Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--transport
|
|
equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemical, petroleum; partners--US 28%,
|
|
Latin America, Caribbean, EC, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $10.9 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,953,000 kW capacity; 5,725 million kWh produced,
|
|
560 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing,
|
|
timber, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including
|
|
fishing and forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood;
|
|
other exports--coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production--rice, potatoes,
|
|
manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector--cattle, sheep, hogs, beef,
|
|
pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrain, dairy products, and sugar
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: relatively small producer of coca following the
|
|
successful eradication campaign of 1985-87; significant transit country,
|
|
however, for derivatives of coca originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and
|
|
Peru
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $457 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $64 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: sucre (plural--sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: sucres (S/) per US$1--526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988),
|
|
170.46 (1987), 122.78 (1986), 69.56 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved
|
|
earth, 7,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined products, 1,358 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 340,446
|
|
GRT/492,670 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 7 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
2 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 16 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 179 total, 178 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000
|
|
telephones; stations--272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Ecuadorean Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorean Air Force
|
|
(Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), Ecuadorean Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,635,543; 1,786,068 fit for military
|
|
service; 114,976 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP, or $100 million (1988 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Egypt
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,001,450 km2; land area: 995,450 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,689 km total; Gaza Strip 11, Israel 255 km,
|
|
Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,450 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: undefined;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Administrative Boundary and international boundary with Sudan
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates,
|
|
manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NEGL% forest and woodland; 95% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil
|
|
salinization below Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin
|
|
occurs in spring; water pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa
|
|
and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link
|
|
between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel
|
|
establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 54,705,746 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 90 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 61 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Egyptian(s); adjective--Egyptian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian,
|
|
Syro-Lebanese
|
|
|
|
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic
|
|
Christian and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by
|
|
educated classes
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 45%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 15,000,000 (1989 est.); 36% government,
|
|
public sector enterprises, and armed forces; 34% agriculture;
|
|
20% privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises (1984);
|
|
shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly
|
|
in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 2,500,000 (est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Arab Republic of Egypt
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Cairo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 26 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar,
|
|
Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah,
|
|
Al Ismailiyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya,
|
|
Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah,
|
|
As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Said, Dumyat,
|
|
Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina,
|
|
Shamal Sina, Suhaj
|
|
|
|
Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab Republic
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 September 1971
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic
|
|
codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees
|
|
validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Shaab);
|
|
note--there is an Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a
|
|
consultative role
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting
|
|
President on 6 October 1981 upon the assassination of President Sadat and
|
|
sworn in as President on 14 October 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY
|
|
(since 12 November 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be
|
|
approved by government; National Democratic Party (NDP), President
|
|
Mohammed Hosni Mubarak, leader, is the dominant party; legal opposition
|
|
parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor
|
|
Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid
|
|
Muhyi-al-Din; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party (NWP),
|
|
Fuad Siraj al-Din
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October
|
|
1993); results--President Hosni Mubarek was reelected;
|
|
|
|
People's Assembly--last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held
|
|
April 1992); results--NDP 69.3%, Socialist Labor Party Coalition 17%,
|
|
NWP 10.9%;
|
|
seats--(458 total, 448 elected)--NDP 346, Socialist Labor Party
|
|
Coalition 60,
|
|
Labor-Liberal-Muslim Brotherhood Alliance 60 (37 belong to the
|
|
Muslim Brotherhood), NWP 36, independents 7;
|
|
|
|
Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)--last held October 1986
|
|
(next to be held October 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(210 total, 140 elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 500 party members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic groups are illegal, but the
|
|
largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government and
|
|
recently gained a sizable presence in the new People's Assembly; trade
|
|
unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACC, AfDB, Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt was suspended from Arab League and
|
|
OAPEC in April 1979 and readmitted in May 1989
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY;
|
|
Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian Consulates General in Chicago,
|
|
Houston, New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Frank G. WISNER; Embassy at 5 Sharia Latin America,
|
|
Garden City, Cairo (mailing address is FPO New York 09527);
|
|
telephone p20o p2o 355-7371; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the
|
|
national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side
|
|
above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white
|
|
band; similar to the flags of the YAR which has one star, Syria which has two
|
|
stars, and Iraq which has three stars--all green and five-pointed in a
|
|
horizontal line centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all
|
|
the Third World economies, most industrial plants being owned by the
|
|
government. Overregulation holds back technical modernization and
|
|
foreign investment. Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late
|
|
1970s and early 1980s, but in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices
|
|
and an increasingly heavy burden of debt servicing led Egypt to begin
|
|
negotiations with the IMF for balance-of-payments support. As part of
|
|
the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the government agreed to institute
|
|
a reform program to reduce inflation, promote economic growth, and
|
|
improve its external position. The reforms have been slow in coming,
|
|
however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the past
|
|
three years. With 1 million people being added every eight months
|
|
to Egypt's population, urban growth exerts enormous pressure on
|
|
the 5% of the total land area available for agriculture.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $38.3 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 1.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $7 billion; expenditures $11.5 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $4 billion (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--raw cotton,
|
|
crude and refined petroleum, cotton yarn, textiles; partners--US,
|
|
EC, Japan, Eastern Europe
|
|
|
|
Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foods,
|
|
machinery and equipment, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods,
|
|
capital goods; partners--US, EC, Japan, Eastern Europe
|
|
|
|
External debt: $45 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2-4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,273,000 kW capacity; 42,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
780 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals,
|
|
petroleum, construction, cement, metals
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GNP and employs more than one-third of
|
|
labor force; dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's
|
|
fifth-largest cotton exporter; other crops produced include rice,
|
|
corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food;
|
|
livestock--cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goats; annual fish catch
|
|
about 140,000 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $14.7 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$2.4 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Egyptian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Egyptian pound
|
|
(LE) = 100 piasters
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (LE) per US$1--2.5790 (January 1990),
|
|
2.5171 (1989), 2.2128 (1988), 1.5015 (1987), 1.3503 (1986), 1.3010 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km
|
|
0.750-meter gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500
|
|
km improved earth, 18,025 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser,
|
|
Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta);
|
|
Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing
|
|
vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,171 km; refined products, 596 km; natural gas, 460
|
|
km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 142 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,141,799
|
|
GRT/1,754,181 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 7 short-sea passenger,
|
|
2 passenger-cargo, 88 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
14 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 15 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 97 total, 87 usable; 67 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 46 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: system is large but still inadequate for needs;
|
|
principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and
|
|
Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive
|
|
upgrading in progress; 600,000 telephones (est.); stations--25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT; 4 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter
|
|
to Sudan; radio relay to Libya (may not be operational); new radio
|
|
relay to Jordan
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,271,942; 8,642,075 fit for military
|
|
service; 547,084 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 7.2% of GDP, or $2.8 billion (FY90 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: El Salvador
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 21,040 km2; land area: 20,720 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Massachusetts
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 545 km total; Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 307 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: several sections of the boundary with Honduras are in dispute
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to
|
|
April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hydropower and geothermal power, crude oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 27% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 29% meadows and pastures;
|
|
6% forest and woodland; 30% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes
|
|
very destructive earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: smallest Central American country and only one without a
|
|
coastline on Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,309,865 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 49 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Salvadoran(s); adjective--Salvadoran
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian, 1% white
|
|
|
|
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by Protestant groups
|
|
throughout the country
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 65%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,700,000 (1982 est.); 40% agriculture,
|
|
16% commerce, 15% manufacturing, 13% government, 9% financial services,
|
|
6% transportation; shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled
|
|
labor, but manpower training programs improving situation (1984 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 15% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7%
|
|
urban labor force (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of El Salvador
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: San Salvador
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento); Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan,
|
|
La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana,
|
|
San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 20 December 1983
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common
|
|
law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alfredo CRISTIANI (since
|
|
1 June 1989); Vice President Jose Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Republican Alliance
|
|
(ARENA), Armando Calderon Sol; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose
|
|
Antonio Morales Erlich; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro Cruz
|
|
Zepeda; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo Gonzalez Camacho; Salvadoran
|
|
Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar Garcia; Patria
|
|
Libre (PL), Hugo Barrera; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Julio
|
|
Rey Prendes; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quinonez;
|
|
Democratic Convergence (CD), a coalition composed of the Social
|
|
Democratic Party (PSD), Mario Rene Roldan; the National Revolutionary
|
|
Movement (MNR), Guillermo Ungo; and the Popular Social Christian Movement
|
|
(MPSC), Ruben Zamora
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994);
|
|
results--Alfredo Cristiani (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel Chavez Mena (PDC) 36.6%,
|
|
other 9.6%;
|
|
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held 20 March 1988 (next to be
|
|
held March 1991);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(60 total) ARENA 32, MAC 13, PDC 9, PCN 6
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
|
|
Leftist revolutionary movement--Farabundo Marti National
|
|
Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership body of the insurgency;
|
|
Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of National Resistance
|
|
(FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Communist
|
|
Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL),
|
|
and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular
|
|
Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP);
|
|
|
|
Militant front organizations--Revolutionary Coordinator
|
|
of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary
|
|
Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues
|
|
of 28 February (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and
|
|
Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR),
|
|
coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD); FD consists of
|
|
moderate leftist groups--Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians
|
|
of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular
|
|
Social Christian Movement (MPSC);
|
|
|
|
Extreme rightist vigilante organizations--Anti-Communist Army (ESA);
|
|
Maximiliano Hernandez
|
|
Brigade; Organization for Liberation From Communism (OLC);
|
|
|
|
Labor organizations--Federation of Construction and Transport
|
|
Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal
|
|
Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions
|
|
(FUSS), leftist; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS),
|
|
leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General
|
|
Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD),
|
|
moderate labor coalition which includes FESINCONSTRANS, and other
|
|
democratic labor organizations; National Unity of Salvadoran Workers
|
|
(UNTS), leftist; National Union of Workers and Peasants (UNOC),
|
|
moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations;
|
|
|
|
Business organizations--National Association of Private Enterprise
|
|
(ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative; National
|
|
Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative
|
|
|
|
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA;
|
|
Chancery at 2308 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 265-3480 through 3482; there are Salvadoran Consulates General in
|
|
Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco,
|
|
US--Ambassador William G. WALKER; Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230,
|
|
San Salvador (mailing address is APO Miami 34023); telephone p503o 26-7100
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the
|
|
national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a
|
|
round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA
|
|
CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua which has a different coat of arms
|
|
centered in the white band--it features a triangle encircled by the words
|
|
REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom;
|
|
also similar to the flag of Honduras which has five blue stars arranged
|
|
in an X pattern centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy experienced a modest recovery during the period
|
|
1983-86, after a sharp decline in the early 1980s. Real GDP grew by 1.5% a
|
|
year on the strength of value added by the manufacturing and service sectors.
|
|
In 1987 the economy expanded by 2.5% as agricultural output recovered from the
|
|
1986 drought. The agricultural sector accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 40%
|
|
of the labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the
|
|
major commercial crop, contributing 60% to export earnings. The manufacturing
|
|
sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
and 16% of employment. Economic losses due to guerrilla sabotage total more
|
|
than $2.0 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large military
|
|
seriously constrain the government's ability to provide essential social
|
|
services.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.5 billion, per capita $1,020 (1988); real growth rate 0.9% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.8% (September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 10% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $688 million; expenditures $725 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $112 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $497 million (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--coffee 60%, sugar, cotton, shrimp;
|
|
partners--US 49%, FRG 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--petroleum products, consumer goods, foodstuffs, machinery,
|
|
construction materials, fertilizer;
|
|
partners--US 40%, Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 7%, FRG 5%, Japan 4%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.7 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.9% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 669,000 kW capacity; 1,813 million kWh produced,
|
|
350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum
|
|
products, cement
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including
|
|
fishing and forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other
|
|
products--sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products,
|
|
shrimp; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.4 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $353 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Salvadoran colon (plural--colones); 1 Salvadoran
|
|
colon (C) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1--5.0000 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1986)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km
|
|
improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Rio Lempa partially navigable
|
|
|
|
Ports: Acajutla, Cutuco
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 125 total, 84 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; 116,000 telephones; stations--77 AM, no FM,
|
|
5 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police,
|
|
Treasury Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,180,751; 754,350 fit for military
|
|
service; 68,805 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4% of GDP, or $220 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Equatorial Guinea
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 28,050 km2; land area: 28,050 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 539 km total; Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 296 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Gabon
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are
|
|
volcanic
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits
|
|
of gold, manganese, uranium
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
|
51% forest and woodland; 33% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to violent windstorms
|
|
|
|
Note: insular and continental regions rather widely separated
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 368,935 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 52 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s);
|
|
adjective--Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some
|
|
Fernandinos; Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly
|
|
Spanish
|
|
|
|
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman
|
|
Catholic; some pagan practices retained
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 40%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 172,000 (1986 est.); 66% agriculture, 23% services,
|
|
11% industry (1980); labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population
|
|
of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: no formal trade unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Malabo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 2 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia);
|
|
Bioko, Rio Muni; note--there may now be 6 provinces named Bioko Norte,
|
|
Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele Nzas
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 October 1968 (from Spain; formerly Spanish Guinea)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 15 August 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: in transition; partly based on Spanish civil law and
|
|
tribal custom
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 October (1968)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of People's Representatives
|
|
(Camara de Representantes del Pueblo)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA
|
|
MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE Bioko Malabo (since
|
|
15 August 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi Monsuy Andeme
|
|
(since 15 August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Democratic Party
|
|
for Equatorial Guinea (PDEG), Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, party leader
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996);
|
|
results--President Brig. Gen. Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was reelected without
|
|
opposition;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 10 July 1988 (next to be
|
|
held 10 July 1993);
|
|
results--PDEG is the only party;
|
|
seats--(41 total) PDEG 41
|
|
|
|
Communists: no significant number but some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Conference of East and Central African
|
|
States, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG; Chancery at
|
|
801 Second Avenue, Suite 1403, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 599-1523;
|
|
US--Ambassador Chester E. NORRIS, Jr.; Embassy at Calle de Los Ministros,
|
|
Malabo (mailing address is P. O. Box 597, Malabo); telephone 2406 or 2507
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a
|
|
blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered
|
|
in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars
|
|
(representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield
|
|
bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto
|
|
UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy, destroyed during the regime of former
|
|
President Macias Nguema, is now based on agriculture, forestry,
|
|
and fishing, which account for about 60% of GNP and nearly all exports.
|
|
Subsistence agriculture predominates, with cocoa, coffee, and wood
|
|
products providing income, foreign exchange, and government
|
|
revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts
|
|
for about 10% of GNP, and the construction, public works, and service
|
|
sectors for about 34%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium,
|
|
iron ore, manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration is
|
|
taking place under concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $103 million, per capita $293; real growth rate NA% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $23 million; expenditures $31 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--coffee,
|
|
timber, cocoa beans;
|
|
partners--Spain 44%, FRG 19%, Italy 12%, Netherlands 11% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $50 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
food, beverages, clothing, machinery;
|
|
partners--Spain 34%, Italy 16%, France 14%, Netherlands 8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $191 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced,
|
|
170 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, sawmilling
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa
|
|
from Bioko; food crops--rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts,
|
|
manioc, livestock
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-88), $11 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $100 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $55 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: Rio Muni--1,024 km; Bioko--216 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Malabo, Bata
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413
|
|
GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo and 1 passenger-cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 4 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: poor system with adequate government services;
|
|
international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European
|
|
countries; 2,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, and possibly Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 77,363; 39,174 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 11% of GNP (FY81 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ethiopia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,221,900 km2; land area: 1,101,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,141 km total; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km,
|
|
Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,094 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional
|
|
Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic
|
|
Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; separatist movement
|
|
in Eritrea; antigovernment insurgencies in Tigray and other areas
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation;
|
|
prone to extended droughts
|
|
|
|
Terrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great
|
|
Rift Valley
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash
|
|
|
|
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 41% meadows and pastures;
|
|
24% forest and woodland; 22% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to
|
|
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
|
|
desertification; frequent droughts; famine
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest
|
|
shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; major resettlement
|
|
project ongoing in rural areas will significantly alter population distribution
|
|
and settlement patterns over the next several
|
|
decades
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 51,666,622 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 116 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 52 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Ethiopian(s); adjective--Ethiopian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32% Amhara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6%
|
|
Shankella, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5%
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major
|
|
foreign language taught in schools)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 55.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 18,000,000; 80% agriculture and animal
|
|
husbandry, 12% government and services, 8% industry and construction
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in
|
|
January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Addis Ababa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 administrative regions (plural--NA,
|
|
singular--kifle hager); Arsi, Bale, Eritrea, Gamo Gofa, Gojam,
|
|
Gonder, Harerge, Ilubabor, Kefa, Shewa, Sidamo, Tigray, Welega,
|
|
Welo; note--the administrative structure may be changing to 25
|
|
administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular--astedader
|
|
akababee) and 5 autonomous
|
|
regions* (rasgez akababiwach, singular--rasgez akababee); Addis Ababa,
|
|
Arsi, Aseb*, Asosa, Bale, Borena, Dire Dawa*, East Gojam,
|
|
East Harerge, Eritrea*, Gambela, Gamo Gofa, Ilubabor, Kefa, Metekel,
|
|
Nazaret, North Gonder, North Shewa, North Welo, Ogaden*, Omo, Sidamo,
|
|
South Gonder, South Shewa, South Welo, Tigray*, Welega, West Gojam,
|
|
West Harerge, West Shewa
|
|
|
|
Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest
|
|
in the world--at least 2,000 years
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 12 September 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common, and
|
|
customary law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Revolution Day, 12 September (1974)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of State
|
|
prime minister, five deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Shengo)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President MENGISTU Haile-Mariam (Chairman from
|
|
11 September 1977 until becoming President on 10 September 1987);
|
|
Vice President FISSEHA Desta (since 10 September 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister (Acting) and Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister HAILU Yimenu (since 7 November 1989);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister WOLLE Chekol (since 21 November 1989);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister ALEMU Abebe (since 10 September 1987);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister TESFAYE Dinka (since 10 September 1987);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister ASHAGRE Yigletu (since 21 November 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Workers' Party of
|
|
Ethiopia (WPE), Mengistu Haile-Mariam, secretary general
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 10 September 1987 (next to be held September
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--National Assembly elected President Mengistu Haile-Mariam;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 14 June 1987 (next to be
|
|
held June 1992);
|
|
results--WPE is the only party;
|
|
seats--(835 total) WPE 835
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: important dissident groups include
|
|
Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in Eritrea; Tigrean People's
|
|
Liberation Front (TPLF) and Ethiopian Peoples Democratic Movement
|
|
in Tigray, Welo, and border regions; Oromo Liberation Front in Welega and
|
|
Harerge regions
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim
|
|
GIRMA Amare; Chancery at 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282;
|
|
US--Charge d'Affaires Robert G. HOUDEK; Embassy at Entoto Street,
|
|
Addis Ababa (mailing address is P.O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa);
|
|
telephone 254-233-4141
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red;
|
|
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and the colors of her flag
|
|
were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they
|
|
became known as the pan-African colors
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in
|
|
Africa. Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for
|
|
about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates
|
|
over 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on
|
|
inputs from the agricultural sector. The economy is centrally planned, and over
|
|
90% of large-scale industry is state run. Favorable agricultural weather
|
|
largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate 4.5% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA; shortage of skilled manpower
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $418 million (f.o.b., FY88); commodities--coffee 60%,
|
|
hides;
|
|
partners--US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88),
|
|
commodities--food, fuels, capital goods;
|
|
partners--USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.6 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 0.2% (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 330,000 kW capacity; 700 million kWh produced,
|
|
14 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: cement, textiles, food processing, oil refinery
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of
|
|
the economy even though frequent droughts, poor cultivation practices, and
|
|
state economic policies keep farm output low; famines not uncommon;
|
|
export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly on state farms;
|
|
estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence level;
|
|
principal crops and livestock--cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds,
|
|
potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $471 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.6 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$2.0 billion
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currency: birr (plural--birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: birr (Br) per US$1--2.0700 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter
|
|
gauge (nonoperational)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,650 km bituminous, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km
|
|
improved earth, 28,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Aseb, Mitsiwa
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837
|
|
GRT/92,067 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off cargo, 1 livestock
|
|
carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 152 total, 111 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: open-wire and radio relay system adequate for
|
|
government use; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and
|
|
Djibouti; stations--4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 45,000 TV sets; 3,300,000 radios;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,438,616; 5,922,555 fit for military
|
|
service; 589,231 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 8.5% of GDP (1988)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Europa Island
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 28 km2; land area: 28 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 22.2 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: NA
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; heavily wooded
|
|
|
|
Environment: wildlife sanctuary
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the Mozambique Channel 340 km west of Madagascar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of
|
|
the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 1 meteorological station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 12,170 km2; land area: 12,170 km2; includes the two
|
|
main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,288 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 100 meter depth;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 150 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina
|
|
|
|
Climate: cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on
|
|
more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January
|
|
and February, but does not accumulate
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish and wildlife
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 99% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 1% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: poor soil fertility and a short growing season
|
|
|
|
Note: deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,958 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Falkland Islander(s); adjective--Falkland Island
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
|
|
|
|
Religion: primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church;
|
|
Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education up to age 15
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); about 95% in agriculture, mostly sheepherding
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Falkland Islands General Employees Union, 400 members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Colony of the Falkland Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Stanley
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 October 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor William Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held 3 October 1985 (next to be
|
|
held October 1990); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of
|
|
the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major
|
|
economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered
|
|
the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE
|
|
RIGHT
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or
|
|
indirectly employs most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet
|
|
domestic consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily
|
|
those for providing winter fodder. Major sources of income are from the export
|
|
of high-grade wool to the UK and the sale of stamps and coins. Rich stocks of
|
|
fish in the surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders, but
|
|
development plans called for the islands to have six trawlers by 1989.
|
|
In 1987 the government began to sell fishing licenses to foreign trawlers
|
|
operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license
|
|
fees amount to more than $25 million per year. To encourage tourism, the
|
|
Falkland Islands Development Corporation has built three lodges for
|
|
visitors who are attracted by the abundant wildlife and trout fishing.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $11 million; expenditures $11.8 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $1.2 million (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: at least $14.7 million;
|
|
commodities--wool, hides and skins, and other;
|
|
partners--UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Imports: at least $13.9 million;
|
|
commodities--food, clothing, fuels, and machinery;
|
|
partners--UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,700 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: wool processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds and
|
|
fodder crops
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $102 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Falkland pound (plural--pounds); 1 Falkland pound
|
|
(LF) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Falkland pound (LF) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
|
0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985);
|
|
note--the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Port Stanley
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: government-operated radiotelephone and private
|
|
VHF/CB radio networks provide effective service to almost all points on
|
|
both islands; 590 telephones; stations--2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station with links through London to other countries
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Faroe Islands
|
|
(part of the Danish realm)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,400 km2; land area: 1,400 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of
|
|
Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 764 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 4 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 98% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal
|
|
lowlands; archipelago of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited
|
|
islets
|
|
|
|
Note: strategically located along important sea lanes in
|
|
northeastern Atlantic about midway between Iceland and Shetland Islands
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 47,715 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Faroese (sing., pl.); adjective--Faroese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Scandinavian population
|
|
|
|
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
|
|
|
|
Language: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing,
|
|
transportation, and commerce
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas
|
|
administrative division of Denmark
|
|
|
|
Capital: Torshavn
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (self-governing overseas
|
|
administrative division of Denmark)
|
|
|
|
Independence: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas
|
|
administrative division of Denmark
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Danish
|
|
|
|
Legal system: Danish
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet (Landsstyri)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Logting)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by
|
|
High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jogvan SUNDSTEIN (since 17 January
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: four-party ruling
|
|
coalition--People's Party, Jogvan Sundstein; Republican Party,
|
|
Signer Hansen; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party combined with the
|
|
Christian People's Party (CPP-PFIP); Home Rule Party, Hilmar Kass;
|
|
opposition--Social Democratic Party, Atli P. Dam; Cooperation
|
|
Coalition Party, Pauli Ellefsen; Progress Party
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
|
1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(32 total) three-party coalition 21 (People's Party 8, Cooperation
|
|
Coalition Party 7, Republican Party 6);
|
|
Social Democrat 7, CPP-PFIP 2, Home Rule 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: insignificant number
|
|
|
|
Member of: Nordic Council
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas administrative
|
|
division of Denmark)
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of
|
|
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
|
|
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Faroese enjoy the high standard of living
|
|
characteristic of the Danish and other Scandinavian economies.
|
|
Fishing is the dominant economic activity. It employs over
|
|
25% of the labor force, accounts for about 25% of GDP, and
|
|
contributes over 80% to export revenues. A handicraft industry
|
|
employs about 20% of the labor force. Because of cool summers
|
|
agricultural activities are limited to raising sheep and to
|
|
potato and vegetable cultivation. There is a labor shortage, and
|
|
immigrant workers accounted for 5% of the work force in 1989. Denmark
|
|
annually subsidizes the economy, perhaps on the order of 15% of GDP.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $662 million, per capita $14,000; real growth rate 3%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: labor shortage
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $176 million; expenditures $176 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $267 million (f.o.b., 1986);
|
|
commodities--fish and fish products 86%, animal feedstuffs, transport
|
|
equipment;
|
|
partners--Denmark 18%, US 14%, FRG, France, UK, Canada
|
|
|
|
Imports: $363 million (c.i.f., 1986);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport equipment 38%, food and livestock
|
|
11%, fuels 10%, manufactures 10%, chemicals 5%;
|
|
partners: Denmark 46%, FRG, Norway, Japan, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,910 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force;
|
|
principal crops--potatoes and vegetables; livestock--sheep; annual fish catch
|
|
about 360,000 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Danish krone (plural--kroner); 1 Danish krone
|
|
(DKr) = 100 ore
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.560 (January
|
|
1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987), 8.091 (1986), 10.596 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 200 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Torshavn, Tvoroyri; 8 minor
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 17,249
|
|
GRT/11,887 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo; note--a subset of the Danish register
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good international communications; fair domestic
|
|
facilities; 27,900 telephones; stations--1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM,
|
|
3 (29 repeaters) TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Denmark
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Fiji
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 18,270 km2; land area: 18,270 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,129 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil
|
|
potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
65% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes from November to January;
|
|
includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited
|
|
|
|
Note: located 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 759,567 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Fijian(s); adjective--Fijian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 49% Indian, 46% Fijian, 5% European, other Pacific
|
|
Islanders, overseas Chinese, and others
|
|
|
|
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim
|
|
minority
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); Fijian; Hindustani
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 176,000; 60% subsistence agriculture, 40% wage earners (1979)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 45,000 employees belong to some 46 trade
|
|
unions, which are organized along lines of work and ethnic origin (1983)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Fiji
|
|
|
|
Type: military coup leader Major General Sitiveni Rabuka formally
|
|
declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
|
|
|
|
Capital: Suva
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern,
|
|
Northern, Rotuma*, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 10 October 1970 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); note--a new
|
|
constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and awaits final approval
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on British system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 October (1970)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an
|
|
upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives,
|
|
was dissolved following the coup of 14 May 1987; the proposed
|
|
constitution of NA September 1988 provides for a bicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU
|
|
(since 5 December 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5
|
|
December 1987); note--Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara served as prime minister from
|
|
10 October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987 election; after a second coup led
|
|
by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka on 25 September 1987, Ratu Mara was
|
|
reappointed as prime minister
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Alliance, primarily Fijian,
|
|
Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, Siddiq Koya;
|
|
Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea Gavidi; Fiji Labor Party,
|
|
Adi Kuini Bavadra; coalition of the National Federation Party
|
|
and the Fiji Labor Party, Adi Kuini Vuikaba Bavadra
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Communists: some
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Colombo Plan, EC (associate), ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Commercial), Vice Consul, Charge
|
|
d'Affaires ad interim Abdul H. YUSUF; Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 337-8320; there is a
|
|
Fijian Consulate in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Leonard ROCHWARGER; Embassy at 31 Loftus Street, Suva
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 218, Suva); telephone p679o 314-466 or 314-069
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant
|
|
and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts
|
|
a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of St. George featuring
|
|
stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large
|
|
subsistence sector. Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange
|
|
and sugar processing accounts for one-third of industrial output.
|
|
Industry, including sugar milling, contributes 10% to GDP. Fiji
|
|
traditionally earned considerable sums of hard currency from the 250,000
|
|
tourists who visited each year. In 1987, however, after two military
|
|
coups, the economy went into decline. GDP dropped by 7.8% in
|
|
1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainly created a drop in
|
|
tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar production
|
|
to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong
|
|
performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.32 billion, per capita $1,750; real growth rate 12.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 11% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $260 million; expenditures $233 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $47 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $312 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar 49%, copra, processed fish, lumber;
|
|
partners--UK 45%, Australia 21%, US 4.7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $454 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--food 15%, petroleum products, machinery, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--US 4.8%, NZ, Australia, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $398 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 15% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 215,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced, 440 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar, copra, tourism, gold, silver, fishing, clothing,
|
|
lumber, small cottage industries
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, cassava, rice,
|
|
sweet potatoes, and bananas; small livestock sector includes cattle, pigs,
|
|
horses, and goats
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1980-87), $677 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Fijian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Fijian dollar
|
|
(F$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1--1.4950 (January 1990),
|
|
1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988), 1.2439 (1987), 1.1329 (1986), 1.1536 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the
|
|
government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation
|
|
|
|
Highways: 3,300 km total (1984)--390 km paved; 1,200 km
|
|
bituminous-surface treatment; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
|
|
soil surface; 420 unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and
|
|
200-metric-ton barges
|
|
|
|
Ports: Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,872 GRT/49,795
|
|
DWT; includes 1 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 2
|
|
liquefied gas, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
1 chemical tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 26 total, 24 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international
|
|
(wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and
|
|
teleprinter facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link
|
|
between US-Canada and New Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones; stations--7 AM,
|
|
1 FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: integrated ground and naval forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 194,433; 107,317 fit for military
|
|
service; 7,864 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1988)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Finland
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 337,030 km2; land area: 305,470 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,578 km total; Norway 729 km, Sweden 536 km,
|
|
USSR 1,313 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,126 km excluding islands and coastal indentations
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 6 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 4 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild
|
|
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea,
|
|
and more than 60,000 lakes
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes
|
|
and low hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 0% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures;
|
|
76% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land;
|
|
population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
|
|
|
|
Note: long boundary with USSR; Helsinki is northernmost national
|
|
capital on European continent
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,977,325 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Finn(s); adjective--Finnish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Eastern Orthodox, 1.8% other
|
|
|
|
Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lapp- and
|
|
Russian-speaking minorities
|
|
|
|
Literacy: almost 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,556,000; 33.1% services, 22.9% mining and manufacturing,
|
|
13.8% commerce, 10.3% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 7.2% construction,
|
|
7.1% transportation and communications (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Finland
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Helsinki
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (laanit, singular--laani);
|
|
Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu,
|
|
Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, Vaasa
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 July 1919
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court
|
|
may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Council of State (Valtioneuvosto)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Harri HOLKERI (since 30 April 1987);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Pertti PAASIO (since NA January 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Pertti Paasio;
|
|
Center Party, Paavo Vayrynen; People's Democratic League (majority Communist
|
|
front), Reijo Kakela; National Coalition (Conservative) Party, Ilkka Suominen;
|
|
Liberal People's Party, Kyosti Lallukka; Swedish People's Party, Christoffer
|
|
Taxell; Rural Party, leader NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 31 January-1 February and 15 February
|
|
1988 (next to be held January 1994);
|
|
results--Mauno Koivisto 48%, Paavo Vayrynen 20%, Harri Holkeri 18%;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 15-16 March 1987 (next to be held March
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--Social Democratic 24.3%, National Coalition (Conservative)
|
|
23.9%, Center-Liberal People's 18.6%, People's Democratic League 9.4%,
|
|
Rural 6.3%, Swedish People's 5.3%, Democratic Alternative 4.3%, Green
|
|
League 4.0%, Finnish Christian League 2.6%, Finnish Pensioners 1.2%,
|
|
Constitutional Rightist 0.1%;
|
|
seats--(200 total) Social Democratic 56, National Coalition
|
|
(Conservative) 53, Center-Liberal People's 40, People's Democratic
|
|
League 16, Swedish People's 13, Rural 9, Finnish Christian League 5;
|
|
Democratic Alternative 4, Green League 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons
|
|
belong to People's Democratic League
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Finnish Communist Party
|
|
(majority Communist faction), Jarmo Wahlstrom; Finnish Communist
|
|
Party-Unity (minority faction), Esko-Juhani Tennila; Democratic
|
|
Alternative (minority Communist front), Kristiina Halkola;
|
|
Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional
|
|
Rightist Party; Finnish Pensioners Party; Green League, Heidi Hautala;
|
|
Communist Workers Party, Timo Lahdenmaki
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, CEMA (special cooperation agreement), DAC, EC
|
|
(free trade agreement), EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at
|
|
3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430;
|
|
there are Finnish Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York,
|
|
and Consulates in Chicago and Houston;
|
|
US--Ambassador John G. WEINMANN; Embassy at Itainen Puistotie
|
|
14ASF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO New York 09664);
|
|
telephone p358o (0) 171931
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
|
|
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the
|
|
Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market
|
|
economy, with per capita output nearly three-fourths the US figure.
|
|
Its main economic force is the manufacturing sector--principally
|
|
the wood, metals, and engineering industries. Trade is important, with the
|
|
export of goods representing about 25% of GNP. Except for timber and
|
|
several minerals, Finland depends on imported raw materials, energy, and
|
|
some components of manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural
|
|
development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic commodities.
|
|
Economic prospects are generally bright, the main shadow being the
|
|
increasing pressures on wages and prices.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $74.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth rate 4.6% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $28.3 billion; expenditures $28.1 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and
|
|
footwear;
|
|
partners--EC 44.2% (UK 13.0%, FRG 10.8%), USSR 14.9%, Sweden 14.1%,
|
|
US 5.8%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $22.0 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
|
|
transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder
|
|
grains;
|
|
partners--EC 43.5% (FRG 16.9%, UK 6.8%),
|
|
Sweden 13.3%, USSR 12.1%, US 6.3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.3 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,940
|
|
kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood
|
|
processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, textiles, clothing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GNP (including forestry); livestock
|
|
production, especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important
|
|
export earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main
|
|
crops--cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of food
|
|
and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: markka (plural--markkaa); 1 markka (FMk) or
|
|
Finmark = 100 pennia
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: markkaa (FMk) per US$1--4.0022 (January 1990),
|
|
4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987), 5.0695 (1986), 6.1979 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of
|
|
5,863 km 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km
|
|
are electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous,
|
|
concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel,
|
|
gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km
|
|
suitable for steamers
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: natural gas, 580 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous
|
|
minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 737,811
|
|
GRT/764,695 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 18 cargo,
|
|
1 refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk,
|
|
1 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 39 major transport
|
|
|
|
Airports: 160 total, 157 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good service from cable and radio relay network;
|
|
3,140,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 42 (101 relays) FM, 79 (195 relays) TV;
|
|
2 submarine cables; satellite service via Swedish earth stations; satellite
|
|
earth stations--2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,312,941; 1,091,416 fit for military
|
|
service; 32,288 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.5% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: France
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 547,030 km2; land area: 545,630 km2; includes Corsica and
|
|
the rest of metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas administrative
|
|
divisions
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Colorado
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,892.4 km total; Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km,
|
|
FRG 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km,
|
|
Switzerland 573 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km)
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12-24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Canada (St. Pierre and Miquelon);
|
|
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
|
|
Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
|
|
claims Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part
|
|
of French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land)
|
|
|
|
Climate: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters
|
|
and hot summers along the Mediterranean
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west;
|
|
remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc,
|
|
potash
|
|
|
|
Land use: 32% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 23% meadows and pastures;
|
|
27% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: most of large urban areas and industrial centers in
|
|
Rhone, Garonne, Seine, or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind
|
|
known as mistral
|
|
|
|
Note: largest West European nation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 56,358,331 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 82 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective--French
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
|
|
Indochinese, and Basque minorities
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North
|
|
African workers), 6% unaffiliated
|
|
|
|
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional
|
|
dialects (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 24,170,000; 61.5% services, 31.3% industry, 7.3% agriculture
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of labor force (est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: French Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Paris
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: metropolitan France--22 regions (regions,
|
|
singular--region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne,
|
|
Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie,
|
|
Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees,
|
|
Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes,
|
|
Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes; note--the 22 regions are subdivided
|
|
into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas departments
|
|
(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial
|
|
collectivities (Mayotte, St. Pierre and Miquelon)
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island,
|
|
French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
|
|
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
|
|
|
|
Independence: unified by Clovis in 486, First Republic proclaimed in 1792
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of
|
|
president in 1962
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of
|
|
administrative but not legislative acts
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an
|
|
upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
(Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Michel ROCARD (since 10 March 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR),
|
|
Jacques Chirac; Union for French Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and
|
|
RAD), Valery Giscard d'Estaing; Republicans (PR), Francois Leotard;
|
|
Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre Mehaignerie; Radical
|
|
(RAD), Yves Gallard; Socialist Party (PS), Pierre Mauroy; Left Radical
|
|
Movement (MRG), Yves Collin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges
|
|
Marchais; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie Le Pen
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995);
|
|
results--Second Ballot Francois Mitterrand 54%, Jacques Chirac 46%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September
|
|
1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments
|
|
and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 93,
|
|
UDF 143 (PR 53, CDS 65, RAD 25), PS 64, PCF 16, independents 2,
|
|
unknown 3;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held
|
|
June 1993);
|
|
results--Second Ballot PS-MRG 48.7%, RPR 23.1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3.4%,
|
|
other 3.8%;
|
|
seats--(577 total) PS 275, RPR 132, UDF 90, UDC 40, PCF 25, independents
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
Communists: 700,000 claimed but probably closer to 150,000; Communist
|
|
voters, 2.8 million in 1988 election
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union
|
|
(Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members
|
|
(claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise
|
|
Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.;
|
|
independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000 members est.;
|
|
independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres)
|
|
340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil
|
|
National du Patronat Francais--CNPF or Patronat)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, EMS,
|
|
ESA, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling
|
|
Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, SPC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI; Chancery at
|
|
4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20007; telephone (202) 944-6000; there are
|
|
French Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
New Orleans, Miami, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
|
US--Ambassador Walter J. P. CURLEY; Embassy at 2 Avenue
|
|
Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08 (mailing address is APO New York 09777); telephone
|
|
p33o (1) 42-96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75; there are US Consulates General in
|
|
Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, and Strasbourg
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red;
|
|
known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have
|
|
been the basis for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium,
|
|
Chad, Ireland, Ivory Coast, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all
|
|
French dependent areas
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of the world's most developed economies, France
|
|
has substantial agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern
|
|
industrial sector. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern
|
|
technology, and subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural
|
|
producer in Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural
|
|
products and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial
|
|
sector generates about one-third of GDP and employs about one-third of the work
|
|
force. During the period 1982-86 economic growth was sluggish, averaging
|
|
only 1.4% annually. This trend was reversed by late 1987, however,
|
|
with a strong expansion of consumer demand, followed by a surge in
|
|
investment. The economy has had difficulty generating enough jobs for new
|
|
entrants into the labor force, resulting in a high unemployment rate,
|
|
but the upward trend in growth recently pushed the jobless rate below 10%.
|
|
The steadily advancing economic integration within the European
|
|
Community is a major force affecting the fortunes of the various economic
|
|
sectors.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $819.6 billion, per capita $14,600; real growth rate 3.4%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $197.0 billion; expenditures $213.4 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $183.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals,
|
|
foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and
|
|
clothing;
|
|
partners--FRG 15.8%, Italy 12.2%, UK 9.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.9%,
|
|
Netherlands 8.7%, US 6.7%, Spain 5.6%, Japan 1.8%, USSR 1.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $194.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural
|
|
products, chemicals, iron and steel products;
|
|
partners--FRG 19.4%, Italy 11.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 9.2%, US 7.7%,
|
|
UK 7.2%, Netherlands 5.2%, Spain 4.4%, Japan 4.1%, USSR 2.1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $59.3 billion (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 109,972,000 kW capacity; 403,570 million kWh produced,
|
|
7,210 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy,
|
|
aircraft, electronics, mining, textiles, food processing, and tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); one
|
|
of the world's top five wheat producers; other principal products--beef, dairy
|
|
products, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most
|
|
temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, but
|
|
overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons ranks
|
|
among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $59.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100
|
|
centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge; 11,674 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track;
|
|
2,138 km of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), privately owned and
|
|
operated
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km
|
|
departmental highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401
|
|
km of controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,059 km; refined products, 4,487 km; natural gas,
|
|
24,746 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: maritime--Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque,
|
|
Fos-Sur-Mer, Le Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, Sete, Toulon;
|
|
inland--42
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 153 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,671,645
|
|
GRT/5,950,785 DWT; includes 10 short-sea passenger, 19 cargo, 19 container, 1
|
|
multifunction large-load carrier, 30 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 37 petroleum, oils,
|
|
and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 4 specialized
|
|
tanker, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--France also maintains a
|
|
captive register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French
|
|
Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft (1982)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 470 total, 460 usable; 204 with permanent-surface runways; 3
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: highly developed system provides satisfactory
|
|
telephone, telegraph, radio and TV broadcast services; 39,110,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--42 AM, 138 (777 relays) FM, 215 TV (8,900 relays); 25 submarine
|
|
coaxial cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT,
|
|
3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, EUTELSAT, MARISAT, and domestic systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,285,904; 12,042,731 fit for military
|
|
service; 409,544 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.8% of GDP, or $31.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: French Guiana
|
|
(overseas department of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 91,000 km2; land area: 89,150 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,183 km total; Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 378 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
|
|
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar,
|
|
kaolin, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 82% forest and woodland; 18% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: mostly an unsettled wilderness
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 97,781 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--French Guianese (sing., pl.); adjective--French Guiana
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12% Caucasian; 12% East Indian,
|
|
Chinese, Amerindian; 10% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 73%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 23,265; 60.6% services, government, and commerce,
|
|
21.2% industry, 18.2% agriculture (1980)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Department of Guiana
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas department of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Cayenne
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French legal system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the republic
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and a unicameral
|
|
Regional Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: highest local court is the Court of Appeals based in
|
|
Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre LACROIX
|
|
(since NA August 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Guianese Socialist Party (PSG),
|
|
Gerard Holder; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Paulin Brune;
|
|
Guyanese Democratic Action (ADG), Andre Lecante; Union for French
|
|
Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A Chuck; National Front, Guy Malon;
|
|
Popular and National Party of Guiana (PNPG), Claude Robo;
|
|
National Anti-Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel Kapel
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Regional Council--last held 16 March 1986 (next to be
|
|
held March 1991);
|
|
results--PSG 43%, RPR 27.7%, ADG 12.2%, UDF 8.9%, FN 3.7%,
|
|
PNPG 1.4%, others 3.1%;
|
|
seats--(31 total) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) PSG 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be
|
|
held September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist party membership negligible
|
|
|
|
Member of: WFTU
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France
|
|
the interests of French Guiana are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies
|
|
and imports. Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are
|
|
the most important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products
|
|
(mostly shrimp) accounting for about two-thirds of total revenue in 1985. The
|
|
large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding
|
|
sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops--rice,
|
|
cassava, bananas, and sugarcane--are limited to the coastal area, where the
|
|
population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily dependent on
|
|
imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, particularly
|
|
among younger workers, with an unemployment rate of 15%.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $210 million, per capita $3,230; real growth rate NA% (1982)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $37.0 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--shrimp, timber,
|
|
rum, rosewood essence;
|
|
partners--US 41%, Japan 18%, France 9% (1984)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $297.7 million (c.i.f., 1986);
|
|
commodities--food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer
|
|
goods, petroleum;
|
|
partners--France 55%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%, US 3% (1984)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.2 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,950 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: construction, shrimp processing, forestry products,
|
|
rum, gold mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn,
|
|
manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugar
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $1.1 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100
|
|
centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and
|
|
river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by native craft
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cayenne
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 11 total, 11 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair open wire and radio relay system;
|
|
18,100 telephones; stations--5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
1Military manpower: males 15-49 27,866; 18,430 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: French Polynesia
|
|
(overseas territory of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 3,941 km2; land area: 3,660 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,525 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, but moderate
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, fish, cobalt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 19% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
|
|
31% forest and woodland; 44% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five
|
|
archipelagoes
|
|
|
|
Note: Makatea is one of three great phosphate rock islands in
|
|
the Pacific (others are Banaba or Ocean Island in Kiribati and Nauru)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 190,181 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--French Polynesian(s); adjective--French Polynesian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese, 6% local French,
|
|
4% metropolitan French
|
|
|
|
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official), Tahitian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 57,863 employed (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of French Polynesia
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas territory of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Papeete
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: French president, high commissioner of the republic,
|
|
president of the Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of
|
|
Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since
|
|
21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT
|
|
(since NA November 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--President of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Alexandre LEONTIEFF (since 9 December 1987); Vice President of the
|
|
Council of Ministers Georges KELLY (since 9 December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa Huiraatira (Gaullist),
|
|
Gaston Flosse; Pupu Here Ai'a, Jean Juventin; Front de Liberation, Oscar
|
|
Temaru; Ai'a Api, Emile Vernaudon; Ia Mana Te Nunaa, Jacques Drollet;
|
|
Pupu Taina, Michel Law; Toatiraa Polynesia, Arthur Chung; Te E'a Api,
|
|
Francis Sanford
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Territorial Assembly--last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held
|
|
March 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(41 total) Tahoeraa Huiraatira 24, Amuitahiraa Mo
|
|
Porinesia 6, Pupu Here Ai'a 4, Ia Mana 3, Front de Liberation 2,
|
|
other 2;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) Democrats for Progress 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be
|
|
held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(2 total) Rally for the Republic 1, Ai'a Api 1
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France,
|
|
French Polynesian interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in
|
|
the region, French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one
|
|
in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the military
|
|
or supports the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP
|
|
and is a primary source of hard currency earnings.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.24 billion, per capita $6,400; real growth rate NA% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.2% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 8% (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $431; expenditures $418, including capital expenditures
|
|
of $NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark
|
|
meat;
|
|
partners--France 44%, US 21%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $767 million (c.i.f., 1986);
|
|
commodities--fuels, foodstuffs, equipment;
|
|
partners--France 50%, US 16%, New Zealand 6%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 72,000 kW capacity; 265 million kWh produced, 1,350 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit;
|
|
poultry, beef, dairy products
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $3.6 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per
|
|
US$1--104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
|
|
125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
|
|
franc
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 600 km (1982)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Papeete, Bora-bora
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,732
|
|
GRT/4,191 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note--a subset of
|
|
the French register
|
|
|
|
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 43 total, 41 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV
|
|
sets; stations--5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
(overseas territory of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 7,781 km2; land area: 7,781 km2; includes Ile Amsterdam,
|
|
Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet; excludes claim not
|
|
recognized by the US of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica known as Terre Adelie
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,232 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploration;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claim in Antarctica (Terre Adelie) not recognized by the US
|
|
|
|
Climate: antarctic
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, crayfish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the southern Indian Ocean about equidistant
|
|
between Africa, Antarctica, and Australia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 210 (July 1990), growth rate 0.00% (1990); mostly
|
|
researchers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas territory of France governed by High Administrator
|
|
Claude CORBIER (since NA 1988)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and
|
|
geophysical research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing
|
|
catches landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships
|
|
are exported to France and Reunion.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
217,203 GRT/348,632 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 bulk;
|
|
note--a subset of the French register
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: NA
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Gabon
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 267,670 km2; land area: 257,670 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,551 km total; Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea 350 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 885 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary with Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
|
|
78% forest and woodland; 2% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,068,240 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 106 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Gabonese (sing., pl.); adjective--Gabonese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including four major tribal
|
|
groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 expatriate Africans
|
|
and Europeans, including 27,000 French
|
|
|
|
Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira,
|
|
Bandjabi
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 61.6%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 120,000 salaried; 65.0% agriculture, 30.0% industry and
|
|
commerce, 2.5% services, 2.5% government; 58% of population of working age
|
|
(1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: there are 38,000 members of the national trade union,
|
|
the Gabonese Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Gabonese Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964
|
|
|
|
Capital: Libreville
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue,
|
|
Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo,
|
|
Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem
|
|
|
|
Independence: 17 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
|
|
Court; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Renovation Day (Gabonese Democratic Party established),
|
|
12 March (1968)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemble Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Leon MEBIAME (since 16 April 1975)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Gabonese Social
|
|
Democratic Rally (RSDG), El Hadj Omar Bongo, president; formerly
|
|
Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), which was dissolved in February 1990
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held
|
|
November 1993);
|
|
results--President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 17 February 1985 (next to be
|
|
held by February 1992);
|
|
results--PDG was the only party;
|
|
seats--(120 total, 111 elected) PDG 111
|
|
|
|
Communists: no organized party; probably some Communist sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Conference of East and Central
|
|
African States, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC,
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jean Robert ODZAGA; Chancery
|
|
at 2034 20th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-1000;
|
|
US--Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE; Embassy at Boulevard de la Mer,
|
|
Libreville (mailing address is B. P. 4000, Libreville); telephone 762003
|
|
or 762004, 761337, 721348, 740248
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early
|
|
1970s, is now dominated by the oil sector. During the period 1981-85 oil
|
|
accounted for about 46% of GDP, 83% of export earnings, and 65% of government
|
|
revenues on average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a
|
|
substantial increase in per capita income, stimulated domestic demand,
|
|
reinforced migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real
|
|
wages to among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-year slide of
|
|
Gabon's economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, stabilized
|
|
in 1989 because of a near doubling of oil prices over their 1988 lows.
|
|
The agricultural and industrial sectors are relatively underdeveloped,
|
|
accounting for only 8% and 10%, respectively, of GDP in 1986.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3.2 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate 0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $927 million; expenditures $1.2 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $33 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6%;
|
|
partners--France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $0.76 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products,
|
|
construction materials, manufactures, machinery;
|
|
partners--France 48%, US 2.6%, FRG, Japan, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.0 billion (October 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 1.7% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 980 million kWh produced,
|
|
920 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sawmills, petroleum, food and beverages; mining of
|
|
increasing importance (especially manganese and uranium)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing and forestry);
|
|
cash crops--cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food;
|
|
small fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume
|
|
(a tropical softwood) is the most important timber product
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $64 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $27 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track
|
|
(Transgabonese Railroad)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,600 km perennially navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km; refined products, 14 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563
|
|
GRT/25,330 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 79 total, 68 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with
|
|
runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate system of open-wire, radio relay,
|
|
tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations; 13,800 telephones;
|
|
stations--6 AM, 6 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations--2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 12 domestic satellite
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 266,110; 133,158 fit for military
|
|
service; 9,282 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.2% of GDP, or $102 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: The Gambia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 11,300 km2; land area: 10,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Delaware
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 740 km with Senegal
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 80 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
|
|
dry season (November to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 16% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 9% meadows and pastures;
|
|
20% forest and woodland; 55% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent
|
|
of Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 848,147 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 140 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 46 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Gambian(s); adjective--Gambian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42% Mandinka, 18% Fula, 16% Wolof, 10%
|
|
Jola, 9% Serahuli, 4% other); 1% non-Gambian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1% indigenous beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous
|
|
vernaculars
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 25.1%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 400,000 (1986 est.); 75.0% agriculture, 18.9% industry,
|
|
commerce, and services, 6.1% government; 55% population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of The Gambia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Banjul
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River,
|
|
MacCarthy Island, North Bank, Upper River, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 18 February 1965 (from UK); The Gambia and Senegal signed
|
|
an agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called
|
|
for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the
|
|
agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 24 April 1970
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law,
|
|
and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 February (1965)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba
|
|
JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12
|
|
May 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP),
|
|
Dawda K. Jawara, secretary general; National Convention Party (NCP),
|
|
Sheriff Dibba; Gambian People's Party (GPP), Assan Musa Camara; United
|
|
Party (UP); People's Democratic Organization of Independence and Socialism
|
|
(PDOIS)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992);
|
|
results--Sir Dawda Jawara (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha Dibba (NCP) 25.2%,
|
|
Assan Musa Camara (GPP) 13.7%;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 11 March 1987 (next to
|
|
be held by March 1992);
|
|
results--PPP 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%;
|
|
seats--(43 total, 36 elected) PPP 31, NCP 5
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, IRC,
|
|
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20005;
|
|
telephone (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359;
|
|
US--Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Pipeline Road
|
|
(Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, Banjul (mailing address is P. M. B. No. 19,
|
|
Banjul); telephone Serrekunda p220o 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges,
|
|
and green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural
|
|
resources and has a limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's
|
|
poorest countries with a per capita income of about $250. About 75% of
|
|
the population is engaged in crop production and livestock raising, which
|
|
contributes about 30% to GDP. Small-scale manufacturing
|
|
activity--processing peanuts, fish, and hides--accounts for less than
|
|
10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia imports about 33%
|
|
of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. Exports are
|
|
concentrated on peanut products (over 75% of total value).
|
|
|
|
GDP: $195 million, per capita $250; real growth rate 4.6% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $75 million; expenditures $67 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $21 million (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $133 million (f.o.b., FY89);
|
|
commodities--peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels;
|
|
partners--Ghana 49%, Europe 27%, Japan 12%, US 1% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $105 million (c.i.f., FY89);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery
|
|
and transport equipment;
|
|
partners--Europe 55% (EC 39%, other 16%), Asia 20%, US 11%, Senegal 4%
|
|
(1986)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $330 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 29,000 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural
|
|
machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the
|
|
population; imports one-third of food requirements; major export crop is
|
|
peanuts; the principal crops--millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava,
|
|
palm kernels; livestock--cattle, sheep, and goats; forestry and fishing
|
|
resources not fully exploited
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $84 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $422 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $39 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: dalasi (plural--dalasi); 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: dalasi (D) per US$1--8.3232 (December 1989),
|
|
7.5846 (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987), 6.9380 (1986), 3.8939 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151
|
|
km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 400 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Banjul
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500
|
|
telephones; stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 182,308; 92,001 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Gaza Strip
|
|
Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with
|
|
Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
|
|
Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President
|
|
Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West
|
|
Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace
|
|
treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned
|
|
parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the
|
|
respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy
|
|
that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be
|
|
determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the area
|
|
west of the Jordan under Jordanian administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli
|
|
war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, however,
|
|
it is US policy that a distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest
|
|
of the West Bank because of the city's special status and circumstances.
|
|
Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be
|
|
different in character from that of the rest of the West Bank.
|
|
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 380km2; land area: 380 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 62 km total; Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 40 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat to rolling, sand and dune covered coastal plain
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 13% arable land, 32% permanent crops, 0% meadows and pastures,
|
|
0% forest and woodland, 55% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: there are 18 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 615,575 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990); in addition,
|
|
there are 2,500 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 55 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 66 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: NA
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Palestinian Arab and other, 0.2% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Religion: 99% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 0.7% Christian, 0.3% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely
|
|
understood
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) 32.0% small industry,
|
|
commerce and business, 24.4% construction, 25.5% service and other, and
|
|
18.1% agriculture (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Note: The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities
|
|
and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. These
|
|
negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed.
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Nearly half of the labor force of the Gaza Strip is employed
|
|
across the border by Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural
|
|
enterprises, with worker transfer funds accounting for 40% of GNP in 1989. The
|
|
once dominant agricultural sector now contributes only 13% to GNP, about the
|
|
same as that of the construction sector, and industry accounts for 7%. Gaza
|
|
depends upon Israel for 90% of its imports and as a market for 80% of its
|
|
exports. Unrest in the territory in 1988-89 (intifadah) has raised
|
|
unemployment and substantially lowered the incomes of the population.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $380 million, per capita $650; real growth rate NA% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $36.6 million; expenditures $32.0 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $88 million;
|
|
commodities--citrus;
|
|
partners--Israel, Egypt (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $260 million;
|
|
commodities--food, consumer goods, construction materials;
|
|
partners--Israel, Egypt (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: power supplied by Israel
|
|
|
|
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement,
|
|
textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis
|
|
have established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial center
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, dairy
|
|
products
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural--shekels);
|
|
1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--1.9450 (January
|
|
1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-March 31
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: one line, abandoned and in disrepair, but trackage remains
|
|
|
|
Highways: small, poorly developed indigenous road network
|
|
|
|
Ports: facilities for small boats to service Gaza
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--no AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: German Democratic Republic
|
|
(East Germany)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 108,330 km2; land area: 105,980 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Tennessee
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,296 km total; Czechoslovakia 459 km, Poland 456 km,
|
|
FRG 1,381 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 901 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: it is US policy that the final borders of Germany have not been
|
|
established; the US is seeking to settle the property claims of US nationals
|
|
against the GDR
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cloudy, cold winters with frequent rain and snow;
|
|
cool, wet summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat plain with hills and mountains in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: lignite, potash, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt,
|
|
nickel
|
|
|
|
Land use: 45% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
|
|
28% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: significant deforestation in mountains caused by air
|
|
pollution and acid rain
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location on North European Plain and near the entrance to
|
|
the Baltic Sea; West Berlin is an enclave (about 116 km by air or 176 km
|
|
by road from FRG)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 16,307,170 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--German(s); adjective--German
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other;
|
|
less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics active participants
|
|
|
|
Language: German
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 8,960,000; 37.5% industry, 21.1% services, 10.8% agriculture
|
|
and forestry, 10.3% commerce, 7.4% transport and communications,
|
|
6.6% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 3.2% other (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 87.7% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: German Democratic Republic; abbreviated GDR
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by France, UK, and US,
|
|
which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 districts (bezirke, singular--bezirk);
|
|
Cottbus, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Gera, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt, Leipzig,
|
|
Magdeburg, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam, Rostock, Schwerin, Suhl
|
|
|
|
Independence: self-government proclaimed 7 October 1949, with permission
|
|
of the Soviet authorities
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 9 April 1968, amended 7 October 1974
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist legal theory;
|
|
no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Foundation of the German Democratic Republic,
|
|
7 October (1949)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: Council of State abolished on 5 April 1990,
|
|
post of president to be created; chairman of the Council of
|
|
Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Chamber (Volkskammer)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders: Chief of State--Acting President of the People's
|
|
Chamber Sabine BERGMANN-POHL (since 5 April 1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Lothar DE MAIZIERE (since 12 April 1990); Deputy Chairman Peter-Michael
|
|
DIESTEL (since 16 April 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Alliance for Germany--Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Lothar de
|
|
Maiziere, chairman; German Social Union (DSU), Hans-Wilhelm Ebeling,
|
|
chairman; and Democratic Awakening (DA), Rainer Eppelmann, chairman;
|
|
|
|
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Markus Meckel, acting chairman;
|
|
|
|
Party for Democratic Socialism (PDS, former Communist), Gregor Gysi,
|
|
chairman;
|
|
|
|
League of Free Democrats (BFD)--Liberals, Rainer Ortleb,
|
|
chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno Menzel, chairman; and
|
|
German Forum Party (DFP), Juergen Schmieder, chairman;
|
|
|
|
Alliance '90--New Forum, Baerbel Bohley, Jens Reich, Sebastian
|
|
Pflugbeil, spokespersons; Democracy Now, Konrad Weiss, spokesperson;
|
|
and United Left, Herbert Misslitz, spokesperson;
|
|
|
|
Greens Party (GP), Vera Wollenberger, spokesperson;
|
|
|
|
Democratic Peasants' Party (DBD), Guenther Maleuda, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Chamber--last held on 18 March 1990 (next to be held
|
|
March NA);
|
|
results--Alliance for Germany--CDU 40.9%, DSU 6.3%, DA 0.9%;
|
|
SPD 21.8; BFD 5.3%; SPD 21.8%; PDS 16.3%;
|
|
Alliance '90 2.9%; DBD 2.2%; GP 2.0%; NDPD 0.4%; others 1.0%;
|
|
seats--(400 total, including 66 from East Berlin) Alliance for
|
|
Germany--CDU 164, DSU 25, DA 4; SPD 87; BFD 21; PDS 65; Alliance '90
|
|
12, DBD 9; GP 8; NDPD 2; others 3
|
|
|
|
Communists: 500,000 to 700,000 party members (1990)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, IBEC, ICES, ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Gerhard HERDER; Chancery at
|
|
1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 232-3134;
|
|
US--Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 1080 Berlin, Neustaedtische
|
|
Kirchstrasse 4-5, East Berlin (mailing address is Box E, APO New York 09742);
|
|
telephone p37o (2) 220-2741
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow with
|
|
the coat of arms centered; the coat of arms contains, in yellow, a hammer and
|
|
compass encircled by a wreath of grain with a black, red, and gold ribbon at the
|
|
bottom; similar to the flag of the FRG which does not have a coat of arms
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The GDR is moving rapidly away from its centrally planned
|
|
economy. As the 1990s begin, economic integration with West Germany
|
|
appears inevitable, beginning with the establishment of a common
|
|
currency. The opening of the border with the FRG in late 1989 and the
|
|
continuing emigration of hundreds of thousands of skilled workers had
|
|
brought growth to a standstill by yearend 1989. Features of the old
|
|
economic regime that will quickly change: (a) the collectivization
|
|
of 95% of East German farms; (b) state ownership of nearly all
|
|
transportation facilities, industrial plants, foreign trade
|
|
organizations, and financial institutions; (c) the 65% share in trade
|
|
of the USSR and other CEMA countries; and (d) the detailed control over
|
|
economic details exercised by Party and state. Once integrated into
|
|
the thriving West German economy, the area will have to stem the
|
|
outflow of workers and renovate the obsolescent industrial base. After an
|
|
initial readjustment period, living standards and quality of output will
|
|
steadily rise toward West German levels.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $159.5 billion, per capita $9,679; real growth rate 1.2%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $123.5 billion; expenditures $123.2 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $33 billion (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $30.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport equipment 47%, fuels and metals
|
|
16%, consumer goods 16%, chemical products and building materials 13%,
|
|
semimanufactured goods and processed foodstuffs 8%;
|
|
partners--USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, FRG, Hungary, Bulgaria,
|
|
Switzerland, Romania
|
|
|
|
Imports: $31.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--fuels and metals 40%, machinery and transport equipment
|
|
29%, chemical products and building materials 9%;
|
|
partners--CEMA countries 65%, non-Communist 33%, other 2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $20.6 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: (including East Berlin) 24,585,000 kW capacity;
|
|
122,500 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding,
|
|
machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GNP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); principal crops--wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit;
|
|
livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net
|
|
importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--$4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less
|
|
developed countries (1956-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: GDR mark (plural--marks); 1 GDR mark (M) = 100 pfennige
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: GDR marks (M) per US$1--3.01 (1988), 3.00 (1987),
|
|
3.30 (1986), 3.70 (1985), 3.64 (1984)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 14,005 km total; 13,730 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
|
|
275 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter
|
|
double-track standard gauge; 2,754 km overhead electrified (1986)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 124,615 km total; 47,214 km concrete, asphalt, stone block,
|
|
of which 1,913 km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,261 are trunk
|
|
roads, and 34,040 are regional roads; 77,401 municipal roads (1985)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1986)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,301 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas,
|
|
2,150 km (1988)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; river ports are East Berlin,
|
|
Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt on the Elbe or Oder Rivers and connecting
|
|
canals
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 145 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,349,537
|
|
GRT/1,733,089 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 89 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 16 container, 1 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
|
2 railcar carrier, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
2 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas tanker, 16 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 190 total, 190 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runway over 3,659 m; 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 40 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV; 15 Soviet TV relays;
|
|
6,181,860 TV sets; 6,700,000 radio receivers; at least 1 satellite earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: National People's Army, Border Troops, Air and Air Defense
|
|
Command, People's Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 7,944,305; of the 4,045,396 males
|
|
15-49, 3,243,970 are fit for military service; 91,579 reach military age (18)
|
|
annually; of the 3,898,909 females 15-49, 3,117,847 are fit for military
|
|
service; 85,892 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 16.2 billion marks, 5.4% of total budget (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Germany, Federal Republic of
|
|
(West Germany)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 248,580 km2; land area: 244,280 km2; includes West Berlin
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,256 km total; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km,
|
|
Czechoslovakia 356 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, GDR 1,381 km;
|
|
Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Switzerland 334 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,488 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm (extends, at one point, to 16 nm in the
|
|
Helgolander Bucht)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: it is US policy that the final borders of Germany have
|
|
not been established
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
|
|
occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity
|
|
|
|
Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, potash, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 30% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
|
30% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: air and water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: West Berlin is an exclave (about 116 km by air or 176 km by
|
|
road from FRG)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 62,168,200 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--German(s); adjective--German
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish minority
|
|
|
|
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protestant, 11% other
|
|
|
|
Language: German
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 27,790,000; 41.6% industry, 35.4% services and other,
|
|
18.2% trade and transport, 4.8% agriculture (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 9,300,000 total; 7,760,000 in German Trade Union
|
|
Federation (DGB); union membership constitutes about 40% of union-eligible labor
|
|
force, 34% of total labor force, and 35% of wage and salary earners (1986)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federal Republic of Germany; abbreviated FRG
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bonn
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 states (lander, singular--land);
|
|
Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Niedersachsen,
|
|
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: NA
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, chancellor, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of
|
|
an upper chamber or Federal Assembly (Bundesrat) and a lower chamber or
|
|
National Assembly (Bundestag)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1
|
|
July 1984);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut
|
|
Kohl; Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP),
|
|
Otto Lambsdorff; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Hans-Jochen Vogel; National
|
|
Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Republikaner, Franz Schoerhuber;
|
|
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party--Realos faction,
|
|
Joschka Fischer; Green Party--Fundis faction, Jutta Ditfurth
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held 25 January 1987 (next to be held by
|
|
18 January 1991); results--SPD 37.0%, CDU 34.5%, CSU 9.8%, FDP 9.1%,
|
|
Green Party 8.2%, others 1.4%;
|
|
seats--(497 total, 22 are elected by the West Berlin House of
|
|
Representatives and have limited voting rights) SPD 186, CDU 174,
|
|
CSU 49, FDP 46, Green Party 42
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans
|
|
groups
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, EMS, ESA,
|
|
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jeurgen RUHFUS; Chancery at
|
|
4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20007; telephone (202) 298-4000;
|
|
there are FRG Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston,
|
|
Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York, and Consulates in Miami
|
|
and New Orleans;
|
|
US--Ambassador Vernon WALTERS; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2
|
|
(mailing address is APO New York 09080); telephone 49 (228) 3391; there are
|
|
US Consulates General in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow;
|
|
similar to the flag of the GDR which has a coat of arms in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: West Germany, a major economic power and a leading exporter,
|
|
has a highly urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent
|
|
living standards and comprehensive social welfare benefits. The FRG is
|
|
poor in natural resources, coal being the most important
|
|
mineral. The FRG's comparative advantage lies in the technologically
|
|
advanced production stages. Thus manufacturing and services dominate
|
|
economic activity, and raw materials and semimanufactures constitute
|
|
a large proportion of imports. In 1988 manufacturing accounted for
|
|
35% of GDP, with other sectors contributing lesser amounts. The major
|
|
economic problem in 1989 is persistent unemployment of over 8%. The FRG is well
|
|
poised to take advantage of the increasing economic integration of the European
|
|
Community. The dramatic opening of the boundary with East Germany in late 1989
|
|
poses new economic challenges that could tax even this powerful economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $945.7 billion, per capita $15,300; real growth rate 4.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 8.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $539 billion; expenditures $563 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $11.5 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $323.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools,
|
|
chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%,
|
|
raw materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3%;
|
|
partners--EC 52.7% (France 12%, Netherlands 9%, Italy 9%, UK 9%,
|
|
Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other West Europe 18%, US 10%, Eastern Europe 4%,
|
|
OPEC 3% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $250.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%,
|
|
raw materials 7.1%;
|
|
partners--EC 52.7% (France 12%, Netherlands 11%, Italy 10%, UK 7%,
|
|
Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other West Europe 15%, US 6%, Japan 6%,
|
|
Eastern Europe 5%, OPEC 3% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $500 million (June 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: (including West Berlin) 110,075,000 kW capacity; 452,390
|
|
million kWh produced, 7,420 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement,
|
|
chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, and machine tools; electronics, food and
|
|
beverages
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock
|
|
include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs,
|
|
poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $60.0 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: deutsche mark (plural--marks);
|
|
1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1--1.6918 (January 1990),
|
|
1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715 (1986), 2.9440 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km
|
|
nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km
|
|
electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km
|
|
autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state
|
|
highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737
|
|
km of secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by
|
|
craft of 1,000-metric ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the
|
|
Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic
|
|
Sea and the North Sea
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km; refined products, 3,446 km; natural gas,
|
|
95,414 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: maritime--Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen,
|
|
Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven; inland--27 major
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 422 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,436,568
|
|
GRT/4,297,520 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 218 cargo,
|
|
4 refrigerated cargo, 95 container, 20 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 railcar
|
|
carrier, 7 barge carrier, 2 multifunction large-load carrier, 12 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 15 liquefied gas,
|
|
5 combination ore/oil, 13 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 466 total, 457 usable; 240 with permanent-surface runways; 3
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 41 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: highly developed, modern telecommunication service
|
|
to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000
|
|
telephones; stations--87 AM, 205 (376 relays) FM, 300 (6,400 relays)
|
|
TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations operating in
|
|
INTELSAT (12 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,006,352; 13,883,536 fit for military
|
|
service; 326,666 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ghana
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 238,540 km2; land area: 230,020 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,093 km total; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km,
|
|
Togo 877 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 539 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
|
|
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese,
|
|
fish, rubber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 5% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 15% meadows and pastures;
|
|
37% forest and woodland; 36% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recent drought in north severely affecting marginal
|
|
agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry,
|
|
northeasterly harmattan wind (January to March)
|
|
|
|
Note: Lake Volta is world's largest artificial lake
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 15,165,243 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Ghanaian(s); adjective--Ghanaian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (major tribes--44% Akan,
|
|
16% Moshi-Dagomba, 13% Ewe, 8% Ga), 0.2% European and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); African languages include Akan,
|
|
Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 53.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,700,000; 54.7% agriculture and fishing, 18.7% industry,
|
|
15.2% sales and clerical, 7.7% services, transportation, and communications,
|
|
3.7% professional; 48% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 467,000 (about 13% of labor force)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Ghana
|
|
|
|
Type: military
|
|
|
|
Capital: Accra
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central,
|
|
Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta,
|
|
Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: chairman of the Provisional National Defense
|
|
Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31
|
|
December 1981 coup, and legislative powers were assumed by the
|
|
Provisional National Defense Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the Provisional
|
|
National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 31 December
|
|
1981)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none; political parties outlawed
|
|
after 31 December 1981 coup
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eric K. OTOO; Chancery at
|
|
2460 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-0761;
|
|
there is a Ghanaian Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of
|
|
Danquah Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra);
|
|
telephone 775347 through 775349
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a
|
|
large black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia which has a coat
|
|
of arms centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana
|
|
has been implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983.
|
|
Good harvests in 1988 featured the 6% growth in GNP. Moves toward privatization
|
|
and relaxation of government controls continued in 1988-89, although at a
|
|
slower-than-expected pace. In 1988 service on the $2.8 billion debt was
|
|
equivalent to 75% of export earnings. As Ghana obtains concessional loans
|
|
and pays off high-interest debt, however, debt service is expected to fall
|
|
below 30% of export earnings in the early 1990s. The economic rebuilding
|
|
program has both helped and harmed the manufacturing sector, for example,
|
|
by improving the supply of raw materials and by increasing competition from
|
|
imports. The long-term outlook is favorable provided that the political
|
|
structure can endure the slow pace at which living standards are improving
|
|
and can manage the problems stemming from excessive population growth.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $5.2 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate 6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 26% (April 1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $769 million; expenditures $749 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $179 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $977 million (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--cocoa 60%, timber, gold, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum;
|
|
partners--US 23%, UK, other EC
|
|
|
|
Imports: $988 million (c.i.f., 1987);
|
|
commodities--petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods,
|
|
capital equipment;
|
|
partners--US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.5% in manufacturing (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,172,000 kW capacity; 4,110 million kWh produced,
|
|
280 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing,
|
|
aluminum, food processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); the major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops--rice, coffee,
|
|
cassava, peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
|
drug trade
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $424 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.9 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$84 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: cedi (plural--cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: cedis (C) per US$1--301.68 (December 1989), 270.00 (1989),
|
|
202.35 (1988), 153.73 (1987), 89.20 (1986), 54.37 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads
|
|
undergoing major renovation
|
|
|
|
Highways: 28,300 km total; 6,000 km concrete or bituminous surface,
|
|
22,300 km gravel, laterite, and improved earth surfaces
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 155 km of
|
|
perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km
|
|
of arterial and feeder waterways
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: none
|
|
|
|
Ports: Tema, Takoradi
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
52,016 GRT/66,627 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: poor to fair system of open-wire and cable, radio
|
|
relay links; 38,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, no FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Palace Guard, paramilitary
|
|
People's Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,437,300; 1,927,817 fit for military
|
|
service; 167,778 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.9% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Gibraltar
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1.2 km with Spain
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 12 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 3 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: natural freshwater sources are meager so large
|
|
water catchments (concrete or natural rock) collect rain water
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links
|
|
the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 29,572 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Gibraltarian; adjective--Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and
|
|
Spanish descent
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese,
|
|
and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for official
|
|
purposes
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military
|
|
establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: over 6,000
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 30 May 1969
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March), 12 March 1990
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar
|
|
Council, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor and Commander in Chief Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter TERRY (since
|
|
NA 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since NA March 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe
|
|
Bossano; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association for the Advancement of Civil
|
|
Rights (GCL/AACR), Adolfo Canepa; Independent Democratic Party, Joe
|
|
Pitaluga
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18, plus other UK subjects resident six
|
|
months or more
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly: last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held
|
|
March 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, GCL/AACR 7
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Housewives Association, Chamber of
|
|
Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives Organization
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, double-width) and red with a
|
|
three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the
|
|
castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures,
|
|
revenue from tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from
|
|
banking and finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy
|
|
is in the public sector, changes in government spending have a major
|
|
impact on the level of employment. Construction workers are particularly
|
|
affected when government expenditures are cut.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $129 million, per capita $4,450; real growth rate NA% (FY85)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $105 million; expenditures $104 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $62.2 million (1985);
|
|
commodities--(principally reexports) petroleum 75%, beverages and
|
|
tobacco 12%, manufactured goods 8%;
|
|
partners--UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG
|
|
|
|
Imports: $147 million (1985);
|
|
commodities--manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 46,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,770 kWh
|
|
per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support
|
|
to large UK naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port;
|
|
light manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy,
|
|
beer, and canned fish
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: NA
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $0.8 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$162.5 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Gibraltar pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 Gibraltar pound (LG) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (LG) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
|
0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985);
|
|
note--the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only
|
|
|
|
Highways: 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete
|
|
|
|
Ports: Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,126,060
|
|
GRT/4,189,948 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container,
|
|
16 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker
|
|
1 combination oil/ore, 1 liquefied gas, 13 bulk; note--a flag of convenience
|
|
registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate international radiocommunication facilities;
|
|
automatic telephone system with 10,500 telephones; stations--1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Glorioso Islands
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5 km2; land area: 5 km2; includes Ile Glorieuse,
|
|
Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 35.2 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: guano, coconuts
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other--lush vegetation and coconut palms
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to periodic cyclones
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the Indian Ocean just north of the Mozambique
|
|
Channel between Africa and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Greece
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 131,940 km2; land area: 130,800 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Alabama
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,228 km total; Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km,
|
|
Turkey 206 km, Yugoslavia 246 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 13,676 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with
|
|
Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and
|
|
Yugoslavia; Northern Epirus question with Albania
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas
|
|
or chains of islands
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble
|
|
|
|
Land use: 23% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
|
20% forest and woodland; 9% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution; archipelago
|
|
of 2,000 islands
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern
|
|
approach to Turkish Straits
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,028,171 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Greek(s); adjective--Greek
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Greek 98%, others 2%; note--the Greek Government
|
|
states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece
|
|
|
|
Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Muslim, 0.7% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Greek (official); English and French widely understood
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,860,000; 43% services, 27% agriculture, 20% manufacturing
|
|
and mining, 7% construction (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Hellenic Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by
|
|
referendum 8 December 1974
|
|
|
|
Capital: Athens
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 51 departments (nomoi, singular--nomos);
|
|
Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki,
|
|
Dhodhekanisos, Drama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis,
|
|
Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Iraklion, Kardhitsa,
|
|
Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios,
|
|
Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi,
|
|
Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza,
|
|
Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki,
|
|
Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1827 (from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 June 1975
|
|
|
|
Legal system: NA
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day (proclamation of the war of
|
|
independence), 25 March (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Vouli)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Christos SARTZETAKIS (since 30 March 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Constantin MITSOTAKIS
|
|
(since 11 April 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: New Democracy (ND; conservative),
|
|
Constantine Mitsotakis; Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas
|
|
Papandreou; Democratic Renewal (DR), Constantine Stefanopoulos;
|
|
Communist Party (KKE), Grigorios Farakos; Greek Left Party (EAR),
|
|
Leonidas Kyrkos; KKE and EAR have joined in the Left Alliance,
|
|
Harilaos Florakis, president
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 30 March 1985 (next to be held 29 April 1990);
|
|
results--Christos Sartzetakis was elected by Parliament;
|
|
|
|
Parliament:--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held
|
|
April 1994);
|
|
results--New Democracy 46.89%, Panhellenic Socialist Movement 38.62%,
|
|
Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK-Left Alliance Cooperation 1.02%,
|
|
Ecologist-Alternative 0.77%, Democratic Renewal 0.67%, Muslim 0.5%;
|
|
seats--(300 total) New Democracy 150, Panhellenic Socialist Movement 123,
|
|
Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance Cooperation 4, Muslim
|
|
independent 2, Democratic Renewal 1, Ecologist-Alternative 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, EC, EIB (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS; Chancery at
|
|
2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-3168;
|
|
there are Greek Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los
|
|
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and a Consulate in New Orleans;
|
|
US--Ambassador Michael G. SOTIRHOS; Embassy at 91 Vasilissis
|
|
Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens (mailing address is APO New York 09253);
|
|
telephone p30o (1) 721-2951 or 721-8401; there is a US Consulate General
|
|
in Thessaloniki
|
|
|
|
Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue (top and bottom) alternating
|
|
with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
|
|
white cross; the cross symbolizes Christianity, the established religion of the
|
|
country
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Greece has a mixed capitalistic economy with the basic
|
|
entrepreneurial system overlaid in 1981-89 by a
|
|
socialist-left-government that enlarged the public sector and became the
|
|
nation's largest employer. Like many other Western economies, Greece
|
|
suffered severely from the global oil price hikes of the 1970s, annual
|
|
GDP growth plunging from 8% to 2% in the 1980s, and inflation,
|
|
unemployment, and budget deficits rising sharply. The fall of the
|
|
socialist government in 1989 and the inability of the conservative
|
|
opposition to muster a clear majority have led to business uncertainty
|
|
and the continued prospects for lackluster economic performance.
|
|
Once the political situation is sorted out, Greece will have to face the
|
|
challenges posed by the steadily increasing integration of the European
|
|
Community, including the progressive lowering of tariff barriers. Tourism
|
|
continues as a major industry, providing a vital offset to the sizable
|
|
commodity trade deficit.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $56.3 billion, per capita $5,605; real growth rate 2.3% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.8% (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $15.5 billion; expenditures $23.9 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $2.5 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--manufactured goods, food and live animals, fuels and
|
|
lubricants, raw materials;
|
|
partners--FRG 24%, Italy 14%, nonoil developing countries 11.8%,
|
|
France 9.5%, US 7.1%, UK 6.8%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $13.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport equipment, light manufactures,
|
|
fuels and lubricants, foodstuffs, chemicals;
|
|
partners--FRG 22%, nonoil developing countries 14%, oil exporting
|
|
countries 13%, Italy 12%, France 8%, US 3.2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $20.0 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,420 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,630 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal
|
|
products, tourism, mining, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for 14% of
|
|
GNP and 27% of the labor force; principal products--wheat, corn, barley,
|
|
sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes, beef, mutton,
|
|
pork, dairy products; self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 135,000
|
|
metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: drachma (plural--drachmas); 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: drachma (Dr) per US$1--158.03 (January 1990),
|
|
162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988), 135.43 (1987), 139.98 (1986), 138.12 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which
|
|
36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km
|
|
0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and
|
|
gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals and
|
|
three unconnected rivers
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined products, 547 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Piraeus, Thessaloniki
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 954 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,544,516
|
|
GRT/36,858,545 DWT; includes 15 passenger, 58 short-sea passenger,
|
|
2 passenger-cargo, 164 cargo, 18 container, 20 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
27 refrigerated cargo, 182 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
10 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 20 combination ore/oil, 6 specialized
|
|
tanker, 407 bulk, 15 specialized bulk; note--ethnic Greeks also own large
|
|
numbers of ships under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, and Lebanon
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 79 total, 77 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas;
|
|
4,079,000 telephones; stations--30 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 39 (560
|
|
repeaters) TV; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations operating in
|
|
INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and MARISAT
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,418,754; 1,861,141 fit for military
|
|
service; about 73,809 reach military age (21) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 6.0% of GDP, or $3.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Greenland
|
|
(part of the Danish realm)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,175,600 km2; land area: 341,700 km2 (ice free)
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 44,087 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 4 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between
|
|
Greenland and Jan Mayen
|
|
|
|
Climate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow,
|
|
mountainous, barren, rocky coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite,
|
|
uranium, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NEGL% forest and woodland; 99% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: sparse population confined to small settlements along coast;
|
|
continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
|
|
|
|
Note: dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 56,078 (July 1990), growth rate 1.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Greenlander(s); adjective--Greenlandic
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born
|
|
Caucasians), 14% Danish
|
|
|
|
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
|
|
|
|
Language: Eskimo dialects, Danish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 22,800; largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative
|
|
division
|
|
|
|
Capital: Nuuk (Godthab)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 municipalities (kommuner, singular--kommun);
|
|
Nordgronland, Ostgronland, Vestgronland
|
|
|
|
Independence: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas
|
|
administrative division
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Danish
|
|
|
|
Legal system: Danish
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman,
|
|
prime minister, Cabinet (Landsstyre)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Landsting)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court (Landsret)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented
|
|
by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Home Rule Chairman Jonathan MOTZFELDT
|
|
(since NA May 1979)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: Siumut (moderate socialist, advocates more distinct
|
|
Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark); Atassut Party (more
|
|
conservative, favors continuing close relations with Denmark);
|
|
Inuit Ataqatigiit (Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from
|
|
Denmark rather than home rule); Polar Party (Conservative-Greenland Nationalist)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held on 27 May 1987 (next to be held by 27 May
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--Siumut 39.8%, Atassut Party 40.1%, Inuit Ataqatigiit 15.3%,
|
|
Polar Party 4.5%;
|
|
seats--(27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 11, Inuit Ataqatigiit
|
|
4, Polar Party 1;
|
|
|
|
Danish Parliament--last held on 10 May 1988 (next to be held by
|
|
10 May 1992); Greenland elects two representatives to the Danish
|
|
Parliament;
|
|
results--(percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(2 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas administrative
|
|
division of Denmark)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of Denmark is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Over the past 25 years, the economy has changed from
|
|
one based on subsistence whaling, hunting, and fishing to one dependent on
|
|
foreign trade. Fishing is still the most important industry, accounting
|
|
for over two-thirds of exports and about 25% of the population's income.
|
|
Exploitation of mineral resources is limited to lead and zinc. Maintenance
|
|
of a social welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public
|
|
sector a dominant role in the economy. Greenland is heavily dependent
|
|
on an annual subsidy of about $400 million from the Danish Government.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $500 million, per capita $9,000; real growth rate 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 10%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $380 million; expenditures $380 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1985)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $386.2 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--fish and fish products, metallic ores and concentrates;
|
|
partners--Denmark 76%, FRG 7%, Sweden 5%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $445.6 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and transport
|
|
equipment, food products;
|
|
partners--Denmark 66%, Norway 5%, Sweden 4%, FRG 4%, Japan 4%
|
|
US 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $445 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,180 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fish processing, lead and zinc mining, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited
|
|
to forage and small garden vegetables; 1987 fish catch of 101,000
|
|
metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Danish krone (plural--kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.560 (January 1990),
|
|
7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987), 8.091 (1986), 10.596 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 80 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab),
|
|
Nuuk (Godthaab), Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik,
|
|
North Star Bay, and at least 10 minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
1,021 GRT/1,778 DWT; note--operates under the registry of Denmark
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 11 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided
|
|
by cables and radio relay; 17,900 telephones; stations--5 AM, 7 (35 relays) FM,
|
|
4 (9 relays) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is responsibility of Denmark
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Grenada
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 121 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic in origin with central mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
|
|
|
|
Land use: 15% arable land; 26% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
9% forest and woodland; 47% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts
|
|
from June to November
|
|
|
|
Note: islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically
|
|
with St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 84,135 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 33 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Grenadian(s); adjective--Grenadian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
|
|
|
|
Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); some French patois
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 85%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 36,000; 31% services, 24% agriculture, 8% construction,
|
|
5% manufacturing, 32% other (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Saint George's
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou
|
|
and Little Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint
|
|
John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick
|
|
|
|
Independence: 7 February 1974 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 19 December 1973
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February (1974)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
Ministers of Government (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE
|
|
(since 13 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress (NDC),
|
|
Nicholas Brathwaite; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric Gairy;
|
|
The National Party (TNP), Ben Jones; New National Party (NNP), Keith
|
|
Mitchell; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement (MBPM), Terrence
|
|
Merryshow; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard Coard
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 13 March 1990 (next
|
|
to be held by March 1996);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 450 members of the New Jewel Movement
|
|
(pro-Soviet) and the Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement (pro-Cuban)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAS, OECS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Albert O. XAVIER; Chancery at
|
|
1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-2561;
|
|
there is a Grenadian Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Charge d'Affaires James F. COOPER; Embassy at Ross Point Inn,
|
|
Saint George's (mailing address is P. O. Box 54, Saint George's);
|
|
telephone p440o 1731 or 1734
|
|
|
|
Flag: a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and
|
|
bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around
|
|
the flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the
|
|
top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk
|
|
superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on
|
|
the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of
|
|
nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative
|
|
divisions
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the
|
|
traditional production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for
|
|
about 20% of GDP and 90% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism
|
|
is the leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports.
|
|
Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but with a more favorable private
|
|
investment climate since 1983, it is expected to grow. Despite an
|
|
impressive average annual growth rate for the economy of 5.5% during
|
|
the period 1984-88, unemployment remains high at about 26%.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $129.7 million, per capita $1,535; real growth rate 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 26% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $74.2 million; expenditures $82.3 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $27.8 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $31.8 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--nutmeg 35%, cocoa beans 15%, bananas 13%, mace 7%, textiles;
|
|
partners--US 4%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
|
|
Imports: $92.6 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery 24%, food 22%, manufactured goods 19%,
|
|
petroleum 8%;
|
|
partners--US 32%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada
|
|
|
|
External debt: $108 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,400 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced,
|
|
280 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations,
|
|
tourism, construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and 90% of exports; bananas, cocoa,
|
|
nutmeg, and mace account for two-thirds of total crop production;
|
|
world's second-largest producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg
|
|
and mace; small-size farms predominate, growing a variety of citrus
|
|
fruits, avocados, root crops, sugarcane, corn, and vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-88), $60 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $61 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $32 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed
|
|
rate since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km
|
|
unimproved
|
|
|
|
Ports: Saint George's
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650
|
|
telephones; new SHF links to Trinidad and Tobago and St. Vincent; VHF and UHF
|
|
links to Trinidad and Carriacou; stations--1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Guadeloupe
|
|
(overseas department of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,780 km2; land area: 1,760 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: 10 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 306 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains;
|
|
Grand-Terre is low limestone formation
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: cultivable land, beaches, and climate that
|
|
foster tourism
|
|
|
|
Land use: 18% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures;
|
|
40% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is
|
|
an active volcano
|
|
|
|
Note: located 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 342,175 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Guadeloupian(s); adjective--Guadeloupe
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5% white; less than 5% East
|
|
Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
|
|
|
|
Language: French, creole patois
|
|
|
|
Literacy: over 70%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce,
|
|
25.8% industry, 21.2% agriculture
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Department of Guadeloupe
|
|
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Type: overseas department of France
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Capital: Basse-Terre
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Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
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Independence: none (overseas department of France)
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Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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Legal system: French legal system
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National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
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Executive branch: government commissioner
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Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral
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Regional Council
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Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over
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Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since
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21 May 1981);
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Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST
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(since November 1989)
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Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR),
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Marlene Captant; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Christian
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Medard Celeste; Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique Larifla;
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Independent Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union
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for a New Majority (UNM)
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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General Council --last held NA 1986 (next to be held by NA 1992);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(42 total) number of seats by party NA;
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Regional Council--last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held
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by 16 March 1992);
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results--RPR 33.1%, PS 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, others 3.8%;
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seats--(41 total) RPR 15, PS 12, PCG 10, UDF 4;
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French Senate--last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be
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held June 1994); Guadeloupe elects two representatives;
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(2 total) PCG 1, PS 1;
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French National Assembly--last held on 5 and 12 June 1988
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(next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe elects four representatives;
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat
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Communists: 3,000 est.
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Other political or pressure groups: Popular Union for the Liberation
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of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for Independent Guadeloupe
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(MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); General
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Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for
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the Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG)
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Member of: WFTU
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Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France,
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the interests of Guadeloupe are represented in the US by France
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Flag: the flag of France is used
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- Economy
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Overview: The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and
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services. It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and
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income and social transfers. Tourism is a key industry, with most
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tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly large number of
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cruise ships visit the islands. The
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traditionally important sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other
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crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export earnings),
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eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for
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local consumption, although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported
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food, which comes mainly from France. Light industry consists mostly of
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sugar and rum production. Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported.
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Unemployment is especially high among the young.
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GDP: $1.1 billion, per capita $3,300; real growth rate NA% (1987)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1987)
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Unemployment rate: 25% (1983)
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Budget: revenues $251 million; expenditures $251 million, including
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capital expenditures of NA (1985)
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Exports: $109 million (f.o.b., 1986);
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commodities--bananas, sugar, rum;
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partners--France 72%, Martinique 16% (1984)
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Imports: $792 million (c.i.f., 1986);
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commodities--vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods,
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construction materials, petroleum products;
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partners--France 59% (1984)
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External debt: $NA
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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Electricity: 103,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced,
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920 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism
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Agriculture: cash crops--bananas and sugarcane; other products include
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tropical fruits and vegetables; livestock--cattle, pigs, and goats; not
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self-sufficient in food
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $4 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.7 billion
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Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
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Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
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6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines
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Highways: 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth
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Ports: Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre
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Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones;
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interisland radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique;
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stations--2 AM, 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM),
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9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT ground station
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- Defense Forces
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Note: defense is responsibility of France
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Guam
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(territory of the US)
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- Geography
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Total area: 541 km2; land area: 541 km2
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Comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of
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Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 125.5 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
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northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from
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July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
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Terrain: volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat
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coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal
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cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center,
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mountains in south
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Natural resources: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially
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from Japan)
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Land use: 11% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 15% meadows and pastures;
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18% forest and woodland; 45% other
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Environment: frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively
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rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)
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Note: largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago;
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strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean 5,955 km west-southwest of
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Honolulu about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines
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- People
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Population: 141,039 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
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Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 3.0 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Guamanian(s); adjective--Guamanian
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Ethnic divisions: 47% Chamorro, 25% Filipino, 10% Caucasian,
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18% Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and other
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Religion: 98% Roman Catholic, 2% other
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Language: English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese
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also widely spoken
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Literacy: 90%
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Labor force: 54,000; 42% government, 58% private (1988)
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Organized labor: 13% of labor force
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- Government
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Long-form name: Territory of Guam
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Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US
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Capital: Agana
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Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
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Independence: none (territory of the US)
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Constitution: Organic Act of 1 August 1950
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Legal system: NA
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National holiday: Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March), 6 March 1989
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Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral Legislature
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Judicial branch: Superior Court of Guam (Federal District Court)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
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Head of Government--Governor Joseph A. ADA (since NA November 1986)
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Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (controls the
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legislature); Republican Party (party of the Governor)
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Suffrage: universal at age 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US
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presidential elections
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Elections:
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Governor--last held on NA November 1986 (next to be held
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November 1990);
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Legislature--last held on 8 November 1988 (next to be held
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November 1990);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(21 total) Democratic 13, Republican 8;
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US House of Representatives--last held 8 November
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1988 (next to be held November 1990);
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Guam elects one nonvoting delegate;
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(1 total) Republican 1
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Communists: none
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Note: relations between Guam and the US are under the jurisdiction of the
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Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
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Interior
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Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
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Flag: dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a
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red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger
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canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold
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red letters
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- Economy
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Overview: The economy is based on US military spending and on revenues
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from tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown
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rapidly, creating a construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of
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older ones. Visitors numbered about 800,000 in 1989. The small manufacturing
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sector includes textile and clothing, beverage, food, and watch
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production. About 58% of the labor force works for the private sector and the
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rest for government. Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75%
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from the US. In 1989 the unemployment rate was about 3%, down from 10% in
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1983.
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GNP: $1.0 billion, per capita $7,675; real growth rate 20%
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(1988 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.9% (1988)
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Unemployment rate: 3% (1989 est.)
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Budget: revenues $208.0 million; expenditures $175 million, including
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capital expenditures of $17 million (1987 est.)
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Exports: $39 million (f.o.b., 1983);
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commodities--mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products,
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copra, fish;
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partners--US 25%, others 75%
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Imports: $611 million (c.i.f., 1983);
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commodities--mostly crude petroleum and petroleum products, food,
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manufactured goods;
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partners--US 77%, others 23%
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External debt: $NA
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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Electricity: 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced,
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16,660 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: US military, tourism, petroleum refining, construction,
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concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles
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Agriculture: relatively undeveloped with most food imported;
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fruits, vegetables, eggs, pork, poultry, beef, copra
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Aid: NA
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Currency: US currency is used
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Exchange rates: US currency is used
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Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
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- Communications
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Highways: 674 km all-weather roads
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Ports: Apra Harbor
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Airports: 5 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: 26,317 telephones (1989); stations--3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV;
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2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground stations
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- Defense Forces
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Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Guatemala
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- Geography
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Total area: 108,890 km2; land area: 108,430 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Tennessee
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Land boundaries: 1,687 km total; Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km,
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Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km
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Coastline: 400 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: not specific;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: claims Belize, but boundary negotiations are under way
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Climate: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
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Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling
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limestone plateau (Peten)
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Natural resources: crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle
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Land use: 12% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
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40% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes 1% irrigated
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Environment: numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent
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earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms;
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deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
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Note: no natural harbors on west coast
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- People
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Population: 9,097,636 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
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Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 65 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Guatemalan(s); adjective--Guatemalan
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Ethnic divisions: 56% Ladino (mestizo--mixed Indian and European
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ancestry), 44% Indian
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Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional
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Mayan
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Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian
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language as a primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel,
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Kekchi)
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Literacy: 50%
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Labor force: 2,500,000; 57.0% agriculture, 14.0% manufacturing,
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13.0% services, 7.0% commerce, 4.0% construction, 3.0% transport,
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0.8% utilities, 0.4% mining (1985)
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Organized labor: 8% of labor force (1988 est.)
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|
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- Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Guatemala
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Type: republic
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Capital: Guatemala
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Administrative divisions: 22 departments (departamentos,
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singular--departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula,
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El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa,
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Peten, Quezaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos,
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Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa
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Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
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Constitution: 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986
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Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has
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not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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|
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National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
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Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers
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(cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
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Leaders:
|
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President Mario Vinicio CEREZO
|
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Arevalo (since 14 January 1986); Vice President Roberto CARPIO Nicolle
|
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(since 14 January 1986)
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Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCG),
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Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo;
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National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge Carpio Nicolle;
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National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon;
|
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Social Action Movement (MAS), Jorge Serrano Elias;
|
|
Revolutionary Party (PR) in coalition with National Renewal Party (PNR),
|
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Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre;
|
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Social Democratic Party (PSD), Mario Solarzano Martinez;
|
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National Authentic Center (CAN), Mario David Garcia;
|
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United Anti-Communist Party (PUA), Leonel Sisniega;
|
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Emerging Movement for Harmony (MEC), Louis Gordillo;
|
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Democratic Party of National Cooperation (PDCN), Adan Fletes;
|
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Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar Rivas;
|
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Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel Giron
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|
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Suffrage: universal at age 18, compulsory for literates, voluntary for
|
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illiterates
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|
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Elections:
|
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President--last held on 3 December 1985 (next to be held 3 November 1990);
|
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results--Mario Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (DCG) 38.7%, Jorge Carpio
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Nicolle (UCN) 20.2%, Jorge Serrano Elias (PDCN/PR) 14.8%;
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|
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National Congress--last held on 3 November 1985 (next to be held
|
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3 November 1990);
|
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results--DCG 38.7%, UCN 20.2%, PDCN/PR 13.8%, MLN/PID 12.6%,
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CAN 6.3%, PSD 3.4%, PNR 3.2%, PUA/FUN/MEC 1.9%;
|
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seats--(100 total) DCG 51, UCN 22, MLN 12, PDCN/PR 11, PSD 2, PNR 1, CAN 1
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Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla
|
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groups--Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the
|
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People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT dissidents
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Other political or pressure groups: Federated Chambers of Commerce and
|
|
Industry (CACIF), Mutual Support Group (GAM), Unity for Popular and Labor
|
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Action (UASP), Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO), Committee for Campesino Unity
|
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(CUC)
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Member of: CACM, CCC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
|
|
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
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|
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rodolfo ROHRMOSER V;
|
|
Chancery at 2220 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
745-4952 through 4954;
|
|
there are Guatemalan Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
|
|
New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Thomas F. STROOCK; Embassy at 7-01 Avenida de la
|
|
Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City (mailing address is APO Miami 34024);
|
|
telephone p502o (2) 31-15-41
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|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and
|
|
light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
|
|
includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the
|
|
inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of
|
|
independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a
|
|
pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for
|
|
25% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds
|
|
of exports. Industry accounts for about 20% of GDP and 15% of the labor
|
|
force. The economy has reentered a slow-growth phase, but is hampered by
|
|
political uncertainty. In 1988 the economy grew by 3.7%, the third
|
|
consecutive year of mild growth. Government economic reforms introduced
|
|
since 1986 have stabilized exchange rates and have helped to stem
|
|
inflationary pressures. The inflation rate has dropped from 36.9%
|
|
in 1986 to 15% in 1989.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $10.8 billion, per capita $1,185; real growth rate 1.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 13%, with 30-40% underemployment (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $771 million; expenditures $957 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $188 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.02 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--coffee 38%, bananas 7%, sugar 7%, cardamom 4%;
|
|
partners--US 29%, El Salvador, FRG, Costa Rica, Italy
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers,
|
|
motor vehicles;
|
|
partners--US 38%, Mexico, FRG, Japan, El Salvador
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 807,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced,
|
|
280 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals,
|
|
petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP; most important sector of economy
|
|
and contributes two-thirds to export earnings; principal
|
|
crops--sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom;
|
|
livestock--cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food importer
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
|
|
international drug trade; the government has engaged in aerial
|
|
eradication of opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $869 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.7 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: quetzal (plural--quetzales); 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: free market quetzales (Q) per US$1--3.3913
|
|
(January 1990), 2.8261 (1989), 2.6196 (1988), 2.500 (1987), 1.875 (1986),
|
|
1.000 (1985); note--black-market rate 2.800 (May 1989)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 780 km government
|
|
owned, 90 km privately owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140
|
|
unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km
|
|
navigable during high-water season
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 275 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 451 total, 391 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fairly modern network centered in Guatemala
|
|
pcityo; 97,670 telephones; stations--91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave;
|
|
connection into Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,028,875; 1,327,374 fit for military
|
|
service; 107,251 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP, or $115 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Guernsey
|
|
(British crown dependency)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 194 km2; land area: 194 km2; includes Alderney, Guernsey,
|
|
Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 50 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
|
|
days are overcast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly level with low hills in southwest
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: cropland
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; about 50% cultivated
|
|
|
|
Environment: large, deepwater harbor at St. Peter Port
|
|
|
|
Note: 52 km west of France
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 57,227 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Channel Islander(s); adjective--Channel Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descent
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist,
|
|
Congregational, Methodist
|
|
|
|
Language: English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country
|
|
districts
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but universal education
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Bailiwick of Guernsey
|
|
|
|
Type: British crown dependency
|
|
|
|
Capital: St. Peter Port
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law and local statute; justice is administered by
|
|
the Royal Court
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff,
|
|
deputy bailiff
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: States of Deliberation
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Royal Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Alexander
|
|
BOSWELL (since 1985); Bailiff Sir Charles FROSSARD (since 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none; all independents
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
States of Deliberation--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(60 total, 33 elected), all independents
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with the red cross of St. George (patron saint of England)
|
|
extending to the edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic
|
|
activity includes financial services, breeding the world-famous
|
|
Guernsey cattle, and growing tomatoes and flowers for export.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $145.0 million; expenditures $117.2 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1985)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA;
|
|
commodities--tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant,
|
|
other vegetables;
|
|
partners--UK (regarded as internal trade)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA;
|
|
commodities--coal, gasoline and oil;
|
|
partners--UK (regarded as internal trade)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced,
|
|
9,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, banking
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses),
|
|
sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Guernsey pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 Guernsey (LG) pound = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Guernsey pounds (LG) per US$1--0.6055 (January
|
|
1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
|
|
0.7714 (1985); note--the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: St. Peter Port, St. Sampson
|
|
|
|
Airport: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (La Villiaze)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900
|
|
telephones; 1 submarine cable
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Guinea
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 245,860 km2; land area: 245,860 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,399 km total; Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Ivory Coast
|
|
610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 320 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season
|
|
(June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to
|
|
May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium,
|
|
hydropower, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 6% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 12% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 42% forest and woodland; 40% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during
|
|
dry season; deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,269,240 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 22 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 147 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 40 years male, 44 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Guinean(s); adjective--Guinean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Fulani, Malinke, Sousou, 15 smaller tribes
|
|
|
|
Religion: 85% Muslim, 5% indigenous beliefs, 1.5% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); each tribe has its own language
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local languages
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,400,000 (1983); 82.0% agriculture, 11.0% industry and
|
|
commerce, 5.4% services; 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of
|
|
working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage earners loosely affiliated with
|
|
the National Confederation of Guinean Workers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Guinea
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Conakry
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 29 administrative regions (regions
|
|
administratives, singular--region administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke,
|
|
Conakry, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Dubreka, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual,
|
|
Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia, Kissidougou, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe,
|
|
Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, Yomou
|
|
|
|
Independence: 2 October 1958 (from France; formerly French Guinea)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 14 May 1982, suspended after coup of 3 April 1984
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree;
|
|
legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Military Committee for National
|
|
Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National or CMRN), Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale
|
|
Populaire) was dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Gen. Lansana CONTE (since
|
|
5 April 1984)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none; following the 3 April 1984
|
|
coup all political activity was banned
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
|
Mano River Union, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kekoura CAMARA; Chancery at
|
|
2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420;
|
|
US--Ambassador Samuel E. LUPO; Embassy at 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue,
|
|
Conakry (mailing address is B. P. 603, Conakry); telephone 44-15-20 through 24
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green;
|
|
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda
|
|
which has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Although possessing many natural resources and considerable
|
|
potential for agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest
|
|
countries in the world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40%
|
|
to GDP and employs more than 80% of the work force, while industry
|
|
accounts for about 25% of GDP. Guinea possesses over 25% of the
|
|
world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and alumina accounted for more
|
|
than 80% of total exports in 1986.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.5 billion, per capita $350; real growth rate 5.0%
|
|
(1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $357 million; expenditures $480 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $229 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas,
|
|
palm kernels;
|
|
partners--US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada
|
|
|
|
Imports: $509 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment,
|
|
foodstuffs, textiles and other grain;
|
|
partners--US 16%, France, Brazil
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.6 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced,
|
|
40 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: bauxite mining, alumina, diamond mining, light
|
|
manufacturing and agricultural processing industries
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry);
|
|
mostly subsistence farming; principal products--rice, coffee, pineapples, palm
|
|
kernels, cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock--cattle,
|
|
sheep and goats; not self-sufficient in food grains
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $203 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $882 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$446 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Guinean franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Guinean francs (FG) per US$1--505.00 (October 1988),
|
|
440.00 (January 1988), 440.00 (1987), 235.63 (1986), 22.47 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite
|
|
(of which barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved
|
|
earth (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft
|
|
|
|
Ports: Conakry, Kamsar
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 16 total, 16 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, small
|
|
radiocommunication stations, and new radio relay system; 10,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--3 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 12,000 TV sets; 125,000 radio receivers;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard),
|
|
Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,657,787; 834,777 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (1984)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Guinea-Bissau
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 36,120 km2; land area: 28,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of
|
|
Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 724 km total; Guinea 386, Senegal 338 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 350 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has rendered its
|
|
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary (in favor
|
|
of Senegal)--that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy
|
|
season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December
|
|
to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite,
|
|
phosphates; fish, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 11% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 43% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 38% forest and woodland; 7% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during
|
|
dry season
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 998,963 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 19 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 127 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 44 years male, 48 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective--Guinea-Bissauan
|
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Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30% Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca,
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13% Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European and mulatto
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Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 5% Christian
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Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages
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Literacy: 34% (1986)
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Labor force: 403,000 (est.); 90% agriculture, 5% industry,
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services, and commerce, 5% government; 53% of population of working
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age (1983)
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Organized labor: only one trade union--the National Union of Workers of
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Guinea-Bissau (UNTG)
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- Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
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Type: republic; highly centralized one-party regime since September 1974
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Capital: Bissau
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Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regioes, singular--regiao);
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Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara,
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Tombali
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Independence: 24 September 1973 (from Portugal; formerly Portuguese
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Guinea)
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Constitution: 16 May 1984
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Legal system: NA
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National holiday: Independence Day, 24 September (1973)
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Executive branch: president of the Council of State, vice presidents
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of the Council of State, Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia
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Nacional Popular)
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Judicial branch: none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council
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of Ministers
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President of the
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Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power 14
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November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984);
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First Vice President Col. Iafai CAMARA (since 7 November 1985); Second
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Vice President Vasco CABRAL (since 21 June 1989)
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Political parties and leaders: only party--African Party for the
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Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), President
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Joao Bernardo Vieira, leader; the party decided to retain the
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binational title despite its formal break with Cape Verde
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Suffrage: universal at age 15
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Elections:
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President of Council of State--last held 19 June 1989 (next
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to be held 19 June 1994);
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results--Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo Vieira was reelected without
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opposition by the National People's Assembly;
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National People's Assembly--last held 15 June 1989 (next
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to be held 15 June 1994);
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results--PAIGC is the only party;
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seats--(150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional Councils;
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Regional Councils--last held 1 June 1989 (next to be held 1 June
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1994); results--PAIGC is the only party;
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seats--(473 total) PAIGC 473, by public plebiscite
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Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers
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Member of: ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
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IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
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IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL; Chancery
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(temporary) at the Guinea-Bissauan Permanent Mission to the UN, Suite 604,
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211 East 43rd Street, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 661-3977;
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US--Ambassador William L. JACOBSEN; Embassy at 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos,
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Bissau (mailing address is C. P. 297, Bissau); telephone p245o 212816, 21817,
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213674
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Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical
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red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the
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red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag
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of Cape Verde which has the black star raised above the center of the red band
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and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell
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- Economy
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Overview: Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world,
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with a per capita GDP below $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic
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activities, with cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels the primary exports.
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Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a weak
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infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's four-year plan
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(1988-91) has targeted agricultural development as the top priority.
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GDP: $152 million, per capita $160 (1988); real growth rate
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5.6% (1987)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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Budget: revenues $20 million; expenditures $25 million, including
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capital expenditures of $NA (1987)
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Exports: $15 million (f.o.b., 1987);
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commodities--cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels;
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partners--Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Cape Verde, China
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Imports: $49 million (f.o.b., 1987);
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commodities--capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods,
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foods, petroleum;
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partners--Portugal, USSR, EC countries, other Europe, Senegal, US
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External debt: $465 million (December 1989 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 1.7% (1986 est.)
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Electricity: 22,000 kW capacity; 28 million kWh produced,
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30 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks
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Agriculture: accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports,
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and 80% of employment; rice is the staple food; other crops include
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corn, beans, cassava, cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not
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self-sufficient in food; fishing and forestry potential not fully
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exploited
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $46 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $519 million;
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OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
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$68 million
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Currency: Guinea-Bissauan peso (plural--pesos);
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1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos
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Exchange rates: Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1--650 pesos
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(December 1989), NA (1988), 851.65 (1987), 238.98 (1986), 173.61 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Highways: 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth
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Inland waterways: scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce
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Ports: Bissau
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Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 37 total, 18 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines,
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and radiocommunications; 3,000 telephones; stations--1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1
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Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air
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Force are separate components
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 215,552; 122,824 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures: 3.2% of GDP (1987)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Guyana
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- Geography
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Total area: 214,970 km2; land area: 196,850 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than Idaho
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Land boundaries: 2,462 km total; Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km,
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Venezuela 743 km
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Coastline: 459 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
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Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: Essequibo area claimed by Venezuela; Suriname claims area
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between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters
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of the Courantyne)
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Climate: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;
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two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
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Terrain: mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south
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Natural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber,
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shrimp, fish
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Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
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pastures; 83% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated
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Environment: flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons;
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water pollution
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- People
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Population: 764,649 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.1% (1990)
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Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 19 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Guyanese (sing., pl.); adjective--Guyanese
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Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43% black and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2%
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European and Chinese
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Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other
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Language: English, Amerindian dialects
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Literacy: 85%
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Labor force: 268,000; 44.5% industry and commerce, 33.8% agriculture,
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21.7% services; public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor
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force (1985)
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Organized labor: 34% of labor force
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- Government
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Long-form name: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
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Type: republic
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Capital: Georgetown
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Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni,
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Demerara-Mahaica, East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara,
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Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice,
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Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
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Independence: 26 May 1966 (from UK; formerly British Guiana)
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Constitution: 6 October 1980
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Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of
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Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Republic Day, 23 February (1970)
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Executive branch: executive president, first vice president,
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prime minister, first deputy prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Judicature
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Hugh Desmond HOYTE (since 6 August 1985);
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First Vice President Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985)
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Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh
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Desmond Hoyte; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; Working People's
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Alliance (WPA), Eusi Kwayana, Rupert Roopnarine, Moses Bhagwan; Democratic Labor
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Movement (DLM), Paul Tennassee; People's Democratic Movement (PDM),
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Llewellyn John; National Democratic Front (NDF), Joseph Bacchus; United Force
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(UF), Marcellus Feilden Singh; Vanguard for Liberation and Democracy (VLD,
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also known as Liberator Party), Gunraj Kumar, J. K. Makepeace Richmond
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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Executive President--last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be
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held late 1990); Hugh Desmond Hoyte was elected president (the leader
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of the party with the most votes in the National Assembly
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elections--PNC 78%);
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National Assembly--last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held
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by 9 December 1990);
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results--PNC 78%, PPP 16%, UF 4%, WPA 2%;
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seats--(65 total, 53 elected) PNC 42, PPP 8, UF 2, WPA 1
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Communists: 100 (est.) hardcore within PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO
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(Progressive Youth Organization, militant wing of the PPP) include many
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Communists; small but unknown number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC,
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some of whom formerly belonged to the PPP
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Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC);
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Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action Committee
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(CLAC); the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized
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Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO,
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ICJ, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
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INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
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WHO, WMO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Cedric Hilburn GRANT;
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Chancery at 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6900;
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there is a Guyanese Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Theresa A. TULL; Embassy at 31 Main Street, Georgetown;
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telephone p592o (02) 54900 through 54909
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Flag: green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side)
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superimposed on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between
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the red and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green
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- Economy
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Overview: After growing on average at less than 1% a year in 1984-87,
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GDP dropped by 3% in 1988, the result of bad weather, labor trouble in the
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canefields, and flooding and equipment problems in the bauxite industry.
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Consumer prices rose about 35%, and the current account deficit widened
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substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power
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is in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in
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national output. The government, in association with international financial
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agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The
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government's stabilization program--aimed at establishing realistic
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exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of
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growth--requires considerable public administrative abilities and
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continued patience by consumers during a long incubation period.
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GDP: $323 million, per capita $420; real growth rate - 3.0% (1988 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1988 est.)
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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Budget: revenues $173 million; expenditures $414 million, including
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capital expenditures of $75 million (1988 est.)
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Exports: $215 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.)
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commodities--bauxite, sugar, rice, shrimp, gold, molasses, timber, rum;
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partners--UK 37%, US 12%, Canada 10.6%, CARICOM 4.8% (1986)
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Imports: $216 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.);
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commodities--manufactures machinery, food, petroleum;
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partners--CARICOM 41%, US 18%, UK 9%, Canada 3% (1984)
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External debt: $1.8 billion, including arrears (December 1988)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 5.0% (1988 est.)
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Electricity: 221,000 kW capacity; 583 million kWh produced,
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760 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp),
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textiles, gold mining
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Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and over 50%
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of exports; sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for
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fishing and forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable
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oils, and animal products
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $109 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $234 million;
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Communist countries (1970-88), $242 million
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Currency: Guyanese dollar (plural--dollars);
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1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents
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Exchange rates: Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1--33.0000 (January 1990),
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27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988), 9.756 (1987), 4.272 (1986), 4.252 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Railroads: 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge
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Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth,
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590 km unimproved
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Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice,
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Demerara, and Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km,
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100 km, and 80 km, respectively
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Ports: Georgetown
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Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 66 total, 63 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 2,439 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000
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telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; stations--4 AM, 3 FM, no TV,
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1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including Maritime Corps and Air Corps),
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Guyana Police Force, Guyana People's Militia, Guyana National Service
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 201,104; 152,958 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures: 4.3% of GDP, or $13.8 million (1988 est.)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Haiti
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- Geography
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Total area: 27,750 km2; land area: 27,560 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
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Land boundary: 275 km with the Dominican Republic
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Coastline: 1,771 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
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Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: claims US-administered Navassa Island
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Climate: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
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Terrain: mostly rough and mountainous
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Natural resources: bauxite
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Land use: 20% arable land; 13% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
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4% forest and woodland; 45% other; includes 3% irrigated
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Environment: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to
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severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes;
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deforestation
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Note: shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic
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|
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- People
|
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Population: 6,142,141 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
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Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 55 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Haitian(s); adjective--Haitian
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Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and European
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Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also
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practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant
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Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak
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Creole
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Literacy: 23%
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Labor force: 2,300,000; 66% agriculture, 25% services, 9% industry;
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shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982)
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Organized labor: NA
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|
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- Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Haiti
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Type: republic
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Capital: Port-au-Prince
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Administrative divisions: 9 departments, (departements,
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singular--departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est,
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Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est
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Independence: 1 January 1804 (from France)
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Constitution: 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft
|
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constitution approved March 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles
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reinstated March 1989
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Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
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jurisdiction
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|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee
|
|
Nationale) consisted of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or
|
|
House of Representatives, but was dissolved on 20 June 1988 after the
|
|
coup of 19 June 1988 (there was a subsequent coup on 18 September 1988);
|
|
after naming a civilian as provisional president on 13 March 1990, it
|
|
was announced that a Council of State was being formed
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Provisional President
|
|
Ertha PASCAL-TROUILLOT (since 13 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH),
|
|
Sylvio Claude; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire Eugene;
|
|
Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc Bazin;
|
|
National Alliance Front (FNC), Gerard Gourgue; National Agricultural and
|
|
Industrial Party (PAIN), Louis Dejoie; Congress of Democratic Movements
|
|
(CONACOM), Victor Bono; National Progressive Revolutionary Party (PANPRA),
|
|
Serge Gilles; National Patriotic Movement of November 28 (MNP-28), Dejean
|
|
Belizaire; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner Comeau;
|
|
Mobilization for National Development (MDN), Hubert De Ronceray
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 17 January 1988 (next to be held
|
|
by mid-June 1990); on 13 March 1990 Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
|
|
became provisional president after the resignation of President
|
|
Lieut. Gen Prosper Avril;
|
|
|
|
Legislature--last held 17 January 1988, but dissolved on
|
|
20 June 1988; the government has promised an election by
|
|
mid-June 1990
|
|
|
|
Communists: United Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), Rene Theodore
|
|
(roughly 2,000 members)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Unity Confederation (KID),
|
|
Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Haitian Workers (CTH),
|
|
Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS), Autonomous Haitian Workers
|
|
(CATH), National Popular Assembly (APN)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant), Charge
|
|
d'Affaires Fritz VOUGY; Chancery at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-4090 through 4092; there
|
|
are Haitian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York,
|
|
and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
|
US--Ambassador Alvin ADAMS; Embassy at Harry Truman
|
|
Boulevard, Port-au-Prince (mailing address is P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince),
|
|
telephone p509o (1) 20354 or 20368, 20200, 20612
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered
|
|
white rectangle bearing the coat of arms which contains a palm tree flanked by
|
|
flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto
|
|
L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: About 85% of the population live in absolute poverty.
|
|
Agriculture is mainly small-scale subsistence farming and employs 65% of
|
|
the work force. The majority of the population does not have ready access
|
|
to safe drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social
|
|
assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains the
|
|
most critical problem facing the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate 0.3% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 50% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $252 million; expenditures $357 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $200 million (f.o.b., FY88);
|
|
commodities--light manufactures 65%, coffee 17%, other agriculture 8%,
|
|
other products 10%;
|
|
partners--US 77%, France 5%, Italy 4%, FRG 3%, other industrial 9%,
|
|
less developed countries 2% (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $344 million (c.i.f., FY88);
|
|
commodities--machines and manufactures 36%, food and beverages 21%,
|
|
petroleum products 11%, fats and oils 12%, chemicals 12%;
|
|
partners--US 65%, Netherlands Antilles 6%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 2%,
|
|
Asia 2% (FY86)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $820 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 2% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 230,000 kW capacity; 482 million kWh produced,
|
|
75 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing,
|
|
bauxite mining, tourism, light assembly industries based on imported parts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 32% of GDP and employs 65% of work force; mostly
|
|
small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops--coffee and sugarcane; staple
|
|
crops--rice, corn, sorghum, mangoes; shortage of wheat flour
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $638 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $627 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: gourde (plural--gourdes); 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: gourdes (G) per US$1-- 5.0 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned
|
|
industrial line
|
|
|
|
Highways: 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150
|
|
km unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: negligible; less than 100 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Ports: Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 15 total, 10 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic facilities barely adequate, international
|
|
facilities slightly better; 36,000 telephones; stations--33 AM, no FM, 4 TV,
|
|
2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,264,238; 679,209 fit for military
|
|
service; 59,655 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 412 km2; land area: 412 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 101.9 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploration;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: antarctic
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Heard Island--bleak and mountainous, with an extinct
|
|
volcano; McDonald Islands--small and rocky
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: primarily used as research stations
|
|
|
|
Note: located 4,100 km southwest of Australia in the
|
|
southern Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division
|
|
of the Department of Science in Canberra (Australia)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Honduras
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 112,090 km2; land area: 111,890 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,520 km total; Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342
|
|
km, Nicaragua 922 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 820 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: several sections of the boundary with El Salvador are in dispute
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc,
|
|
iron ore, antimony, coal, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 14% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 30% meadows and pastures;
|
|
34% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes;
|
|
damaging hurricanes along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,259,699 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Honduran(s); adjective--Honduran
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian and European), 7% Indian, 2%
|
|
black, 1% white
|
|
|
|
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant minority
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish, Indian dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 56%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,300,000; 62% agriculture, 20% services, 9% manufacturing,
|
|
3% construction, 6% other (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1985)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Honduras
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tegucigalpa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento); Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan,
|
|
Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca,
|
|
Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara,
|
|
Valle, Yoro
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of
|
|
English common law; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS
|
|
Romero (since 26 January 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH)--faction leaders,
|
|
Carlos Flores Facusse (leader of Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos Montoya
|
|
(Azconista subfaction), Ramon Villeda Bermudez and Jorge Arturo Reina (M-Lider
|
|
faction); National Party (PNH), Ricardo Maduro, party president; PNH
|
|
faction leaders--Oswaldo Ramos Soto and Rafael Leonardo Callejas
|
|
(Monarca faction); National Innovation and Unity Party-Social
|
|
Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique Aguilar Cerrato Paz; Christian Democratic
|
|
Party (PDCH), Jorge Illescas; Democratic Action (AD), Walter Lopez
|
|
Reyes
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held
|
|
November 1993);
|
|
results--Leonardo Rafael Callejas (PNH) 51%,
|
|
Jose Azcona Hoyo (PLH) 43.3%, others 5.7%;
|
|
|
|
National Congress--last held on 24 November 1985 (next to be held
|
|
November 1993);
|
|
results--PLH 51%, PNH 45%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU 1.5%, others 0.65;
|
|
seats--(134 total) PLH 62, PNH 71, PINU 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran leftist groups--Communist Party of
|
|
Honduras (PCH), Party for the Transformation of Honduras (PTH),
|
|
Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras (FMLH), People's
|
|
Revolutionary Union/Popular Liberation Movement (URP/MPL), Popular
|
|
Revolutionary Forces-Lorenzo Zelaya (FPR/LZ), Socialist Party of Honduras
|
|
Central American Workers Revolutionary Party (PASO/PRTC)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran
|
|
Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of Private Enterprise (COHEP),
|
|
Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC),
|
|
General Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers
|
|
(FUTH), Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH),
|
|
Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations (CCOP)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ Alcerro;
|
|
Chancery at Suite 100, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 966-7700 through 7702; there are Honduran Consulates General
|
|
in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco,
|
|
and Consulates in Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville;
|
|
US--Ambassador Crescencio ARCOS; Embassy at Avenida La Paz,
|
|
Tegucigalpa (mailing address is APO Miami 34022); telephone p504o 32-3120
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with
|
|
five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the
|
|
white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of
|
|
Central America--Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua;
|
|
similar to the flag of El Salvador which features a round emblem encircled by
|
|
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the
|
|
white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua which features a triangle
|
|
encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA
|
|
CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western
|
|
Hemisphere. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, accounting
|
|
for nearly 30% of GDP, employing 62% of the labor force, and producing
|
|
two-thirds of exports. Productivity remains low, however, leaving considerable
|
|
room for improvement. Although industry is still in its early stages, it employs
|
|
nearly 15% of the labor force, accounts for 23% of GDP, and generates 20% of
|
|
exports. The service sectors, including public administration, account for 48%
|
|
of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic problems facing the
|
|
economy include a high population growth rate, a high unemployment rate, a lack
|
|
of basic services, a large and inefficient public sector, and an export sector
|
|
dependent mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price
|
|
fluctuations.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.4 billion, per capita $890; real growth rate 4.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 12% unemployed, 30-40% underemployed (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1,053 million; expenditures $949 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $159 million (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber;
|
|
partners--US 52%, FRG 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f. 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport equipment, chemical products,
|
|
manufactured goods, fuel and oil, foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--US 39%, Japan 9%, CACM, Venezuela, Mexico
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.2 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 655,000 kW capacity; 1,980 million kWh produced,
|
|
390 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles,
|
|
clothing, wood products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for nearly 30% of
|
|
GDP, over 60% of the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal
|
|
products include bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp;
|
|
importer of wheat
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on
|
|
small plots and used principally for local consumption; transshipment
|
|
point for cocaine
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.3 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $776 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: lempira (plural--lempiras); 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: lempiras (L) per US$1--2.00 (fixed rate); 3.50 parallel
|
|
exchange and black-market rate (October 1989)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter
|
|
gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved,
|
|
2,250 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craft
|
|
|
|
Ports: Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 438,495
|
|
GRT/660,990 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 87 cargo, 12 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 9 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 17 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 180 total, 140 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; 35,100 telephones; stations--176 AM, no FM,
|
|
28 TV, 7 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,222,858; 727,851 fit for military
|
|
service; 61,493 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.9% of GDP, or $82.5 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Hong Kong
|
|
(colony of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,040 km2; land area: 990 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 30 km with China
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 733 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 3 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China
|
|
in 1997
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from
|
|
spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
|
|
|
|
Terrain: hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
12% forest and woodland; 79% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,759,990 (July 1990), growth rate 1.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 82 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: adjective--Hong Kong
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local religions, 10% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 75%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,640,000; 35.8% manufacturing; 22.7% wholesale and retail
|
|
trade, restaurants and hotel, 17.1% services, 7.5% construction, 8.4% transport
|
|
and communications, 6.1% financing, insurance, and real estate (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 15% of labor force (1986)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none; abbreviated HK
|
|
|
|
Type: colony of the UK; scheduled to revert to China in 1997
|
|
|
|
Capital: Victoria
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (colony of the UK); the UK signed an agreement
|
|
with China on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997;
|
|
in the joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing
|
|
social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
|
|
|
|
Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 August (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the
|
|
Executive Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor Sir David Clive WILSON (since 9 April 1987);
|
|
Chief Secretary Sir David Robert FORD (since NA February 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: limited to about 71,000 professionals of electoral college and
|
|
functional constituencies
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--indirect elections last held 26 September 1985
|
|
(next to be held in September 1991)
|
|
seats--(58 total; 26 elected, 32 appointed)
|
|
|
|
Communists: 5,000 (est.) cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist
|
|
controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese
|
|
dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of
|
|
Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese
|
|
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professional Teachers'
|
|
Union, and several small pro-democracy groups.
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ESCAP (associate member), GATT, IMO, INTERPOL, Multifiber
|
|
Arrangement, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a British colony, the interests
|
|
of Hong Kong in the US are represented by the UK;
|
|
US--Consul General Donald M. ANDERSON; Consulate General at
|
|
26 Garden Road, Hong Kong (mailing address is Box 30, Hong Kong, or
|
|
FPO San Francisco 96659-0002); telephone p852o (5) 239011
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with
|
|
the Hong Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the
|
|
flag; the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a
|
|
crown) held by a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China)
|
|
with another lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words
|
|
HONG KONG below the shield
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Hong Kong has a free-market economy and is autonomous in
|
|
financial affairs. Natural resources are limited and food and raw materials must
|
|
be imported. Manufacturing is the backbone of the economy, accounting
|
|
for more than 20% of GDP, employing 36% of the labor force, and exporting about
|
|
90% of output. Real GDP growth averaged a remakable 8% in 1987-88, then
|
|
slowed to a respectable 3% in 1989. Unemployment, which has been declining since
|
|
the mid-1980s, is now less than 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put upward
|
|
pressure on prices and the cost of living. Short-term prospects remain
|
|
solid so long as major trading partners continue to be prosperous. The
|
|
crackdown in China in 1989 casts a long shadow over the longer term
|
|
economic outlook.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $57 billion, per capita $10,000; real growth rate 3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: $6.9 billion (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $63.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988), including reexports of
|
|
$22.9 billion;
|
|
commodities--clothing, textile yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical
|
|
appliances, watches and clocks, toys;
|
|
partners--US 31%, China 14%, FRG 8%, UK 6%, Japan 5%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $63.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials,
|
|
semimanufactures, petroleum;
|
|
partners--China 31%, Japan 20%, Taiwan 9%, US 8%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $9.6 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,800,000 kW capacity; 23,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,030 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys,
|
|
watches, clocks
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products;
|
|
less than 20% self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $141.2 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$899.8 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Hong Kong dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$--7.800 (March 1989),
|
|
7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987), 7.795 (1986), 7.811 (1985); note--linked to the
|
|
US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,100 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone,
|
|
or earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Hong Kong
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 134 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 4,391,102
|
|
GRT/7,430,337 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo,
|
|
10 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 10 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 9 combination ore/oil,
|
|
7 liquefied gas, 69 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry; ships registered
|
|
in Hong Kong fly the UK flag and an estimated 500 Hong Kong-owned ships are
|
|
registered elsewhere
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and
|
|
international services; 2,300,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and
|
|
extensive optical fiber transmission network; stations--6 AM, 6 FM, 4
|
|
TV; 1 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) relay station and 1 British
|
|
Forces Broadcasting Service relay station; 2,500,000 radio receivers;
|
|
1,312,000 TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets);
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; links to 5 international
|
|
submarine cables providing access to ASEAN member nations, Japan,
|
|
Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Headquarters of British Forces, Gurkha Brigade, Royal Navy,
|
|
Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police
|
|
Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,703,890; 1,320,914 fit for military
|
|
service; 46,440 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.5% of GDP, or $300 million (1989 est.);
|
|
this represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending the colony,
|
|
the remainder being paid by the UK
|
|
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Howland Island
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1.6 km2; land area: 1.6 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 2.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 6.4 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by
|
|
a narrow fringing reef; depressed central area
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 5% forest and woodland; 95% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and
|
|
low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water;
|
|
primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds,
|
|
and marine wildlife; feral cats
|
|
|
|
Note: remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
Note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval
|
|
attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but
|
|
abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and
|
|
generally restricted to scientists and educators
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and
|
|
Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
|
|
Wildlife Refuge System
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on
|
|
the round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan--they left Lae,
|
|
New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is no
|
|
longer serviceable
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the
|
|
middle of the west coast
|
|
|
|
Note: Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
|
|
that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in
|
|
memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually
|
|
by the US Coast Guard
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Hungary
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 93,030 km2; land area: 92,340 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,251 km total; Austria 366 km, Czechoslovakia 676
|
|
km, Romania 443 km, USSR 135 km, Yugoslavia 631 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Transylvania question with Romania; Nagymaros Dam
|
|
dispute with Czechoslovakia
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils
|
|
|
|
Land use: 54% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 14% meadows and pastures;
|
|
18% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs
|
|
almost every year
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes
|
|
between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between USSR and
|
|
Mediterranean basin
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,568,686 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Hungarian(s); adjective--Hungarian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 96.6% Hungarian, 1.6% German, 1.1% Slovak, 0.3%
|
|
Southern Slav, 0.2% Romanian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5%
|
|
atheist and other
|
|
|
|
Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,860,000; 43.2% services, trade, government, and other,
|
|
30.9% industry, 18.8% agriculture, 7.1% construction (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 96.5% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian Trade
|
|
Unions (SZOT) includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the government;
|
|
independent unions legal; may be as many as 12 small independent unions
|
|
in operation
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Hungary
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Budapest
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek, singular--megye) and
|
|
1 capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes,
|
|
Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Sopron,
|
|
Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Komarom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar,
|
|
Szolnok, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1001, unification by King Stephen I
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April
|
|
1972 and 18 October 1989
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system
|
|
(civil code of 1960) and common law elements; Supreme Court renders decisions of
|
|
principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legislative acts
|
|
unconstitutional; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Liberation, 4 April (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, premier, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President-designate Arpad GONCZ (since
|
|
2 May 1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL
|
|
(since 23 May 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Forum, Jozsef Antall,
|
|
chairman; Free Democrats, Janos Kis, chairman; Independent Smallholders,
|
|
Istvan Prepeliczay, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Rezso
|
|
Nyers, chairman; Young Democrats; Christian Democrats, Sandor Keresztes,
|
|
president; note--the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party
|
|
(MSZMP) renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party
|
|
(MSP) in October 1989
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with
|
|
the second round held 8 April 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(394 total) Democratic Forum 165, Free Democrats 92,
|
|
Independent Smallholders 43, Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) 33,
|
|
Young Democrats 21, Christian Democrats 21, independent candidates
|
|
or jointly sponsored candidates 19; an additional 8 seats
|
|
will be given to representatives of minority nationalities
|
|
|
|
Communists: fewer than 100,000 (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO,
|
|
ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Peter VARKONYI;
|
|
Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 362-6730;
|
|
there is a Hungarian Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag
|
|
Ter 12, Budapest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone p36o
|
|
(1) 126-450
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Hungary's postwar Communist government spurred the movement
|
|
from a predominantly agricultural to an industrialized economy. The share
|
|
of the labor force in agriculture dropped from over 50% in 1950 to under
|
|
20% in 1989. Agriculture nevertheless remains an important sector,
|
|
providing sizable export earnings and meeting domestic food needs.
|
|
Industry accounts for about 40% of GNP and 30% of employment. Nearly
|
|
three-fourths of foreign trade is with the USSR and Eastern Europe. Low
|
|
rates of growth reflect the inability of the Soviet-style economy to
|
|
modernize capital plant and motivate workers. GNP grew about 1% in 1988
|
|
and declined by 1% in 1989. Since 1985 external debt has
|
|
more than doubled, to nearly $20 billion. In recent years Hungary has
|
|
moved further than any other East European country in experimenting with
|
|
decentralized and market-oriented enterprises. These experiments have
|
|
failed to jump-start the economy because of: limitations on funds for
|
|
privatization; continued subsidization of insolvent state enterprises;
|
|
and the leadership's reluctance to implement sweeping market reforms
|
|
that would cause additional social dislocations in the short term.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $64.6 billion, per capita $6,108; real growth rate - 1.3%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $14.0 billion; expenditures $14.2 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $944 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $19.1 billion (f.o.b. 1988);
|
|
commodities--capital goods 36%, foods 24%, consumer goods 18%, fuels
|
|
and minerals 11%, other 11%;
|
|
partners USSR 48%, Eastern Europe 25%, developed countries 16%,
|
|
less developed countries 8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $18.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transport 28%, fuels 20%, chemical
|
|
products 14%, manufactured consumer goods 16%, agriculture 6%, other
|
|
16%;
|
|
partners--USSR 43%, Eastern Europe 28%, less developed countries 23%,
|
|
US 3% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $19.6 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,250,000 kW capacity; 30,300 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,870 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods,
|
|
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GNP and 19% of
|
|
employment; highly diversified crop-livestock farming; principal
|
|
crops--wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets;
|
|
livestock--hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in
|
|
food output
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--$1.8 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1962-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: forint (plural--forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: forints (Ft) per US$1--62.5 (January 1990), 59.2 (1989),
|
|
50.413 (1988), 46.971 (1987), 45.832 (1986), 50.119 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 7,770 km total; 7,513 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
|
|
222 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,138
|
|
km double track, 2,088 km electrified; all government owned (1987)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 130,000 km total; 29,701 km national highway
|
|
system--26,727 km asphalt and bitumen, 146 km concrete, 55 km stone and
|
|
road brick, 2,345 km macadam, 428 km unpaved; 58,495 km country roads
|
|
(66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% unpaved) (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1986)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,204 km; refined products, 600 km; natural gas,
|
|
3,800 km (1986)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime
|
|
outlets are Rostock (GDR), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland),
|
|
Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 16 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,141
|
|
GRT/103,189 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--13 AM, 11 FM, 21 TV; 8 Soviet TV relays;
|
|
3,500,000 TV sets; 5,500,000 receiver sets; at least 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Hungarian People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense
|
|
Command
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,645,016; 2,112,651 fit for military
|
|
service; 86,481 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 43.7 billion forints, NA% of total budget (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Iceland
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 103,000 km2; land area: 100,250 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Kentucky
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,988 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland,
|
|
and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall
|
|
area)
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
|
|
winters; damp, cool summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks,
|
|
icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power,
|
|
diatomite
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 23% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 1% forest and woodland; 76% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe;
|
|
westernmost European country
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 257,023 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Icelander(s); adjective--Icelandic
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and
|
|
Celts
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman
|
|
Catholic, 2% no affiliation
|
|
|
|
Language: Icelandic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 134,429; 55.4% commerce, finance, and services, 14.3% other
|
|
manufacturing, 5.8% agriculture, 7.9% fish processing, 5.0% fishing (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Iceland
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Reykjavik
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular--sysla) and
|
|
14 independent towns* (kaupstadar, singular--kaupstadur); Akranes*, Akureyri*,
|
|
Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla,
|
|
Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla,
|
|
Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*,
|
|
Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, Myrasysla,
|
|
Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasysla,
|
|
Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla,
|
|
Reykjavik*, Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*,
|
|
Skagafjardharsysla, Snaefellsnes-og Hanppadalssysla, Strandasysla,
|
|
Sudhur-Mulasysla, Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vestmannaeyjar*,
|
|
Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Vestur-Hunavatnssysla,
|
|
Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
|
|
|
|
Independence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic,
|
|
17 June (1944)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Althing) with an Upper House
|
|
(Efri Deild) and a Lower House (Nedri Deild)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Haestirettur)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Steingrimur HERMANNSSON (since 28
|
|
September 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Thorsteinn
|
|
Palsson; Progressive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social Democratic, Jon
|
|
Baldvin Hannibalsson; People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar
|
|
Grimsson; Citizens Party (conservative nationalist), Julius Solnes;
|
|
Women's List
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992);
|
|
results--there were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis
|
|
Finnbogadottir was unopposed;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held on 25 April 1987 (next to be held by
|
|
25 April 1991);
|
|
results--Independence 27.2%, Progressive 18.9%, Social Democratic 15.2%,
|
|
People's Alliance 13.4%, Citizens Party 10.9%, Womens List 10.1%, other 4.3%;
|
|
|
|
seats--(63 total) Independence 18, Progressive 13, Social Democratic 10,
|
|
People's Alliance 8, Citizens Party 7, Womens List 6, Regional Equality
|
|
Platform 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: less than 100 (est.), some of whom participate in the
|
|
People's Alliance
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending
|
|
resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES,
|
|
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International
|
|
Whaling Commission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ingvi S. INGVARSSON; Chancery at
|
|
2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653
|
|
through 6655; there is an Icelandic Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Charles E. COBB; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Reykjavik
|
|
(mailing address is FPO New York 09571-0001); telephone p354o (1) 29100
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of
|
|
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
|
|
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically
|
|
capitalistic, but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and
|
|
comparatively even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on
|
|
the fishing industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the
|
|
absence of other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing
|
|
world fish prices. National output declined for the second consecutive year in
|
|
1989, and two of the largest fish farms filed for bankruptcy. Other economic
|
|
activities include livestock raising and aluminum smelting. A fall in the fish
|
|
catch is expected for 1990, resulting in a continuation of the recession.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.0 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth rate - 1.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum,
|
|
diatomite;
|
|
partners--EC 58.9% (UK 23.3%, FRG 10.3%), US 13.6%,
|
|
USSR 3.6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum,
|
|
foodstuffs, textiles;
|
|
partners--EC 58% (FRG 16%, Denmark 10.4%, UK 9.2%), US 8.5%,
|
|
USSR 3.9%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.8 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced,
|
|
20,780 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production,
|
|
hydropower
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is
|
|
most important economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings;
|
|
principal crops--potatoes and turnips; livestock--cattle, sheep; self-sufficient
|
|
in crops; fish catch of about 1.6 million metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: krona (plural--kronur);
|
|
1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1--60.751 (January 1990),
|
|
57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987), 41.104 (1986), 41.508 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km
|
|
bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur,
|
|
Siglufjordur, Vestmannaeyjar; numerous minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,867
|
|
GRT/87,610 DWT; includes 9 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container,
|
|
2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
1 chemical tanker, 2 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 99 total, 92 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire and radio
|
|
communication system; 135,000 telephones; stations--10 AM, 17 (43 relays) FM,
|
|
14 (132 relays) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Police, Coast Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 68,688; 61,553 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription or compulsory military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: none
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: India
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 3,287,590 km2; land area: 2,973,190 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 14,103 km total; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km,
|
|
Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 7,000 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water
|
|
sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges
|
|
and Pakistan over the Indus
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling
|
|
plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,
|
|
manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds,
|
|
crude oil, limestone
|
|
|
|
Land use: 55% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
|
23% forest and woodland; 17% other; includes 13% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important
|
|
Indian Ocean trade routes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 849,746,001 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 57 years male, 59 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Indian(s); adjective--Indian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 82.6% Hindu, 11.4% Muslim, 2.4% Christian, 2.0% Sikh, 0.7%
|
|
Buddhist, 0.5% Jains, 0.4% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages--Bengali,
|
|
Telgu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya,
|
|
Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by
|
|
a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects,
|
|
for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language
|
|
and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status
|
|
but is the most important language for national, political, and
|
|
commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is
|
|
spoken widely throughout northern India
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 36%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: less than 5% of the labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of India
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: New Delhi
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and
|
|
Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
|
|
Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Delhi*, Goa and Daman and Diu*,
|
|
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
|
|
Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,
|
|
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab,
|
|
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal;
|
|
note--Goa may have become a state with Daman and Diu remaining a union
|
|
territory
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 26 January 1950
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic,
|
|
26 January (1950)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper
|
|
house or Government Assembly (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's
|
|
Assembly (Lok Sabha)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July
|
|
1987); Vice President Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap SINGH
|
|
(since 2 December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Janata Dal Party, Prime Minister
|
|
V. P. Singh; Congress (I) Party, Rajiv Gandhi; Bharatiya Janata Party,
|
|
L. K. Advani; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao;
|
|
Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad;
|
|
Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh;
|
|
All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK), a regional party
|
|
in Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, M. Karunanidhi;
|
|
Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab;
|
|
Telugu Desam, a regional party in Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao; National
|
|
Conference (NC), a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir, Farooq Abdullah;
|
|
Asom Gana Parishad, a regional party in Assam, Prafulla Mahanta
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Assembly--last held 22, 24, 26 November
|
|
1989 (next to be held by November 1994, subject to postponement);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(544 total), 525 elected--Congress (I) Party
|
|
193, Janata Dal Party 141, Bharatiya Janata Party 86, Communist
|
|
Party of India (Marxist) 32, independents 18, Communist Party of India
|
|
12, AIADMK 11, Akali Dal 6, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, Forward Bloc 3, BSP 3,
|
|
Telugu Desam 2, Congress (S) Party 1, others 9
|
|
|
|
Communists: 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by
|
|
CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking
|
|
greater communal autonomy; numerous senas or militant/chauvinistic
|
|
organizations, including Shiv Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and Rashtriya
|
|
Swayamsevak Sangh
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
|
|
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Abid HUSSEIN;
|
|
Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates General in
|
|
Chicago, New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador William CLARK; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri
|
|
110021, New Delhi; telephone p91o (11) 600651; there are US Consulates General
|
|
in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with
|
|
a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to
|
|
the flag of Niger which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: India's Malthusian economy is a mixture of traditional
|
|
village farming and handicrafts, modern agriculture, old and new branches
|
|
of industry, and a multitude of support services. It presents both the
|
|
entrepreneurial skills and drives of the capitalist system and
|
|
widespread government intervention of the socialist mold. Growth of 4%
|
|
to 5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact of population growth
|
|
on unemployment, social tranquility, and the environment. Agricultural output
|
|
has continued to expand, reflecting the greater use of modern farming techniques
|
|
and improved seed that have helped to make India self-sufficient in food grains
|
|
and a net agricultural exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers,
|
|
particularly in the south, have not benefited from the green
|
|
revolution and live in abject poverty. Industry has benefited from a
|
|
liberalization of controls. The growth rate of the service sector has
|
|
also been strong.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $333 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate 5.0% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $48 billion; expenditures $53 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--tea, coffee,
|
|
iron ore, fish products, manufactures;
|
|
partners--EC 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 17%, US 19%, Japan 10%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $24.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
edible oils, textiles, clothing, capital goods; partners--EC 33%,
|
|
Middle East 19%, Japan 10%, US 9%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $48.7 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 8.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 59,000,000 kW capacity; 215,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
260 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation
|
|
equipment, cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power,
|
|
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 33% of GNP and employs 67% of labor force;
|
|
self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops--rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton,
|
|
jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock--cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and
|
|
poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks India in the world's
|
|
top 10 fishing nations
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: licit producer of opium poppy for the
|
|
pharmaceutical trade, but some opium is diverted to international drug
|
|
markets; major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in
|
|
neighboring countries
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4.2 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $18.6 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-88), $10.0 billion;
|
|
Eastern Europe (1970-88), $105 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Indian rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1--16.965 (January 1990),
|
|
16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987), 12.611 (1986), 12.369 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge,
|
|
24,051 km 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and
|
|
0.610 meter); 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,633,300 km total (1986); 515,300 km secondary and
|
|
1,118,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined products, 1,703 km; natural gas,
|
|
902 km (1989)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore,
|
|
Port Blair (Andaman Islands)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 296 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,855,842
|
|
GRT/9,790,260 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 8 passenger-cargo, 95 cargo,
|
|
1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 53 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 9 combination ore/oil,109 bulk, 2 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 345 total, 292 usable; 202 with permanent-surface runways; 2
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 57 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 91 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: poor domestic telephone service, international radio
|
|
communications adequate; 3,200,000 telephones; stations--170 AM, no FM, 14 TV
|
|
(government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and TV;
|
|
3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Sri Lanka, Malaysia,
|
|
and Pakistan
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Security Forces, Coast Guard,
|
|
Paramilitary Forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 227,436,282; 134,169,114 fit for military
|
|
service; about 9,403,063 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.6% of GNP, or $8.7 billion (FY90 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Indian Ocean
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal,
|
|
Java Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other
|
|
tributary water bodies
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the US;
|
|
third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger
|
|
than the Arctic Ocean)
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 66,526 km
|
|
|
|
Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June
|
|
to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in
|
|
the north Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular
|
|
system of currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface
|
|
currents in the north Indian Ocean--low pressure over southwest Asia from hot,
|
|
rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast
|
|
winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling,
|
|
winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds
|
|
and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and
|
|
subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge,
|
|
and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java Trench
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and
|
|
gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
|
|
|
|
Environment: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
|
|
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and
|
|
Red Sea
|
|
|
|
Note: major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz,
|
|
Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait;
|
|
ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from
|
|
May to October
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Indian Ocean provides a major transportation highway
|
|
for the movement of petroleum products from the Middle East to Europe
|
|
and North and South American countries. Fish from the ocean are of growing
|
|
economic importance to many of the bordering countries as a source of both food
|
|
and exports. Fishing fleets from the USSR, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit
|
|
the Indian Ocean for mostly shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are
|
|
being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western
|
|
Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from
|
|
the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer
|
|
deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India,
|
|
South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
|
|
|
|
Industries: based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly
|
|
marine life, minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel
|
|
aggregates, placer deposits
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India),
|
|
Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia),
|
|
Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: no submarine cables
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Indonesia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,919,440 km2; land area: 1,826,440 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,602 km total; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea
|
|
820 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 54,716 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: East Timor question with Portugal
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,
|
|
copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
|
67% forest and woodland; 15% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional
|
|
floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea
|
|
lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 190,136,221 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 75 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 58 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Indonesian(s); adjective--Indonesian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45.0% Javanese, 14.0%
|
|
Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26.0% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1%
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English
|
|
and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken
|
|
of which is Javanese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 62%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 67,000,000; 55% agriculture, 10% manufacturing,
|
|
4% construction, 3% transport and communications (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Indonesia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Jakarta
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
|
|
singular--propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa,
|
|
singular--daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district**
|
|
(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**,
|
|
Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
|
|
Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku,
|
|
Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,
|
|
Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat,
|
|
Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
|
|
|
|
Independence: 17 August 1945 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands
|
|
or Dutch East Indies)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949
|
|
and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
|
|
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
(Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note--the People's Consultative Assembly
|
|
(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly
|
|
elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and
|
|
vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. (Ret.)
|
|
SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO
|
|
(since 11 March 1983)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on
|
|
functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Wahono, general chairman; Indonesia
|
|
Democracy Party (PDI--federation of former Nationalist and Christian
|
|
Parties), Soeryadi, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation
|
|
of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan Metareum, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 23 April 1987
|
|
(next to be held 23 April 1992);
|
|
results--Golkar 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%;
|
|
seats--(500 total--400 elected, 100 appointed) Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966;
|
|
current strength about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized
|
|
activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries,
|
|
CCC, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY;
|
|
Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
|
|
telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian Consulates General in Houston,
|
|
New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in Chicago and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5,
|
|
Jakarta (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96356);
|
|
telephone p62o (21) 360-360; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
|
|
flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland which is
|
|
white (top) and red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions
|
|
and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private
|
|
enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth but, with a large and
|
|
rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. GNP growth in 1985-89
|
|
averaged about 4%, somewhat short of the 5% rate needed to absorb the 2.3
|
|
million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including
|
|
forestry and fishing, is the most important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP
|
|
and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's
|
|
largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient.
|
|
Plantation crops--rubber and palm oil--are being encouraged for both
|
|
export and job generation. The diverse natural resources include crude
|
|
oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector
|
|
dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the
|
|
government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989.
|
|
Japan is Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $80 billion, per capita $430; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $20.9 billion; expenditures $20.9 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%;
|
|
partners--Japan 42%, US 16%, Singapore 9%, EC 11% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery
|
|
39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%;
|
|
partners--Japan 26%, EC 19%, US 13%, Singapore 7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $55.0 billion, medium and long-term (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.8% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
200 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer
|
|
production, timber, food, rubber
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation
|
|
production for export; rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, copra,
|
|
other tropical products
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
|
drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating
|
|
plantings and prosecuting traffickers
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4.2 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $19.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$175 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (plural--rupiahs);
|
|
1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--1,804.9 (January 1990),
|
|
1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987), 1,282.6 (1986), 1,110.6 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter
|
|
gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all
|
|
government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial,
|
|
and 73,508 km district roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura
|
|
820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,505 km; refined products, 456 km; natural gas,
|
|
1,703 km (1989)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang,
|
|
Semarang, Surabaya
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 313 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,480,912
|
|
GRT/2,245,233 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo,
|
|
173 cargo, 6 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier,
|
|
77 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker,
|
|
2 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 24 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: about 216 commercial transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 468 total, 435 usable; 106 with permanent-surface runways; 1
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 62 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net;
|
|
domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage
|
|
good; 763,000 telephones (1986); stations--618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 49,283,496; 29,137,291 fit for military
|
|
service; 2,098,169 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Iran
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,648,000 km2; land area: 1,636,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,492 km total; Afghanistan 936 km, Iraq 1,458 km,
|
|
Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, USSR 1,690 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,180 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 50 nm in the Sea of Oman, median-line
|
|
boundaries in the Persian Gulf;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Iran began formal UN peace negotiations with Iraq in August
|
|
1988 to end the war that began on 22 September 1980--troop withdrawal,
|
|
freedom of navigation, sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway and
|
|
prisoner-of-war exchange are the major issues for negotiation; Kurdish
|
|
question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR; occupies three
|
|
islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by UAE (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa
|
|
or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb,
|
|
and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); periodic disputes with
|
|
Afghanistan over Helmand water rights; Boluch question with Afghanistan
|
|
and Pakistan
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,
|
|
mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper,
|
|
iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 27% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 11% forest and woodland; 54% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; desertification
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 55,647,001 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Iranian(s); adjective--Iranian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 51% Persian, 25% Azerbaijani, 9% Kurd, 8% Gilaki
|
|
and Mazandarani, 2% Lur, 1% Baloch, 1% Arab, 3% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Shia Muslim, 4% Sunni Muslim, 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish,
|
|
Christian, and Bahai
|
|
|
|
Language: 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic
|
|
dialects, 9% Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 48% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 15,400,000; 33% agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of
|
|
skilled labor (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Iran
|
|
|
|
Type: theocratic republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tehran
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (ostanha, singular--ostan);
|
|
Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, Azarbayjan-e Khavari,
|
|
Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,
|
|
Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam,
|
|
Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan,
|
|
Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan,
|
|
Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan,
|
|
Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of
|
|
the presidency
|
|
|
|
Legal system: the new Constitution codifies Islamic principles of
|
|
government
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: cleric (faqih), president, Council of Cabinet Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly
|
|
(Majlis-e-Shura-e-Islami)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Cleric and functional Chief of State--Leader of the Islamic
|
|
Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 3 June 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--President Ali Akbar RAFSANJANI (since 3 August
|
|
1989);
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: there are at least seven licensed
|
|
parties; the two most important are--Militant Clerics Association, Mehdi
|
|
Mahdavi-Karubi and Mohammad Asqar Musavi-Khoinima; Fedaiyin Islam
|
|
Organization, Sadeq Khalkhali
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 15
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held NA July 1989 (next to be held April 1993);
|
|
results--Ali Akbar Rafsanjani was elected with only token opposition;
|
|
|
|
Islamic Consultative Assembly--last held 8 April and 13 May
|
|
1988 (next to be held April 1992); results--percent of vote by party
|
|
NA;
|
|
seats--(270 seats total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est.
|
|
sympathizers; crackdown in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders
|
|
began in late 1983 and remain incomplete
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: groups that generally
|
|
support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah,
|
|
Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students
|
|
Following the Line of the Imam, and Tehran Militant Clergy Association;
|
|
Mojahedin Khalq Organization (MKO), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic
|
|
Party are armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by
|
|
the government
|
|
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, IDA, IDB, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IPU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO,
|
|
WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none; protecting power in the US is
|
|
Algeria--Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-4990;
|
|
US--protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the
|
|
national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered
|
|
in the white band; Allah Akbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
|
|
repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the
|
|
top edge of the red band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Since the 1979 revolution, the banks, petroleum industry,
|
|
transportation, utilities, and mining have been nationalized, but the
|
|
new five-year plan--the first since the revolution--passed in January
|
|
1990, calls for the transfer of many government-controlled enterprises
|
|
to the private sector. War-related disruptions, massive corruption,
|
|
mismanagement, demographic pressures, and ideological rigidities have kept
|
|
economic growth at depressed levels. Oil accounts for 90% of export
|
|
revenues. A combination of war damage and low oil prices brought a 2%
|
|
drop in GNP in 1988. GNP probably rose slightly in 1989, considerably
|
|
short of the 3.4% population growth rate in 1989. Heating oil and gasoline
|
|
are rationed. Agriculture has suffered from the war, land reform, and shortages
|
|
of equipment and materials. The five-year plan seeks to reinvigorate the
|
|
economy by increasing the role of the private sector, boosting nonoil
|
|
income, and securing foreign loans. The plan is overly ambitious but
|
|
probably will generate some short-term relief.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $97.6 billion, per capita $1,800; real growth rate 0-1% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50-80% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 30% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $55.1 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $11.5 billion (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides;
|
|
partners--Japan, Turkey, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, France, FRG
|
|
|
|
Imports: $12.0 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--machinery,
|
|
military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, technical services,
|
|
refined oil products; partners--FRG, Japan, Turkey, UK, Italy
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4-5 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
740 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building
|
|
materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil
|
|
production), metal fabricating (steel and copper)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: principal products--rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits,
|
|
nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and
|
|
international drug trade
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.5 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $976 million; note--aid fell sharply
|
|
following the 1979 revolution
|
|
|
|
Currency: Iranian rial (plural--rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars;
|
|
note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
|
|
(plural--tomans), which equals 10 rials
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--70.019 (January 1990),
|
|
72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter
|
|
gauge; 730 km under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas
|
|
|
|
Highways: 140,072 km total; 46,866 km gravel and crushed stone; 49,440 km
|
|
improved earth; 42,566 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surfaces;
|
|
1,200 km (est.) of rural road network
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by
|
|
maritime traffic for about 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because
|
|
of Iran-Iraq war
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined products, 3,900 km; natural gas,
|
|
3,300 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war),
|
|
Bandar Beheshti, Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni,
|
|
Bandar-e Shahid Rajai, Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting
|
|
during 1980-88 war)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 133 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,631,836
|
|
GRT/8,662,454 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 33 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
49 bulk, 2 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 201 total, 175 usable; 82 with permanent-surface runways; 17
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 68 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: radio relay extends throughout country; system
|
|
centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 telephones; stations--62 AM, 30 FM, 250 TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations--2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT;
|
|
HF and microwave to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, and USSR
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force,
|
|
and Revolutionary Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and
|
|
naval forces), Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,302,967; 7,332,614 fit for military
|
|
service; 569,647 reach military age (21) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 8% of GNP, or $7.8 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Iraq
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 434,920 km2; land area: 433,970 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,454 km total; Iran 1,458 km, Iraq - Saudi Arabia
|
|
Neutral Zone 191 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 495 km,
|
|
Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 58 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Iraq began formal UN peace negotiations with Iran in August
|
|
1988 to end the war that began on 22 September 1980--sovereignty over the Shatt
|
|
al Arab waterway, troop withdrawal, freedom of navigation, and
|
|
prisoner of war exchange are the major issues for negotiation; Kurdish
|
|
question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR; shares Neutral Zone with
|
|
Saudi Arabia--in July 1975, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed an agreement
|
|
to divide the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified
|
|
before it becomes effective; disputes Kuwaiti ownership of Warbah and
|
|
Bubiyan islands; periodic disputes with upstream riparian
|
|
Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over water
|
|
development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains
|
|
along borders with Iran and Turkey
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
|
|
|
|
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 9% meadows and pastures;
|
|
3% forest and woodland; 75% other; includes 4% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: development of Tigris-Euphrates river systems contingent
|
|
upon agreements with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water
|
|
pollution; soil degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 18,781,770 (July 1990), growth rate 3.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Iraqi(s); adjective--Iraqi
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 75-80% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish, 5% Turkoman, Assyrian
|
|
or other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Muslim (60-65% Shia, 32-37% Sunni), 3% Christian or other
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions),
|
|
Assyrian, Armenian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 55-65% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,400,000 (1984); 39% services, 33% agriculture, 28%
|
|
industry, severe labor shortage (1987); expatriate labor force about
|
|
1,000,000 (1989)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: less than 10% of the labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Iraq
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Baghdad
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna,
|
|
Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, As Sulaymaniyah, At Tamim, Babil,
|
|
Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Arbil, Karbala,
|
|
Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under
|
|
British administration)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim
|
|
Constitution); new constitution now in final stages of drafting
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law
|
|
system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary
|
|
Command Council, vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council,
|
|
prime minister, first deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al Umma)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Saddam HUSAYN
|
|
(since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF
|
|
(since 21 April 1974)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: National Progressive Front is a coalition of the
|
|
Arab Bath Socialist Party, Kurdistan Democratic Party, and Kurdistan
|
|
Revolutionary Party
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--Shia Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Sunni Arabs 53%, Christians 2% est.;
|
|
seats--(250 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 1,500 hardcore members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: political parties and activity
|
|
severely restricted; possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected
|
|
members of the regime, Army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Mohamed Sadiq AL-MASHAT;
|
|
Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500;
|
|
US--Ambassador April C. GLASPIE; Embassy in Masbah Quarter (opposite the
|
|
Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah,
|
|
Baghdad); telephone p964o (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with
|
|
three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
|
|
similar to the flags of the YAR which has one star and Syria which has two stars
|
|
(in a horizontal line centered in the white band)--all green and five-pointed;
|
|
also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the
|
|
white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Bathist regime engages in extensive central planning
|
|
and management of industrial production and foreign trade while leaving
|
|
some small-scale industry and services and most agriculture to
|
|
private enterprise. The economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides
|
|
about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. Since the early 1980s financial
|
|
problems, caused by war expenditures and damage to oil export facilities by
|
|
Iran, have led the government to implement austerity measures and to reschedule
|
|
foreign debt payments. Oil exports have gradually increased with the
|
|
construction of new pipelines. Agricultural development remains hampered by
|
|
labor shortages, salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform
|
|
and collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high
|
|
priority by the government, is under financial constraints. New investment funds
|
|
are generally allocated only to projects that result in import substitution or
|
|
foreign exchange earnings.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30-40% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: less than 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA billion; expenditures $35 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $12.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--crude oil and refined products, machinery, chemicals, dates;
|
|
partners--US, Brazil, USSR, Italy, Turkey, France, Japan, Yugoslavia
|
|
(1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $10.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--manufactures, food;
|
|
partners--Turkey, US, FRG, UK, France, Japan, Romania, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Brazil (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $40 billion (1988 est.), excluding debt to Persian
|
|
Gulf Arab states
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 9,902,000 kW capacity; 20,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,110 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food
|
|
processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for less than 10% of GNP but 33% of labor force;
|
|
principal products--wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit,
|
|
cotton, wool; livestock--cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $607
|
|
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1980-89), $37.2 billion; Communist countries
|
|
(1970-88), $3.9 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Iraqi dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1--0.3109 (fixed rate since 1982)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,962 km total; 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 505 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 25,479 km total; 8,290 km paved, 5,534 km improved earth,
|
|
11,655 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab usually navigable by maritime
|
|
traffic for about 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq
|
|
war; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers (of little
|
|
importance); Shatt al Basrah canal navigable in sections by
|
|
shallow-draft vessels
|
|
|
|
Ports: Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 947,721
|
|
GRT/1,703,988 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 18 cargo,
|
|
1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 4,350 km; 725 km refined products; 1,360 km natural
|
|
gas
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 64 major transport aircraft (including 30 IL-76s
|
|
used by the Iraq Air Force)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 111 total, 101 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 53 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio relay
|
|
links, and radiocommunication stations; 632,000 telephones; stations--9
|
|
AM, 1 FM, 81 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT,
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik
|
|
system; coaxial cable and radio relay to Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, mobile
|
|
police force, Republican Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,097,190; 2,284,417 fit for military
|
|
service; 219,701 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 3,520 km2; land area: 3,520 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 389 km total; 191 km Iraq, 198 km Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: harsh, dry desert
|
|
|
|
Terrain: sandy desert
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other (sandy desert)
|
|
|
|
Environment: harsh, inhospitable
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; located west of quadripoint with Iraq, Kuwait, and
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: joint administration by Iraq and Saudi Arabia; in July 1975,
|
|
Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed an agreement to divide the zone between
|
|
them, but the agreement must be ratified, however, before it becomes
|
|
effective.
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: none; some secondary roads
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the joint responsibility of Iraq and Saudi Arabia
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ireland
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 70,280 km2; land area: 68,890 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 360 km with UK
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,448 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: no precise definition;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary with the UK; Northern Ireland question with
|
|
the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK
|
|
(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current;
|
|
mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged
|
|
hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite,
|
|
copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver
|
|
|
|
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 71% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 5% forest and woodland; 10% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,500,212 (July 1990), growth rate -0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective--Irish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minority
|
|
|
|
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally
|
|
used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,310,000; 57.3% services, 19.1% manufacturing and
|
|
construction, 14.8% agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Ireland
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Dublin
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork,
|
|
Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick,
|
|
Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary,
|
|
Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 December 1921 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1937
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by
|
|
indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an
|
|
upper house or Senate (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of
|
|
Representatives (Dail Eireann)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Dr. Patrick J. HILLERY (since 3 December
|
|
1976);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Charles J. HAUGHEY (since 12 July
|
|
1989, the fourth time elected as prime minister)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey;
|
|
Labor Party, Richard Spring; Fine Gael, Alan Dukes; Communist Party
|
|
of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Workers' Party, Proinsias DeRossa;
|
|
Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'Malley;
|
|
note--Prime Minister Haughey heads a coalition consisting of the
|
|
Fianna Fail and the Progressive Democrats
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 21 October 1983 (next to be held October
|
|
1990); results--Dr. Patrick Hillery reelected;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 16, Labor 3,
|
|
Independents 11;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held
|
|
NA June 1994);
|
|
results--Fianna Fail 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%,
|
|
Progressive Democrats 5.4%, Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%,
|
|
independents 5.9%;
|
|
seats--(166 total) Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15,
|
|
Workers' Party 7, Progressive Democrats 6, independents 6
|
|
|
|
Communists: under 500
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, Council of Europe, EC, EMS, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Padraic N. MACKERNAN; Chancery at
|
|
2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939;
|
|
there are Irish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and
|
|
San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road,
|
|
Ballsbridge, Dublin; telephone p353o (1) 688777
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange;
|
|
similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which is shorter and has the colors
|
|
reversed--orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of
|
|
Italy which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture,
|
|
once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for
|
|
35% of GNP and about 80% of exports and employs 20% of the labor force. The
|
|
government has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit
|
|
figures in the late 1970s to about 4% in 1989. In 1987, after years of deficits,
|
|
the balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however,
|
|
is a serious problem. A 1989 unemployment rate of 17.7% placed Ireland
|
|
along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in
|
|
Western Europe.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $31.4 billion, per capita $8,900; real growth rate 4.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 17.7% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $10.9 billion; expenditures $11.2 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $20.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--live animals,
|
|
animal products, chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery;
|
|
partners--EC 74% (UK 35%, FRG 11%, France 9%), US 8%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $17.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--food, animal
|
|
feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, textiles,
|
|
clothing; partners--EC 66% (UK 42%, FRG 9%, France 4%), US 16%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $16.1 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 9.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,080 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals,
|
|
pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP and 14.8% of the labor force;
|
|
principal crops--turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat;
|
|
livestock--meat and dairy products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food
|
|
shortages include bread grain, fruits, vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: Irish pound (plural--pounds); 1 Irish pound (LIr) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Irish pounds (LIr) per US$1--0.6399 (January 1990),
|
|
0.7047 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987), 0.7454 (1986), 0.9384 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter
|
|
gauge, government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed
|
|
stone
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 67 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 113,569 GRT/139,681
|
|
DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
2 container, 23 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 specialized
|
|
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 40 total, 37 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio relay
|
|
circuits; 900,000 telephones; stations--45 AM, 16 (29 relays) FM, 18
|
|
(68 relays) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air Corps
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 870,161; 705,765 fit for military service;
|
|
33,259 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $500 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Israel
|
|
(also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries)
|
|
Note: The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not
|
|
included in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and
|
|
reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final
|
|
status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors,
|
|
and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the
|
|
concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these
|
|
negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the
|
|
completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West
|
|
Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip
|
|
entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt.
|
|
Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the Syria
|
|
entry.
|
|
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 20,770 km2; land area: 20,330 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,006 km total; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km,
|
|
Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307, Gaza Strip 51 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 273 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the
|
|
1949 Armistice Line; differences with Jordan over the location
|
|
of the 1949 Armistice Line which separates the two countries;
|
|
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status
|
|
to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli troops in southern
|
|
Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; hot and dry in desert areas
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains;
|
|
Jordan Rift Valley
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand,
|
|
sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 17% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
|
6% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes 11% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited
|
|
arable land and natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation;
|
|
|
|
Note: there are 173 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 35 in the
|
|
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built
|
|
Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,409,218 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1989); includes
|
|
70,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 10,500 in the Israeli-occupied
|
|
Golan Heights, 2,500 in the Gaza Strip, and 110,000 in East Jerusalem
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (July 1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 79 years female (July 1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Israeli(s); adjective--Israeli
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 83% Jewish, 17% non-Jewish (mostly Arab)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 83% Judaism, 13.1% Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim), 2.3% Christian,
|
|
1.6% Druze
|
|
|
|
Language: Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority;
|
|
English most commonly used foreign language
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 88% Jews, 70% Arabs
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,400,000 (1984 est.); 29.5% public services; 22.8% industry,
|
|
mining, and manufacturing; 12.8% commerce; 9.5% finance and business;
|
|
6.8% transport, storage, and communications; 6.5% construction and public works;
|
|
5.5% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 5.8% personal and other services;
|
|
1.0% electricity and water (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: State of Israel
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US,
|
|
like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 districts (mehozot, singular--mehoz); Central,
|
|
Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv
|
|
|
|
Independence: 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British
|
|
administration)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a
|
|
constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic
|
|
laws of the Parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of English common law, British Mandate
|
|
regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal
|
|
systems; in December 1985 Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would
|
|
no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 May 1989; Israel declared
|
|
independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday
|
|
may occur in April or May
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Knesset
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Gen. Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986);
|
|
Vice Prime Minister Shimon PERES (Prime Minister from 13 September 1984 to
|
|
20 October 1986, when he rotated to Vice Prime Minister)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Israel currently has a national unity
|
|
government comprising five parties that hold 95 of the Knesset's
|
|
120 seats; Members of the unity government--Likud bloc, Prime
|
|
Minister Yitzhak Shamir; Labor Party, Vice Prime Minister and Finance
|
|
Minister Shimon Peres; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), Minister of
|
|
Immigrant Absorption Yitzhak Peretz; National Religious Party, Minister of
|
|
Religious Affairs Zevulun Hammer; Agudat Yisrael, Deputy Minister
|
|
of Labor and Social Welfare Moshe Zeev Feldman;
|
|
|
|
Opposition parties--Tehiya Party, Yuval Ne'eman; Tzomet Party,
|
|
Rafael Eytan; Moledet Party, Rehavam Ze'evi; Degel HaTorah, Avraham
|
|
Ravitz; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; United Workers' Party
|
|
(MAPAM), Yair Tzaban; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon Rubenstein; New
|
|
Communist Party of Israel (RAKAH), Meir Wilner; Progressive List for
|
|
Peace, Muhammad Mi'ari; Arab Democratic Party, Abd Al Wahab Darawshah
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February
|
|
1994); results--Gen. Chaim Herzog reelected by Knesset;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 1 November 1988 (next to be held by
|
|
November 1992);
|
|
seats--(120 total) Likud bloc 40, Labor Party 39, SHAS 6, National Religious
|
|
Party 5, Agudat Yisrael 5, Citizens' Rights Movement 5, RAKAH 4,
|
|
Tehiya Party 3, MAPAM 3, Tzomet Party 2, Moledet Party 2, Degel HaTorah 2,
|
|
Center Movement-Shinui 2, Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership)
|
|
has some 1,500 members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists
|
|
advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now,
|
|
critical of government's West Bank/Gaza Strip and Lebanon policies
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Moshe ARAD; Chancery at
|
|
3514 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500;
|
|
there are Israeli Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston,
|
|
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador William A. BROWN; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street,
|
|
Tel Aviv (mailing address is APO New York 09672); telephone p972o (3) 654338;
|
|
there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the
|
|
Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands
|
|
near the top and bottom edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government
|
|
participation. It depends on imports for crude oil, food, grains, raw materials,
|
|
and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has developed
|
|
its agriculture and industry sectors on an intensive scale over the past 20
|
|
years. Industry accounts for about 23% of the labor force, agriculture for 6%,
|
|
and services for most of the balance. Diamonds, high-technology
|
|
machinery, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the
|
|
biggest export earners. The balance of payments has traditionally
|
|
been negative, but is offset by large transfer payments and foreign loans.
|
|
Nearly two-thirds of Israel's $16 billion external debt is owed to
|
|
the US, which is its major source for economic and military aid.
|
|
To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel must continue to exploit
|
|
high-technology niches in the international market, such as medical
|
|
scanning equipment. In 1987 the economy showed a 5.2% growth in real GNP, the
|
|
best gain in nearly a decade; in 1988-89 the gain was only 1% annually,
|
|
largely because of the economic impact of the Palestinian uprising
|
|
(intifadah). Inflation dropped from an annual rate of over 400%
|
|
in 1984 to about 16% in 1987-88 without any major increase in
|
|
unemployment.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $38 billion, per capita $8,700; real growth rate 1% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9% (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $24.2 billion; expenditures $26.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $7 billion (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--polished
|
|
diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods,
|
|
fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics;
|
|
partners--US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy
|
|
|
|
Imports: $12.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--military
|
|
equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals,
|
|
textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft; partners--US, FRG, UK, Switzerland,
|
|
Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
External debt: $16.4 billion (March 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,392,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,000 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles,
|
|
clothing, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment,
|
|
electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology
|
|
electronics, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP; largely self-sufficient in food
|
|
production, except for bread grains; principal products--citrus and other
|
|
fruits, vegetables, cotton; livestock products--beef, dairy, and poultry
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $15.8 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.2 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural--shekels);
|
|
1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--1.9450
|
|
(January 1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986),
|
|
1.1788 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 594 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated
|
|
|
|
Highways: 4,500 km; majority is bituminous surfaced
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Ashdod, Haifa, Elat
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 483,424
|
|
GRT/560,085 DWT; includes 9 cargo, 20 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 55 total, 52 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East though not
|
|
the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV; 2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically there have been no separate
|
|
Israeli military services; ground, air, and naval components are branches of
|
|
Israel Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 2,159,462; of the 1,089,346 males
|
|
15-49, 898,272 are fit for military service; of the 1,070,116 females 15-49,
|
|
878,954 are fit for military service; 43,644 males and 41,516 females reach
|
|
military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 8.5% of GNP, or $3.2 billion (1989 est.);
|
|
note--does not include an estimated $1.8 billion in US military aid
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Italy
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 301,230 km2; land area: 294,020 km2; includes Sardinia
|
|
and Sicily
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,902.2 km total; Austria 430 km, France 488 km,
|
|
San Marino 39 km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km, Yugoslavia
|
|
202 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,996 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: South Tyrol question with Austria
|
|
|
|
Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry
|
|
in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling
|
|
natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal
|
|
|
|
Land use: 32% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 17% meadows and pastures;
|
|
22% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 10% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides,
|
|
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as
|
|
well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 57,664,405 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Italian(s); adjective--Italian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters
|
|
of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians
|
|
in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians
|
|
|
|
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly
|
|
German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region;
|
|
Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 93%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 23,670,000; 56.7% services, 37.9% industry, 5.4% agriculture
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 40-45% of labor force (est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Italian Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Rome
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular--regione);
|
|
Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia,
|
|
Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia,
|
|
Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto
|
|
|
|
Independence: 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1948
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law
|
|
influence; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister,
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of
|
|
an upper chamber or Senate (Senato) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
(Camera dei Deputati)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July 1989,
|
|
heads the government for the sixth time); Deputy Prime Minister Claudio
|
|
MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo
|
|
Forlani (general secretary), Ciriaco De Mita (president); Communist Party
|
|
(PCI), Achille Occhetto (secretary general); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino
|
|
Craxi (party secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Antonio Cariglia (party
|
|
secretary); Liberal Party (PLI), Renato Altissimo (secretary general); Italian
|
|
Social Movement (MSI), Giuseppe (Pino) Rauti (national secretary); Republican
|
|
Party (PRI), Giorgio La Malfa (political secretary); Italy's 49th postwar
|
|
government was formed on 23 July 1989, with Prime Minister Andreotti,
|
|
a Christian Democrat, presiding over a five-party coalition consisting of the
|
|
Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, Republicans, and Liberals
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where
|
|
minimum age is 25)
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992);
|
|
results--DC 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, others 27.1%;
|
|
seats--(320 total, 315 elected) DC 125, PCI 100, PSI 36, others 54;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by
|
|
June 1992);
|
|
results--DC 34.3%, PCI 26.6%, PSI 14.3%, MSI 5.9%, PRI 3.7%, PSDI 3.0%,
|
|
Radicals 2.6%, Greens 2.5%, PLI 2.1%, Proletarian Democrats 1.7%,
|
|
others 3.3%;
|
|
seats--(630 total) DC 234, PCI 177, PSI 94, MSI 35, PRI 21, PSDI 17,
|
|
Radicals 13, Greens 13, PLI 11, Proletarian Democrats 8, others 7
|
|
|
|
Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Vatican City; three major
|
|
trade union confederations (CGIL--Communist dominated, CISL--Christian
|
|
Democratic, and UIL--Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican);
|
|
Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups
|
|
(Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB,
|
|
EMS, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rinaldo PETRIGNANI; Chancery at
|
|
1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500;
|
|
there are Italian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans,
|
|
Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and
|
|
Newark (New Jersey);
|
|
US--Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome
|
|
(mailing address is APO New York 09794); telephone p39o (6) 46741; there are
|
|
US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, and Palermo (Sicily)
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red;
|
|
similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and is green (hoist side), white,
|
|
and orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which has the colors
|
|
reversed--orange (hoist side), white, and green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on
|
|
agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total
|
|
and per capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a
|
|
developed industrial north, dominated by large private companies and state
|
|
enterprises and an undeveloped agricultural south. Services account for 58% of
|
|
GDP, industry 37%, and agriculture 5%. Most raw materials needed by industry and
|
|
over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. The economic recovery that
|
|
began in mid-1983 has continued through 1989, with the economy growing at an
|
|
annual average rate of 3%. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of
|
|
refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing the increasing
|
|
pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new
|
|
competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the
|
|
European Community.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $803.3 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth rate 3.3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 11.9% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $355 billion; expenditures $448 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $141.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles,
|
|
wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals;
|
|
partners--EC 57%, US 9%, OPEC 4%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $143.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural products;
|
|
partners--EC 57%, OPEC 6%, US 6%
|
|
|
|
External debt: NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.9% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 56,022,000 kW capacity; 201,400 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, iron and steel,
|
|
chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 5% of GNP and 5% of the
|
|
work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat and dairy products;
|
|
principal crops--fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets,
|
|
soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 554,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $18.7 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100
|
|
centesimi
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,262.5 (January 1990),
|
|
1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned
|
|
standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned--2,100 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter
|
|
narrow gauge (380 km electrified)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrada 5,900 km, state highways 45,170
|
|
km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km
|
|
concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone,
|
|
7,010 km earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial
|
|
traffic, although of limited overall value
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas,
|
|
19,400 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples,
|
|
Palermo (Sicily), Taranto, Trieste, Venice
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 547 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,871,505
|
|
GRT/10,805,368 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 41 short-sea passenger, 100 cargo,
|
|
5 refrigerated cargo, 22 container, 72 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 2 livestock carrier, 147 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 37 chemical tanker, 29 liquefied gas, 8
|
|
specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 55 bulk, 2 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 143 total, 138 usable; 88 with permanent-surface runways; 2
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: well engineered, constructed, and operated;
|
|
28,000,000 telephones; stations--144 AM, 54 (over 1,800 repeaters) FM,
|
|
135 (over 1,300 repeaters) TV; 22 submarine cables; communication satellite
|
|
earth stations operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean,
|
|
INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,721,704; 12,855,022 fit for military
|
|
service; 430,782 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.4% of GDP, or $19 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Ivory Coast
|
|
(also known as Cote d'Ivoire)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 322,460 km2; land area: 318,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,110 km total; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea
|
|
610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 515 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
|
|
seasons--warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May),
|
|
hot and wet (June to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore,
|
|
cobalt, bauxite, copper
|
|
|
|
Land use: 9% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 9% meadows and pastures;
|
|
26% forest and woodland; 52% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 12,478,024 (July 1990), growth rate 4.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 100 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Ivorian(s); adjective--Ivorian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule
|
|
23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; about 2 million foreign
|
|
Africans, mostly Burkinabe; about 130,000 to 330,000 non-Africans
|
|
(30,000 French and 100,000 to 300,000 Lebanese)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely
|
|
spoken
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 42.7%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, for
|
|
estry,
|
|
livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in
|
|
agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and
|
|
professions; 54% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of the Ivory Coast; note--the local official
|
|
name is Republique de Cote d'Ivoire
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime established 1960
|
|
|
|
Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but
|
|
not recognized by US)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 49 departments (departements,
|
|
singular--(departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville,
|
|
Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna,
|
|
Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue,
|
|
Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota,
|
|
Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra,
|
|
Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tengrela, Tiassale, Touba,
|
|
Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula
|
|
|
|
Independence: 7 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 November 1960
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
|
|
judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 7 December
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Felix
|
|
HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Democratic Party of
|
|
the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix Houphouet-Boigny
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held October 1990);
|
|
results--President Felix Houphouet-Boigny was reelected without
|
|
opposition to his fifth consecutive five-year term;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 10 November 1985 (next to be held
|
|
10 November 1990);
|
|
results--PDCI is the only party;
|
|
seats--(175 total) PDCI 175
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate),
|
|
Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at
|
|
2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300;
|
|
US--Ambassador Kenneth BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01); telephone p225o 32-09-79
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green;
|
|
similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and has the colors
|
|
reversed--green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of
|
|
Italy which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag
|
|
of France
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and
|
|
exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy
|
|
is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa
|
|
and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the
|
|
economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. The
|
|
agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of export
|
|
earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of world cocoa and
|
|
coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, from which the country
|
|
had not recovered by 1989.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $10.0 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate - 6.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 14% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.6 billion (1986); expenditures $2.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $504 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--cocoa 30%,
|
|
coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton;
|
|
partners--France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw materials and
|
|
fuels 10%; partners--France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $14.7 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,081,000 kW capacity; 2,440 million kWh produced,
|
|
210 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile
|
|
assembly, textiles, fertilizer, beverage
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP
|
|
and 80% to exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber,
|
|
bananas, palm kernels, rubber; food crops--corn, rice, manioc, sweet
|
|
potatoes; not selfsufficient in bread grain and dairy products
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the
|
|
international drug trade
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $344 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.6 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge,
|
|
single track, except 25 km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bituminous and bituminous-treated
|
|
surface; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,000
|
|
km unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal
|
|
lagoons
|
|
|
|
Ports: Abidjan, San-Pedro
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/
|
|
90,684 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
1 chemical tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned
|
|
Air Afrique fleet
|
|
|
|
Airports: 49 total, 42 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open-wire
|
|
lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; stations--3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV;
|
|
2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,874,925; 1,487,909 fit for military
|
|
service; 141,193 males reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.9% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Jamaica
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 10,990 km2; land area: 10,830 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,022 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum, limestone
|
|
|
|
Land use: 19% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
|
|
28% forest and woodland; 29% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially July to November);
|
|
deforestation; water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica
|
|
Channel, the main sea lanes for Panama Canal
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,441,396 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Jamaican(s); adjective--Jamaican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 76.3% African, 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and
|
|
Afro-East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese and Afro-Chinese, 0.8% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Protestant (including Anglican and Baptist), some
|
|
Roman Catholic, some spiritualist cults
|
|
|
|
Language: English, Creole
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 74%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 728,700; 32% agriculture, 28% industry and commerce,
|
|
27% services, 13% government; shortage of technical and managerial personnel
|
|
(1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1989)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kingston
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston,
|
|
Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint
|
|
Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 August 1962 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 6 August 1962
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day (first Monday in August), 6 August 1990
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE (since 2 March 1973);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Michael MANLEY (since 9 February 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP), Michael
|
|
Manley; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; Workers' Party of Jamaica
|
|
(WPJ), Trevor Munroe
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held
|
|
by February 1994);
|
|
results--PNP 57%, JLP 43%;
|
|
seats--(60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15
|
|
|
|
Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica (Marxist-Leninist)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,
|
|
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Keith JOHNSON; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660;
|
|
there are Jamaican Consulates General in Miami and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Glen HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life
|
|
Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone p809o 929-4850
|
|
|
|
Flag: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles--green
|
|
(top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism.
|
|
In 1985 it suffered a setback with the closure of some facilities in the
|
|
bauxite and alumina industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since
|
|
1986 an economic recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to
|
|
improve for the bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal
|
|
prices. The recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and
|
|
tourism sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe
|
|
damage on crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary
|
|
setback to the economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the
|
|
hurricane was largely complete and real growth was up about 3% for 1989.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3.8 billion, per capita $1,529; real growth rate 3.0% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 18.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $948 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas;
|
|
partners--US 40%, UK, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Norway
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods; partners--US 46%,
|
|
UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,437,000 kW capacity; 2,390 million kWh produced,
|
|
960 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing,
|
|
light manufactures
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP, one-third of work force, and
|
|
17% of exports; commercial crops--sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes,
|
|
and vegetables; livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk;
|
|
not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis has decreased, with
|
|
production shifting from large to small plots and nurseries to evade
|
|
aerial detection and eradication
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.1 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.2 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $27 million; Communist countries (1974-88),
|
|
$349 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Jamaican dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1--6.5013 (January 1990),
|
|
5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986), 5.5586 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km
|
|
improved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kingston, Montego Bay
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,048 GRT/21,412
|
|
DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils,
|
|
and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 41 total, 25 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network;
|
|
127,000 telephones; stations--10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 620,400; 440,967 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription; 27,014 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.1% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Jan Mayen
|
|
(territory of Norway)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 373 km2; land area: 373 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 124.1 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 4 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween
|
|
Greenland and Jan Mayen
|
|
|
|
Climate: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the
|
|
highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: barren volcanic island with some moss and grass;
|
|
volcanic activity resumed in 1970
|
|
|
|
Note: located 590 km north-northwest of Iceland between
|
|
the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea north of the Arctic Circle
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent inhabitants
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Norway
|
|
|
|
Note: administered by a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen
|
|
(Svalbard)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable
|
|
natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services
|
|
for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on
|
|
the island.
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced,
|
|
NA kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: radio and meteorological station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Japan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 377,835 km2; land area: 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands
|
|
(Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima,
|
|
Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 29,751 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in international straits--La Perouse or
|
|
Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or
|
|
Tsushima Strait)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Habomai Islands, Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands
|
|
occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; Kuril Islands
|
|
administered by Soviet Union; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea;
|
|
Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible mineral resources, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 13% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
67% forest and woodland; 18% other; includes 9% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
|
|
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location in northeast Asia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 123,642,461 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 82 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
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Nationality: noun--Japanese (sing., pl.); adjective--Japanese
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Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other (mostly Korean)
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Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16%
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belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian
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Language: Japanese
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Literacy: 99%
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Labor force: 63,330,000; 54% trade and services; 33% manufacturing,
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mining, and construction; 7% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 3% government
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(1988)
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Organized labor: about 29% of employed workers; 76.4% public service,
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57.9% transportation and telecommunications, 48.7% mining, 33.7% manufacturing,
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18.2% services, 9.3% wholesale, retail, and restaurant
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- Government
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Long-form name: none
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Type: constitutional monarchy
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Capital: Tokyo
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Administrative divisions: 47 prefectures (fuken, singular and plural);
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Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma,
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Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima,
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Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki,
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Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga,
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Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama,
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Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi
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Independence: 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu;
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3 May 1947, constitutional monarchy established
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Constitution: 3 May 1947
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Legal system: civil law system with English-American influence;
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judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory
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ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)
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Executive branch: emperor, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or
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House of Councillors (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives
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(Shugi-in)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Toshiki KAIFU (since 9 August 1989)
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Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP),
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Toshiki Kaifu, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), T. Doi, chairman;
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Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keigo Ouchi, chairman; Japan
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Communist Party (JCP), K. Miyamoto, Presidium chairman; Komeito (Clean
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Government Party, CGP), Koshiro Ishida, chairman
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Suffrage: universal at age 20
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Elections:
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House of Councillors--last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held
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23 July 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(252 total, 100 elected) LDP 109, JSP 67, CGP 21, JCP 14,
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others 33;
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House of Representatives--last held on 18 February 1990
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(next to be held by February 1993);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(512 total) LDP 275, JSP 136, CGP 45, JCP 16, JDSP 14,
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other parties 5, independents 21; note--nine independents are expected
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to join the LDP, five the JSP
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Communists: about 470,000 registered Communist party members
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Member of: ADB, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
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IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
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IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
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IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD,
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UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nobuo MATSUNAGA; Chancery at
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2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700;
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there are Japanese Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta,
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Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles,
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New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon),
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and a Consulate in Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands);
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US--Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-1, Akasaka 1-chome,
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Minato-ku (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96503); telephone
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p81o (3) 224-5000; there are US Consulates General in Naha, Osaka-Kobe, and
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Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka
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Flag: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays)
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in the center
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- Economy
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Overview: Although Japan has few natural resources, since 1971 it has
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become the world's third-largest industrial economy, ranking behind only the US
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and the USSR. Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a
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comparatively small defense allocation have helped Japan advance rapidly,
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notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important sector of the
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economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels.
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Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for other
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grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing
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fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the total global catch. Overall
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economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5%
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average in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1989 strong investment and
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consumption spending helped maintain growth at nearly 5%. Inflation
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remains low at 2.1% despite high oil prices and a somewhat weaker yen.
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Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, $60 billion in 1989, which
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supports extensive investment in foreign properties.
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GNP: $1,914.1 billion, per capita $15,600; real growth rate 4.8%
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(1989 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: 2.3% (1989)
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Budget: revenues $392 billion; expenditures $464 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)
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Exports: $270 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--manufactures
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97% (including machinery 38%, motor vehicles 17%, consumer electronics
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10%); partners--US 34%, Southeast Asia 22%, Western Europe 21%, Communist
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countries 5%, Middle East 5%
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Imports: $210 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--manufactures
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42%, fossil fuels 30%, foodstuffs 15%, nonfuel raw materials 13%;
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partners--Southeast Asia 23%, US 23%, Middle East 15%, Western Europe 16%,
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Communist countries 7%
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External debt: $NA
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Industrial production: growth rate 9.0% (1989)
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Electricity: 191,000,000 kW capacity; 700,000 million kWh produced,
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5,680 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles,
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chemicals, automobiles, fishing
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Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GNP; highly subsidized and protected
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sector, with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops--rice, sugar
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beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;
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about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,
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soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.8 million metric tons in 1987
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Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $57.5 billion
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Currency: yen (plural--yen); 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen
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Exchange rates: yen (Y) per US$1--145.09 (January 1990), 137.96 (1989),
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128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985)
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Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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- Communications
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Railroads: 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
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and 25,315 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and
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multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012
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km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
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Highways: 1,098,900 km total; 718,700 km paved, 380,200 km gravel,
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crushed stone, or unpaved; 3,900 km national expressways, 46,544 km national
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highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads,
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and 917,619 other (1987)
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Inland waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland
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seas
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Pipelines: crude oil, 84 km; refined products, 322 km; natural gas,
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1,800 km
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Ports: Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,
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Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,
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Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu
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Merchant marine: 1,088 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,597,688
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GRT/36,655,266 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 57 short-sea passenger, 4 passenger
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cargo, 108 cargo, 44 container, 27 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 135 refrigerated
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cargo, 117 vehicle carrier, 237 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
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21 chemical tanker, 42 liquefied gas, 12 combination ore/oil, 3 specialized
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tanker, 272 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 multifunction large-load carrier
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Civil air: 341 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 165 total, 156 usable; 128 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,659 m; 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways
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1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service;
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64,000,000 telephones; stations--318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major--1 kw or
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greater); satellite earth stations--4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
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INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (army), Japan Maritime
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Self-Defense Force (navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air force), Maritime
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Safety Agency (coast guard)
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 32,181,866; 27,695,890 fit for military
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service; 1,004,052 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: 1.0% of GNP at market prices (1989 est.)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Jarvis Island
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(territory of the US)
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- Geography
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Total area: 4.5 km2; land area: 4.5 km2
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Comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 8 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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Terrain: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
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Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
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0% forest and woodland; 100% other
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Environment: sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing
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shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging
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habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats
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Note: 2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south
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of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands
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- People
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Population: uninhabited
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Note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used
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as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned;
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reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who
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left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally
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restricted to scientists and educators
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- Government
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Long-form name: none (territory of the US)
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Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish
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and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the
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National Wildlife Refuge System
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- Economy
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Overview: no economic activity
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- Communications
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Ports: none; offshore anchorage only--one boat landing area in the
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middle of the west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island
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Note: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
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- Defense Forces
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Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually
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by the US Coast Guard
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Jersey
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(British crown dependency)
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- Geography
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Total area: 117 km2; land area: 117 km2
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Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 70 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
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Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 3 nm
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Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
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Terrain: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast
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Natural resources: agricultural land
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Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
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NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; about 58% of land under cultivation
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Environment: about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier
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Note: largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km
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from France
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- People
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Population: 83,609 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
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Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Channel Islander(s); adjective--Channel Islander
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Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descent
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Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church,
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Methodist, Presbyterian
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Language: English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect
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spoken in country districts
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Literacy: NA%, but probably high
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Labor force: NA
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Organized labor: none
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- Government
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Long-form name: Bailiwick of Jersey
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Type: British crown dependency
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Capital: Saint Helier
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Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)
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Independence: none (British crown dependency)
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Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and
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practice
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Legal system: English law and local statute
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National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
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Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff
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Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the States
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Judicial branch: Royal Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
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Head of Government--Lieutenant Governor Adm. Sir William PILLAR
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(since NA 1985); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA)
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Political parties and leaders: none; all independents
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Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
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Elections:
|
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Assembly of the States--last held NA (next to be held NA);
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results--percent of vote NA;
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seats--(56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents
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Communists: probably none
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Diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)
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Flag: white with the diagonal red cross of St. Patrick (patron saint
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of Ireland) extending to the corners of the flag
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- Economy
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Overview: The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture,
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and tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are
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important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy
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cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk
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products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector
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overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the
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island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light industry
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to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry has developed
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alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw material
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and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of Jersey's food
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needs.
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GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.)
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|
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988 est.)
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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|
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Budget: revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including
|
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capital expenditures of NA (1985)
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Exports: $NA; commodities--light industrial and electrical goods,
|
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foodstuffs, textiles; partners--UK
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Imports: $NA; commodities--machinery and transport equipment,
|
|
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals; partners--UK
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|
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External debt: $NA
|
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|
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Industrial production: growth rate NA%
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|
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Electricity: 50,000 kW standby capacity (1989); power supplied by France
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|
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Industries: tourism, banking and finance, dairy
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Agriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming
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Aid: none
|
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|
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Currency: Jersey pound (plural--pounds); 1 Jersey pound (LJ) = 100 pence
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Exchange rates: Jersey pounds (LJ) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
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0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985);
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the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
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Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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|
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- Communications
|
|
Ports: Saint Helier, Gorey, St. Aubin
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Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (St. Peter)
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Telecommunications: 63,700 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, 1
|
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TV; 3 submarine cables
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|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Johnston Atoll
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2.8 km2; land area: 2.8 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
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Coastline: 10 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
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|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
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|
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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|
|
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Climate: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds
|
|
with little seasonal temperature variation
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|
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Terrain: mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters
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|
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Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until about 1890)
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
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0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
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|
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Environment: some low-growing vegetation
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location 1,328 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North
|
|
Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall
|
|
Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North Island
|
|
(Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral
|
|
dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site
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|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,203 (December 1989); all US government personnel and
|
|
contractors
|
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|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense
|
|
Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife
|
|
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife
|
|
Refuge system
|
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|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of the US is used
|
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|
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- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to
|
|
US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All
|
|
food and manufactured goods must be imported.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Johnston Island
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|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,743 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent system including 60-channel submarine
|
|
cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, digital telephone switch, Military
|
|
Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), and a (receive only) commercial
|
|
satellite television system
|
|
|
|
Note: US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Jordan
|
|
(see separate West Bank entry)
|
|
Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with
|
|
Israel in control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords
|
|
and reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the
|
|
final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their
|
|
neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated
|
|
among the concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these
|
|
negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the
|
|
completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West
|
|
Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.
|
|
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 91,880 km2; land area: 91,540 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,586 km total; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km,
|
|
Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 26 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: differences with Israel over the location of the
|
|
1949 Armistice Line which separates the two countries
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west;
|
|
Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 0.5% permanent crops; 1% meadows
|
|
and pastures; 0.5% forest and woodland; 94% other; includes 0.5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: lack of natural water resources; deforestation;
|
|
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,064,508 (July 1990), growth rate 3.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 55 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Jordanian(s); adjective--Jordanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 92% Sunni Muslim, 8% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and
|
|
middle classes
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 71% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 572,000 (1988); 20% agriculture, 20%
|
|
manufacturing and mining (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
|
|
|
|
Note: 1.5-1.7 million Palestinians live on the East Bank (55-60%
|
|
of the population), most are Jordanian citizens
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Amman
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 8 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Balqa, Al Karak, Al Mafraq, Amman,
|
|
At Tafilah, Az Zarqa, Irbid, Maan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British
|
|
administration; formerly Trans-Jordan)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 8 January 1952
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review
|
|
of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al Umma)
|
|
consists of an upper house or House of Notables (Majlis al-Ayaan) and a
|
|
lower house or House of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwwab); note--the House
|
|
of Representatives was dissolved by King Hussein on 30 July 1988 as part of
|
|
Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank and in November 1989 the
|
|
first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held, with no seats going
|
|
to Palestinians on the West Bank
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal I (since 11 August 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Mudar BADRAN (since 4 December
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none; after 1989 parliamentary
|
|
elections, King Hussein promised to allow the formation of political
|
|
parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1989 (next to be
|
|
held NA); results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(80 total) percent of vote NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: party actively repressed, membership less than 500 (est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACC, Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI;
|
|
Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 966-2664;
|
|
US--Ambassador Roscoe S. SUDDARTH; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO New York 09892);
|
|
telephone p962o (6) 644371 through 644376
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a
|
|
red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white
|
|
seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven fundamental
|
|
laws of the Koran
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Jordan was a secondary beneficiary of the oil boom of
|
|
the late 1970s and early 1980s, when its GNP growth averaged 10-12%. Recent
|
|
years, however, have witnessed a sharp reduction in cash aid from Arab
|
|
oil-producing countries and in worker remittances, with growth averaging
|
|
1-2%. Imports--mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and
|
|
foodstuffs--have been outstripping exports by roughly $2 billion annually,
|
|
the difference being made up by aid, remittances, and borrowing. In 1989
|
|
the government pursued policies to encourage private investment, curb
|
|
imports of luxury goods, promote exports, reduce the budget deficit, and, in
|
|
general, reinvigorate economic growth. Success will depend largely on
|
|
exogenous forces, such as the absence of drought and a pickup in outside
|
|
support. Down the road, the completion of the proposed Unity Dam on the
|
|
Yarmuk is vital to meet rapidly growing requirements for water.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $5.2 billion, per capita $1,760; real growth rate 0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9-10% (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $0.92 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $540 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $0.910 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--fruits and
|
|
vegetables, phosphates, fertilizers;
|
|
partners--Iraq, Saudi Arabia, India, Kuwait, Japan, China,
|
|
Yugoslavia, Indonesia
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--crude oil,
|
|
textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--EC, US, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey, Romania, China,
|
|
Taiwan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $8.3 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 7.8% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 981,000 kW capacity; 3,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,180 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash,
|
|
light manufacturing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP; principal products are wheat,
|
|
barley, citrus fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock--sheep, goats,
|
|
poultry; large net importer of food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.7 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.2 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$44 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Jordanian dinar (plural--dinars);
|
|
1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.6557 (January 1990),
|
|
0.5704 (1989), 0.3715 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Al Aqabah
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 32,635 GRT/44,618
|
|
DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 2 bulk cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 19 total, 16 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay, cable, and radio;
|
|
81,500 telephones; stations--4 AM, 3 FM, 24 TV; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic TV
|
|
receive-only; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria;
|
|
radio relay to Lebanon is inactive; a microwave network linking Syria, Egypt,
|
|
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Jordan
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian
|
|
Coast Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 726,736; 519,972 fit for military service;
|
|
38,730 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 11% of GNP, or $570 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Juan de Nova Island
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 4.4 km2; land area: 4.4 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 24.1 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 90% forest and woodland; 10% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway
|
|
between Africa and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: short line going to a jetty
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with nonpermanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Note: one weather station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Kenya
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 582,650 km2; land area: 569,250 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,477 km total; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km,
|
|
Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 536 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: international boundary and Administrative Boundary with Sudan;
|
|
possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift
|
|
Valley; fertile plateau in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, limestone, diotomite, salt barytes, magnesite,
|
|
feldspar, sapphires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
|
4% forest and woodland; 85% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife
|
|
of scientific and economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;
|
|
glaciers on Mt. Kenya
|
|
|
|
Note: Kenyan Highlands one of the most successful agricultural
|
|
production regions in Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 24,639,261 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Kenyan(s); adjective--Kenyan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba,
|
|
6% Kisii, 6% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and Arab
|
|
|
|
Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Roman Catholic, 26% indigenous beliefs,
|
|
6% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 59.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 9,003,000; 78% agriculture, 22% nonagriculture
|
|
(1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 390,000 (est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Kenya
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Nairobi
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast,
|
|
Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North-Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964;
|
|
reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, and 1988
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law;
|
|
judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations; constitutional amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure one-party
|
|
state
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Daniel Teroitich
|
|
arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President George SAITOTI
|
|
(since 10 May 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Kenya African National
|
|
Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap Moi, president
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held
|
|
February 1993);
|
|
results--President Daniel T. arap Moi was reelected;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 21 March 1988
|
|
(next to be held March 1993); results--KANU is the only party;
|
|
seats--(202 total, 188 elected) KANU 200
|
|
|
|
Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions; exile
|
|
opposition--Mwakenya and other groups
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at
|
|
2249 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are
|
|
Kenyan Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue
|
|
and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137,
|
|
Nairobi or APO New York 09675); telephone p254o (2) 334141; there is a
|
|
US Consulate in Mombasa
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red
|
|
band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is
|
|
superimposed at the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: A serious underlying economic problem is Kenya's 3.8% annual
|
|
population growth rate--one of the highest in the world. In the
|
|
meantime, GDP growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of
|
|
population--annually averaging 5.2% in the 1986-88 period. Undependable
|
|
weather conditions and a shortage of arable land hamper long-term
|
|
growth in agriculture, the leading economic sector.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $360; real growth rate 4.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment
|
|
and underemployment
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $2.6 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $0.71 billion (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coffee 20%,
|
|
tea 18%, manufactures 15%, petroleum products 10% (1987);
|
|
partners--Western Europe 45%, Africa 22%, Far East 10%, US 4%, Middle East
|
|
3% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery
|
|
and transportation equipment 36%, raw materials 33%, fuels and lubricants 20%,
|
|
food and consumer goods 11% (1987);
|
|
partners--Western Europe 49%, Far East 20%, Middle East 19%, US 7% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $6.2 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.8% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 587,000 kW capacity; 2,250 million kWh produced,
|
|
90 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
|
|
textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining,
|
|
cement, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 30% of GDP,
|
|
about 80% of the work force, and over 50% of exports; cash
|
|
crops--coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products--corn, wheat,
|
|
sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products; food output not keeping
|
|
pace with population growth
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for
|
|
domestic consumption; widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on
|
|
small plots; transit country for heroin and methaqualone en route
|
|
from Southwest Asia to West Africa, Western Europe, and the US
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $771 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$83 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Kenyan shilling (plural--shillings);
|
|
1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1--21.749 (December 1989),
|
|
20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987), 16.226 (1986), 16.432 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder
|
|
improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of
|
|
Kenya; principal inland port is at Kisumu
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mombasa, Lamu
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 247 total, 211 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 2
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 45 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio
|
|
relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations;
|
|
260,000 telephones; stations--11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTLESAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Air Force; paramilitary General
|
|
Service Unit
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,240,551; 3,235,557 fit for military
|
|
service; no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.0% of GDP, or $100 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Kingman Reef
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash
|
|
most of the time
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of
|
|
about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and
|
|
American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Kiribati
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 717 km2; land area: 717 km2; includes three island
|
|
groups--Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,143 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 51% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 46% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March;
|
|
20 of the 33 islands are inhabited
|
|
|
|
Note: Banaba or Ocean Island is one of the three great phosphate rock
|
|
islands in the Pacific (the others are Makatea in French Polynesia and Nauru)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 70,012 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 57 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Kiribatian(s); adjective--Kiribati
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 48% Roman Catholic, 45% Protestant (Congregational),
|
|
some Seventh-Day Adventist and Baha'i
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), Gilbertese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 7,870 economically active (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Kiribati Trades Union Congress--2,500 members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Kiribati
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tarawa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix
|
|
Islands; note--a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central
|
|
Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have
|
|
been changed to 20 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named
|
|
Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kiritimati, Kuria,
|
|
Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana,
|
|
Tarawa, Teraina
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 12 July 1979
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Ieremia T. TABAI
|
|
(since 12 July 1979); Vice President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 20 July 1979)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party; Christian
|
|
Democratic Party, Teburoro Tito, secretary; essentially not organized
|
|
on basis of political parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 12 May 1987 (next to be held May 1991);
|
|
results--Ieremia T. Tabai 50.1%, Tebruroro Tito 42.7%, Tetao
|
|
Tannaki 7.2%;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 19 March l987 (next to be held
|
|
March 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de
|
|
facto), ICAO, IMF, SPF, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati);
|
|
US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a
|
|
yellow rising sun and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white
|
|
stripes to represent the ocean
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The country has few national resources. Phosphate deposits were
|
|
exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish now represent
|
|
the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated widely in
|
|
recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish catch fell
|
|
sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production was hampered
|
|
by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real GDP growing
|
|
by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in copra production
|
|
and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output in 1988, GDP
|
|
remained about the same in 1989.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $34 million, per capita $500; real growth rate 0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2% (1985); considerable underemployment
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $22.0 million; expenditures $12.7 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $9.7 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $5.1 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fish 55%,
|
|
copra 42%; partners--EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American
|
|
Samoa 4% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $21.5 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
fuel, transportation equipment; partners--Australia 39%, Japan 21%,
|
|
NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.0 million (December 1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced,
|
|
190 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish
|
|
contribute 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops--taro,
|
|
breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $245 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 640 km of motorable roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands
|
|
|
|
Ports: Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 22 total; 21 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 1,400 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV;
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Korea, North
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 120,540 km2; land area: 120,410 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Mississippi
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,671 km total; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km,
|
|
USSR 17 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,495 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Military boundary line: 50 nm (all foreign vessels and aircraft
|
|
without permission are banned)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of boundary with China is indefinite;
|
|
Demarcation Line with South Korea
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys;
|
|
coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite,
|
|
iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 18% arable land; 1% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 74% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 9% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible,
|
|
and sparsely populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and USSR
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 21,292,649 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Korean(s); adjective--Korean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
|
|
|
|
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost
|
|
nonexistent
|
|
|
|
Language: Korean
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 9,615,000; 36% agricultural, 64% nonagricultural; shortage
|
|
of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated
|
|
by the General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
|
|
|
|
Capital: P'yongyang
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and
|
|
3 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Chagang-do,
|
|
Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto, Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto,
|
|
Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*, P'yongan-bukto,
|
|
P'yongan-namdo, P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do
|
|
|
|
Independence: 9 September 1948
|
|
|
|
Constitution: adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences
|
|
and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 September (1948)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, premier, nine vice
|
|
premiers, State Administration Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Choe Ko In
|
|
Min Hoe Ui)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Central Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President KIM Il-song (since 28 December 1972);
|
|
Designated Successor KIM Chong-Il (son of President, born 16 February 1942);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier YON Hyong-muk (since NA December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Korean Workers' Party
|
|
(KWP); Kim Il-song, General Secretary, and his son, Kim Chong-Il,
|
|
Secretary, Central Committee
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 17
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 29 December 1986 (next to be held December
|
|
1990);
|
|
results--President Kim Il Song was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
Supreme People's Assembly--last held on 2 November 1986 (next
|
|
to be held November 1990, but the constitutional provision for elections
|
|
every four years is not always followed);
|
|
results--KWP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(655 total) KWP 655; the KWP approves a single list of candidates
|
|
who are elected without opposition
|
|
|
|
Communists: KWP claims membership of about 2 million, or about one-tenth
|
|
of population
|
|
|
|
Member of: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IMO, IPU, ITU, NAM,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WTO, UNIDO, WMO; official
|
|
observer status at UN
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
|
|
the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white
|
|
disk with a red five-pointed star
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: More than 90% of this command economy is socialized;
|
|
agricultural land is collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of
|
|
manufactured goods. State control of economic affairs is unusually tight
|
|
even for a Communist country because of the small size and homogeneity of
|
|
the society and the strict one-man rule of Kim. Economic growth during
|
|
the period 1984-89 has averaged approximately 3%. Abundant natural resources
|
|
and hydropower form the basis of industrial development. Output of the
|
|
extractive industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper,
|
|
zinc, lead, and precious metals. Manufacturing emphasis is centered on heavy
|
|
industry, with light industry lagging far behind. The use of high-yielding
|
|
seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of fertilizers
|
|
have enabled North Korea to become largely self-sufficient in food production.
|
|
North Korea, however, is far behind South Korea in economic development and
|
|
living standards.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $28 billion, per capita $1,240; real growth rate 3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: officially none
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $15.6 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--minerals,
|
|
metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures;
|
|
partners--USSR, China, Japan, FRG, Hong Kong, Singapore
|
|
|
|
Imports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain;
|
|
partners--USSR, Japan, China, FRG, Hong Kong, Singapore
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.5 billion hard currency (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 6,440,000 kW capacity; 40,250 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,740 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: machine building, military products, electric power,
|
|
chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force;
|
|
principal crops--rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock
|
|
products--cattle, hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch
|
|
estimated at 1.7 million metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: Communist countries (1970-88), $1.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: North Korean won (plural--won);
|
|
1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: North Korean won (Wn) per US$1--2.3 (December 1989),
|
|
2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987), NA (1986), NA (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km double track; 3,175 km
|
|
electrified; government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth
|
|
surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 65 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 437,103
|
|
GRT/663,835 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo,
|
|
56 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 bulk, 1 combination
|
|
bulk
|
|
|
|
Airports: 50 total, 50 usable; about 30 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets;
|
|
3,500,000 radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Ministry of People's Armed Forces (consists of the army, navy,
|
|
and air force)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,054,774; 3,699,088 fit for military
|
|
service; 223,087 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 22% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Korea, South
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 98,480 km2; land area: 98,190 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 238 km with North Korea
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,413 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed
|
|
by Japan
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west
|
|
and south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead,
|
|
hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 21% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
67% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 12% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes
|
|
in southwest; air pollution in large cities
|
|
|
|
Notes: strategic location along the Korea Strait, Sea of Japan, and
|
|
Yellow Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 43,045,098 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Korean(s); adjective--Korean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000)
|
|
|
|
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (28%
|
|
of the total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism);
|
|
Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist
|
|
overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents
|
|
|
|
Language: Korean; English widely taught in high school
|
|
|
|
Literacy: over 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and
|
|
manufacturing; 21% agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagricultural labor force in
|
|
government-sanctioned unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Seoul
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and
|
|
6 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Cheju-do,
|
|
Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, Ch'ungch'ong-bukto,
|
|
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,
|
|
Kwangju-jikhalsi, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto,
|
|
Kyongsang-namdo, Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*,
|
|
Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 August 1948
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 25 February 1988
|
|
|
|
Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems,
|
|
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 August (1948)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
State Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister KANG Young Hoon (since 5 December
|
|
1988); Deputy Prime Minister CHO Soon (since 5 December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: major party is government's Democratic
|
|
Justice Party (DJP), Roh Tae Woo, president, and Park Tae Chun, chairman;
|
|
opposition parties are Peace and Democracy Party (PPD), Kim Dae Jung; Korea
|
|
Reunification Democratic Party (RPD), Kim Young Sam; New Democratic Republican
|
|
Party (NDRP), Kim Jong Pil; several smaller parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992);
|
|
results--Roh Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, Kim Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%,
|
|
Kim Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%, other 10.1%;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held
|
|
April 1992);
|
|
results--DJP 34%, RPD 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, others 8%;
|
|
seats--(299 total) DJP 125, PPD 71, RPD 59, NDRP 35, others 9
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist party activity banned by government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Korean National Council of Churches;
|
|
large, potentially volatile student population concentrated in Seoul; Federation
|
|
of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean
|
|
Industries; Korean Traders Association
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, AfDB, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling
|
|
Commission, IWC--International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO,
|
|
UNICEF, UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO;
|
|
official observer status at UN
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Tong-Jin PARK; Chancery at
|
|
2320 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600;
|
|
there are Korean Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta,
|
|
Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;
|
|
US--Ambassador Donald GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro,
|
|
Chongro-ku, Seoul (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96301); telephone p82o
|
|
(2) 732-2601 through 2618; there is a US Consulate in Pusan
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there
|
|
is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes)
|
|
in each corner of the white field
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth
|
|
has been the planned development of an export-oriented economy in a
|
|
vigorously entrepreneurial society. GNP increased almost 13% in both
|
|
1986 and 1987 and 12% in 1988 before slowing to 6.5% in 1989. Such a
|
|
rapid rate of growth was achieved with an inflation rate of only 3% in the
|
|
period 1986-87, rising to 7% in 1988 and 5% in 1989. Unemployment is
|
|
also low, and some labor bottlenecks have appeared in several processing
|
|
industries. While the South Korean economy is expected to grow at more
|
|
than 5% annually during the 1990s, labor unrest--which led to
|
|
substantial wage hikes in 1987-89--threatens to undermine
|
|
noninflationary growth.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $200 billion, per capita $4,600; real growth rate 6.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $33.6 billion; expenditures $33.6 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1990)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $62.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles,
|
|
clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, machinery, steel,
|
|
automobiles, ships, fish; partners--US 33%, Japan 21%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $61.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989);
|
|
commodities--machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil,
|
|
steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains;
|
|
partners--Japan 28%, US 25% (1990)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $30.5 billion (September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 20,500,000 kW capacity; 80,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,850 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals,
|
|
steel, electronics, automobile production, ship building
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP and employs 21% of work force
|
|
(including fishing and forestry); principal crops--rice, root crops, barley,
|
|
vegetables, fruit; livestock and livestock products--cattle, hogs, chickens,
|
|
milk, eggs; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9
|
|
million metric tons, seventh-largest in world
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $3.9 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: South Korean won (plural--won);
|
|
1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical)
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: South Korean won (W) per US$1--683.43 (January 1990),
|
|
671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987), 881.45 (1986), 870.02 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, 47 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km
|
|
electrified; government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km
|
|
provincial and local roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 294 km refined products
|
|
|
|
Ports: Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 423 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,006,481
|
|
GRT/11,658,104 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 130 cargo, 41 container,
|
|
11 refrigerated cargo, 11 vehicle carrier, 49 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 10 combination ore/oil,
|
|
143 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 1 multifunction large-load carrier
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 112 total, 105 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international services;
|
|
4,800,000 telephones; stations--79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater);
|
|
satellite earth stations--2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,792,426; 8,260,886 fit for military
|
|
service; 445,320 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5% of GNP, or $10 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Kuwait
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 17,820 km2; land area: 17,820 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 462 km total; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 499 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: ownership of Warbah and Bubiyan islands disputed
|
|
by Iraq; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Climate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat to slightly undulating desert plain
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 8% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 92% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination
|
|
facilities provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,123,711 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 2 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Kuwaiti(s); adjective--Kuwaiti
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 27.9% Kuwaiti, 39% other Arab, 9% South Asian, 4%
|
|
Iranian, 20.1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 85% Muslim (30% Shia, 45% Sunni, 10% other),
|
|
15% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); English widely spoken
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 71% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 566,000 (1986); 45.0% services, 20.0% construction, 12.0%
|
|
trade, 8.6% manufacturing, 2.6% finance and real estate, 1.9% agriculture, 1.7%
|
|
power and water, 1.4% mining and quarrying; 70% of labor force is non-Kuwaiti
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: labor unions exist in oil industry and among government
|
|
personnel
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: State of Kuwait
|
|
|
|
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kuwait
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Ahmadi, Al Jahrah, Al Kuwayt,
|
|
Hawalli; note--there may be a new governorate of Farwaniyyah
|
|
|
|
Independence: 19 June 1961 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29
|
|
August 1962)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal
|
|
matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 25 February
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: National Assembly (Majlis al Umma) dissolved
|
|
3 July 1986
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Amir Sheikh Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al SABAH
|
|
(since 31 December 1977);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister and Crown Prince Sad Abdallah
|
|
al-Salim Al SABAH (since 8 February 1978)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male
|
|
descendants at age 21; note--out of all citizens, only 8.3% are
|
|
eligible to vote and only 3.5% actually vote
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--dissolved 3 July 1986 and no elections are
|
|
planned
|
|
|
|
Communists: insignificant
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: large (350,000) Palestinian
|
|
community; several small, clandestine leftist and Shia fundamentalist groups
|
|
are active
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Shaikh Saud Nasir AL-SABAH;
|
|
Chancery at 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 966-0702;
|
|
US--Ambassador W. Nathaniel HOWELL; Embassy at Bneid al-Gar (opposite the
|
|
Hilton Hotel), Kuwait City (mailing address is P. O. Box 77 Safat, 13001 Safat,
|
|
Kuwait City); telephone p965o 242-4151 through 4159
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a
|
|
black trapezoid based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The oil sector dominates the economy. Of the countries in the
|
|
Middle East, Kuwait has oil reserves second only to those of Saudi Arabia.
|
|
Earnings from hydrocarbons generate over 90% of both export and government
|
|
revenues and contribute about 40% to GDP. Most of the nonoil sector is dependent
|
|
upon oil-derived government revenues to provide infrastructure development and
|
|
to promote limited industrial diversification. The economy is heavily dependent
|
|
upon foreign labor--Kuwaitis account for less than 20% of the labor force. The
|
|
early years of the Iran-Iraq war pushed Kuwait's GDP well below its 1980 peak;
|
|
however, during the period 1986-88, GDP increased each year, rising to 5% in
|
|
1988.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $20.5 billion, per capita $10,500; real growth rate 5.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $7.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--oil 90%;
|
|
partners--Japan, Italy, FRG, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $5.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--food,
|
|
construction material, vehicles and parts, clothing; partners--Japan,
|
|
US, FRG, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 8,287,000 kW capacity; 21,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
10,710 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing,
|
|
salt, construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: virtually none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of
|
|
potable water must be distilled or imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed
|
|
countries (1979-89)
|
|
|
|
Currency: Kuwaiti dinar (plural--dinars);
|
|
1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1--0.2915 (January 1990),
|
|
0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988), 0.2786 (1987), 0.2919 (1986), 0.3007 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 3,000 km total; 2,500 km bituminous; 500 km earth, sand, light
|
|
gravel
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined products, 40 km; natural gas, 165 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Ash Shuwaykh, Ash Shuaybah, Mina al Ahmadi
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,862,010
|
|
GRT/2,935,007 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 5 container, 5 livestock carrier,
|
|
18 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 liquefied gas
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 8 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent international, adequate domestic facilities;
|
|
258,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT; 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
|
|
coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq and Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 688,516; about 411,742 fit for
|
|
military service; 18,836 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5.8% of GDP, or $1.2 billion (FY89)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Laos
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 236,800 km2; land area: 230,800 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Utah
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,083 km total; Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China
|
|
423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary dispute with Thailand
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
|
|
(December to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold,
|
|
gemstones
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 3% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 58% forest and woodland; 35% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,023,726 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 51 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Lao (sing., Lao or Laotian); adjective--Lao or Laotian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 50% Lao, 15% Phoutheung (Kha), 20% tribal Thai, 15% Meo,
|
|
Hmong, Yao, and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Lao (official), French, and English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 85%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1-1.5 million; 85-90% in agriculture (est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Lao Federation of Trade Unions is subordinate to the
|
|
Communist party
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Vientiane
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural)
|
|
and 1 municipality* (kampheng nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo,
|
|
Bolikhamsai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang,
|
|
Oudomxai, Phongsali, Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane,
|
|
Vientiane*, Xaignabouri, Xiangkhoang
|
|
|
|
Independence: 19 July 1949 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: draft constitution under discussion since 1976
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (proclamation of the Lao People's
|
|
Democratic Republic), 2 December (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, chairman and five vice chairmen of the
|
|
Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Supreme People's Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Central Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Acting President PHOUMI VONGVICHIT (since 29 October
|
|
1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers General
|
|
KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN (since 2 December 1975)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party
|
|
(LPRP), Kaysone Phomvihan, party chairman; includes Lao Patriotic
|
|
Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other
|
|
parties moribund
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Supreme People's Assembly--last held on 26 March 1989 (next to be
|
|
held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(79 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist political groups
|
|
moribund; most leaders have fled the country
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: First Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim
|
|
DONE SOMVORACHIT; Chancery at 2222 S Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 332-6416 or 6417;
|
|
US--Charge d'Affaires Charles B. SALMON; Embassy at Rue
|
|
Bartholonie, Vientiane (mailing address is B. P. 114, Vientiane, or
|
|
Box V, APO San Francisco 96346); telephone 2220, 2357, 2384
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red
|
|
with a large white disk centered in the blue band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist
|
|
centrally planned economy with government ownership and control of
|
|
productive enterprises of any size. Recently, however, the government
|
|
has been decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise.
|
|
Laos is a landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure, that is,
|
|
it has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited
|
|
external and internal telecommunications, and electricity
|
|
available in only a limited area. Subsistence agriculture is the
|
|
main occupation, accounting for over 60% of GDP and providing about 85-90% of
|
|
total employment. The predominant crop is rice. For the foreseeable future the
|
|
economy will continue to depend for its survival on foreign aid--from
|
|
CEMA, IMF, and other international sources.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $585 million, per capita $150; real growth rate 3% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $71 million; expenditures $198 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $132 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $57.5 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--
|
|
electricity, wood products, coffee, tin; partners--Thailand, Malaysia,
|
|
Vietnam, USSR, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $219 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--food, fuel
|
|
oil, consumer goods, manufactures; partners--Thailand, USSR, Japan,
|
|
France, Vietnam
|
|
|
|
External debt: $964 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 176,000 kW capacity; 900 million kWh produced,
|
|
225 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tin mining, timber, electric power, agricultural
|
|
processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force;
|
|
subsistence farming predominates; normally self-sufficient; principal
|
|
crops--rice (80% of cultivated land), potatoes, vegetables, coffee,
|
|
sugarcane, cotton
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium poppy for the
|
|
international drug trade; production of cannabis increased in 1989;
|
|
marijuana and heroin are shipped to Western countries, including the US
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $468
|
|
million; Communist countries (1970-88), $895 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: new kip (plural--kips); 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new kips (NK) per US$1--700 (December 1989), 725 (1989),
|
|
350 (1988), 200 (1987), 108 (1986), 95 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous
|
|
treated; 7,451 km gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved
|
|
earth and often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897
|
|
additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 136 km, refined products
|
|
|
|
Ports: none
|
|
|
|
Airports: 64 total, 50 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: service to general public considered poor; radio
|
|
network provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones
|
|
(1986); stations--10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA, which consists of an army with naval,
|
|
aviation, and militia elements), Air Force, National Police Department
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 967,047; 517,666 fit for military service;
|
|
44,176 reach military age (18) annually; conscription age NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Lebanon
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 10,400 km2; land area: 10,230 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 454 km total; Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 225 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line;
|
|
Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in
|
|
northern Lebanon since October 1976
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa (Bekaa Valley) separates
|
|
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state
|
|
in a water-deficit region
|
|
|
|
Land use: 21% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 1% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 8% forest and woodland; 61% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect,
|
|
and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East
|
|
not crossing an international boundary
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,339,331 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 49 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Lebanese (sing., pl.); adjective--Lebanese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Islam, 25% Christian, NEGL% Judaism; 17 legally recognized
|
|
sects--4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Nestorean,
|
|
Syriac Orthodox), 7 Uniate Christian (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek
|
|
Catholic, Maronite, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Syrian Catholic), 5 Islam
|
|
(Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Ismailite, Shia, Sunni), and 1 Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 75%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 650,000; 79% industry, commerce, and services,
|
|
11% agriculture, 10% goverment (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 250,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Note: Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil
|
|
war between its Christians--then aided by Syrian troops--and its Muslims
|
|
and their Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October
|
|
1976 between the domestic political groups generally held for about six
|
|
years, despite occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab
|
|
Deterrent Force by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's
|
|
move toward supporting the Lebanese Muslims and the Palestinians and
|
|
Israel's growing support for Lebanese Christians brought the two sides
|
|
into rough equilibrium, but no progress was made toward national
|
|
reconciliation or political reforms--the original cause of the war.
|
|
|
|
Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian presence in
|
|
Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Israeli
|
|
forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and mounted a
|
|
summer-long siege of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of the
|
|
PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multinational
|
|
force (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops.
|
|
|
|
Within days of the departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly elected
|
|
president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated. In the wake of his death,
|
|
Christian militiamen massacred hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two
|
|
Beirut camps. This prompted the return of the MNF to ease the security
|
|
burden on Lebanon's weak Army and security forces. In late March 1984
|
|
the last MNF units withdrew.
|
|
|
|
Lebanese Parliamentarians met in Taif, Saudi Arabia in late 1989 and
|
|
concluded a national reconciliation pact that codified a new power-sharing
|
|
formula, specifiying a Christian president but giving Muslims more
|
|
authority. Rene Muawad was subsequently elected president on 4 November
|
|
1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had no president and
|
|
rival Muslim and Christian governments. Muawad was assassinated
|
|
17 days later, on 22 November; on 24 November Elias Harawi was
|
|
elected to succeed Muawad.
|
|
|
|
Progress toward lasting political compromise in Lebanon has been
|
|
stalled by opposition from Christian strongman Gen. Michel Awn.
|
|
Awn--appointed acting Prime Minister by outgoing president Amin Gemayel
|
|
in September 1988--called the national reconciliation accord
|
|
illegitimate and has refused to recognize the new Lebanese Government.
|
|
|
|
Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian troops. Syria
|
|
augmented its troop presence during the weeks following Muawad's
|
|
assassination. Troops are deployed in West Beirut and its southern
|
|
suburbs, in Al Biqa, and in northern Lebanon. Iran also maintains
|
|
a small contingent of revolutionary guards in Al Biqa, from
|
|
which it supports Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups.
|
|
|
|
Israel withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south in 1985,
|
|
although it still retains troops in a 10-km-deep security zone north
|
|
of its border with Lebanon. Israel arms and trains the Army of South
|
|
Lebanon (ASL), which also occupies the security zone and is Israel's
|
|
first line of defense against attacks on its northern border.
|
|
|
|
The following description is based on the present constitutional and
|
|
customary practices of the Lebanese system.
|
|
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Lebanon; note--may be changed to
|
|
Lebanese Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Beirut
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Biqa, Al Janub, Ash Shamal,
|
|
Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under
|
|
French administration)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 26 May 1926 (amended)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code,
|
|
and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November (1943)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet; note--by custom,
|
|
the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim,
|
|
and the president of the legislature is a Shia Muslim
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Arabic--Majlis
|
|
Alnuwab, French--Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and
|
|
commercial cases and one court for criminal cases)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Elias HARAWI (since 24 November 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Salim AL-HUSS (since 24
|
|
November 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along
|
|
largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of
|
|
individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and
|
|
economic considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still
|
|
involved in occasional clashes
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized for women
|
|
at age 21 with elementary education
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--elections should be held every four years
|
|
but security conditions have prevented elections since May 1972
|
|
|
|
Communists: the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members
|
|
and sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); Charge
|
|
d'Affaires Suleiman RASSI; note--the former Lebanese Ambassador,
|
|
Dr. Abdallah Bouhabib, is loyal to Gen. Awn and has refused to
|
|
abandon his residence or relinquish his post; Chancery at 2560 28th
|
|
Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6300;
|
|
there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles;
|
|
US--Ambassador John T. MCCARTHY; Embassy at Avenue de Paris, Beirut
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut); telephone p961o 417774 or 415802,
|
|
415803, 402200, 403300
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red
|
|
with a green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Severe factional infighting in 1989 has been destroying physical
|
|
property, interrupting the established pattern of economic affairs, and
|
|
practically ending chances of restoring Lebanon's position as a Middle
|
|
Eastern entrepot and banking hub. The ordinary Lebanese citizen
|
|
struggles to keep afloat in an environment of physical danger, high
|
|
unemployment, and growing shortages. The central government's ability
|
|
to collect taxes has suffered greatly from militia control and taxation
|
|
of local areas. As the civil strife persists, the US dollar has become
|
|
more and more the medium of exchange. Transportation,
|
|
communications, and other parts of the infrastructure continue to deteriorate.
|
|
Family remittances, foreign political money going to the factions, international
|
|
emergency aid, and a small volume of manufactured exports help prop up the
|
|
battered economy. Prospects for 1990 are grim, with expected further declines in
|
|
economic activity and living standards.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.3 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 33% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $50 million; expenditures $650 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1987);
|
|
commodities--agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious
|
|
and semiprecious metals and jewelry, metals and metal products;
|
|
partners--Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $935 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,381,000 kW capacity; 3,870 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,170 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining,
|
|
chemicals, jewelry, some metal fabricating
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal
|
|
products--citrus fruits, vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp
|
|
(hashish), sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in grain
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
|
|
international drug trade; opium poppy production in Al Biqa
|
|
is increasing; most hashish production is shipped to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $509 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-86),
|
|
$9 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Lebanese pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 Lebanese pound (LL) = 100 piasters
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Lebanese pounds (LL) per US$1--474.21 (December 1989),
|
|
496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988), 224.60 (1987), 38.37 (1986), 16.42 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 82 km
|
|
1.050-meter gauge; all single track; system almost entirely inoperable
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone,
|
|
650 km improved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km (none in operation)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Beirut, Tripoli, Ras Silata, Juniyah, Sidon,
|
|
Az Zahrani, Tyre, Shikka (none are under the direct control
|
|
of the Lebanese Government); northern ports are occupied by Syrian
|
|
forces and southern ports are occupied or partially quarantined by
|
|
Israeli forces; illegal ports scattered along the central coast are
|
|
owned and operated by various Christian, Druze, and Shia militias
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 67 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 325,361
|
|
GRT/494,319 DWT; includes 43 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 7 livestock carrier, 1
|
|
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 6 bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 9 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; none under the direct control of the
|
|
Lebanese Government
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of
|
|
radio relay, cable; 325,000 telephones; stations--5 AM, 3 FM, 15 TV;
|
|
1 inactive Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station; 3 submarine
|
|
coaxial cables; radio relay to Jordan and Syria, inoperable
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 702,961; 434,591 fit for military
|
|
service; about 44,625 reach military age (18) yearly
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Lesotho
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 30,350 km2; land area: 30,350 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 909 km with South Africa
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: some diamonds and other minerals, water,
|
|
agricultural and grazing land
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 66% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 24% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas
|
|
results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will control,
|
|
store, and redirect water to South Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,754,664 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 62 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pl.); adjective--Basotho
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians
|
|
|
|
Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and
|
|
Xhosa
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 59% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population
|
|
engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works
|
|
in South Africa
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: there are two trade union federations; the
|
|
government favors formation of a single, umbrella trade union
|
|
confederation
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Lesotho
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Maseru
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe,
|
|
Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohales Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qachas Nek, Quthing,
|
|
Thaba-Tseka
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has
|
|
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military
|
|
Council, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: a bicameral Parliament consisting of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or National Assembly was dissolved in January 1970;
|
|
following the military coup of 20 January 1986, legislative powers were vested
|
|
in the monarch
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King MOSHOESHOE II (Paramount Chief from 1960 until
|
|
independence on 4 October 1966, when he became King); Heir Apparent Letsie
|
|
David SEEISO (son of the King);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Military Council Maj. Gen. Justin
|
|
Metsing LEKHANYA (since 24 January 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Basotho National Party (BNP),
|
|
position vacant; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhehle; Basotho
|
|
Democratic Alliance (BDA), A. S. Nqojane; National Independent Party (NIP),
|
|
A. C. Manyeli; Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), S. H. Mapheleba; United
|
|
Democratic Party, C. D. Mofeli
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly --dissolved following the military coup in
|
|
January 1986; no date set for national elections
|
|
|
|
Communists: small Lesotho Communist Party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African
|
|
Customs Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador W. T. VAN TONDER; Chancery at
|
|
2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5 534;
|
|
US--Ambassador (vacant): Deputy Chief of Mission Howard F. JETER;
|
|
Embassy at address NA, Maseru (mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru
|
|
100); telephone p266o 312666
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half
|
|
is white bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and
|
|
club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important
|
|
natural resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture,
|
|
light manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa.
|
|
Subsistence farming is the principal occupation for about 86% of the domestic
|
|
labor force and accounts for about 20% of GDP. Manufacturing depends largely on
|
|
farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries;
|
|
other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering. Industry's
|
|
share of total GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 10.5% in 1987. During the period
|
|
1985-87 real GDP growth averaged 2.9% per year, only slightly above the
|
|
population growth rate. In FY89 per capita GDP was only $245 and
|
|
nearly 25% of the labor force was unemployed.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $412 million, per capita $245; real growth rate 8.2% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.0% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 23% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $159 million; expenditures $224 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $68 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $55 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.); commodities--wool,
|
|
mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets;
|
|
partners--South Africa 87%, EC 10%, (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $526 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.); commodities--mainly
|
|
corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum,
|
|
oil, and lubricants; partners--South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $235 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 10.3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: power supplied by South Africa
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and
|
|
livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $252 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $714 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$14 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: loti (plural--maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: maloti (M) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
|
|
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985);
|
|
note--the Basotho loti is at par with the South African rand
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of
|
|
South Africa
|
|
|
|
Highways: 5,167 km total; 508 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone,
|
|
gravel, or stabilized soil; 946 km improved earth, 2,128 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 28 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modest system consisting of a few land lines, a small
|
|
radio relay system, and minor radiocommunication stations; 5,920 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Police Department
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 381,015; 205,499 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 8.6% of GDP, or $35 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Liberia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 111,370 km2; land area: 96,320 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,585 km total; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km,
|
|
Sierra Leone 306 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 579 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool
|
|
to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau
|
|
and low mountains in northeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
|
|
39% forest and woodland; 55% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,639,809 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Liberian(s); adjective--Liberian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa,
|
|
Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5%
|
|
descendants of repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians
|
|
|
|
Religion: 70% traditional, 20% Muslim, 10% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); more than 20 local languages of the
|
|
Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20%
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 35%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy;
|
|
70.5% agriculture, 10.8% services, 4.5% industry and commerce, 14.2% other;
|
|
non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and
|
|
engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Liberia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Monrovia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa,
|
|
Grand Cape Mount, Grand Jide, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado,
|
|
Nimba, Rivercess, Sino
|
|
|
|
Independence: 26 July 1847
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 6 January 1986
|
|
|
|
Legal system: dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common
|
|
law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices
|
|
for indigenous sector
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1847)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an
|
|
upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon
|
|
DOE (since 12 April 1980); Vice President Harry F. MONIBA (since 6 January
|
|
1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Party of Liberia
|
|
(NDPL), Augustus Caine, chairman; Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel
|
|
Koromah, chairman; Unity Party (UP), Carlos Smith, chairman; United
|
|
People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus Matthews, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held October 1991);
|
|
results--Samuel Kanyon Doe (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson Doe (LAP) 26.4%,
|
|
others 22.7%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held 15 October
|
|
1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, LUP 1;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 15 October 1985 (next
|
|
to be held October 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, LUP 2
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM,
|
|
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON;
|
|
Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437
|
|
through 0440; there is a Liberian Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador James K. BISHOP; Embassy at 111 United Nations Drive,
|
|
Monrovia (mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO New York 09155);
|
|
telephone p231o 222991 through 222994
|
|
|
|
Flag: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with
|
|
white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1988 and 1989 the Liberian economy posted its best two years
|
|
in a decade, thanks to a resurgence of the rubber industry and rapid growth
|
|
in exports of forest products. Richly endowed with water, mineral resources,
|
|
forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia is a producer and
|
|
exporter of basic products. Local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, is
|
|
small in scope. Liberia imports primarily machinery and parts, transportation
|
|
equipment, petroleum products, and foodstuffs. Persistent budget deficits,
|
|
the flight of capital, and deterioration of transport and other infrastructure
|
|
continue to hold back economic progress.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $988 million, per capita $395; real growth rate 1.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 43% urban (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $29.5 million (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $550 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--iron ore 61%,
|
|
rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee; partners--US, EC, Netherlands
|
|
|
|
Imports: $335 million (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--rice, mineral
|
|
fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.7 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% in
|
|
manufacturing (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 730 million kWh produced,
|
|
290 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: rubber processing, food processing, construction
|
|
materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); principal products--rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava,
|
|
palm oil, sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food,
|
|
imports 25% of rice consumption
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $634 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $793 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $77
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Liberian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate since
|
|
1940); unofficial parallel exchange rate of L$2.5 = US$1, January 1989
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km
|
|
1.067-meter narrow gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and
|
|
operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian
|
|
Government
|
|
|
|
Highways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km
|
|
all weather, 4,313 km dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private,
|
|
laterite-surfaced roads open to public use, owned by rubber and timber
|
|
companies
|
|
|
|
Ports: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1,379 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,655,666 DWT/
|
|
90,005,898 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 148 cargo, 26 refrigerated cargo, 18
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 vehicle carrier, 42 container, 4 barge
|
|
carrier, 436 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 100 chemical,
|
|
63 combination ore/oil, 41 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 413
|
|
bulk, 2 multifunction large-load carrier, 26 combination bulk; note--a
|
|
flag of convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top
|
|
four owning flags are US 17%, Hong Kong 13%, Japan 10%, and Greece 10%;
|
|
China owns at least 20 ships and Vietnam owns 1
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 76 total, 60 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph service via radio relay
|
|
network; main center is Monrovia; 8,500 telephones; stations--3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV;
|
|
2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia, Liberia National Coast Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 627,519; 335,063 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.4% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Libya
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,759,540 km2; land area: 1,759,540 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,383 km total; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt
|
|
1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,770 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32o 30' N
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims and occupies a small portion of the Aozou Strip in
|
|
northern Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400
|
|
km2 in northern Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, gypsum
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 8% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 91% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting
|
|
one to four days in spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural
|
|
surface-water resources
|
|
|
|
Note: the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water
|
|
development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
|
|
aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,221,141 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Libyan(s); adjective--Libyan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians,
|
|
Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 50-60%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident
|
|
foreigners; 31% industry, 27% services, 24% government, 18% agriculture
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members;
|
|
General Union for Oil and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum
|
|
Energy and Allied Workers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
|
|
|
Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by
|
|
the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tripoli
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 46 municipalities (baladiyat,
|
|
singular--baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al Abyar, Al Aziziyah,
|
|
Al Bayda, Al Jufrah, Al Jumayl, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, Al Marj,
|
|
Al Qarabulli, Al Qubbah, Al Ujaylat, Ash Shati,
|
|
Awbari, Az Zahra, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Bani Walid,
|
|
Bin Jawwad, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Ghat, Jadu, Jalu,
|
|
Janzur, Masallatah, Misratah, Mizdah, Murzuq, Nalut,
|
|
Qaminis, Qasr Bin Ghashir, Sabha, Sabratah, Shahhat,
|
|
Surman, Surt, Tajura, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq,
|
|
Tukrah, Yafran, Zlitan, Zuwarah; note--the number of municipalities may
|
|
have been reduced to 13 named Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Al Jabal al-Gharbi,
|
|
Al Jabal al-Khums, Al Batnam, Al Kufrah, Al Marqab, Al Marzuq, Az Zawiyah,
|
|
Banghazi, Khalij Surt, Sabha, Tripoli, Wadi al-Hayat
|
|
|
|
Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate
|
|
religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General
|
|
People's Committee, General People's Committee (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General People's Congress
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI
|
|
(since 1 September 1969);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier)
|
|
Umar Mustafa al-MUNTASIR (since 1 March 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
|
|
revolutionary committees
|
|
|
|
Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state
|
|
religion)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues
|
|
from the oil sector, which contributes virtually all export earnings and over
|
|
50% to GNP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and resulting
|
|
decline in export revenues has adversely affected economic development. In 1986
|
|
per capita GNP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but it had been $2,000
|
|
higher in 1982. Severe cutbacks in imports over the past five years have
|
|
led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening
|
|
of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian
|
|
border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. Austerity
|
|
budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's
|
|
ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development
|
|
projects. The nonoil industrial and construction sectors, which
|
|
account for about 15% of GNP, have expanded from processing
|
|
mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel,
|
|
and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for less than 5% of GNP, it employs
|
|
20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm
|
|
output, requiring Libya to import about 75% of its food requirements.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $20 billion, per capita $5,410; real growth rate 0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $11.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $3.6 billion (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
peanuts, hides; partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France,
|
|
Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey
|
|
|
|
Imports: $5.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--machinery,
|
|
transport equipment, food, manufactured goods; partners--Italy, USSR,
|
|
FRG, UK, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.1 billion, excluding military debt (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,580,000 kW capacity; 13,360 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,270 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops--wheat, barley, olives, dates,
|
|
citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $242 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Libyan dinar (plural--dinars);
|
|
1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1--0.2896 (January 1990),
|
|
0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987), 0.3139 (1986), 0.2961 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 32,500 km total; 24,000 km bituminous and bituminous treated,
|
|
8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; refined products
|
|
443 km (includes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa el Brega
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 816,546
|
|
GRT/1,454,874 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 11 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 130 total, 122 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
7 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio relay,
|
|
coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations;
|
|
370,000 telephones; stations--18 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations--
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic;
|
|
submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia; tropospheric
|
|
scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahariya includes
|
|
People's Defense (Army), Arab Air Force and Air Defense Command, Arab
|
|
Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 991,368; 584,512 fit for military service;
|
|
50,379 reach military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 11.1% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Liechtenstein
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 160 km2; land area: 160 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 78 km total; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
|
|
cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hydroelectric potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 38% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 19% forest and woodland; 18% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 28,292 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Liechtensteiner(s); adjective--Liechtenstein
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5% Italian and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: German (official), Alemannic dialect
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 12,258; 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and
|
|
Austria); 54.4% industry, trade, and building; 41.6% services; 4.0% agriculture,
|
|
fishing, forestry, and horticulture
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Principality of Liechtenstein
|
|
|
|
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Vaduz
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden, singular--gemeinde);
|
|
Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg,
|
|
Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
|
|
|
|
Independence: 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein
|
|
established
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 October 1921
|
|
|
|
Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: St. Joseph's Day, 19 March
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, prime
|
|
minister, deputy prime minister
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Diet (Landtag)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal
|
|
cases and Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Prince HANS ADAM von und zu Liechtenstein
|
|
(since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 August 1984);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler;
|
|
Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Herbert Batliner; Christian Social Party,
|
|
Fritz Kaiser
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Diet--last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(25 total) VU 13, FBP 12
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU, WIPO; considering UN membership; has consultative status in
|
|
the EC
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein
|
|
is represented in the US by the Swiss Embassy;
|
|
US--the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the
|
|
US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown
|
|
on the hoist side of the blue band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light
|
|
industry and some farming. Industry accounts for 54% of total employment,
|
|
the service sector 42% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and
|
|
forestry 4%. The sale of postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10
|
|
million annually and accounts for 10% of revenues. Low business taxes (the
|
|
maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000
|
|
holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in
|
|
Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated solely for tax purposes, provide an
|
|
additional 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied closely to that of
|
|
Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living standards parallel those
|
|
of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0.1% (December 1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $171 million; expenditures $189 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $807 million;
|
|
commodities--small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps,
|
|
hardware, pottery;
|
|
partners--EC 40%, EFTA 26% (Switzerland 19%) (1986)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--machinery, metal goods, textiles,
|
|
foodstuffs, motor vehicles;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced,
|
|
5,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics,
|
|
pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural--francs, franken,
|
|
or franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen,
|
|
or centesimi
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1--1.5150
|
|
(January 1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986),
|
|
2.4571 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned,
|
|
operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
|
|
|
|
Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: none
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;
|
|
stations--no AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is responsibility of Switzerland
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Luxembourg
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,586 km2; land area: 2,586 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 359 km total; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, FRG 138 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys;
|
|
uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle
|
|
floodplain in the southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited)
|
|
|
|
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 21% forest and woodland; 34% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 383,813 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 9 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Luxembourger(s); adjective--Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest
|
|
and worker residents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant and Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 161,000; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly
|
|
from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; 48.9% services, 24.7% industry,
|
|
13.2% government, 8.8% construction, 4.4% agriculture (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1839
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's
|
|
birthday), 23 June (1921)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des
|
|
Deputes); note--the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory
|
|
body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de
|
|
de Justice)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);
|
|
Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party (CSV),
|
|
Jacques Santer; Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques Poos; Liberal (DP),
|
|
Colette Flesch; Communist (KPL), Rene Urbany; Green Alternative (GAP),
|
|
Jean Huss
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held
|
|
by June 1994);
|
|
results--CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%,
|
|
others 4%;
|
|
seats--(60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1, others 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: 500 party members (1982)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing
|
|
iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers;
|
|
Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and
|
|
Shopkeepers Federation
|
|
|
|
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, CCC, Council of Europe, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
|
|
ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Andre PHILIPPE; Chancery at
|
|
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171;
|
|
there are Luxembourg Consulates General in New York and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Jean B. S. GERARD; Embassy at 22 Boulevard
|
|
Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City (mailing address is APO New York 09132);
|
|
telephone p352o 460123
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue;
|
|
similar to the flag of the Netherlands which uses a darker blue and is shorter;
|
|
design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low
|
|
inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but
|
|
highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until
|
|
recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified,
|
|
particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade growth
|
|
in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in
|
|
steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion
|
|
of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with
|
|
Belgium on trade and most financial matters and is also closely connected
|
|
economically with the Netherlands.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $6.3 billion, per capita $17,200; real growth rate 4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--finished
|
|
steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other industrial
|
|
products; partners--EC 75%, US 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $5.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--minerals,
|
|
metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods; partners--FRG 40%,
|
|
Belgium 35%, France 15%, US 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $131.6 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,170 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,
|
|
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry);
|
|
principal products--barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes;
|
|
cattle raising widespread
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Luxembourg franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1--35.468 (January 1990),
|
|
39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672 (1986), 59.378 (1985);
|
|
note--the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates
|
|
freely in Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about
|
|
80 km limited access divided highway
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mertert (river port)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,138 GRT/9,373 DWT;
|
|
includes 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways less than 1,220 m; 1 with runways over 3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried cables;
|
|
230,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 6 TV; 2 communication satellite
|
|
earth stations operating in EUTELSAT and domestic systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 99,734; 83,237 fit for military service;
|
|
2,368 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.2% of GDP, or $76 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Macau
|
|
(overseas territory of Portugal)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 16 km2; land area: 16 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 0.34 km with China
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 40 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China
|
|
in 1999
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally flat
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect
|
|
the two islands to the peninsula on mainland
|
|
|
|
Note: 27 km west southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of
|
|
China
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 441,691 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Macanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Macau
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% Chinese, 3% Portuguese, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Roman Catholics, of whom about half are
|
|
Chinese
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of
|
|
commerce
|
|
|
|
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese
|
|
population
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 180,000 (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China
|
|
in 1999
|
|
|
|
Capital: Macau
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho);
|
|
Ilhas, Macau
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement
|
|
with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the
|
|
joint declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and
|
|
economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau
|
|
|
|
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council,
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since
|
|
9 March 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor Carlos MELANCIA (since 3 July 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of
|
|
Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of Macau; Macau
|
|
Independent Group
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held on 9 November 1988 (next to be
|
|
held November 1991);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(17 total; 6 elected by universal suffrage, 6 by indirect
|
|
suffrage) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese
|
|
representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing
|
|
China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government acceded to Chinese
|
|
demands that gave China veto power over administration
|
|
|
|
Member of: Multifiber Agreement
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as Chinese territory under Portuguese
|
|
administration, Macanese interests in the US are represented by Portugal;
|
|
US--the US has no offices in Macau and US interests are monitored
|
|
by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of Portugal is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including
|
|
gambling), and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have
|
|
spawned other small industries--toys, artificial flowers, and electronics.
|
|
The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing
|
|
industry has provided about two-thirds of export earnings. Macau depends on
|
|
China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong
|
|
are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.7 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.7 billion (1989 est.); commodities--textiles, clothing,
|
|
toys;
|
|
partners--US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.6 billion (1989 est.); commodities--raw materials,
|
|
foodstuffs, capital goods;
|
|
partners--Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $91 million (1985)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: NA
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 485 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,110 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages--rice, vegetables, meat;
|
|
depends mostly on imports for food requirements
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: pataca (plural--patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1--8.03 (1989), 8.044 (1988),
|
|
7.993 (1987), 8.029 (1986), 8.045 (1985); note--linked to the Hong Kong dollar
|
|
at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 42 km paved
|
|
|
|
Ports: Macau
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: none; 1 seaplane station
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for
|
|
domestic and international services; 52,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 3 FM,
|
|
no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio
|
|
communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided
|
|
via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,956; 93,221 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Note: defense is responsibility of Portugal
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Madagascar
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 587,040 km2; land area: 581,540 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,828 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 150 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
|
|
Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt,
|
|
quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 58% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing;
|
|
soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: world's fourth-largest island; strategic location
|
|
along Mozambique Channel
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 11,800,524 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Malagasy (sing. and pl.); adjective--Malagasy
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of predominantly
|
|
Malayo-Indonesian origin (Merina 1,643,000 and related Betsileo 760,000) on the
|
|
one hand and coastal tribes, collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed
|
|
African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety
|
|
442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000), on the other; there are also
|
|
11,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles
|
|
|
|
Religion: 52% indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: French and Malagasy (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 67.5%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in
|
|
subsistence agriculture; 175,000 wage earners--26% agriculture, 17% domestic
|
|
service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% services,
|
|
6% transportation, 2% other; 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Antananarivo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces (plural--NA, singular--faritanin);
|
|
Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
|
|
|
|
Independence: 26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 December 1975
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy
|
|
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Supreme Council of the Revolution,
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee
|
|
Nationale Populaire)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional
|
|
Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Col. Victor RAMAHATRA (since
|
|
12 February 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: seven parties are now allowed limited
|
|
political activity under the national front and are represented on the Supreme
|
|
Revolutionary Council: Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier
|
|
Ratsiraka; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM);
|
|
Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival (AKFM-R), Pastor Richard
|
|
Andriamanjato; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny;
|
|
Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert Andriamorasata; Militants
|
|
for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM), Manandafy Rakotonirina;
|
|
National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja Jaona;
|
|
Socialist Organization Monima (VSM, an offshoot of MONIMA), Tsihozony
|
|
Maharanga
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held March 1996);
|
|
results--Didier Ratsiraka (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy Rakotonirina (MFM/MFT)
|
|
20%, Dr. Jerome Marojama Razanabahiny (VONJY) 15%, Monja Jaona
|
|
(MONIMA) 3%;
|
|
|
|
People's National Assembly--last held on 28 May 1989 (next to
|
|
be held May 1994);
|
|
results--AREMA 88.2%, MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, others 0.8%;
|
|
seats--(137 total) AREMA 120, MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1,
|
|
independent 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal
|
|
group of Communists has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank
|
|
and file of which is non-Communist
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
|
|
OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO;
|
|
Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
265-5525 or 5526; there is a Malagasy Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo,
|
|
Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo);
|
|
telephone 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical
|
|
white band of the same width on hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world.
|
|
During the period 1980-85 it had a population growth of 3% a year and
|
|
a - 0.4% GDP growth rate. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is
|
|
the mainstay of the economy, accounting for over 40% of GDP, employing about
|
|
85% of the labor force, and contributing more than 70% to export earnings.
|
|
Industry is confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile
|
|
manufacturing; in 1988 it contributed only 16% to GDP and employed 3% of the
|
|
labor force. Industrial development has been hampered by government policies
|
|
that have restricted imports of equipment and spare parts and put strict
|
|
controls on foreign-owned enterprises. In 1986 the government introduced a
|
|
five-year development plan that stresses self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice)
|
|
by 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $155; real growth rate 2.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $337 million; expenditures $245 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $163 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum
|
|
products; partners--France, Japan, Italy, FRG, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $319 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%,
|
|
petroleum 15%, consumer goods 14%, food 13%; partners--France, FRG, UK,
|
|
other EC, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.6 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 3.9 % (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 119,000 kW capacity; 430 million kWh produced,
|
|
40 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories,
|
|
brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles,
|
|
glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops--coffee, vanilla,
|
|
sugarcane, cloves, cocoa; food crops--rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts;
|
|
cattle raising widespread; not self-sufficient in rice and wheat flour
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
|
|
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.6 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $491 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Malagasy franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1--1,531.0 (January 1990),
|
|
1603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987), 676.3 (1986), 662.5 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
|
or stabilized soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: of local importance only; isolated streams and small
|
|
portions of Canal des Pangalanes
|
|
|
|
Ports: Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 58,126
|
|
GRT/79,420 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 147 total, 115 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial
|
|
cables, radio relay, and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT;
|
|
over 38,200 telephones; stations--14 AM, 1 FM, 7 (30 repeaters) TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces (includes Navy and Air Force),
|
|
paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,550,775; 1,519,084 fit for military
|
|
service; 116,438 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.2% of GDP, or $37 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Malawi
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 118,480 km2; land area: 94,080 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Pennsylvania
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,881 km total; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km,
|
|
Zambia 837 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa
|
|
(Lake Malawi)
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to
|
|
November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills,
|
|
some mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal,
|
|
and bauxite
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 20% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 50% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,157,528 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 16 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 130 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Malawian(s); adjective--Malawian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
|
|
Ngonde, Asian, European
|
|
|
|
Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional
|
|
indigenous beliefs are also practiced
|
|
|
|
Language: English and Chichewa (official); other languages important
|
|
regionally
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 41.2%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 428,000 wage earners; 43% agriculture, 16% manufacturing,
|
|
15% personal services, 9% commerce, 7% construction, 4% miscellaneous services,
|
|
6% other permanently employed (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized
|
|
|
|
Note: there are 800,000 Mozambican refugees in Malawi (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Malawi
|
|
|
|
Type: one-party state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lilongwe
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu,
|
|
Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Kasupe, Lilongwe, Mangochi, Mchinji,
|
|
Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ncheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhota Kota, Nsanje, Ntchisi,
|
|
Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
|
|
BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as President for Life 6 July 1971)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Malawi Congress Party
|
|
(MCP), Maxwell Pashane, administrative secretary; John Tembo, treasurer
|
|
general; top party position of secretary general vacant since 1983
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--President Banda sworn in as President for Life on
|
|
6 July 1971;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held
|
|
by May 1992);
|
|
results--MCP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, EC (associated member), FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
|
|
ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at
|
|
2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007;
|
|
US--Ambassador George A. TRAIL, III; Embassy in new capital city
|
|
development area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe);
|
|
telephone 730-166
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a
|
|
radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of
|
|
Afghanistan which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed on
|
|
the hoist side of the black and red bands
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: A landlocked country, Malawi ranks among the world's least
|
|
developed with a per capita GDP of $180. The economy is predominately
|
|
agricultural and operates under a relatively free enterprise
|
|
environment, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas.
|
|
Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export revenues. After
|
|
two years of weak performance, economic growth improved significantly
|
|
in 1988 as a result of good weather and a broadly based economic
|
|
adjustment effort by the government. The closure of traditional trade
|
|
routes through Mozambique continues to be a constraint on the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $180; growth rate 3.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 31.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $246 million; expenditures $390 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $97 million (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $292 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--tobacco,
|
|
tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts; partners--US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, FRG
|
|
|
|
Imports: $402 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--food,
|
|
petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment;
|
|
partners--South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.4 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 181,000 kW capacity; 535 million kWh produced,
|
|
60 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling,
|
|
cement, consumer goods
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops--tobacco,
|
|
sugarcane, cotton, tea, and corn; subsistence crops--potatoes, cassava,
|
|
sorghum, pulses; livestock--cattle and goats
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $182 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Malawian kwacha (plural--kwacha);
|
|
1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1--2.6793 (January 1990),
|
|
2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987), 1.8611 (1986), 1.7191 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 789 km 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
|
or stabilized soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota--all on Lake
|
|
Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 48 total, 47 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and
|
|
radio communication stations; 36,800 telephones; stations--8 AM, 4 FM, no TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
Note: a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the
|
|
Beira or Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of
|
|
insurgent activity and damage to rail lines
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army Naval Detachment, paramilitary
|
|
Police Mobile Force Unit, paramilitary Young Pioneers
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,904,445; 967,032 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $22 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Malaysia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 329,750 km2; land area: 328,550 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,669 km total; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782,
|
|
Thailand 506 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,675 km total (2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia,
|
|
2,607 km East Malaysia)
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation,
|
|
specified boundary in the South China Sea;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
|
|
China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; state of Sabah claimed by the
|
|
Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides
|
|
Brunei into two parts
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
|
|
(October to February) monsoons
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore,
|
|
natural gas, bauxite
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 10% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 63% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to flooding; air and water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern
|
|
South China Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 17,510,546 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Malaysian(s); adjective--Malaysian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 59% Malay and other indigenous, 32% Chinese, 9% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: Peninsular Malaysia--Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese
|
|
predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah--38% Muslim,
|
|
17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak--35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and
|
|
Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 5% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Peninsular Malaysia--Malay (official); English, Chinese
|
|
dialects, Tamil; Sabah--English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and
|
|
Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak--English, Malay, Mandarin,
|
|
numerous tribal languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 65.0% overall, age 20 and up; Peninsular Malaysia--80%;
|
|
Sabah--60%; Sarawak--60%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 6,800,000; 30.8% agriculture, 17% manufacturing,
|
|
13.6% government, 5.8% construction, 4.3% finance, 3.4% business services,
|
|
transport and communications, 0.6% mining, 24.5% other (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 660,000, 10% of total labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy
|
|
nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament
|
|
composed of a 58-member Senate and a 177-member House of Representatives;
|
|
Peninsular Malaysian states--hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Melaka,
|
|
where governors are appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state
|
|
governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah--self-governing state,
|
|
holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense,
|
|
internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government;
|
|
Sarawak--self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 24 seats in House of
|
|
Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and
|
|
other powers delegated to federal government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular--negeri) and
|
|
2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan,
|
|
singular--wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka,
|
|
Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor,
|
|
Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*
|
|
|
|
Independence: 31 August 1957 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when
|
|
Federation of Malaya became Federation of Malaysia
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 31 August (1957)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an
|
|
upper house or Senate (Dewan Negara) and a lower house or House of
|
|
Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan
|
|
Yusof Izzudin (since 26 April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul
|
|
Rahman (since 26 April 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since
|
|
16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Abdul GHAFAR Baba (since 7 May 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Peninsular
|
|
Malaysia--National Front, a confederation of 14 political parties
|
|
dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru),
|
|
Mahathir bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Ling Liong Sik;
|
|
Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Datuk Lim Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress
|
|
(MIC), Datuk Samy Vellu;
|
|
|
|
Sabah--Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamed Noor Mansoor; Bersatu Sabah
|
|
(PBS), Joseph Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO),
|
|
Tun Datuk Mustapha;
|
|
|
|
Sarawak--coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party
|
|
Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib
|
|
Mahmud; Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar Stephen Yong
|
|
Kuat Tze; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; Parti Bansa
|
|
Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo Moggie; major opposition parties are
|
|
Democratic Action Party (DAP), Lim Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic
|
|
Party (PAS), Fadzil Noor
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 2-3 August 1986 (next to be held
|
|
by August 1991);
|
|
results--National Front 57.4%, DAP 20.8%, PAS 15.6%, independents 3.3%,
|
|
others 2.9%; note--within the National Front, UMNO got 35% and MCA
|
|
14% of the vote;
|
|
seats--(177 total) National Front 148, DAP 24, PAS 1, independents 4;
|
|
note--within the National Front, UMNO got 83 seats and MCA 17 seats
|
|
|
|
Communists: Peninsular Malaysia--about 1,000 armed insurgents on
|
|
Thailand side of international boundary and about 200 full time inside
|
|
Malaysia surrendered on 2 December 1989; only about 100 Communist
|
|
insurgents remain in North Kalimantan and Sabah
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Association of Tin Producing Countries,
|
|
CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
|
|
ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Albert S. TALALLA; Chancery at
|
|
2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700;
|
|
there are Malaysian Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak,
|
|
50400 Kuala Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur);
|
|
telephone p6o (03) 248-9011
|
|
|
|
Flag: fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
|
|
white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing
|
|
a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star
|
|
are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1988-89 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to recover
|
|
from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.7% in 1988 and
|
|
about 7.7% in 1989, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing output and
|
|
further increases in foreign direct investment, particularly from
|
|
Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home. Malaysia has
|
|
become the world's third-largest producer of semiconductor devices
|
|
(after the US and Japan) and the world's largest exporter of semiconductor
|
|
devices. Inflation remained low as unemployment stood at about 8% of
|
|
the labor force and as the government followed prudent fiscal/monetary
|
|
policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and a majority
|
|
of the rural population subsists at the poverty level. Malaysia's
|
|
high export dependence (merchandise exports are 63% of GDP) leaves
|
|
it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries or a fall in
|
|
world commodity prices.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $37.9 billion, per capita $2,270; real growth rate 7.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $8.8 billion; expenditures $11.2 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $2.5 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $24 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--natural
|
|
rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, electronics, light manufactures;
|
|
partners--Singapore, Japan, USSR, EC, Australia, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $20 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--food, crude
|
|
oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, chemicals;
|
|
partners--Japan, Singapore, FRG, UK, Thailand, China, Australia, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $16.3 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 13.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
990 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: Peninsular Malaysia--rubber and oil palm processing and
|
|
manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and
|
|
smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah--logging, petroleum production;
|
|
Sarawak--agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: Peninsular Malaysia--natural rubber, palm oil, rice;
|
|
Sabah--mainly subsistence; main crops--rubber, timber, coconut, rice;
|
|
Sarawak--main crops--rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice
|
|
in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: ringgit (plural--ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: ringgits (M$) per US$1--2.7038 (January 1990),
|
|
2.7087 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987), 2.5814 (1986), 2.4830 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: Peninsular Malaysia--1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double
|
|
track, government owned; Sabah--136 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: Peninsular Malaysia--23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly
|
|
bituminous-surface treatment, and 4,248 km unpaved); Sabah--3,782 km;
|
|
Sarawak--1,644 km
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia--3,209 km; Sabah--1,569 km;
|
|
Sarawak--2,518 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Tanjong, Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang,
|
|
Port Kelang, Sandakan, Tawau
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 159 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,525,635
|
|
GRT/2,216,215 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 21 container,
|
|
2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 28 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 1 passenger-cargo, 22 bulk, 1 passenger
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,307 km; natural gas, 379 km
|
|
|
|
Airports: 126 total, 121 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good intercity service provided to peninsular Malaysia
|
|
mainly by microwave relay, adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah
|
|
and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and
|
|
television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); stations--28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV;
|
|
submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable links to
|
|
Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air
|
|
Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,499,495; 2,744,743 fit for military
|
|
service; 178,923 reach military age (21) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.8% of GDP, or $1.4 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Maldives
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 300 km2; land area: 300 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 644 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: about 100 nm (defined by geographic
|
|
coordinates);
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 37-310 nm (segment of zone coincides with
|
|
maritime boundary with India);
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
|
|
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
|
|
3% forest and woodland; 84% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls
|
|
|
|
Note: archipelago of strategic location astride and along
|
|
major sea lanes in Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 217,945 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 76 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 65 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Maldivian(s); adjective--Maldivian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and black
|
|
|
|
Religion: Sunni Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English
|
|
spoken by most government officials
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 36%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 66,000 (est.); 80% engaged in fishing industry
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Maldives
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Male
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu,
|
|
Gaafu
|
|
Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu,
|
|
Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu
|
|
|
|
Independence: 26 July 1965 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 June 1964
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law
|
|
primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM
|
|
(since since 11 November 1978)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country
|
|
governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September
|
|
1994);
|
|
results--President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom reelected;
|
|
|
|
Citizens' Council--last held on 7 December 1984 (next to be held
|
|
7 December 1989);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(48 total, 40 elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Maldives does not maintain an embassy
|
|
in the US, but does have a UN mission in New York;
|
|
US--the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and
|
|
makes periodic visits there; US Consular Agency, Mahduedurage, Violet
|
|
Magu, Henveru, Male; telephone 2581
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical
|
|
white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping.
|
|
Agriculture is limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide
|
|
only 10% of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 80%
|
|
of the work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an
|
|
important source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one
|
|
of the most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988
|
|
industry accounted for about 14% of GDP. Real GDP is officially
|
|
estimated to have increased by about 10% annually during the period
|
|
1974-86, and GDP estimates for 1988 show a further growth of 9% on
|
|
the strength of a record fish catch and an improved tourist season.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $136 million, per capita $670; real growth rate 9.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $51 million; expenditures $50 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $25 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $47.0 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--fish 57%,
|
|
clothing 39%; partners--Thailand, Western Europe, Sri Lanka
|
|
|
|
Imports: $90.0 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--
|
|
intermediate and capital goods 47%, consumer goods 42%, petroleum products 11%;
|
|
partners--Japan, Western Europe, Thailand
|
|
|
|
External debt: $70 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced,
|
|
50 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat
|
|
building, some coconut processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope),
|
|
handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing);
|
|
fishing more important than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn,
|
|
sweet potatoes; most staple foods must be imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $84 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: rufiyaa (plural--rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1--9.3043 (January 1990),
|
|
9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987), 7.1507 (1986), 7.0981 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city
|
|
|
|
Ports: Male, Gan
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,066
|
|
GRT/112,480 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international facilities;
|
|
2,325 telephones; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: no military force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 49,261; 27,519 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $1.8 million (1984 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mali
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,240,000 km2; land area: 1,220,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 7,243 km total; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km,
|
|
Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal
|
|
419 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was
|
|
submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the
|
|
ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
|
|
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including
|
|
the tripoint with Niger
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
|
|
humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna
|
|
in south, rugged hills in northeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone,
|
|
uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known
|
|
but not exploited
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 25% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 7% forest and woodland; 66% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,142,373 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 116 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 47 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Malian(s); adjective--Malian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12%
|
|
Voltaic, 6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor, 10% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the
|
|
population; numerous African languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 18%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,666,000 (1986 est.); 80% agriculture, 19% services,
|
|
1% industry and commerce (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella
|
|
organization for over 13 national unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Mali
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; single-party constitutional government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bamako
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 regions (regions, singular--region); Gao,
|
|
Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou; note--there may be a new
|
|
capital district of Bamako
|
|
|
|
Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981
|
|
and March 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic,
|
|
22 September (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemble Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Moussa TRAORE
|
|
(since 6 December 1968)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Democratic Union of
|
|
Malian People (UDPM)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held June 1991);
|
|
results--General Moussa Traore was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held June
|
|
1991); results--UDPM is the only party; seats--(82 total) UDPM 82
|
|
|
|
Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers (no legal Communist
|
|
party)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
|
|
OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River
|
|
Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO,
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery
|
|
at 2130 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or
|
|
939-8950;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert M. PRINGLE; Embassy at Rue Testard and
|
|
Rue Mohamed V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone 225834
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
|
|
red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about
|
|
80% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely
|
|
confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the
|
|
population lives as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in
|
|
agriculture and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on
|
|
processing farm commodities.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.94 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate - 0.9% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $338 million; expenditures $559 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $260 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--livestock,
|
|
peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins; partners--mostly franc zone and
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
|
|
Imports: $493 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--textiles,
|
|
vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals; partners--mostly
|
|
franc zone and Western Europe
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.1 billion (December 1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 92,000 kW capacity; 165 million kWh produced,
|
|
20 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: small local consumer goods and processing, construction,
|
|
phosphate, gold, fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small
|
|
subsistence farms; cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of
|
|
exports; other crops--millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
|
|
livestock--cattle, sheep, and goats
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $313 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.4 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$190 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail
|
|
system through Kayes
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km
|
|
gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 37 total, 29 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic system poor but improving; provides only
|
|
minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations;
|
|
expansion of radio relay in progress; 11,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM,
|
|
2 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force; paramilitary, Gendarmerie,
|
|
Republican Guard, National Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,585,878; 913,000 fit for military
|
|
service; no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Malta
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 320 km2; land area: 320 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 140 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: limestone, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 38% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very
|
|
scarce--increasing reliance on desalination
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south
|
|
of Sicily, 290 km north of Libya
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 353,465 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Maltese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Maltese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian,
|
|
English
|
|
|
|
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Maltese and English (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 83%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 125,674; 30% services, 24% manufacturing, 21% government
|
|
(except job corps), 8% construction, 5% utilities and drydocks, 4% agriculture
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 40% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Malta
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Valletta
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (administration directly from Valletta)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 21 September 1964 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and Roman civil law; has
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Freedom Day, 31 March
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH
|
|
ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO
|
|
(since 14 May 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward Fenech Adami;
|
|
Malta Labor Party, Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 9 May 1987 (next to be
|
|
held by May 1992);
|
|
results--NP 51.1%, MLP 48.9%;
|
|
seats--(usually 65 total, but additional seats are given to the party with the
|
|
largest popular vote to ensure a legislative majority; current total 69)
|
|
MLP 34, NP 31 before popular vote adjustment; MLP 34, NP 35
|
|
after adjustment
|
|
|
|
Communists: fewer than 100 (est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council,
|
|
NAM,UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Salvatore J. STELLINI; Chancery at
|
|
2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611
|
|
or 3612; there is a Maltese Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House,
|
|
St. Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535,
|
|
Valletta); telephone p356o 623653 or 620424, 623216
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic
|
|
location, and a productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its
|
|
food needs, has limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy
|
|
sources. Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and
|
|
services. Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the
|
|
economy. Manufacturing accounts for about 30% of GDP, with the textile and
|
|
clothing industry a major contributor. In 1988 inflation was held to a low 0.9%.
|
|
Per capita GDP at $5,100 places Malta in the middle-income range of the world's
|
|
nations.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.9 billion, per capita $5,100; real growth rate 7.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 4.4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $844 million; expenditures $938 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $226 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $710 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--clothing,
|
|
textiles, footwear, ships; partners--FRG 31%, UK 14%, Italy 14%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1,360 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--food,
|
|
petroleum, nonfood raw materials; partners--FRG 19%, UK 17%, Italy 17%,
|
|
US 11%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $90 million, medium and long-term (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.2% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,990 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, ship repair yard, clothing, construction,
|
|
food manufacturing, textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products--potatoes,
|
|
cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green
|
|
peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of vegetables,
|
|
poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain,
|
|
animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $332 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$48 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Maltese lira (plural--liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Maltese liri (LM) per US$1--0.3332 (January 1990),
|
|
0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987), 0.3924 (1986), 0.4676 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or
|
|
gravel, 35 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Valletta, Marsaxlokk
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 314 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,677,797
|
|
GRT/6,357,733 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 127 cargo,
|
|
2 container, 1 passenger-cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier,
|
|
6 refrigerated cargo, 7 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 61 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
72 bulk, 11 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry;
|
|
China owns 1 ship, Cuba owns 8, and Vietnam owns 1
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern automatic system centered in Valletta;
|
|
153,000 telephones; stations--9 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 1 submarine cable; 1 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Armed Forces, Police, Paramilitary Dejima Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 92,610; 74,256 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.3% of GDP, or $25 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Man, Isle of
|
|
(British crown dependency)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 588 km2; land area: 588 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 113 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half
|
|
the time
|
|
|
|
Terrain: hills in north and south bisected by central valley
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: lead, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; extensive arable land and forests
|
|
|
|
Environment: strong westerly winds prevail
|
|
|
|
Note: located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland,
|
|
and Ireland
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 64,859 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Manxman, Manxwoman, adjective--Manx
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian,
|
|
Society of Friends
|
|
|
|
Language: English, Manx Gaelic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education between ages of 5 and 15
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 25,864 (1981)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 22 labor unions patterned along British lines
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: British crown dependency
|
|
|
|
Capital: Douglas
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English law and local statute
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Tynwald Day, 5 July
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister,
|
|
Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Tynwald) consists of an upper
|
|
house or Legislative Council and a lower house or House of Keys
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court of Justice
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
|
|
1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Maj. Gen. Laurence NEW
|
|
(since 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--President of the Legislative Council J. C. NIVISON
|
|
(since 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: there is no party system and members sit
|
|
as independents
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Keys--last held in 1986 (next to be held 1991);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(24 total) independents 24
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the
|
|
center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order
|
|
to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided
|
|
emblem is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of
|
|
the economy. The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology
|
|
companies and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in
|
|
expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result,
|
|
agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in
|
|
their shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing
|
|
about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate NA% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--tweeds, herring, processed shellfish
|
|
meat; partners--UK
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--timber, fertilizers, fish;
|
|
partners--UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: an important offshore financial center; financial services,
|
|
light manufacturing, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: Manx pound (plural--pounds); 1 Manx pound (LM) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Manx pounds (LM) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
|
0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985);
|
|
the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 640 km motorable roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: Douglas, Ramsey, Peel
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,656,216
|
|
GRT/2,984,047 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 5 container,
|
|
6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
5 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 6 liquefied gas, 12 bulk;
|
|
note--a captive register of the United Kingdom, although not all
|
|
ships on the register are British-owned
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 24,435 telephones; stations--1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Marshall Islands
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 181.3 km2; land area: 181.3 km2; includes the atolls
|
|
of Bikini, Eniwetak, and Kwajalein
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 370.4 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims US-administered Wake Island
|
|
|
|
Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border
|
|
typhoon belt
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low coral limestone and sand islands
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed
|
|
minerals
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 60% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 40% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic
|
|
island chains of 30 atolls and 1,152 islands
|
|
|
|
Note: located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and
|
|
Eniwetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War II
|
|
battleground, is now used as a US missile test range
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 43,417 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Marshallese; adjective--Marshallese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Micronesian
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: English universally spoken and is the official language;
|
|
two major Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,800 (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of the Marshall Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional government in free association with the US;
|
|
the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
|
|
|
|
Capital: Majuro
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship;
|
|
formerly the Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific
|
|
Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 May 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the
|
|
legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands,
|
|
1 May (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Nitijela)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Amata KABUA (since 1979)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: no formal parties; President Kabua
|
|
is chief political (and traditional) leader
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held NA November 1987 (next to be held November
|
|
1991); results--President Amata Kabua was reelected;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held NA November 1987 (next to be held November
|
|
1991); results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(33 total)
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: SPF, ESCAP (associate)
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Representative Wilfred I. KENDALL;
|
|
Representative Office at Suite 1004, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 223-4952;
|
|
US--Representative Samuel B. THOMSEN; US Office at NA address (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 680, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960);
|
|
telephone 692-9-3348
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side
|
|
corner--orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large
|
|
rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy.
|
|
Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important
|
|
commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle
|
|
ranches supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to
|
|
handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary
|
|
source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The islands
|
|
have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 the US
|
|
Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese budget of
|
|
$55 million.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.6% (1981)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--copra, copra oil,
|
|
agricultural products, handicrafts; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
beverages, building materials; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 12,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per
|
|
capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearl;
|
|
offshore banking (embryonic)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs,
|
|
chickens
|
|
|
|
Aid: under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to
|
|
provide approximately $40 million in aid annually
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: macadam and concrete roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein),
|
|
otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks
|
|
|
|
Ports: Majuro
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 475,968
|
|
GRT/949,888 DWT; includes 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
1 bulk carrier; note--a flag of convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Airports: 5 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: telephone network--570 lines (Majuro) and 186
|
|
(Ebeye); telex services; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used
|
|
mostly for government purposes); stations--1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave;
|
|
2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications
|
|
system on Kwajalein
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Martinique
|
|
(overseas department of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,100 km2; land area: 1,060 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 290 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to
|
|
October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 30% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 26% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that
|
|
result in an average of one major natural disaster every five years
|
|
|
|
Note: located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 340,381 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Martiniquais (sing. and pl.); adjective--Martiniquais
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5%
|
|
Caucasian, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
|
|
|
|
Language: French, Creole patois
|
|
|
|
Literacy: over 70%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 100,000; 31.7% service industry, 29.4% construction and
|
|
public works, 13.1% agriculture, 7.3% industry, 2.2% fisheries, 16.3% other
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Department of Martinique
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas department of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Fort-de-France
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French legal system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: government commissioner
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional
|
|
Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since
|
|
21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since
|
|
5 May 1989); President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA
|
|
1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Stephen Bago;
|
|
Union of the Left composed of the Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM),
|
|
Aime Cesaire; Socialist Federation of Martinique, Michael Yoyo; and the
|
|
Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand Nicolas; Union for French Democracy
|
|
(UDF), Jean Maran
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council--last held on NA October 1988
|
|
(next to be held by March 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(44 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
Regional Assembly--last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by
|
|
March 1992); results--UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM
|
|
coalition 41.3%, others 8.9%;
|
|
seats--(41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next
|
|
to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: 1,000 (est.)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP);
|
|
Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS), Martinique Independence
|
|
Movement (MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Central Union for
|
|
Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of
|
|
Workers and Peasants
|
|
|
|
Member of: WFTU
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France,
|
|
Martiniquais interests are represented in the US by France;
|
|
US--Consul General Ray ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac,
|
|
Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France);
|
|
telephone p596o 63-13-03
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light
|
|
industry. Agriculture accounts for about 7% of GDP and the small industrial
|
|
sector for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now
|
|
used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, however, going
|
|
mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be
|
|
imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual
|
|
transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than
|
|
agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the work
|
|
force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1984 the
|
|
annual per capita income was relatively high at $3,650. During 1985 the
|
|
unemployment rate was between 25% and 30% and was particularly severe among
|
|
younger workers.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.3 billion, per capita $3,650; real growth rate NA% (1984)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25-30% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $223 million; expenditures $223 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $209 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--refined petroleum
|
|
products, bananas, rum, pineapples; partners--France 65%, Guadeloupe 26%
|
|
(1986)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $879 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing and other
|
|
consumer goods; partners--France 64% (1986)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 108,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced,
|
|
990 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal crops--pineapples,
|
|
avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane for rum; dependent on
|
|
imported food, particularly meat and vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $9.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Fort-de-France
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones;
|
|
interisland radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia;
|
|
stations--1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mauritania
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,030,700 km2; land area: 1,030,400 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,074 km total; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal
|
|
813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 754 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: armed conflict in Western Sahara; boundary with Senegal
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 38% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 5% forest and woodland; 56% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily
|
|
in March and April; desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,934,549 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 96 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 44 years male, 49 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mauritanian(s); adjective--Mauritanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Maur/black, 30% Maur, 30% black
|
|
|
|
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official); Toucouleur, Fula,
|
|
Sarakole, Wolof
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 17%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980);
|
|
47% agriculture, 29% services, 14% industry and commerce, 10% government;
|
|
53% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian
|
|
Workers' Union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July
|
|
1978; a palace coup that took place on 24 December 1984 brought President
|
|
Taya to power
|
|
|
|
Capital: Nouakchott
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 12 regions (regions, singular--region);
|
|
Adrar, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, El Acaba, Gorgol, Guidimaka,
|
|
Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza;
|
|
note--there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott
|
|
|
|
Independence: 28 November 1960 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 20 May 1961, abrogated after coup of 10 July 1978;
|
|
provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned in 1981; new
|
|
constitutional charter published 27 February 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Military Committee for National
|
|
Salvation (CMSN), Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee
|
|
Nationale), dissolved after 10 July 1978 coup; legislative power
|
|
resides with the CMSN
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Col. Maaouiya Ould
|
|
SidAhmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: suspended
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none; last presidential election August 1976;
|
|
National Assembly dissolved 10 July 1978; no national elections
|
|
are scheduled
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party, but there is a scattering of Maoist
|
|
sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League, CCC, CEAO, CIPEC (associate),
|
|
EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
|
|
OAU, OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley),
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdellah OULD DADDAH; Chancery at
|
|
2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700;
|
|
US--Ambassador William H. TWADDELL; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone p2222o 52660 or 52663
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal
|
|
crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color
|
|
green are traditional symbols of Islam
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: A majority of the population still depends on agriculture
|
|
and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many
|
|
subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent drought in 1983.
|
|
Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore that account for almost 50% of
|
|
total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to
|
|
cutbacks in production in recent years. The nation's coastal waters are among
|
|
the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners
|
|
threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater
|
|
port opened near Nouakchott in 1986.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.0 billion, per capita $520; real growth rate 3.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 50% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $334 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $79 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $424 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--iron ore,
|
|
processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum, unrecorded but
|
|
numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal; partners--EC 57%,
|
|
Japan 39%, Ivory Coast 2%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $365 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods; partners--EC 79%,
|
|
Africa 5%, US 4%, Japan 2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.3 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 189,000 kW capacity; 136 million kWh produced,
|
|
70 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely
|
|
subsistence farming and nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal
|
|
river valley; crops--dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products
|
|
number-one export; large food deficit in years of drought
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $160 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.1 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$277 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: ouguiya (plural--ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: ouguiya (UM) per US$1--83.838 (January 1990),
|
|
83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987), 74.375 (1986), 77.085 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 670 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track, owned and
|
|
operated by government mining company
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone,
|
|
or otherwise improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River
|
|
|
|
Ports: Nouadhibou, Nouakchott
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,272 GRT/
|
|
1,840 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 30 total, 29 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor
|
|
radio relay links, and radio communications stations; 5,200 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
and 2 ARABSAT, with a third planned
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, paramilitary
|
|
National Guard, paramilitary National Police, paramilitary Presidential Guard,
|
|
paramilitary Nomad Security Guards
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 410,153; 200,212 fit for military service;
|
|
conscription law not implemented
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.2% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mauritius
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,860 km2; land area: 1,850 km2; includes Agalega
|
|
Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (St. Brandon) and Rodrigues
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 177 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of
|
|
Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims
|
|
French-administered Tromelin Island
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter
|
|
(May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains
|
|
encircling central plateau
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: arable land, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 54% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 9% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely
|
|
surrounded by reefs
|
|
|
|
Note: located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,070,005 (July 1990), growth rate 1.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mauritian(s); adjective--Mauritian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian, 27% Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2%
|
|
Franco-Mauritian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic with a few
|
|
Anglicans), 17% Muslim, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka,
|
|
Bojpoori
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 82.8%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 335,000; 29% government services, 27% agriculture and
|
|
fishing, 22% manufacturing, 22% other; 43% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Port Louis
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 5 urban councils and 3 district councils*;
|
|
Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Curepipe, Moka-Flacq*, North*, Port Louis, Quatre
|
|
Bornes, South*, Vacoas-Phoenix; note--there may now be 4 urban councils
|
|
and 9 district councils* named Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Black River*,
|
|
Curepipe, Flacq*, Grand Port*, Moka*, Pamplemousses*, Plaine Wilhems*,
|
|
Port Louis*, Quartre Bornes, Riviere du Rempart*, Savanne*, and
|
|
Vacoas-Phoenix
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 March 1968 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 12 March 1968
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English
|
|
common law in certain areas
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor General Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January
|
|
1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June
|
|
1982); Deputy Prime Minister Sir Satcam BOOLELL (since 15 August 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: the government is currently controlled by a
|
|
coalition composed of the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. Jugnauth,
|
|
and the Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), S. Boolell; the main opposition union
|
|
consists of the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Prem Nababsing; Socialist
|
|
Workers Front, Sylvio Michel; Democratic Labor Movement, Anil Baichoo;
|
|
Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. Duval
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held on 30 August 1987 (next to be held 30
|
|
August 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(70 total, 62 elected) MSM 24, MMM 21, MLP 10, PMSD 5, others 10
|
|
|
|
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations;
|
|
Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius
|
|
Communist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist
|
|
League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association,
|
|
Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery
|
|
at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492;
|
|
US--Ambassador Penne KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers Building,
|
|
John Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone 082347
|
|
|
|
Flag: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles),
|
|
and tourism. Despite significant expansion in other sectors over the past
|
|
decade, sugarcane remains dominant and is grown on about 90% of the cultivated
|
|
land area, accounting for 40% of export earnings. The government's
|
|
development strategy is centered on industrialization (with a view to exports),
|
|
agricultural diversification, and tourism. Economic performance in 1988 was
|
|
impressive, with 6.3% real growth rate and low unemployment.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.9 billion, per capita $1,910; real growth rate 6.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $351 million; expenditures $414 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $76 million (FY87 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles 44%,
|
|
sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%; partners--EC and US have preferential
|
|
treatment, EC 77%, US 15%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum products 8%,
|
|
chemicals 7%; partners--EC, US, South Africa, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $670 million (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 233,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced,
|
|
375 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing
|
|
apparel, chemical and chemical products, metal products, transport equipment,
|
|
nonelectrical machinery, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 14% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in
|
|
sugarcane; other products--tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats,
|
|
fish; net food importer, especially rice and fish
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
|
drug trade
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $72 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries (1970-87), $538 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $54
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Mauritian rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1--15.033 (January 1990),
|
|
15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987), 13.466 (1986), 15.442 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Port Louis
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 143,029 GRT/
|
|
248,754 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and
|
|
lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: small system with good service; new microwave link to
|
|
Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; 48,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Units,
|
|
regular Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 297,975; 153,130 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mayotte
|
|
(territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 375 km2; land area: 375 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 185.2 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Comoros
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern
|
|
monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to cyclones during rainy season
|
|
|
|
Note: part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about
|
|
halfway between Africa and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 72,186 (July 1990), growth rate 3.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mahorais (sing., pl.); adjective--Mahoran
|
|
|
|
Religion: 99% Muslim; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
|
|
|
|
Type: territorial collectivity of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Dzaoudzi
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: government commissioner
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council (Conseil General)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government Government Commissioner Akli KHIDER (since 1983);
|
|
President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Zna
|
|
M'Oere; Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche Maoulida;
|
|
Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Abdoul Anizizi; Union of the
|
|
Center (UDC)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council--last held NA June 1988 (next to be held June
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, others 2;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) MPM 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to
|
|
be held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) UDC 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France,
|
|
Mahoran interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural
|
|
sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient
|
|
and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly
|
|
from France. The economy and future development of the island is heavily
|
|
dependent on French financial assistance.
|
|
|
|
GDP: NA
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1985)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--ylang-ylang,
|
|
vanilla; partners--France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--building
|
|
materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour;
|
|
partners--France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
|
|
|
|
Industries: newly created lobster and shrimp industry
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings;
|
|
crops--vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food
|
|
needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $287.8 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 42 km total; 18 km bituminous
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: Dzaoudzi
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of
|
|
Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio
|
|
communications for links with Comoros and international communications;
|
|
450 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mexico
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,972,550 km2; land area: 1,923,040 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,538 km total; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km,
|
|
US 3,326 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 9,330 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: natural prolongation of continental margin or
|
|
200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
|
|
|
|
Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus,
|
|
and desert
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc,
|
|
natural gas, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 24% forest and woodland; 24% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive
|
|
earthquakes in the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted
|
|
in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast;
|
|
deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in
|
|
Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location on southern border of US
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 87,870,154 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mexican(s); adjective--Mexican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-Spanish), 30% Amerindian or
|
|
predominantly Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 88%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 26,100,000 (1988); 31.4% services; 26% agriculture, forestry,
|
|
hunting, and fishing, 13.9% commerce, 12.8% manufacturing, 9.5% construction,
|
|
4.8% transportation, 1.3% mining and quarrying, 0.3% electricity, (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 35% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: United Mexican States
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic operating under a centralized government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Mexico
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular--estado) and
|
|
1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte,
|
|
Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima,
|
|
Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico,
|
|
Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro,
|
|
Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala,
|
|
Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
|
|
|
|
Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 February 1917
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores)
|
|
and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Suprema Corte de Justicia)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos SALINAS de
|
|
Gortari (since 1 December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional
|
|
Revolutionary Party (PRI), Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta; National Action
|
|
Party (PAN), Luis Alvarez; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio Sayago
|
|
Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Cuauhtemoc Cardenas;
|
|
Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael
|
|
Aguilar Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM),
|
|
Carlos Enrique Cantu Rosas
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994);
|
|
results--Carlos Salinas de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%,
|
|
Cuauhtemoc Cardemas Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%,
|
|
Manuel Clouthier (PAN) 16.81%; others 1.39%; note--several of the smaller
|
|
parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National
|
|
Democratic Front (FDN)
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September
|
|
1991); results--PRI 94%, FDN (now PRD) 6%;
|
|
seats--(64 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%;
|
|
seats--(500 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church, Confederation
|
|
of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN),
|
|
Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant
|
|
Confederation (CNC), National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP),
|
|
Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party (PDM),
|
|
Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional
|
|
Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of
|
|
the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation
|
|
Industries (CANACINTRA), Business Coordination Council (CCE)
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
|
|
ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, LAIA,
|
|
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide;
|
|
Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone
|
|
(202) 728-1600;
|
|
there are Mexican Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso,
|
|
Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio,
|
|
San Diego, and Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville
|
|
(Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit,
|
|
Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City
|
|
(Missouri), Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard
|
|
(California), Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis,
|
|
St. Paul (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan
|
|
(Puerto Rico), and Seattle;
|
|
US--Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la
|
|
Reforma 305, Mexico 5, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX
|
|
78044); telephone p52o (5) 211-0042; there are US Consulates General in
|
|
Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, and Consulates in
|
|
Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and Nuevo Laredo
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red;
|
|
the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake is its beak) is
|
|
centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants
|
|
(notably oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and
|
|
traditional agriculture. In the 1980s Mexico experienced severe economic
|
|
difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world
|
|
petroleum prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic
|
|
food supply; and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate
|
|
became more acute. Growth in national output dropped from 8% in
|
|
1980 to 1.1% in 1988 and 2.5% in 1989. The US is Mexico's major
|
|
trading partner, accounting for two-thirds of its exports and
|
|
imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are the largest
|
|
earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation with international
|
|
economic agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy
|
|
and foster growth.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $187.0 billion, per capita $2,165; real growth rate 2.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $36.1 billion; expenditures $56.1 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $7.7 biilion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $23.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--crude oil,
|
|
oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, cotton; partners--US 66%,
|
|
EC 16%, Japan 11%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--grain,
|
|
metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment;
|
|
partners--US 62%, EC 18%, Japan 10%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $95.1 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 1.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 26,900,000 kW capacity; 103,670 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,200 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel,
|
|
petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large
|
|
number of small farms at subsistence level; major food crops--corn,
|
|
wheat, rice, beans; cash crops--cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish
|
|
catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis
|
|
continues in spite of government eradication efforts; major link in
|
|
chain of countries used to smuggle cocaine from South American
|
|
dealers to US markets
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.0 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.8
|
|
billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $110 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Mexican peso (plural--pesos);
|
|
1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1--2,660.3
|
|
(January 1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987), 611.8 (1986),
|
|
256.9 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km
|
|
0.914-meter narrow gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or
|
|
cobblestone, 60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction,
|
|
55,000 km unimproved earth roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 4,381 km; refined products, 8,345 km; natural gas,
|
|
13,254 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo,
|
|
Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,041,229
|
|
GRT/1,552,478 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 31 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 4 bulk, 4 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1,785 total, 1,484 usable; 190 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 259 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: highly developed system with extensive radio relay
|
|
links; connection into Central American Microwave System; 6.41 million
|
|
telephones; stations--679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic
|
|
satellite terminals; satellite earth stations--4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,575,525; 15,803,322 fit for military
|
|
service; 1,118,046 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 0.5% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 702 km2; land area: 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap,
|
|
and Kosrae
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 6,112 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern
|
|
islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe
|
|
damage
|
|
|
|
Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low,
|
|
coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; four major
|
|
island groups totaling 607 islands
|
|
|
|
Note: located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 104,937 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Micronesian(s); adjective--Micronesian;
|
|
Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and
|
|
Protestant; other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith
|
|
|
|
Language: English is the official and common language; most indigenous
|
|
languages fall within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the
|
|
Polynesian languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian,
|
|
Yapese, and Kosrean
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory through eight grades
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are
|
|
between the ages of 15 and 65
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the
|
|
Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note--a new capital is being
|
|
built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, Yap
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship;
|
|
formerly the Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory
|
|
of the Pacific Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 10 May 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the
|
|
legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
10 May (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President John R. HAGLELGAM
|
|
(since 11 May 1987); Vice President Hiroshi H. ISMAEL (since 11 May 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: no formal parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1991);
|
|
results--John R. Haglelgam was elected;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(NA total)
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: SPF, ESCAP (associate)
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Deputy Representative Jesse B. MAREHALAN;
|
|
Representative Office at 706 G Street SE, Washington DC 20003;
|
|
telephone (202) 544-2640;
|
|
US--Representative Michael G. WYGANT; US Office at address NA, Kolonia
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia
|
|
96941); telephone 691-320-2187
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars
|
|
are arranged in a diamond pattern
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Financial assistance from the US is the primary source
|
|
of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the 1990s.
|
|
Micronesia also earns about $4 million a year in fees from foreign commercial
|
|
fishing concerns. Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming
|
|
and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting,
|
|
except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry
|
|
exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate
|
|
facilities hinder development; note--GNP numbers reflect US spending.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 80%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $110.8 million; expenditures NA, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); commodities--copra;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $48.9 million (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
|
|
340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, craft items from shell, wood, and pearl
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical
|
|
fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
|
|
|
|
Aid: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will
|
|
provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 39 km of paved macadam and concrete roads on major islands,
|
|
otherwise 187 km stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 11 total, 10 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
6 with runways 1,220-2,439
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987);
|
|
telephone network--960 telephone lines at both Kolonia and Truk; islands
|
|
interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);
|
|
stations--5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Midway Islands
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5.2 km2; land area: 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island
|
|
and Sand Island
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 15 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low, nearly level
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish and wildlife
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: coral atoll
|
|
|
|
Note: located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of
|
|
Hawaiian Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo;
|
|
closed to the public
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 453 US military personnel (1989)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy,
|
|
under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed
|
|
cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
|
|
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the US flag is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval
|
|
operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be
|
|
imported.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 32 km total
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 7.8 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Sand Island
|
|
|
|
Airports: 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Monaco
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1.9 km2; land area: 1.9 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 4.4 km with France
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4.1 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: almost entirely urban
|
|
|
|
Note: second-smallest independent state in world (after
|
|
Vatican City)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 29,453 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 7 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 9 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective--Monacan or
|
|
Monegasque
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 47% French, 16% Monegasque, 16% Italian, 21% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 4,000 members in 35 unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Principality of Monaco
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Monaco
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular--quartier);
|
|
Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 December 1962
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 19 November
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: National Council (Conseil National)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent
|
|
Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10
|
|
September 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND),
|
|
Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age 25
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Council--last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24
|
|
January 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(18 total) UND 18
|
|
|
|
Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
|
|
UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Monaco maintains honorary consulates
|
|
general in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco, and honorary consulates in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach,
|
|
Philadelphia, and Washington;
|
|
US--no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille,
|
|
France, is accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate
|
|
General at 12 Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing
|
|
address APO NY 09777); telephone p33o (91) 549-200
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
|
|
flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top)
|
|
and red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: No data are published on the economy. Monaco, situated
|
|
on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists
|
|
to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to
|
|
diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries.
|
|
The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax
|
|
haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign
|
|
companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual
|
|
revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial
|
|
sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are
|
|
high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French
|
|
metropolitan suburbs.
|
|
|
|
GNP: NA
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: full employment (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $386 million; expenditures $NA, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
|
|
rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through
|
|
customs union with France
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
|
|
rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through
|
|
customs union with France
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1988); power supplied by France
|
|
|
|
Industries: pharmaceuticals, food processing, precision instruments,
|
|
glassmaking, printing, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: NA
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: none; city streets
|
|
|
|
Ports: Monaco
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: served by the French communications system; automatic
|
|
telephone system; 38,200 telephones; stations--3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV;
|
|
no communication satellite stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Mongolia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,565,000 km2; land area: 1,565,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 8,114 km total; China 4,673 km, USSR 3,441 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
|
|
ranges)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
|
|
southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin,
|
|
nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 79% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 10% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: harsh and rugged
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Soviet Union
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,187,275 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Mongolian(s); adjective--Mongolian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim, limited
|
|
religious activity because of Communist regime
|
|
|
|
Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages
|
|
include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80% (est.); 100% claimed (1985)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA, but primarily agricultural; over half the adult
|
|
population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women;
|
|
shortage of skilled labor
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade
|
|
Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Mongolian People's Republic; abbreviated MPR
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular--aymag) and
|
|
3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular--hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy,
|
|
Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*,
|
|
Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay,
|
|
Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
|
|
|
|
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 6 July 1960
|
|
|
|
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law;
|
|
no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of
|
|
the People's Great Hural, Presidium of the People's Great Hural, chairman
|
|
of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Great Hural
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great
|
|
Hural Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 21 March 1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Sharabyn GUNGAADORJ (since 21 March 1990);
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Mongolian People's
|
|
Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Gombojabin Ochirbat, General Secretary
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held July 1991);
|
|
results--Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat elected by the People's Great Hural;
|
|
|
|
People's Great Hural--last held on 22 June 1986 (next to be held
|
|
June 1990);
|
|
results--MPRP was the only party;
|
|
seats--(370 total) MPRP 370
|
|
|
|
Communists: MPRP membership 88,150 (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gendengiin NYAMDOO;
|
|
US--Ambassador Richard L. WILLIAMS
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red;
|
|
centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is a five-pointed star above the
|
|
national emblem (soyombo--a columnar arrangement of abstract and
|
|
geometric representations for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
|
|
symbol)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity traditionally has been based on
|
|
agriculture and the breeding of livestock--Mongolia has the highest
|
|
number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive
|
|
mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and
|
|
processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold
|
|
account for a large part of industrial production.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $880 (1985 est.); average real
|
|
growth rate 3.6% (1976-85 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.19 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $0.9 billion (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $388 million (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--livestock, animal
|
|
products, wool, hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals;
|
|
partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--machinery and
|
|
equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building
|
|
materials, sugar, tea;
|
|
partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with USSR)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 10.9% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 657,000 kW capacity; 29,500 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: processing of animal products, building materials, food and
|
|
beverage, mining (particularly coal)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 90% of exports and provides livelihood for about
|
|
50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (sheep, goats, horses);
|
|
crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
|
|
|
|
Aid: about $500-$700 million annually from USSR
|
|
|
|
Currency: tughrik (plural--tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1--3.355 (1986-1988),
|
|
3.600 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1986)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces
|
|
(1986)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1986)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 80 total, 30 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--13 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial
|
|
relays); relay of Soviet TV; 60,000 TV sets; 186,000 radio receivers;
|
|
at least 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Mongolian People's Army, Air Force (negligible)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 518,482; 338,652 fit for military service;
|
|
24,783 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Montserrat
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 100 km2; land area: 100 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 40 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 10% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 30% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to November
|
|
|
|
Note: located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 12,467 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 4 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Montserratian(s); adjective--Montserratian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mostly black with a few Europeans
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist, other Christian denominations
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 77%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 5,100; 40.5% community, social, and personal services,
|
|
13.5% construction, 12.3% trade, restaurants, and hotels, 10.5% manufacturing,
|
|
8.8% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 14.4% other (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500
|
|
members (1984 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Plymouth
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges,
|
|
Saint Peter
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1960
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English common law and statute law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
|
Saturday of June)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet),
|
|
chief minister
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor Christopher J. TURNER (since 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Minister John A. OSBORNE (since 1978)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's Liberation Movement (PLM), John
|
|
Osborne; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Howell Bramble; United
|
|
National Front (UNF), Dr. George Irish; National Development Party (NDP),
|
|
Bertrand Osborne
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held on 25 August 1987 (next to be
|
|
held NA 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(11 total, 7 elected) PLM 4, NDP 2, PDP 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (colony of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat
|
|
of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around
|
|
a black cross
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered
|
|
on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and
|
|
accounted for 20% of GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4%
|
|
of GDP and industry 9%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports,
|
|
making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist
|
|
mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $45.4 million, per capita $3,780; real growth rate 12% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $10.0 million; expenditures $9.4 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $3.0 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--plastic bags,
|
|
electronic parts, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $25.3 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--machinery and
|
|
transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants,
|
|
and related materials; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.7 million (1985)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced,
|
|
930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism; light manufacturing--rum, textiles, electronic
|
|
appliances
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food
|
|
crops--tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially
|
|
livestock products
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed
|
|
rate since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Plymouth
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,036 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Morocco
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 446,550 km2; land area: 446,300 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,002 km total; Algeria 1,559 km, Western
|
|
Sahara 443 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,835 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is
|
|
unresolved; armed conflict in Western Sahara; Spain controls two coastal
|
|
presidios or places of sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla)
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead,
|
|
zinc, fish, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 18% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 28% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 41% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject
|
|
to earthquakes; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 25,648,241 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 78 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 66 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Moroccan(s); adjective--Moroccan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.7% non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language
|
|
of business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 28%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 7,400,000; 50% agriculture, 26% services, 15% industry,
|
|
9% other (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of
|
|
Moroccan Workers (UMT) and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Morocco
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Type: constitutional monarchy
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Capital: Rabat
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Administrative divisions: 36 provinces (provinces, singular--province)
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and 2 municipalities* (wilayas, singular--wilaya); Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal,
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Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida,
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El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane,
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Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador,
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Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan,
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Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit
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Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
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Constitution: 10 March 1972
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Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law
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system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme
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Court
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National holiday: National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession
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to the throne), 3 March (1961)
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Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis al
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Nuwab)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since
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30 September 1986)
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Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 15 political parties; the major
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ones are Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta; Socialist Union of Popular Forces
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(USFP), Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP), Secretariat General;
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National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed Osman; National Democratic Party
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(PND), Mohamed Arsalane El-Jadidi; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS),
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Ali Yata; Constitutional Union (UC), Maati Bouabid
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Suffrage: universal at age 21
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Elections:
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Chamber of Representatives--last held on 14 September 1984 (were
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scheduled for September 1990, but postponed until NA 1992);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41,
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USFP 36, PND 24, others 14
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Communists: about 2,000
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Member of: AfDB, Arab League, CCC, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
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IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
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ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
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WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ali BENGELLOUN; Chancery at
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1601 21st Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979;
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there is a Moroccan Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Michael USSERY; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
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(mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or APO New York 09284);
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telephone p212o (7) 622-65; there are US Consulates General in Casablanca
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and Tangier
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Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as
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Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of
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Islam
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- Economy
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Overview: After registering a robust 10% growth in 1988, the
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economy slowed in 1989 because of higher prices for food and oil
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imports, lower worker remittances, and a trade dispute with India over
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phosphoric acid prices that cost Rabat $500 million. To meet the foreign
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payments shortfall, Rabat has been drawing down foreign exchange reserves.
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Servicing the $22 billion foreign debt, high unemployment, and Morocco's
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vulnerability to external forces remain severe problems for the 1990s.
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GDP: $21.9 billion, per capita $880 (1988); real growth rate 4.5% (1989
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est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1989)
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Unemployment rate: 15% (1988)
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Budget: revenues $5.1 billion; expenditures $6.0 billion, including
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capital expenditures of $1.4 billion (1988)
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Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--food and
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beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%;
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partners--EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2%
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Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--capital
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goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%,
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food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 10%; partners--EC 53%, US 11%,
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Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2%
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External debt: $22.2 billion (1989)
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Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1989 est.)
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Electricity: 2,140,000 kW capacity; 7,760 million kWh produced,
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300 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
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leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
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Agriculture: 50% of employment and 30% of export value; not
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self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate;
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barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch
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of 491,000 metric tons in 1987
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Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis; trafficking on
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the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments
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of cannabis mostly directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point
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for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.2 billion; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.3 billion;
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OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
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$2.3 billion
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Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural--dirhams);
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1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
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Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--8.093 (January 1990),
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8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Railroads: 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974
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km electrified)
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Highways: 59,198 km total; 27,740 km bituminous treated, 31,458 km gravel,
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crushed stone, improved earth, and unimproved earth
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Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned) refined products; 241 km
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natural gas
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Ports: Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador,
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Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
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Merchant marine: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,931
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GRT/513,762 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 2 container, 14 refrigerated cargo,
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5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
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12 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger
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Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 75 total, 68 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
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runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways
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1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio
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relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat, secondary centers are
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Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones;
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stations--14 AM, 6 FM, 47 TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--2
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Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and
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Western Sahara; coaxial cable to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria,
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Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air
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Force, Royal Gendarmerie
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,203,759; 3,946,408 fit for military
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service; 293,893 reach military age (18) annually; limited conscription
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Defense expenditures: 7.1% of GDP (1987)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Mozambique
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- Geography
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Total area: 801,590 km2; land area: 784,090 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
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Land boundaries: 4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km,
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Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
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Coastline: 2,470 km
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Maritime claims:
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: tropical to subtropical
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Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in
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northwest, mountains in west
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Natural resources: coal, titanium
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Land use: 4% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 56% meadows and
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pastures; 20% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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Environment: severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification
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- People
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Population: 14,565,656 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
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Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 138 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 49 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Mozambican(s); adjective--Mozambican
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Ethnic divisions: majority from indigenous tribal groups; about
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10,000 Europeans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, 15,000 Indians
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Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim
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Language: Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects
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Literacy: 38%
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Labor force: NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture
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Organized labor: 225,000 workers belong to a single union,
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the Mozambique Workers' Organization (OTM)
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Note: there are 800,000 Mozambican refugees in Malawi (1989 est.)
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- Government
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Long-form name: People's Republic of Mozambique
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Type: people's republic
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Capital: Maputo
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Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias,
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singular--provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula,
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Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
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Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
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Constitution: 25 June 1975
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Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
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National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular)
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Judicial branch: People's Courts at all levels
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6
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November 1986);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since
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17 July 1986)
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|
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Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
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|
(FRELIMO) is the only legal party and is a Marxist organization with close ties
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to the USSR
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Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
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Elections: national elections are indirect and based on mass meetings
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throughout the country
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Communists: about 60,000 FRELIMO members
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Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
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|
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Valeriano FERRAO; Chancery at
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|
Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146;
|
|
US--Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 3rd Floor, 35 Rua Da Mesquita,
|
|
Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone 743167 or 744163
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|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with
|
|
a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in
|
|
white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed
|
|
rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
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|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, with a per capita GDP of
|
|
little more than $100, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential
|
|
of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources.
|
|
Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the
|
|
first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government
|
|
administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign
|
|
aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, has resulted in successive years of
|
|
economic growth since 1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is only
|
|
at about 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry
|
|
operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on
|
|
foreign assistance to keep afloat.
|
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|
|
GDP: $1.6 billion, per capita less than $110; real growth rate 5.0%
|
|
(1988)
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|
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.1% (1988)
|
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|
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Unemployment rate: 40.0 (1988)
|
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|
|
Budget: revenues $186 million; expenditures $239 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $208 million (1988 est.)
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|
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Exports: $100 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--shrimp 48%,
|
|
cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%; partners--US, Western
|
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Europe, GDR, Japan
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|
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Imports: $764 million (c.i.f., 1988), including aid;
|
|
commodities--food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum;
|
|
partners--US, Western Europe, USSR
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|
|
|
External debt: $4.4 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,265,000 kW capacity; 1,740 million kWh produced,
|
|
120 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
|
|
petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,
|
|
asbestos), tobacco
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|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP, over 80% of labor force, and about
|
|
90% of exports; cash crops--cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other
|
|
crops--cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $282 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.1 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$887 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: metical (plural--meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1--800 (September 1989),
|
|
528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987), 40.43 (1986), 43.18 (1985)
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|
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Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter
|
|
narrow gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are
|
|
subject to closure because of insurgency
|
|
|
|
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone,
|
|
stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth
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|
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Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes
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|
|
Pipelines: 306 km crude oil (not operating); 289 km refined products
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|
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Ports: Maputo, Beira, Nacala
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|
|
Merchant marine: 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806
|
|
GRT/12,873 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 203 total, 153 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 29 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and
|
|
radio relay; 57,400 telephones; stations--15 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces (including Army, Border Guard, Naval
|
|
Command, Air Defense Forces)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,295,067; 1,892,699 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 8.4% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Namibia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 824,290 km2; land area: 823,290 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana
|
|
1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, Zambia 233 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,489 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite;
|
|
quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement;
|
|
possible future claim to South Africa's Walvis Bay
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert
|
|
in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,
|
|
zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of coal
|
|
and iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 64% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 22% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: inhospitable with very limited natural water resources;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,452,951 (July 1990), growth rate 5.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 20 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 71 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 57 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Namibian(s); adjective--Namibian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 86% black, 6.5% white, 7.5% mixed; about 50%
|
|
of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos
|
|
tribe
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population,
|
|
German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100% whites, 16% nonwhites
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 500,000; 60% agriculture, 19% industry and commerce,
|
|
8% services, 7% government, 6% mining (1981 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 15 trade unions--largest is the mineworkers'
|
|
union which has a sizable black membership
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Namibia
|
|
|
|
Type: republic as of 21 March 1990
|
|
|
|
Capital: Windhoek
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 26 districts; Bethanien, Boesmanland,
|
|
Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos,
|
|
Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop,
|
|
Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru,
|
|
Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek
|
|
|
|
Independence: 21 March 1990
|
|
|
|
Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Settlers' Day, 10 December
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet, Constitutional Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government President Sam NUJOMA
|
|
(since 21 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: South-West Africa People's
|
|
Organization (SWAPO), Sam Nujoma;
|
|
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk Mudge;
|
|
United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus Garoeb;
|
|
Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie Pretorius;
|
|
National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses Katjiuongua;
|
|
Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans Diergaardt;
|
|
Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii Rukoro
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 7-11 November 1989
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, IAEA, ILO, UNESCO, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: NA
|
|
|
|
Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the
|
|
upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
|
|
right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe which is
|
|
contrasted by two narrow white edge borders
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry
|
|
to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 35%
|
|
of GDP, agriculture and fisheries 10-15%, and manufacturing about 5%.
|
|
Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and
|
|
the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are
|
|
among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for
|
|
gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin,
|
|
silver, and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $1.54 billion, per capita $1,245; real growth rate 2.9%
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.1% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: over 30% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $781 million; expenditures $932 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $935 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--diamonds,
|
|
uranium, zinc, copper, meat, processed fish, karakul skins;
|
|
partners--South Africa
|
|
|
|
Imports: $856 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
manufactured consumer goods, machinery and equipment;
|
|
partners--South Africa, FRG, UK, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: about $27 million at independence; under a 1971
|
|
International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling, Namibia may not be
|
|
liable for debt incurred during its colonial period
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 486,000 kW capacity; 1,280 million kWh produced,
|
|
930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper,
|
|
lead, zinc, diamond, uranium)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing); mostly
|
|
subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income;
|
|
crops--millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million
|
|
metric tons not being fulfilled, 1987 catch reaching only 520,000 metric
|
|
tons; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $47.2 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: South African rand (plural--rand);
|
|
1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
|
|
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth
|
|
roads and tracks
|
|
|
|
Ports: Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 143 total, 123 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects
|
|
major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 298,249; 176,660 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.9% of GNP (1986)
|
|
|
|
Note: the South-West Africa Territorial Force, established in
|
|
1980, was demobilized in June 1989; a new national defense force will
|
|
probably be formed by the new government
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Nauru
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 21 km2; land area: 21 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 30 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs
|
|
with phosphate plateau in center
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: only 53 km south of Equator
|
|
|
|
Note: one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific
|
|
(others are Banaba or Ocean Island in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,202 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Nauruan(s); adjective--Nauruan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8%
|
|
European
|
|
|
|
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)
|
|
|
|
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English
|
|
widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Nauru
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare,
|
|
Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
|
|
|
|
Independence: 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia,
|
|
New Zealand, and UK); formerly Pleasant Island
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 29 January 1968
|
|
|
|
Legal system: own Acts of Parliament and British common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Bernard DOWIYOGO
|
|
(since 12 December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--Bernard Dowiyogo elected by Parliament;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held
|
|
December 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(18 total) independents 18
|
|
|
|
Member of: Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador T. W. STAR resides in Melbourne
|
|
(Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam);
|
|
US--the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and
|
|
a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the
|
|
star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the
|
|
yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of
|
|
Nauru
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves
|
|
of which are expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given
|
|
Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third
|
|
World--$10,000 annually. Few other resources exist so
|
|
most necessities must be imported, including fresh water from
|
|
Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income
|
|
from phosphates constitute serious long-term problems. Substantial
|
|
investment in trust funds, out of phosphate income, will help cushion the
|
|
transition.
|
|
|
|
GNP: over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth rate NA% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--phosphates;
|
|
partners--Australia, NZ
|
|
|
|
Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities--food, fuel,
|
|
manufactures, building materials, machinery; partners--Australia, UK, NZ,
|
|
Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $33.3 million
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 13,250 kW capacity; 48 million kWh produced,
|
|
5,300 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food
|
|
and water
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island
|
|
to processing facilities on the southwest coast
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Nauru
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 39,597
|
|
GRT/50,729 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 1 cargo, 2 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on order
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and international radio
|
|
communications provided via Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones;
|
|
4,000 radio receivers; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: no regular armed forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 298,249; 176,660 fit for military
|
|
service; 100 reach age 18 annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: no formal defense structure
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Navassa Island
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5.2 km2; land area: 5.2 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 8 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by Haiti
|
|
|
|
Climate: marine, tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by
|
|
vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: guano
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 10% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 90% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat
|
|
herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the
|
|
Caribbean Sea; 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on
|
|
the island
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast
|
|
Guard
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Nepal
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 140,800 km2; land area: 136,800 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
|
|
subtropical summers and mild winter in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill
|
|
region, rugged Himalayas in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic
|
|
beauty; small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: 17% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 33% forest and woodland; 37% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 19,145,800 (July 1990), growth rate 2.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Nepalese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Nepalese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs,
|
|
Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups
|
|
|
|
Religion: only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp
|
|
distinction between many Hindu (about 88% of population) and Buddhist groups;
|
|
small groups of Muslims and Christians
|
|
|
|
Language: Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 20%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,100,000; 93% agriculture, 5% services, 2% industry;
|
|
severe lack of skilled labor
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Teachers' Union, not officially recognized
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Nepal
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy, but King Birendra exercises
|
|
control over multitiered system of government
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kathmandu
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural);
|
|
Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali,
|
|
Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani,
|
|
Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 December 1962
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has
|
|
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Council of State, Council
|
|
of State, prime minister
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Rashtriya Panchayat)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January
|
|
1972, crowned King 24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA
|
|
Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Marich Man Singh SHRESTHA (since
|
|
15 July 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed but operate
|
|
more or less openly; Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Ganesh Man Singh, K. P.
|
|
Bhattarai, G. P. Koirala
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 12 May 1986 (next to be held May 1991);
|
|
results--all independents since political parties are officially banned;
|
|
seats--(140 total, 112 elected) independents 112
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist Party of Nepal (CPN); factions include V. B.
|
|
Manandhar, Man Mohan Adhikari/Sahana Pradhan, Bharat Raj Joshi, Rai Majhi,
|
|
Tulsi Lal, Krishna Raj Burma
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: numerous small, left-leaning student
|
|
groups in the capital; Indian merchants in Tarai and capital; several small,
|
|
radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups operating from north India
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohan Man SAINJU; Chancery at 2131
|
|
Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a
|
|
Nepalese Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu;
|
|
telephone p977o 411179 or 412718, 411601
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping
|
|
right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the
|
|
larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the
|
|
world with a per capita income of only $158. Real growth averaged 4% in the
|
|
1980s until FY89, when it plunged to 1.5% because of the ongoing
|
|
trade/transit dispute with India. Agriculture is the mainstay of the
|
|
economy, providing a livelihood for over 90% of the population and
|
|
accounting for 60% of GDP and about 75% of exports. Industrial activity is
|
|
limited, and what there is involves the processing of agricultural
|
|
produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain).
|
|
Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable natural
|
|
resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Despite considerable investment in
|
|
the agricultural sector, production in the 1980s has not kept pace with the
|
|
population growth of 2.7%, which has led to a reduction in exportable surpluses
|
|
and balance-of-payments difficulties. Economic prospects for the 1990s
|
|
remain grim.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.9 billion, per capita $158; real growth rate 1.5% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.1% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $296 million; expenditures $635 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $394 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $374 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.), but does not include
|
|
unrecorded border trade with India; commodities--clothing, carpets,
|
|
leather goods, grain; partners--India 38%, US 23%, UK 6%, other
|
|
Europe 9% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $724 million (c.i.f., FY89 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%; partners--India 36%,
|
|
Japan 13%, Europe 4%, US 1% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.5% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 205,000 kW capacity; 535 million kWh produced,
|
|
30 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette,
|
|
textiles, cement, brick; tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm
|
|
products--rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and
|
|
international drug markets
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $285 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $1.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $273
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Nepalese rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1--28.559 (January 1990),
|
|
27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987), 21.230 (1986), 18.246 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 16 July-15 July
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 52 km (1985), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Tarai close
|
|
to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 5,958 km total (1986); 2,645 km paved, 815 km gravel or crushed
|
|
stone, 2,257 km improved and unimproved earth; also 241 km of seasonally
|
|
motorable tracks
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 38 total, 38 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio
|
|
communication and broadcast service; international radio communication service
|
|
is poor; 30,000 telephones (1987); stations--4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese
|
|
Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,531,660; 2,347,412 fit for military
|
|
service; 225,349 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $58 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Netherlands
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 37,290 km2; land area: 33,940 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, FRG 577 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 451 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some
|
|
hills in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 34% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 9% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 15% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: 27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from
|
|
the North Sea by dikes
|
|
|
|
Note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine,
|
|
Maas or Meuse, Schelde)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 14,936,032 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective--Dutch
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 96% Dutch, 4% Moroccans, Turks, and others (1988)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 36% Roman Catholic, 27% Protestant, 4% other, 33%
|
|
unaffiliated (1986)
|
|
|
|
Language: Dutch
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 5,300,000; 50.1% services, 28.2% manufacturing and
|
|
construction, 15.9% government, 5.8% agriculture (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 29% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien,
|
|
singular--provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen,
|
|
Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland,
|
|
Zuid-Holland
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1579 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 February 1983
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory;
|
|
judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather
|
|
than Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet,
|
|
Cabinet of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral States General (Staten Generaal) consists of
|
|
an upper chamber or First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second
|
|
Chamber (Tweede Kamer)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980);
|
|
Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born
|
|
27 April 1967);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since
|
|
4 November 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem
|
|
van Velzen; Labor (PvdA), Wim Kok; Liberal (VVD), Joris Voorhoeve; Democrats '66
|
|
(D'66), Hans van Mierio; Communist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; a host of minor parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
First Chamber--last held on 9 June l987 (next to be held 9 June 1991);
|
|
results--elected by the country's 12 provincial councils;
|
|
seats--(75 total) percent of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
Second Chamber--last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by
|
|
September 1993);
|
|
results--CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, others 10.3%;
|
|
seats--(150 total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, others 13
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 6,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation
|
|
of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade
|
|
unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant
|
|
Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands
|
|
Enterprises; and IKV--Interchurch Peace Council
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, Benelux, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB,
|
|
EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INRO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council
|
|
(with respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS
|
|
(observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Richard H. FEIN; Chancery at
|
|
4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300;
|
|
there are Dutch Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
|
|
York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102,
|
|
2514 EJ The Hague (mailing address APO New York 09159);
|
|
telephone p31o (70) 62-49-11; there is a US Consulate General in Amsterdam
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar
|
|
to the flag of Luxembourg which uses a lighter blue and is longer
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on
|
|
private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however,
|
|
through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs
|
|
affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial
|
|
services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity,
|
|
including construction, provides about 25% of GDP, and is led by the
|
|
food-processing, oil-refining, and metal-working industries. The highly
|
|
mechanized agricultural sector employs only 6% of the
|
|
labor force, but provides large surpluses for export and the domestic
|
|
food-processing industry. An unemployment rate of over 8.6% and a sizable
|
|
budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $205.9 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth rate 4.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 8.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $71 billion; expenditures $82 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $110.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--agricultural
|
|
products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, metal products,
|
|
textiles, clothing; partners--EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg
|
|
14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US 4.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $100.9 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--raw materials
|
|
and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation equipment, crude oil,
|
|
food products; partners--EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%,
|
|
UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: none
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh
|
|
produced, 4,300 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical
|
|
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction,
|
|
microelectronics
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates;
|
|
crops--grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain,
|
|
fats, and oils
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $15.8 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural--guilders,
|
|
gulden, or florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per
|
|
US$1--2.2906 (January 1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257 (1987),
|
|
2.4500 (1986), 3.3214 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and
|
|
1,800 km double track; 2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by
|
|
Netherlands Railways (NS); 166 km privately owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited
|
|
access, divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of
|
|
1,000 metric ton capacity or larger
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined products; 10,230 km natural
|
|
gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: maritime--Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht,
|
|
Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen;
|
|
inland--29 ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,661,822
|
|
GRT/3,732,282 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 187 cargo, 42 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 23 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 livestock carrier,
|
|
12 multifunction large-load carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 1 combinatio
|
|
n ore/oil, 9 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note--many Dutch-owned ships are also
|
|
registered in the captive Netherlands Antilles register
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 98 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained, and integrated;
|
|
extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links;
|
|
9,418,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, 20 (32 repeaters) FM, 21 (8 repeaters) TV;
|
|
5 submarine cables;
|
|
communication satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and
|
|
2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy/Marine Corps,
|
|
Royal Netherlands Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,134,006; 3,660,048 fit for military
|
|
service; 111,948 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GDP, or $6.0 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Netherlands Antilles
|
|
(part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2; includes Bonaire,
|
|
Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the
|
|
island of Saint Martin)
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 364 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; modified by northeast trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiors
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
|
forest and woodland; 92% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane
|
|
belt, so rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are
|
|
subject to hurricanes from July to October
|
|
|
|
Note: consists of two island groups--Curacao and Bonaire
|
|
are located off the coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint
|
|
Eustatius lie 800 km to the north
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 183,503 (July 1990), growth rate 0.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective--Netherlands
|
|
Antillean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; remainder Carib Indian, European,
|
|
Latin, and Oriental
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English
|
|
dialect predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 95%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 89,000; 65% government, 28% industry and commerce
|
|
(1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: part of the Dutch realm--full autonomy in internal affairs
|
|
granted in 1954
|
|
|
|
Capital: Willemstad
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands,
|
|
as amended
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common
|
|
law influence
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime
|
|
minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Parliament (Staten)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980),
|
|
represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May
|
|
1988, previously served from September 1984 to November 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to each
|
|
island:
|
|
|
|
Curacao--National People's Party (NVP), Maria
|
|
Liberia-Peters; New Antilles Movement (MAN), Domenico Felip Martina;
|
|
Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustus Diaz; Workers' Liberation
|
|
Front (FOL), Wilson (Papa) Godett; Socialist Independent (SI), George
|
|
Hueck and Nelson Monte;
|
|
|
|
Bonaire--New Force, Rudy Ellis; Democratic Party of Bonaire (PDB),
|
|
John Evert (Jopie) Abraham;
|
|
|
|
Sint Maarten--Democratic Party of Sint Maarten, Claude Wathey;
|
|
Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten, Romeo Paplophlet;
|
|
|
|
Sint Eustatius--Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius, Albert
|
|
K. Van Putten; Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM), Eric Henriquez;
|
|
|
|
Saba--Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will
|
|
Johnston; Saba Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon Hassell; Saba Unity
|
|
Party, Carmen Simmonds
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held on 22 November 1985 (next to be held
|
|
November 1989); results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(22 total) PNP 6, MAN 4, DP-Curacao 3, DP-St. Maarten 3,
|
|
DP-Bonaire 2, DP-St. Eustatius 1, FOL 1, UPB 1, WIPM 1; note--the
|
|
government of Prime Minister Maria Liberia-Peters is a coalition of
|
|
several parties
|
|
|
|
Communists: small leftist groups
|
|
|
|
Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL; associated with UN through the
|
|
Netherlands; UPU, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an autonomous part of the Netherlands,
|
|
Netherlands Antillean interests in the US are represented by the Netherlands;
|
|
US--Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at
|
|
St. Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158,
|
|
Willemstad, Curacao); telephone p599o (9) 613066
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed
|
|
on a vertical red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are
|
|
arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars
|
|
represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint
|
|
Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the
|
|
mainstays of the economy. The islands enjoy a comparatively high per
|
|
capita income and a well-developed infrastructure compared with other
|
|
countries in the region. Unlike many Latin American countries, the
|
|
Netherlands Antilles has avoided large international debt. Almost all
|
|
consumer and capital goods are imported, with the US being the major
|
|
supplier. The economy has suffered somewhat in recent years because
|
|
of the depressed state of the world oil market and declining tax revenues.
|
|
In 1983 the drop in oil prices led to the devaluation of the Venezuelan
|
|
bolivar, which ended a substantial flow of Venezuelan tourists to the
|
|
islands. As a result of a decline in tax revenues, the government has
|
|
been seeking financial support from the Netherlands.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.0 billion, per capita $5,500; real growth rate 3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 26.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $180 million; expenditures $289 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products 98%; partners--US 55%, UK 7%, Jamaica 5%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude petroleum
|
|
64%, food, manufactures; partners--Venezuela 52%, Nigeria 15%, US 12%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $701.2 million (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,990 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining
|
|
(Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire),
|
|
light manufacturing (Curacao)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief
|
|
products--aloes, sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-79), $353 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin
|
|
(plural--guilders, gulden, or florins);
|
|
1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins
|
|
(NAf.) per US$1--1.80 (fixed rate since 1971)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,206
|
|
GRT/414,325 DWT; includes 4 passenger, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
7 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
|
1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker,
|
|
2 liquefied gas, 2 bulk; note--all but a few are foreign owned
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland
|
|
radio relay links; stations--9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Military Manpower: males 15-49 49,299; 27,888 fit for military service;
|
|
1,678 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Note: defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: New Caledonia
|
|
(overseas territory of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 19,060 km2; land area: 18,760 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,254 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal plains with interior mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold,
|
|
lead, copper
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 14% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 35% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: typhoons most frequent from November to March
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 153,215 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--New Caledonian(s); adjective--New Caledonian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
|
|
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0%
|
|
|
|
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30% Protestant, 10% other
|
|
|
|
Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from
|
|
Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas territory of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Noumea
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas territory of France); note--a
|
|
referendum on independence will be held in 1998, with a review of the
|
|
issue in 1992
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy
|
|
to the islands; formerly under French law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government High Commissioner and President of the Council
|
|
of Government Bernard GRASSET (since 15 July 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie
|
|
dans la Republique (RPCR), conservative; Melanesian proindependence Kanak
|
|
Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS); Melanesian moderate Kanak Socialist
|
|
Liberation (LKS); National Front (FN), extreme right; Caledonian
|
|
Separatist Front, extreme left
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Territorial Congress--last held NA June 1989 (next to be held NA
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, FN 3, others 5;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be
|
|
held September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) RPCR 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
|
|
(next to be held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(2 total) RPCR 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: number unknown; Palita extreme left party; some politically
|
|
active Communists deported during 1950s; small number of North Vietnamese
|
|
|
|
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France,
|
|
New Caledonian interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: New Caledonia has more than 40% of the world's known nickel
|
|
resources. In recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed
|
|
international demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings.
|
|
Only a negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food
|
|
accounts for about 25% of imports.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $860 million, per capita $5,810; real growth rate 2.4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 6.2% (1983)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $110.5 million; expenditures $110.5 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (1981)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--nickel metal
|
|
87%, nickel ore; partners--France 56.3%, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $180 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--foods, fuels,
|
|
minerals, machines, electrical equipment; partners--France 50.3%,
|
|
Australia
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced,
|
|
14,440 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: nickel mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn,
|
|
wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $3.6 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF)
|
|
per US$1--104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
|
|
125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
|
|
franc
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 5,448 km total; 558 km paved, 2,251 km improved earth,
|
|
2,639 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 29 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 32,578 telephones (1987); stations--5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV;
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: New Zealand
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 268,680 km2; land area: 268,670 km2; includes
|
|
Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island,
|
|
Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about the size of Colorado
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 15,134 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate with sharp regional contrasts
|
|
|
|
Terrain: predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber,
|
|
hydropower, gold, limestone
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 53% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 38% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,295,866 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--New Zealander(s); adjective--New Zealand
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 88% European, 8.9% Maori, 2.9% Pacific Islander,
|
|
0.2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or unspecified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), Maori
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,591,900; 67.4% services, 19.8% manufacturing, 9.3% primary
|
|
production (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none; abbreviated NZ
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Wellington
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and
|
|
3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller,
|
|
Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna,
|
|
Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, Franklin, Golden Bay,
|
|
Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, Hawke's Bay, Heathcote,
|
|
Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood,
|
|
Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu,
|
|
Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri,
|
|
Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako,
|
|
Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga,
|
|
Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan,
|
|
Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent,
|
|
Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate,
|
|
Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa,
|
|
Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland,
|
|
Whakatane*, Whangarei, Whangaroa, Woodville
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
|
|
|
|
Independence: 26 September 1907 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: no formal, written constitution; consists of various
|
|
documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments;
|
|
Constitution Act 1986 was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has
|
|
not been enacted
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and land
|
|
courts for Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
|
|
sovereignty), 6 February (1840)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called
|
|
Parliament)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II ( since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General The Most Rev. Sir Paul REEVES (since 20 November 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Geoffrey PALMER (since 8 August
|
|
1989); Deputy Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 8 August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: New Zealand Labor Party (NZLP; government),
|
|
Geoffrey Palmer; National Party (NP; opposition), Jim Bolger; Democratic Party,
|
|
Neil Morrison; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Ken Douglas
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 15 August 1987 (next to be
|
|
held by August 1990);
|
|
results--LP 47%, NP 45%, DP 6%;
|
|
seats--(97 total) LP 58, NP 39
|
|
|
|
Communists: SUP about 140, other groups, about 200
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
|
|
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
|
|
WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Harold Huyton FRANCIS; Chancery at
|
|
37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800;
|
|
there are New Zealand Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Della NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace,
|
|
Thorndon, Wellington (mailing address is Private Bag, Wellington, or
|
|
FPO San Francisco 96690-0001); telephone p64o (4) 722-068; there is a US
|
|
Consulate General in Auckland
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with
|
|
four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the
|
|
flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an
|
|
agrarian economy dependent on a guaranteed British market to an open
|
|
free market economy that can compete on the global scene. The government
|
|
has hoped that dynamic growth would boost real incomes, reduce
|
|
inflationary pressures, and permit the expansion of welfare benefits. The
|
|
results have been mixed: inflation is down from double-digit levels
|
|
but growth has been sluggish and unemployment, always a highly sensitive
|
|
issue, has been at a record high 7.4%. In 1988 GDP fell by 1% and in
|
|
1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $39.1 billion, per capita $11,600; real growth rate 2.4% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $18.6 billion; expenditures $19.1 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--wool, lamb,
|
|
mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, foresty products;
|
|
partners--EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%,
|
|
South Korea 3.1%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $7.5 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment;
|
|
partners--Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%,
|
|
Taiwan 3.0%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.0 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.6% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,800,000 kW capacity; 27,600 million kWh produced,
|
|
8,190 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,
|
|
transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GNP and 10% of the
|
|
work force; livestock predominates--wool, meat, dairy products all export
|
|
earners; crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and
|
|
vegetables; surplus producer of farm products; fish catch reached a
|
|
record 431,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $448 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
|
|
1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986),
|
|
2.0064 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track;
|
|
113 km electrified; over 99% government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or
|
|
crushed stone
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 1,000 km natural gas; 160 km refined products; 150 km
|
|
condensate
|
|
|
|
Ports: Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 190,553 GRT/257,782
|
|
DWT; includes 1 cargo, 2 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier,
|
|
4 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 157 total, 157 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 47 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent international and domestic systems;
|
|
2,110,000 telephones; stations 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend
|
|
to Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal New Zealand Navy, New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand
|
|
Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 872,336; 740,207 fit for military service;
|
|
29,532 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP, or $820 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Nicaragua
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 129,494 km2; land area: 120,254 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New York State
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 910 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain);
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specified;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de
|
|
San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior
|
|
mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber,
|
|
fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 9% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 43% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 12% other; including 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes,
|
|
landslides, and occasional severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion;
|
|
water pollution
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,722,683 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 40 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 62 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Nicaraguan(s); adjective--Nicaraguan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% black, 5% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on
|
|
Atlantic coast
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 88% (1981)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,086,000; 43% service, 44% agriculture, 13% industry (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 35% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Nicaragua
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Managua
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 administrative regions encompassing 17
|
|
departments (departamentos, singular--departamento); North, Atlantic Coast,
|
|
South, Atlantic Coast, Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli,
|
|
Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia,
|
|
Rio San Juan, Rivas
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: January 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system; Supreme Court may review
|
|
administrative acts
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President-Elect Violeta
|
|
Barios de CHAMORRO (since 25 February 1990; takes office 25 April 1990);
|
|
Vice President-elect Virgilio GODOY (since 25 February 1990; takes office
|
|
25 April 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
|
|
Ruling coalition: National Opposition Union (UNO)--14 party
|
|
alliance: National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano Matamoros;
|
|
Conservative Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Miriam Arguello;
|
|
National Conservative Action Party (PANC), Hernaldo Zuniga;
|
|
National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin Jarquin;
|
|
Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Virgilio Godoy;
|
|
Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Andres Zuniga;
|
|
Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto Somarriba;
|
|
National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo Rivas;
|
|
Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo Tablada;
|
|
Communist Party of Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli Altimirano;
|
|
Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis Humberto;
|
|
Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto Urroz;
|
|
Social Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo Potoy;
|
|
Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC), Alejandro Perez;
|
|
|
|
Opposition parties: Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN),
|
|
Daniel Ortega;
|
|
Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca Rojas;
|
|
Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose Brenes;
|
|
Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), Eduardo Coronado;
|
|
Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco Samper;
|
|
Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick Ramirez;
|
|
Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio Miranda;
|
|
Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando Aguerro;
|
|
Popular Action Movement--Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro Tellez;
|
|
Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio Diaz
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 16
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February
|
|
1996);
|
|
results--Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel Ortega Saavedra
|
|
(FSLN) 40.8%, others 4.5%;
|
|
|
|
National Constituent Assembly--last held on 25 February 1990
|
|
(next to be held February 1996);
|
|
results--UNO 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%;
|
|
seats--(92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39, PSC 1, MUR 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: FSLN--35,000; other Communists--15,000-20,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Permanent Congress of Workers
|
|
(CPT), Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), Autonomous Nicaraguan
|
|
Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General Confederation of Workers
|
|
(CTG-I), Communist Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS), Nicaraguan
|
|
Workers' Central (CST); Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is
|
|
an umbrella group of 11 different business groups, including the Chamber of
|
|
Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan Development Institute
|
|
(INDE)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CACM, CEMA (observer), FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Charge d'Affaires Leonor Arguello de HUPER;
|
|
Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone
|
|
(202) 387-4371 or 4372;
|
|
US--Charge d'Affaires John P. LEONARD; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5
|
|
Carretera Sur, Managua (mailing address is APO Miami 34021); telephone p505o
|
|
(2) 66010 or 66013, 66015 through 66018, 66026, 66027, 66032 through 66034;
|
|
note--Nicaragua expelled the US Ambassador on 11 July 1988, and the US expelled
|
|
the Nicaraguan Ambassador on 12 July 1988
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the
|
|
national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a
|
|
triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and
|
|
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador which
|
|
features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA
|
|
AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of
|
|
Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in
|
|
the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Government control of the economy historically has been
|
|
extensive, although the new government has pledged to reduce it.
|
|
The financial system is directly controlled by the state, which also
|
|
regulates wholesale purchasing, production, sales, foreign trade, and
|
|
distribution of most goods. Over 50% of the agricultural and industrial
|
|
firms are state owned. Sandinista economic policies and the war have
|
|
produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation of the economy
|
|
continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, largely coffee
|
|
and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989, the fifth
|
|
successive year of decline. The agricultural sector employs 44%
|
|
of the work force and accounts for 23% of GDP and 86% of export earnings.
|
|
Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes 26% to GDP,
|
|
showed a sharp drop of - 23% in 1988 and remains below pre-1979 levels.
|
|
External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis.
|
|
In 1989 the annual inflation rate was 1,700%, down from a record
|
|
16,000% in 1988. Shortages of basic consumer goods are widespread.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $470; real growth rate - 5.0% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,700% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $0.9 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $0.15 billion (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $250 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--coffee,
|
|
cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals; partners--CEMA 15%,
|
|
OECD 75%, others 10%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $550 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
food, chemicals, machinery, clothing; partners--CEMA 55%, EC 20%,
|
|
Latin America 10%, others 10%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $8 billion (year end 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 23% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 415,000 kW capacity; 1,340 million kWh produced,
|
|
380 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles,
|
|
clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash
|
|
crops--coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton; food crops--rice, corn,
|
|
cassava, citrus fruit, beans; variety of animal products--beef, veal,
|
|
pork, poultry, dairy; while normally self-sufficient in food, war-induced
|
|
shortages now exist
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $290 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $981 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $3.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: cordoba (plural--cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: cordobas (C$) per US$1--65,000 (February 1990)
|
|
is the free market rate; official rate is 46,000 (February 1990),
|
|
270 (1988), 0.103 (1987), 0.097 (1986), 0.039 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 373 km 1.067-meter gauge, government owned; majority of system
|
|
not operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect
|
|
with mainline)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved (includes all 2,170 km
|
|
gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km earth or graded earth, 14,335 km
|
|
unimproved, 368.5 km of the Pan-American highway)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161
|
|
GRT/2,500 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 261 total, 169 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio relay and wire system being
|
|
expanded; connection into Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Intersputnik and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Sandinista Popular Army, Sandinista Navy, Sandinista Air
|
|
Force/Air Defense, Sandinista People's Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 747,144; 459,333 fit for military service;
|
|
44,213 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Niger
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,267,000 km2; land area: 1,266,700 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km,
|
|
Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; exact locations
|
|
of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have
|
|
not been determined, so the boundary has not been demarcated and border
|
|
incidents have resulted; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary
|
|
demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to
|
|
rolling plains in south; hills in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 2% forest and woodland; 88% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting
|
|
marginal agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,969,309 (July 1990), growth rate 3.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 131 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 53 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Nigerien(s) adjective--Nigerien
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma; 8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri
|
|
Beri (Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche; about 4,000 French
|
|
expatriates
|
|
|
|
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 13.9%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,500,000 wage earners (1982); 90% agriculture, 6% industry
|
|
and commerce, 4% government; 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: negligible
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Niger
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; presidential system in which military officers
|
|
hold key offices
|
|
|
|
Capital: Niamey
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 departments (departements,
|
|
singular--departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: adopted NA December 1989 after 15 years of
|
|
military rule
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holidays: Republic Day, 18 December (1958)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: National Development Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal
|
|
(Cour d'Apel)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister ALIOU MAHAMIDA (since 2 March
|
|
1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Movement
|
|
for the Development Society (MNSD), leader NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held December 1989 (next to be held NA 1996);
|
|
results--President Ali Saibou was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Development Council--last held December 1989 (next to be
|
|
held NA 1994); results--MNSD is the only party;
|
|
seats--(150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente,
|
|
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
|
|
Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE;
|
|
Chancery at 2204 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224
|
|
through 4227; US--Ambassador Carl C. CUNDIFF; Embassy at Avenue des
|
|
Ambassadeurs, Niamey (mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone
|
|
p227o 72-26-61 through 64 and 72-26-70
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with
|
|
a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar
|
|
to the flag of India which has a blue, spoked wheel centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview: About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and
|
|
stock rearing, activities which generate almost half of the national income.
|
|
The economy also depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits.
|
|
Uranium production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the
|
|
early 1980s, when world prices declined. France is a major customer,
|
|
while FRG, Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed
|
|
demand for uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the
|
|
economy, a severe trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate 7.1% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $254 million; expenditures $510 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $239 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $371 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--uranium 76%,
|
|
livestock, cowpeas, onions, hides, skins; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $441 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic
|
|
equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, foodstuffs
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 102,000 kW capacity; 225 million kWh produced,
|
|
30 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: cement, brick, rice mills, small cotton gins, oilseed presses,
|
|
slaughterhouses, and a few other small light industries; uranium production
|
|
began in 1971
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash
|
|
crops--cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops--millet, sorghum, cassava, rice;
|
|
livestock--cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought years
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $349 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$61 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel
|
|
and laterite, 3,470 km earthen, 23,000 km tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Niger river is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on
|
|
the Benin frontier from mid-December through March
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 31 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio
|
|
relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 11,900 telephones; stations--15
|
|
AM, 5 FM, 16 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT, and 4 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, paramilitary
|
|
Republican Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard, paramilitary National Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,466; 894,095 fit for military
|
|
service; 87,478 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $20.6 million (1988)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Nigeria
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 923,770 km2; land area: 910,770 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km,
|
|
Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 853 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 30 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: exact locations of the Chad-Niger-Nigeria and
|
|
Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have not been determined, so the
|
|
boundary has not been demarcated and border incidents have resulted; Nigerian
|
|
proposals to reopen maritime boundary negotiations and redemarcate the entire
|
|
land boundary have been rejected by Cameroon
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies--equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus;
|
|
mountains in southeast, plains in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal,
|
|
limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 31% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 23% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 15% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal
|
|
agricultural activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 118,819,377 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 49 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Nigerian(s); adjective--Nigerian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the
|
|
north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the
|
|
population; about 27,000 non-Africans
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% indigenous beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several
|
|
other languages also widely used
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 42.4%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 42,844,000; 54% agriculture, 19% industry, commerce,
|
|
and services, 15% government; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade
|
|
unions, which come under a single national labor federation--the Nigerian
|
|
Labor Congress (NLC)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
|
|
|
|
Type: military government since 31 December 1983
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lagos
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 21 states and 1 territory*;
|
|
Abuja Capital Territory*, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bendel, Benue, Borno,
|
|
Cross River, Gongola, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun,
|
|
Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 October 1960 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic, and tribal law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council,
|
|
Armed Forces Ruling Council, National Council of State, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: National Assembly was dissolved after the military
|
|
coup of 31 December 1983
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President and Commander in
|
|
Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: two political parties established by
|
|
the government in 1989--Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National
|
|
Republican Convention (NRC)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--scheduled for 1 October 1992
|
|
|
|
Communists: the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of
|
|
the Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central
|
|
labor organization but have little influence on government
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
|
|
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamzat AHMADU; Chancery at
|
|
2201 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500;
|
|
there are Nigerian Consulates General in Atlanta, New York and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent,
|
|
Victoria Island, Lagos (mailing address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos);
|
|
telephone p234o (1) 610097; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1989, despite rising oil prices, the economic
|
|
performance failed to meet government expectations because of higher
|
|
inflationary pressures fueled by a relatively poor agricultural
|
|
performance. Agricultural production was up only 4% following a 10%
|
|
decline in 1988, and manufacturing remained below the 1985 level
|
|
with only a 6% increase. The government is continuing an economic
|
|
adjustment program to reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil and to help
|
|
create a basis for sustainable noninflationary growth.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $30.0 billion, per capita $270; real growth rate 4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 47.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $6.5 billion; expenditures $7.4 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--oil 95%,
|
|
cocoa, palm kernels, rubber; partners--EC 51%, US 32%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $5.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--consumer
|
|
goods,
|
|
capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials; partners--EC, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $32 billion, medium and long-term (December 1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,737,000 kW capacity; 11,270 million kWh produced,
|
|
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining--crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite;
|
|
primary processing industries--palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum,
|
|
wood, hides and skins; manufacturing industries--textiles, cement, building
|
|
materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics, steel
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 28% of GNP and half of labor force; inefficient
|
|
small-scale farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and
|
|
now an importer; cash crops--cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food
|
|
crops--corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock--cattle,
|
|
sheep, goats, pigs; fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking;
|
|
marijuana cultivation for domestic consumption and export; major transit
|
|
country for heroin en route from Southwest Asia via Africa to Western
|
|
Europe and the US; growing transit route for cocaine from South America
|
|
via West Africa to Western Europe and the US
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $662 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.9 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $2.2 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: naira (plural--naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: naira (N) per US$1--7.6221 (December 1989), 7.3647
|
|
(1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987), 1.7545 (1986), 0.8938 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface
|
|
treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth;
|
|
52,560 km unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and
|
|
smaller rivers and creeks
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 500 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined
|
|
products
|
|
|
|
Ports: Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 428,116
|
|
GRT/680,343 DWT; includes 19 cargo, 1 refrigerated, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
5 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 84 total, 72 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: above-average system limited by poor maintenance;
|
|
major expansion in progress; radio relay and cable routes; 155,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--37 AM, 19 FM, 38 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, domestic, with 19 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 27,282,248; 15,587,485 fit for military
|
|
service; 1,263,883 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1% of GNP, or $300 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Niue
|
|
(free association with New Zealand)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 260 km2; land area: 260 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 64 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, arable land
|
|
|
|
Land use: 61% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 19% forest and woodland; 12% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons
|
|
|
|
Note: one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km
|
|
east of Tonga
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,019 (July 1990), growth rate NA (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Niuean(s); adjective--Niuean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and
|
|
Tongans
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)--a Protestant
|
|
church closely related to the London Missionary Society, 10% Mormon, 5% Roman
|
|
Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory between 5 and 14 years of age
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work
|
|
exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development
|
|
Board
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand
|
|
|
|
Capital: Alofi
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (self-governing territory in free association with
|
|
New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: no formal, written constitution
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
|
|
sovereignty), 6 February (1840)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, premier, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by New Zealand Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since NA October
|
|
1974)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Niue People's Action Party,
|
|
leader NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held on 28 March 1987 (next to be
|
|
held NA 1990);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(20 total, 6 elected) independents 5, Niue People's Action Party 1
|
|
|
|
Member of: ESCAP (associate member), SPF
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing territory in free
|
|
association with New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Flag: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the
|
|
flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars--a large one on a blue
|
|
disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New
|
|
Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the
|
|
shortfall made up by grants from New Zealand--the grants are used to pay
|
|
wages to the 80% or more of the work force employed in public service.
|
|
The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some
|
|
cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories
|
|
to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of
|
|
postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue.
|
|
The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population
|
|
because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1984)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY85 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--canned coconut cream,
|
|
copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs,
|
|
stamps, handicrafts; partners--NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia
|
|
|
|
Imports: $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--food, live
|
|
animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs;
|
|
partners--NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,420 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourist, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence
|
|
crops--taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $58 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
|
|
1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: single-line telephone system connects all villages on
|
|
island; 383 telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); stations--1 AM, 1 FM,
|
|
no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Norfolk Island
|
|
(territory of Australia)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 34.6 km2; land area: 34.6 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 32 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 25% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 75% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons (especially May to July)
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,533 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Norfolk Islander(s); adjective--Norfolk Islander(s)
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently,
|
|
Australian and New Zealand settlers
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Uniting Church in
|
|
Australia, and Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official) and Norfolk--a mixture of 18th century
|
|
English and ancient Tahitian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of Norfolk Island
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of Australia
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Norfolk Island Act of 1957
|
|
|
|
Legal system: wide legislative and executive responsibility under the
|
|
Norfolk Island Act of 1979; Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia,
|
|
administrator, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Administrator H. B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed
|
|
by the Governor General of Australia;
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Assembly President and Chief Minister John
|
|
Terence BROWN (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(9 total) percent of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
Flag: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a
|
|
large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought
|
|
a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The
|
|
number of visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached almost
|
|
30,000 in 1986. Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance
|
|
of trade and helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the
|
|
production of beef, poultry, and eggs.
|
|
|
|
GNP: NA
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $3.4 million; expenditures $3.4 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of NA (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.8 million (f.o.b., FY85); commodities--postage
|
|
stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small quantities of
|
|
avocados;
|
|
partners--Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
|
|
|
|
Imports: $16.3 million (c.i.f., FY85); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
|
|
|
|
External debt: NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,210 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals,
|
|
vegetables, fruit, cattle, poultry
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2784 (January 1990),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km of sealed roads; remainder are
|
|
earth formed or coral surfaced
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
(Australian owned)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service
|
|
with Sydney; 987 telephones (1983); stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
(commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 477 km2; land area: 477 km2; includes Saipan, Rota, and Tinian
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,482 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little
|
|
seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season
|
|
July to October
|
|
|
|
Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing
|
|
coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters
|
|
(Mt. Tagpochu on Saipan)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: arable land, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: Mt. Pagan is an active volcano (last erupted in October
|
|
1988); subject to typhoons during the rainy season
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the
|
|
North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and
|
|
the Philippines
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 22,719 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians;
|
|
Spanish, German, Japanese admixtures
|
|
|
|
Religion: Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional
|
|
beliefs and taboos may still be found
|
|
|
|
Language: English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the
|
|
home and taught in school
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 17,533, including 10,000 foreign workers (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: commonwealth associated with the US and administered by the
|
|
Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
|
|
Interior
|
|
|
|
Capital: Saipan
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986
|
|
|
|
Legal system: NA
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: governor, lieutenant governor
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);
|
|
Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since 1978);
|
|
Lieutenant Governor Pedro A. TENORIO (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Antonio S. Guerrero;
|
|
Republican Party, Alonso Igisomar
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US
|
|
citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--Pedro P. TENORIO (Democratic Party) was elected;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(9 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(14 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
US House of Representatives--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) party of nonvoting delegate NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray
|
|
silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building)
|
|
in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance
|
|
from the US. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to
|
|
$228 million for capital development, government operations, and special
|
|
programs. Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which
|
|
employs about 10% of the work force. The agricultural sector is made up of
|
|
cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and
|
|
melons. Industry is small scale in nature--mostly handicrafts and fish
|
|
processing.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $165 million, per capita $9,170; real growth rate NA% (1982)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $70.6 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--vegetables, beef, pork;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,640 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 300 km total (53 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Saipan, Rota, Tinian
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Norway
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 324,220 km2; land area: 307,860 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,582 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,657,
|
|
USSR 196 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 21,925 km (3,419 km mainland; 2,413 km large islands;
|
|
16,093 km long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations)
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 4 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with USSR; territorial claim in
|
|
Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime
|
|
claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder
|
|
interior; rainy year-round on west coast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken
|
|
by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented
|
|
by fjords; arctic tundra in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites,
|
|
nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 27% forest and woodland; 70% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: air and water pollution; acid rain
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in
|
|
North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and
|
|
Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,252,806 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Norwegian(s); adjective--Norwegian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural
|
|
minority of 20,000 Lapps
|
|
|
|
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and
|
|
Roman Catholic, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking
|
|
minorities
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,164,000; 33.6% services, 17.4% commerce, 16.6% mining and
|
|
manufacturing, 8.4% transportation, 7.8% construction,
|
|
6.8% banking and financial services, 6.5% agriculture, forestry, and
|
|
fishing (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Norway
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Oslo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular--fylke);
|
|
Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal,
|
|
Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland,
|
|
Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
|
|
|
|
Independence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law
|
|
traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked;
|
|
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Storting or Stortinget)
|
|
with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoiesterett)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957); Heir Apparent
|
|
Crown Prince HARALD (born 21 February 1937);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan P. SYSE (since 16 October
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland;
|
|
Conservative, Jan P. Syse; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian
|
|
People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Socialist Left, Eric Solheim; Norwegian
|
|
Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progress, Carl I. Hagen; Liberal, Arne
|
|
Fjortoft; Finnmark List, leader NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
6 September 1993);
|
|
results--Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left
|
|
10.1%, Christian People's 8.5%, Center 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, others
|
|
5%;
|
|
seats--(165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist
|
|
Left 17, Christian People's 14, Center 11, Finnmark List 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000
|
|
Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member),
|
|
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at
|
|
2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000;
|
|
there are Norwegian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Miami and New
|
|
Orleans;
|
|
US--Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18,
|
|
Oslo 2 (mailing address is APO New York 09085); telephone p47o
|
|
(2) 44-85-50
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of
|
|
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
|
|
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Norway is a prosperous capitalist nation with the resources
|
|
to finance extensive welfare measures. Since 1975 exploitation of large
|
|
crude oil and natural gas reserves has helped achieve an average annual
|
|
growth of roughly 4%, the third-highest among OECD countries. Growth
|
|
slackened in 1987-88 because of the sharp drop in world oil prices and a
|
|
slowdown in consumer spending, but picked up again in 1989. Future
|
|
economic issues involve the aging of the population, the increased
|
|
economic integration of Europe, and the balance between private and
|
|
public influence in economic decisions.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $75.8 billion, per capita $17,900; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.9% (1989 est., excluding people in
|
|
job-training programs)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $40.6 billion; expenditures $41.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 25%, natural gas
|
|
11%, fish 7%, aluminum 6%, ships 3.5%, pulp and paper;
|
|
partners--UK 26%, EFTA 16.3%, less developed countries 14%,
|
|
Sweden 12%, FRG 12%, US 6%, Denmark 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery,
|
|
fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing,
|
|
ships; partners--Sweden 18%, less developed countries 18%,
|
|
FRG 14%, Denmark 8%, UK 7%, US 7%, Japan 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $18.3 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 15.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced,
|
|
28,950 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and
|
|
paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 3.1% of GNP and 6.5% of labor force;
|
|
among world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value
|
|
of crops; over half of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.9 million
|
|
metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner);
|
|
1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--6.5405 (January 1990),
|
|
6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways
|
|
(NSB) operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4
|
|
km other
|
|
|
|
Highways: 79,540 km total; 18,600 km concrete, bituminous, stone block;
|
|
19,980 km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels
|
|
maximum
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger,
|
|
Trondheim
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 660 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,702,254
|
|
GRT/28,722,304 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 104 cargo,
|
|
3 passenger-cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 40 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 128 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 86 chemical tanker, 62 liquefied gas, 26 combination ore/oil,
|
|
142 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note--the government has created a captive
|
|
register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of
|
|
the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of
|
|
convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of
|
|
ships under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NIS
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 104 total, 104 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone,
|
|
telegraph, and telex services; 3,102,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 46 (1,400
|
|
relays) FM, 55 (2,100 relays) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; communications
|
|
satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean),
|
|
MARISAT, and domestic systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
|
|
Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,115,620; 937,555 fit for military
|
|
service; 32,748 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP, or $2.5 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Oman
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 212,460 km2; land area: 212,460 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km,
|
|
PDRY 288 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,092 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: to be defined;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Administrative Line with PDRY; no defined boundary with
|
|
most of UAE, Administrative Line in far north
|
|
|
|
Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
|
|
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone,
|
|
chromium, gypsum, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms
|
|
in interior; sparse natural freshwater resources
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam
|
|
Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production
|
|
transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,457,064 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Omani(s); adjective--Omani
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and
|
|
Indian groups
|
|
|
|
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, some
|
|
Hindu
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 20%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 430,000; 60% agriculture (est.); 58% are non-Omani
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Sultanate of Oman
|
|
|
|
Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence
|
|
|
|
Capital: Muscat
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese
|
|
|
|
Constitution: none
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate
|
|
appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: sultan, Cabinet, State Consultative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: none
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent
|
|
civil court system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 18 November
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS
|
|
bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the
|
|
Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen; small, clandestine Shia
|
|
fundamentalist groups are active
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Awadh Bader AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at
|
|
2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980
|
|
through 1982;
|
|
US--Ambassador Richard BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 966, Muscat); telephone 738-231 or 738-006
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green
|
|
(double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
|
|
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords
|
|
in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil
|
|
industry. Petroleum accounts for nearly all export earnings, about 70% of
|
|
government revenues, and more than 50% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of
|
|
4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current
|
|
rate of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population,
|
|
urban centers depend on imported food.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $7.8 billion, per capita $6,006; real growth rate - 3.0% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $3.1 billion; expenditures $4.2 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $1.0 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--petroleum, reexports, processed copper, dates, nuts, fish;
|
|
partners--Japan, South Korea, Thailand
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities
|
|
--machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food,
|
|
livestock, lubricants; partners--Japan, UAE, UK, FRG, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,130,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,760 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil production and refining, natural gas production,
|
|
construction, cement, copper
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 3.4% of GDP and 60% of the labor force
|
|
(including fishing); less than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence
|
|
farming (dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not
|
|
self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $122 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $92 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Omani rial (plural--rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Omani rials (RO) per US$1--0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 22,800 km total; 3,800 km bituminous surface, 19,000 km
|
|
motorable track
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mina Qabus, Mina Raysut
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 128 total, 119 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio relay, and radio
|
|
communications stations; 50,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations--2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT and 8 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,173; 198,149 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 16.5% of GDP, or $1.3 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
(Palau)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 458 km2; land area: 458 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,519 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: islands vary geologically from the high mountainous main island
|
|
of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine
|
|
products; deep-seabed minerals
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
|
|
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of
|
|
six island groups totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain
|
|
|
|
Note: important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines;
|
|
includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock
|
|
islands
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 14,310 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 12 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Palauan(s); adjective--Palauan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan,
|
|
and Melanesian races
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Christian, mainly Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Palauan is the official language, though English is
|
|
commonplace; inhabitants of the isolated southwestern islands speak a
|
|
dialect of Trukese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but education compulsory through eight grades
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
|
|
(no short-form name); may change to Republic of Palau after independence;
|
|
note--Belau, the native form of Palau, is sometimes used
|
|
|
|
Type: UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional
|
|
government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US on
|
|
10 January 1986, after approval in a series of UN-observed plebiscites;
|
|
until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of the
|
|
Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of
|
|
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
|
|
|
|
Capital: Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast
|
|
in eastern Babelthuap
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship
|
|
(the last polity remaining under the trusteeship; the Republic of the
|
|
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the
|
|
Northern Marianas have left); administered by the Office of Territorial
|
|
and International Affairs, US Department of Interior
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 January 1981
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the
|
|
legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: US president, US vice president, national president,
|
|
national vice president
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK)
|
|
consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Walker BUSH (since 20 January
|
|
1989), represented by High Commissioner Janet MCCOY (since NA);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: no formal parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
|
1992); Ngiratkel Etpison 26.3%, Roman Tmetuchl 25.9%,
|
|
Thomas Remengesau 19.5%, others 28.3%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(18 total);
|
|
|
|
House of Delegates--last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held
|
|
November 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(16 total)
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none;
|
|
US--US Liaison Officer Steven R. PRUETT; US Liaison Office at Top Side,
|
|
Neeriyas, Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, Republic of Palau
|
|
96940); telephone 160-680-920 or 990
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted
|
|
slightly to the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture
|
|
and fishing. Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote
|
|
location of Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered
|
|
development. The government is the major employer of the work force, relying
|
|
heavily on financial assistance from the US.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth rate NA% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--US, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,550 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial
|
|
fishing and agriculture
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava,
|
|
sweet potatoes
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $2 billion;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$62.6 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 25.7 km paved macadam and concrete roads, otherwise
|
|
stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1986)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Koror
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not
|
|
change when the UN trusteeship terminates
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Pacific Ocean
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea,
|
|
Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea,
|
|
Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan,
|
|
Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 18 times the size of the US;
|
|
the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Arctic
|
|
Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total
|
|
land area of the world
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 135,663 km
|
|
|
|
Climate: the western Pacific is monsoonal--a rainy season occurs during
|
|
the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the
|
|
land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from
|
|
the Asian land mass back to the ocean
|
|
|
|
Terrain: surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm
|
|
water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by
|
|
a counterclockwise, cool water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and
|
|
Sea of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from
|
|
Antarctica in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by
|
|
the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches;
|
|
the world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and
|
|
gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
|
|
|
|
Environment: endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion,
|
|
sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and
|
|
South China Sea; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in
|
|
the southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in
|
|
southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to
|
|
October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike
|
|
Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and
|
|
September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica;
|
|
occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade
|
|
winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, which
|
|
kills the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies;
|
|
consequently, the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident
|
|
marine birds to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source
|
|
|
|
Note: the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal,
|
|
Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean
|
|
into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to
|
|
superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme south
|
|
from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June to
|
|
December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic
|
|
and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world
|
|
economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch.
|
|
It provides cheap sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing
|
|
grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the
|
|
construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish catch
|
|
came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish catch
|
|
has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas
|
|
reserves is playing an ever increasing role in the energy supplies of Australia,
|
|
New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil
|
|
and gas, combined with the lower world prices for oil since 1985, has slowed
|
|
but not stopped new drillings.
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, oil and gas production
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US),
|
|
Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US),
|
|
Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (USSR),
|
|
Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: several submarine cables with network focused
|
|
on Guam and Hawaii
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Pakistan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 803,940 km2; land area: 778,720 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km,
|
|
India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,046 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary with India; Pashtun question with Afghanistan; Baloch
|
|
question with Afghanistan and Iran; water sharing problems with upstream
|
|
riparian India over the Indus
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
|
|
north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
|
|
Balochistan plateau in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited
|
|
crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
|
|
|
|
Land use: 26% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 4% forest and woodland; 64% other; includes 19% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in
|
|
north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August);
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water logging
|
|
|
|
Note: controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional
|
|
invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 114,649,406 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 57 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Pakistani(s); adjective--Pakistani
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
|
|
Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian, Hindu, and
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages--64%
|
|
Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi and other; English is
|
|
lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but
|
|
official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 26%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 28,900,000; 54% agriculture, 13% mining and manufacturing,
|
|
33% services; extensive export of labor (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 10% of industrial work force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Islamabad
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 tribal area*, and 1 territory**;
|
|
Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad
|
|
Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note--the
|
|
Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region
|
|
includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
|
|
|
|
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977,
|
|
restored 30 December 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate
|
|
Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic),
|
|
23 March (1956)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Legislature (Mijlis-e-Shoora)
|
|
consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO (since 2 December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto;
|
|
Pakistan Muslim League (PML), former Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo;
|
|
PML is the main party in the anti-PPP Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA);
|
|
Muhajir Quami Movement, Altaf Hussain; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam
|
|
(JUI), Fazlur Rahman; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain Ahmed;
|
|
Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali Khan
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held
|
|
December 1993); results--Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected by the Federal
|
|
Legislature;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1990);
|
|
results--elected by provincial assemblies;
|
|
seats--(87 total) PML 84, PPP 2, independent 1;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held on 16 November 1988 (next to be held
|
|
November 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(237 total) PPP 109, IJI 65, MQM 14, JUI 8, PAI 3, ANP 3, BNA 3,
|
|
others 3, independents 29
|
|
|
|
Communists: the Communist party is no longer outlawed and operates
|
|
openly
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: military remains dominant political
|
|
force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also influential
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC,
|
|
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Zulfikar ALI KHAN; Chancery at
|
|
2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200;
|
|
there is a Pakistani Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert B. OAKLEY; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5,
|
|
Islamabad (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, Islamabad);
|
|
telephone p92o (51) 8261-61 through 79; there are US Consulates General
|
|
in Karachi and Lahore, and a Consulate in Peshawar
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white
|
|
crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
|
|
green are traditional symbols of Islam
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual
|
|
problems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits,
|
|
and heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a
|
|
large military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan
|
|
refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has enabled
|
|
the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and small-scale
|
|
industry is in private hands, and the government seeks to privatize a portion
|
|
of the large-scale industrial enterprises now publicly owned. In
|
|
December 1988, Pakistan signed a three-year economic reform agreement
|
|
with the IMF, which provides for a reduction in the government deficit
|
|
and a liberalization of trade in return for further IMF financial
|
|
support. The so-called Islamization of the economy has affected mainly the
|
|
financial sector; for example, a prohibition on certain types of interest
|
|
payments. Pakistan almost certainly will make little headway against its
|
|
population problem; at the current rate of growth, population would
|
|
double in 32 years.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $43.2 billion, per capita $409; real growth rate 5.1% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 4% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $10.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $2.3 billion (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--rice, cotton,
|
|
textiles, clothing; partners--EC 31%, US 11%, Japan 11% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, vegetable oils,
|
|
animal fats, chemicals; partners--EC 26%, Japan 15%, US 11% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.4 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,575,000 kW capacity; 29,300 million kWh produced,
|
|
270 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, petroleum products,
|
|
construction materials, clothing, paper products, international finance, shrimp
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: 24% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest
|
|
contiguous irrigation system; major crops--cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
|
|
fruits, and vegetables; livestock products--milk, beef, mutton, eggs;
|
|
self-sufficient in food grain
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
|
|
international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation
|
|
of limited success; 1988 output of opium and hashish each estimated at about
|
|
200 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: (including Bangladesh before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im
|
|
(FY70-88), $4.2 billion authorized (excluding what is now Bangladesh); Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $7.5 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$2.9 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Pakistani rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1--21.420 (January 1990),
|
|
20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987), 16.648 (1986), 15.928 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km meter
|
|
gauge, and 610 km narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km
|
|
electrified; all government owned (1985)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel,
|
|
29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 4,044 km natural gas; 885 km refined products
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 338,173
|
|
GRT/508,107 DWT; includes 4 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils,
|
|
and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 115 total, 102 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good international radiocommunication service over
|
|
microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radio communications poor; broadcast
|
|
service good; 564,500 telephones (1987); stations--16 AM, 8 FM, 16;
|
|
satellite eath station--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 26,215,898; 16,080,545 fit for military
|
|
service; 1,282,294 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5.6% of GNP, or $2.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Palmyra Atoll
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 11.9 km2; land area: 11.9 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 14.5 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
100% forest and woodland; 0% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation,
|
|
coconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall
|
|
|
|
Note: located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but
|
|
administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs,
|
|
US Department of the Interior
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage in West Lagoon
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Panama
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 78,200 km2; land area: 75,990 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,490 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May
|
|
to January), short dry season (January to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland
|
|
plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp
|
|
|
|
Land use: 6% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 15% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 54% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: dense tropical forest in east and northwest
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming
|
|
land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that
|
|
links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,425,400 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Panamanian(s); adjective--Panamanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry),
|
|
14% West Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many
|
|
Panamanians bilingual
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 770,472 (1987); 27.9% government and community services;
|
|
26.2% agriculture, hunting, and fishing; 16% commerce, restaurants, and hotels;
|
|
10.5% manufacturing and mining; 5.3% construction; 5.3% transportation and
|
|
communications; 4.2% finance, insurance, and real estate; 2.4% Canal Zone;
|
|
shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 17% of labor force (1986)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Panama
|
|
|
|
Type: centralized republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Panama
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia)
|
|
and 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon,
|
|
Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, Veraguas
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent
|
|
from Spain 28 November 1821)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema
|
|
de Justica) currently being reorganized
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Guillermo ENDARA
|
|
(since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
|
|
First Vice President Ricardo Arias CALDERON (since 20 December 1989,
|
|
elected 7 May 1989);
|
|
Second Vice President Guillermo FORD (since 20 December 1989,
|
|
elected 7 May 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Government alliance--Authentic Liberal Party (PLA); faction of Authentic
|
|
Panamenista Party (PPA), Guillermo Endara; Christian Democrat Party
|
|
(PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
|
|
(MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez; former Noriegist parties--Democratic
|
|
Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Carlos Duque;
|
|
Labor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Murgas; People's Party (PdP,
|
|
Soviet-oriented Communist party), Ruben Dario Sousa Batista; Democratic
|
|
Workers Party; National Action Party (PAN);
|
|
|
|
other opposition parties--Popular Nationalist Party (PNP),
|
|
Olimpo A. Saez Maruci; factions of the former Liberal and Republican
|
|
parties; Popular Action Party (PAP), Carlos Ivan Zuniga; Socialist Workers
|
|
Party (PST, leftist), Jose Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist),
|
|
Graciela Dixon
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next
|
|
to be held May 1994);
|
|
results--anti-Noriega coalition believed to have won about 75% of the
|
|
total votes cast;
|
|
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later
|
|
upheld; in process of reorganization (next to be held May 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(67 total) the Electoral Tribunal has confirmed 58 of the
|
|
67 seats--PDC 27, MOLIRENA 15, PLA 6, Noriegist PRD 7, PPA 3;
|
|
legitimate holders of the other 9 seats cannot be determined and a
|
|
special election will be held
|
|
|
|
Communists: People's Party (PdP), pro-Noriega regime mainline Communist
|
|
party, did not obtain the necessary 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election
|
|
to retain its legal status; about 3,000 members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Organized
|
|
Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP);
|
|
Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE)
|
|
|
|
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IRC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eduardo VALLARINO;
|
|
Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and Consulates has
|
|
not yet been determined;
|
|
US--Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and
|
|
Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E,
|
|
APO Miami 34002); telephone p507o 27-1777
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white
|
|
with a blue five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the
|
|
bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed
|
|
star in the center
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The GDP contracted an estimated 7.5% in 1989, following a
|
|
drop of 20% in 1988. Political instability, lack of credit, and the
|
|
erosion of business confidence prompted declines of 20-70% in the
|
|
financial, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing, and construction
|
|
sectors between 1987 and 1989. Transits through the Panama Canal were
|
|
off slightly, as were toll revenues. Unemployment remained about 23%
|
|
during 1989. Imports of foodstuffs and crude oil increased during 1989,
|
|
but capital goods imports continued their slide. Exports were widely
|
|
promoted by Noriega trade delegations, but sales abroad remained
|
|
stagnant.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3.9 billion, per capita $1,648; real growth rate - 7.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 0.1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 23% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $598 million; expenditures $750 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $220 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--bananas 40%,
|
|
shrimp 27%, coffee 4%, sugar, petroleum products;
|
|
partners--US 90%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $830 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--foodstuffs
|
|
16%, capital goods 9%, crude oil 16%, consumer goods, chemicals;
|
|
partners--US 35%, Central America and Caribbean, EC,
|
|
Mexico, Venezuela (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.2 billion (November 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,113,000 kW capacity; 3,270 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,380 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining,
|
|
brewing, cement and other construction material, sugar mills, paper products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.), 26% of labor
|
|
force (1987); crops--bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock;
|
|
fishing; importer of food grain, vegetables, milk products
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $515 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$568 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $4 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: balboa (plural--balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: balboas (B) per US$1--1.000 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter
|
|
gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed
|
|
stone, 2,515 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama
|
|
Canal
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 130 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3,187 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
46,502,092 GRT/72,961,250 DWT; includes 34 passenger, 22 short-sea
|
|
passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,087 cargo, 179 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
186 container, 71 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 136 vehicle carrier,
|
|
7 livestock carrier, 9 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
|
315 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 184 chemical tanker,
|
|
30 combination ore/oil, 91 liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 767 bulk,
|
|
58 combination bulk; note--all but 5 are foreign owned and operated;
|
|
the top 4 foreign owners are Japan 41%, Greece 9%, Hong Kong 9%, and the
|
|
US 7% (China owns at least 144 ships, Yugoslavia 12, Cuba 6, and
|
|
Vietnam 9)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 123 total, 112 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: domestic and international facilities well developed;
|
|
connection into Central American Microwave System; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
|
|
antennas; 220,000 telephones; stations--91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine
|
|
cable
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a
|
|
military institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on
|
|
20 December 1989; President Endara is attempting to restructure the
|
|
forces, with more civilian control, under the new name of Panamanian
|
|
Public Forces (PPF)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 628,327; 433,352 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.0% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Papua New Guinea
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 461,690 km2; land area: 451,710 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 820 km with Indonesia
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 5,152 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast
|
|
monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber,
|
|
oil potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 1% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 71% forest and woodland; 28% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast;
|
|
some active volcanos; frequent earthquakes
|
|
|
|
Note: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,822,875 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Papua New Guinean(s); adjective--Papua New Guinean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito,
|
|
Micronesian, and Polynesian
|
|
|
|
Religion: over half of population nominally Christian (490,000
|
|
Roman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder indigenous
|
|
beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin
|
|
English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 32%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,660,000; 732,806 in salaried employment; 54% agriculture,
|
|
25% government, 9% industry and commerce, 8% services (1980)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20
|
|
members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Port Moresby
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu,
|
|
Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus,
|
|
Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons,
|
|
Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain
|
|
|
|
Independence: 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian
|
|
administration)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 16 September 1975
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, National Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to
|
|
as the House of Assembly)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by Governor General Vincent ERI (since 18 January 1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Rabbie NAMALIU (since 4 July 1988);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Akoko DOI (since 7 July 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party,
|
|
Papua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament--last held 13 June-4 July 1987 (next to be held
|
|
4 July 1992);
|
|
results--PP 14.7%, PDM 10.8%, PPP 6.1%, MA 5.6%, NP 5.1%, PAP 3.2%,
|
|
independents 42.9%, others 11.6%;
|
|
seats--(109 total) PP 26, PDM 17, NP 12, MA 7, PAP 6, PPP 5, independents 22,
|
|
others 14
|
|
|
|
Communists: no significant strength
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 350, 1330 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
|
|
telephone (202) 659-0856;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate William FERRAND; Embassy at Armit
|
|
Street, Port
|
|
Moresby (mailing address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby); telephone
|
|
p675o 211-455 or 594, 654
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle
|
|
is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is
|
|
black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
centered
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural
|
|
resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and
|
|
the high cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a
|
|
subsistence livelihood for more than half of the population. Mining of
|
|
numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of
|
|
export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid
|
|
under World Bank auspices help sustain the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $3.26 billion, per capita $890; real growth rate 1.2% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $962 million; expenditures $998 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $169 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--gold, copper
|
|
ore, coffee, copra, palm oil, timber, lobster; partners--FRG, Japan,
|
|
Australia, UK, Spain, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
|
transport equipment, fuels, food, chemicals, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.5 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced,
|
|
400 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing,
|
|
wood chip production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile
|
|
soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash
|
|
crops--coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products--tea, rubber, sweet
|
|
potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban
|
|
centers
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $38.8 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $5.8
|
|
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: kina (plural--kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1--1.1592 (December 1989), 1.1685 (1989),
|
|
1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987), 1.0296 (1986), 1.0000 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone,
|
|
or stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,675 GRT/27,954
|
|
DWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 575 total, 455 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: services are adequate and being improved; facilities
|
|
provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
|
|
aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services; submarine
|
|
cables extend to Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); stations--31 AM,
|
|
2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 952,454; 529,570 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.3% of GDP, or $42 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Paracel Islands
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 518 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons
|
|
|
|
Note: located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea
|
|
about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent inhabitants
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: occupied by China
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Paraguay
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 406,750 km2; land area: 397,300 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km,
|
|
Brazil 1,290 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of
|
|
Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west
|
|
|
|
Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay;
|
|
Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the
|
|
river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: local flooding in southeast (early September to June);
|
|
poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,660,270 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Paraguayan(s); adjective--Paraguayan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and Indian), 5% white and Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 81%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,300,000; 44% agriculture, 34% industry and commerce,
|
|
18% services, 4% government (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Paraguay
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Asuncion
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron,
|
|
Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canendiyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera,
|
|
Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari,
|
|
Presidente Hayes, San Pedro
|
|
|
|
Independence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution 25 August 1967
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not
|
|
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet),
|
|
Council of State
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Deputies
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Andres
|
|
RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chaves;
|
|
Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo Laino; Christian Democratic
|
|
Party (PDC), Jorge Dario Cristaldo; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
|
|
Euclides Acevedo; Liberal Party (PL), Reinaldo Odone; Popular Colorado
|
|
Movement (MOPOCO), Miguel Angel Gonzalez Casabianca; Radical Liberal Party
|
|
(PLR), Emilio Forestieri; Popular Democratic Movement (MDP)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held February 1993);
|
|
results--Gen. Rodriguez 75.8%, Domingo Laino 19.4%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by May 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF 1;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by
|
|
May 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, PDC 1, PL 1, PLR 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both
|
|
illegal); 3,000 to 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay,
|
|
very few are hard core; party beginning to return from exile is small and
|
|
deeply divided
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Febrerista; Authentic Radical
|
|
Liberal; Christian Democratic Parties; Confederation of Workers (CUT);
|
|
Roman Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Marcos MARTINEZ MENDIETA; Chancery
|
|
at 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960
|
|
through 6962; there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and
|
|
New York, and a Consulate in Houston; US--Ambassador Timothy L. TOWELL;
|
|
Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion (mailing address is
|
|
C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO Miami 34036-0001); telephone p595o (21) 201-041
|
|
or 049
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an
|
|
emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different
|
|
on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of
|
|
arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words
|
|
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side
|
|
at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of
|
|
Liberty and the words Paz y Justica (Peace and Justice) capped
|
|
by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is predominantly agricultural. Agriculture,
|
|
including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GNP, employs about 45% of
|
|
the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has no known
|
|
significant mineral or petroleum resources, but does have a large
|
|
hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined
|
|
compared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an
|
|
average annual rate of nearly 11%. During 1982-86 real GDP fell three
|
|
out of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and
|
|
foreign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the
|
|
economy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather
|
|
for crops, and weak international commodity prices for agricultural exports.
|
|
In 1987 the economy experienced a modest recovery because of improved weather
|
|
conditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The
|
|
recovery continued through 1988, with a bumper soybean crop and record cotton
|
|
production. The government, however, must follow through on promises of reforms
|
|
needed to deal with large fiscal deficits, growing debt arrearages,
|
|
and falling reserves.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $8.9 billion, per capita $1,970; real growth rate 5.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $609 million; expenditures $909 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $401 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1,020 million (registered f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil,
|
|
meat products; partners--EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%,
|
|
US 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1,010 million (registered c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants
|
|
19%, raw materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%;
|
|
partners--Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,169,000 kW capacity; 15,140 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing,
|
|
textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and 50% of labor force; cash
|
|
crops--cotton, sugarcane; other crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava,
|
|
fruits, and vegetables; animal products--beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus
|
|
producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
|
drug trade with an estimated 300 hectares cultivated in 1988; important
|
|
transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $168 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $994 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: guarani (plural--guaranies);
|
|
1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$1--1,200.20 (November 1989;
|
|
floated in February 1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989),
|
|
339.17 (1986), 306.67 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Asuncion
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,735 GRT/26,043
|
|
DWT; includes 13 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker;
|
|
note--1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 873 total, 753 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 52 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity
|
|
microwave net; 78,300 telephones; stations--40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,096,227; 798,750 fit for military
|
|
service; 49,791 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Peru
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km,
|
|
Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,414 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
|
|
|
|
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
|
|
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
|
|
fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic
|
|
activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air
|
|
pollution in Lima
|
|
|
|
Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
|
|
lake, with Bolivia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 21,905,605 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo (mixed Indian and European
|
|
ancestry); 15% white; 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); 44% government and other services,
|
|
37% agriculture, 19% industry (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Peru
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lima
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province*
|
|
(provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
|
|
Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad,
|
|
Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno,
|
|
San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
|
|
|
|
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution
|
|
because constituent assembly met in 1979, but Constitution actually took effect
|
|
the following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected
|
|
president and bicameral legislature
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
|
|
chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
(Camara de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President-elect Alberto FUJIMORI (since 10 June
|
|
1990; Vice President-elect Maximo San ROMAN (since 10 June 1990);
|
|
Vice President-elect Carlos GARCIA;
|
|
President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 1985);
|
|
First Vice President Luis Alberto SANCHEZ Sanchez (since 28 July 1985);
|
|
Second Vice President Luis Juan ALVA Castro (since 28 July 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Guillermo LARCO Cox (since 3 October
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
|
|
(APRA), Alan Garcia Perez; United Left (IU), run by committee;
|
|
Democratic Front (FREDEMO), headed by Mario Vargas Llosa of the Liberty
|
|
Movement (ML), coalition also includes the Popular Christian Party (PPC),
|
|
Luis Bedoya Reyes and the Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
|
|
Belaunde Terry; Socialist Left (ISO), Alfonso Barrantes Lingan
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
|
|
results--Alberto Fujimori xx%, Mario Vargas Llosa xx%, others xx%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(60 total) APRA 32, IU 15, AP 5, others 8;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April
|
|
1995);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(180 total) APRA 107, IU 48, AP 10, others 15
|
|
|
|
Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet,
|
|
2,000; other minor Communist parties
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CCC, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
|
Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
|
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Cesar G. ATALA; Chancery at
|
|
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860
|
|
through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston,
|
|
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and
|
|
San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
|
US--Ambassador Anthony QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of
|
|
Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address
|
|
is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1010, or APO Miami 34031); telephone p51o (14) 338-000
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with
|
|
the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
|
|
bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia
|
|
spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is verging on hyperinflation and economic activity
|
|
is contracting rapidly. Deficit spending is at the root of domestic economic
|
|
problems, but poor relations with international lenders--the result of
|
|
curtailing debt payments since 1985--are preventing an inflow of funds to
|
|
generate a recovery. Reduced standards of living have increased labor tensions,
|
|
and strikes, particularly in the key mining sector, have cut production and
|
|
exports. Foreign exchange shortages have forced reductions in vital consumer
|
|
imports such as food and industrial inputs. Peru is the world's leading producer
|
|
of coca, from which the drug cocaine is produced.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $18.9 billion, per capita $880; real growth rate - 12.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,775% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $796 million (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $3.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--fishmeal,
|
|
cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude
|
|
petroleum and byproducts; partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%,
|
|
Latin America 8%, USSR 4%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals,
|
|
pharmaceuticals; partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%,
|
|
Switzerland 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.7 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 25.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced,
|
|
725 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing,
|
|
food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial
|
|
crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat, potatoes,
|
|
plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not
|
|
self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million
|
|
metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: world's largest coca producer and source of supply
|
|
for coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for
|
|
illicit production; most of coca base is shipped to Colombian drug
|
|
dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.6 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $577 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1--5,261.40 (December 1989),
|
|
128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km
|
|
0.914-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km
|
|
improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system
|
|
and 208 km Lago Titicaca
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 341,213 GRT/535,215
|
|
DWT; includes 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 bulk;
|
|
note--in addition, 7 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used
|
|
commercially
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 242 total, 226 usable; 35 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide
|
|
radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no FM, 140 TV,
|
|
144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de
|
|
Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,543,166; 3,751,077 fit for military
|
|
service; 236,814 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.9% of GNP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Philippines
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 36,289 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from
|
|
coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed
|
|
polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
|
|
|
|
Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
|
|
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
|
|
southwest monsoon (May to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver,
|
|
gold, salt, copper
|
|
|
|
Land use: 26% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck
|
|
by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active
|
|
volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water
|
|
pollution
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 66,117,284 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 32 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Filipino(s); adjective--Philippine
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3%
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and
|
|
other
|
|
|
|
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 88% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 22,889,000; 47% agriculture, 20% industry and commerce,
|
|
13.5% services, 10% government, 9.5% other (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 2,064 registered unions; total membership 4.8 million
|
|
(includes 2.7 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Manila
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra,
|
|
Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora,
|
|
Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes,
|
|
Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*,
|
|
Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*,
|
|
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite,
|
|
Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*,
|
|
Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*,
|
|
Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte,
|
|
Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*,
|
|
Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*,
|
|
Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque,
|
|
Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,
|
|
Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental,
|
|
North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*,
|
|
Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan,
|
|
Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*,
|
|
Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan),
|
|
San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato,
|
|
Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte,
|
|
Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi,
|
|
Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte,
|
|
Zamboanga del Sur
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Corazon C. AQUINO
|
|
(since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February
|
|
1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino Pimentel; Struggle of
|
|
Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali Gonzales; Nationalista Party, Salvador
|
|
Laurel, Juan Ponce Enrile; Liberal Party, Jovito Salonga
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 15
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be
|
|
held May 1992); results--Corazon C. Aquino elected after the fall of the
|
|
Marcos regime;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1993);
|
|
results--Pro-Aquino LDP 63%, Liberals LDP and
|
|
PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, Opposition Nationalista Party 4%,
|
|
independents 8%;
|
|
seats--(24 total) Pro-Aquino LDP 15, Liberals
|
|
LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, Opposition 1, independents 2;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be
|
|
held May 1992);
|
|
results--Pro-Aquino LDP 73%, Liberals LDP and PDP-Laban
|
|
(Pimentel wing) 10%, Opposition Nationalista Party 17%;
|
|
seats--(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls
|
|
about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal
|
|
party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist
|
|
Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at
|
|
1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414;
|
|
there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu,
|
|
Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;
|
|
US--Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
|
|
(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone p63o (2) 521-7116;
|
|
there is a US Consulate in Cebu
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white
|
|
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a
|
|
yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and
|
|
in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil
|
|
following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts.
|
|
After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the
|
|
economy has since 1986 had positive growth. The agricultural sector,
|
|
together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy,
|
|
employing about 50% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The
|
|
Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products.
|
|
Manufacturing contributed about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food
|
|
processing, chemicals, and textiles.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $40.5 billion, per capita $625; real growth rate 5.2% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.6% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 8.7% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals
|
|
and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%,
|
|
forest products 4%; partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%,
|
|
ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $10.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--raw materials
|
|
53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%; partners--US 25%,
|
|
Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $27.8 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 6,700,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
385 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,
|
|
food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 50% of labor force;
|
|
major crops--rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal
|
|
products--pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2
|
|
million metric tons annually
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
|
drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis
|
|
despite government eradication efforts
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.2 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.4 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-88), $123
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Philippine peso (plural--pesos);
|
|
1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1--22.464 (January 1990),
|
|
21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel,
|
|
crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m)
|
|
vessels
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila,
|
|
Subic Bay
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 595 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,134,924
|
|
GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 10 short-sea passenger,
|
|
16 passenger-cargo, 166 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 30 vehicle carrier,
|
|
8 livestock carrier, 7 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 container, 36 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas,
|
|
3 combination ore/oil, 282 bulk, 5 combination bulk; note--many
|
|
Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the
|
|
purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who
|
|
are principally in Japan and FRG
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 301 total, 237 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services;
|
|
domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations--267 AM
|
|
(including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to
|
|
Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary--Integrated
|
|
National Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,160,543; 11,417,451 fit for military
|
|
service; 684,976 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GNP, or $850 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Pitcairn Islands
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 51 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds;
|
|
rainy season (November to March)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
|
|
|
|
Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between
|
|
Peru and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 56 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective--Pitcairn Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers
|
|
|
|
Religion: 100% Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public
|
|
works; subsistence farming and fishing
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Adamstown
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964
|
|
|
|
Legal system: local island by-laws
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
|
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Island Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
|
represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
|
|
Robin A. C. BYATT (since NA 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
|
|
Council Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: NA
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Island Council--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the
|
|
coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow
|
|
anchor
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming.
|
|
The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and
|
|
vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans.
|
|
Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue
|
|
are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts
|
|
to passing ships.
|
|
|
|
GNP: NA
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--fruits, vegetables, curios;
|
|
partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $NA; commodities--fuel oil, machinery, building materials,
|
|
flour, sugar, other foodstuffs; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,410 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of
|
|
fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January
|
|
1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: none
|
|
|
|
Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bounty Bay
|
|
|
|
Airports: none
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the
|
|
island; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Poland
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, GDR 456 km,
|
|
USSR 1,215 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 491 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
|
|
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver,
|
|
lead, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 46% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering
|
|
streams; severe air and water pollution in south
|
|
|
|
Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain
|
|
and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 37,776,725 (July 1990), growth rate NEGL (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Pole(s); adjective--Polish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less
|
|
than 0.05% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing),
|
|
5% Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Polish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 17,128,000 (1988); 36.5% industry and construction;
|
|
28.5% agriculture; 14.7% trade, transport, and communications;
|
|
20.3% government and other
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade union pluralism
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Poland
|
|
|
|
Type: democratic state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Warsaw
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa,
|
|
singular--wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko-Biala,
|
|
Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk,
|
|
Gorzow Wielkopolski, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin,
|
|
Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza,
|
|
Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow,
|
|
Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,
|
|
Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow,
|
|
Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc,
|
|
Zielona Gora
|
|
|
|
Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed
|
|
|
|
Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952
|
|
will be replaced by a democratic Constitution before May 1991
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist
|
|
legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July (1952) will
|
|
probably be replaced by Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of
|
|
an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
(Sejm)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI (since
|
|
19 July 1989, Chairman of Council of State since 6 November 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI (since 24 August 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL, known
|
|
unofficially as PSL-Wilanowska), Gen. Franciszek Kaminski, chairman;
|
|
Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Josef Slisz, chairman;
|
|
Polish Peasant Party-Rebirth (formerly the United Peasant Party),
|
|
Kazimirrz Olrsiak, chairman;
|
|
|
|
Other center-right parties--National Party, Bronislaw Ekert,
|
|
chairman;
|
|
Christian National Union, Urrslaw Chnzanowski, chairman;
|
|
Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw Sila Nowicki, chairman;
|
|
Democratic Party, Jerzy Jozwiak, chairman;
|
|
|
|
Center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef Lipski,
|
|
chairman;
|
|
|
|
Left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution;
|
|
|
|
Other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the
|
|
Communist Party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander
|
|
Kwasnuewski, chairman;
|
|
Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway
|
|
faction of the PZPR), Tadrusz Fiszbach, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be
|
|
held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant
|
|
Party 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note--rules
|
|
governing the election limited Solidarity's share of the vote to 35%
|
|
of the seats; future elections are to be freely contested
|
|
|
|
Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor party (1990)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church;
|
|
Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group;
|
|
Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ),
|
|
populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and
|
|
Peace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA, Council of Europe, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC,
|
|
ICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jan KINAST; Chancery at 2640 16th
|
|
Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are
|
|
Polish Consulates General in Chicago and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Thomas SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje
|
|
Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw (mailing address is
|
|
APO New York 09213); telephone p48o 283041 through 283049; there is a US
|
|
Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red--a crowned
|
|
eagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which
|
|
are red (top) and white
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had
|
|
followed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of the country's
|
|
productive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the
|
|
private sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a
|
|
picture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying
|
|
weaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP increased between 3%
|
|
and 6% annually during the period 1983-1986, but grew only 2.5% and 2.1%
|
|
in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Output dropped by 1.5% in 1989. The
|
|
inflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22%
|
|
in 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989. Shortages of consumer
|
|
goods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and
|
|
coal have remained the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures
|
|
are increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of
|
|
approximately $40 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import
|
|
much-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989
|
|
disrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January
|
|
1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for
|
|
transforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to
|
|
eliminate subsidies, end artificially low prices, make the zloty
|
|
convertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial
|
|
measures are accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages.
|
|
Substantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful
|
|
transition in the 1990s.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $172.4 billion, per capita $4,565; real growth rate - 1.6%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 640% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%; 215,000 (official number, mid-March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $23 billion; expenditures $24 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $24.7 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment 63%; fuels, minerals, and
|
|
metals 14%; manufactured consumer goods 14%; agricultural and forestry
|
|
products 5% (1987 est.);
|
|
partners--USSR 25%, FRG 12%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $22.8 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery and equipment 36%; fuels, minerals, and
|
|
metals 35%; manufactured consumer goods 9%; agricultural and forestry
|
|
products 12%;
|
|
partners--USSR 23%, FRG 13%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $40 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 31,390,000 kW capacity; 125,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,260 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries,
|
|
chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; 75% of
|
|
output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains
|
|
low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed,
|
|
and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter
|
|
of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries,
|
|
$2.1 billion (1954-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: zloty (plural--zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1--9,500.00 (January 1990),
|
|
1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 27,245 km total; 24,333 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km
|
|
1.524-meter broad gauge, 2,515 km narrow gauge; 8,986 km double track; 10,000 km
|
|
electrified; government owned (1986)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete,
|
|
asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone,
|
|
gravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1988)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil;
|
|
360 km for refined products (1987)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland
|
|
ports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw
|
|
on the Vistula
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 234 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,534
|
|
GRT/4,164,665 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 93 cargo, 3 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 105 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--30 AM, 28 FM, 41 TV; 4 Soviet TV relays;
|
|
9,691,075 TV sets; 9,290,000 radio receivers; at least 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Ground Forces, National Air Defense Forces, Air Force Command,
|
|
Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,501,088; 7,503,477 fit for military
|
|
service; 292,769 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 954 billion zlotych, NA% of total budget (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Portugal
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and
|
|
Madeira Islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,793 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Macau is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
|
|
of China in 1999; East Timor question with Indonesia
|
|
|
|
Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier
|
|
in south
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore,
|
|
uranium ore, marble
|
|
|
|
Land use: 32% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
|
|
|
|
Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations
|
|
along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,354,497 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Portuguese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores,
|
|
Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland
|
|
during decolonization number less than 100,000
|
|
|
|
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 83%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,605,700; 45% services, 35% industry, 20% agriculture (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated
|
|
General Confederation of Portuguese Workers--Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents
|
|
more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General
|
|
Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and
|
|
represents less than half of unionized labor
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Portuguese Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lisbon
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos,
|
|
singular--distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas,
|
|
singular--regiao autonoma); Acores*, Aveiro, Beja, Braga,
|
|
Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,
|
|
Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal,
|
|
Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
|
|
|
|
Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative
|
|
Region of China in 1999)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982; new discussions on
|
|
constitutional revision began October 1987
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
|
|
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia
|
|
da Republica)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de
|
|
Justica)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES
|
|
(since 9 March 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6
|
|
November 1985); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal
|
|
Cavaco Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge Sampaio; Party of
|
|
Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio Martinho; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP),
|
|
Alvaro Cunhal; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Diogo Freitas do Amaral
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 16 February 1986 (next to be held January
|
|
1991);
|
|
results--Dr. Mario Lopes Soares 51.3%, Prof. Diogo Freitas do Amal
|
|
48.7%;
|
|
|
|
Assembly of the Republic--last held 19 July 1987
|
|
(next to be held July 1991);
|
|
results--Social Democrats 59.2%, Socialists 24.0%, Communists (in a
|
|
front coalition) 12.4%, Democratic Renewal 2.8%, Center Democrats 1.6%;
|
|
seats--(250 total) Social Democrats 148, Socialists 60, Communists
|
|
(in a front coalition) 31 seats, Democratic Renewal 7,
|
|
Center Democrats 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753
|
|
(December 1983)
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, Council of Europe, EC, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD,
|
|
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS;
|
|
Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston,
|
|
New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey),
|
|
New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);
|
|
US--Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas,
|
|
1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002);
|
|
telephone p351o (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there are US Consulates in
|
|
Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores)
|
|
|
|
Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
|
|
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained
|
|
recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 4.7% in
|
|
1987, 4.1% in 1988, and 3.5% in 1989, largely because of strong domestic
|
|
consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the
|
|
third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times
|
|
the European Community average. The government is pushing economic
|
|
restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992
|
|
European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $72.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate 3.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $19.0 billion; expenditures $22.2 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--cotton
|
|
textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
|
|
products, resin, machinery, appliances; partners--EC 72%, other
|
|
developed countries 13%, US 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $17.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
|
|
partners--EC 67%, other developed countries 13%, less developed countries
|
|
15%, US 4%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.2 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork;
|
|
metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small
|
|
inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops--grain,
|
|
potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector--sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat,
|
|
dairy products
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.8 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $998 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural--escudos);
|
|
1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--149.15 (January 1990),
|
|
157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP)
|
|
operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double
|
|
track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified,
|
|
double track, privately owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and
|
|
crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km
|
|
improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national
|
|
economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas
|
|
(Azores), Setubal, Sines
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 576,654
|
|
GRT/1,005,740 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 21 cargo,
|
|
2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker,
|
|
1 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--Portugal has created
|
|
a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will
|
|
have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience;
|
|
although only one ship is currently known to fly the Portuguese flag on
|
|
the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships
|
|
will transfer to this subregister in a few years
|
|
|
|
Airports: 69 total, 64 usable; 37 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,250,000
|
|
telephones; stations--44 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine
|
|
cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and
|
|
Azores)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,583,782; 2,102,835 fit for military
|
|
service; 88,384 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $1.3 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Puerto Rico
|
|
(commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 501 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north;
|
|
mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore
|
|
and offshore crude oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 51% meadows and pastures;
|
|
25% forest and woodland; 7% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure
|
|
land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain
|
|
belt in north
|
|
|
|
Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin
|
|
Islands group along the Mona Passage--a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal;
|
|
San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,291,207 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Puerto Rican(s); adjective--Puerto Rican
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic
|
|
|
|
Religion: mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant
|
|
denominations and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 89%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,062,000; 23% government, 20% trade, 18% manufacturing,
|
|
4% agriculture, 35% other (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the
|
|
General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
Type: commonwealth associated with the US
|
|
|
|
Capital: San Juan
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952;
|
|
effective 25 July 1952
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper
|
|
house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January
|
|
1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael
|
|
Hernandez Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Baltasar Corrado del Rio;
|
|
Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan Mari Bras and Carlos Gallisa;
|
|
Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben Berrios Martinez; Puerto
|
|
Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US
|
|
citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--Rafael Hernandez Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar Corrada Del Rio
|
|
(PNP) 45.8%, Ruben Barrios Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be
|
|
held November 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist
|
|
activities--Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the
|
|
Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros),
|
|
Armed Forces of Popular Resistance
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
|
|
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with
|
|
white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white
|
|
five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the
|
|
Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary
|
|
sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free
|
|
access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily
|
|
in Puerto Rico since the 1970s. Important new industries include
|
|
pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed
|
|
foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other
|
|
livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural
|
|
sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income
|
|
for the island.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $18.4 billion, per capita $5,574; real growth rate 4.9% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 33% (December 1987-88)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 12.8% (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $4.9 million; expenditures $4.9 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., FY88); commodities--sugar, coffee,
|
|
petroleum products, chemical, metal products, textiles, electronic equipment;
|
|
partners--US 87%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $11.8 billion (c.i.f., FY88); commodities--chemicals,
|
|
clothing, food, fish products, crude oil; partners--US 60%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,050 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,260 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
|
|
food processing, petroleum refining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of labor force; crops--sugarcane,
|
|
coffee, pineapples, tobacco, bananas; livestock--cattle, chickens;
|
|
imports a large share of food needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane;
|
|
no passenger railroads
|
|
|
|
Highways: 13,762 km paved
|
|
|
|
Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
|
|
|
|
Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 2,000,000 radio receivers; 810,000 TV receivers;
|
|
769,140 telephones; stations--69 AM, 42 FM, 24 TV (1984)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; paramilitary National
|
|
Guard; police force of 10,050 men and women (1984)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Qatar
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 563 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: as delimited with neighboring states, or
|
|
to limit of shelf, or to median line;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: to median line;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with
|
|
Bahrain over the Hawar Islands
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater
|
|
resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near
|
|
major crude oil sources
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 490,897 (July 1990), growth rate 5.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 38 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Qatari(s); adjective--Qatari
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani, 18% Indian, 10% Iranian,
|
|
14% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 40%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: State of Qatar
|
|
|
|
Type: traditional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Doha
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
|
|
|
|
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir,
|
|
although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in
|
|
personal matters
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister
|
|
Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad
|
|
bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Advisory Council--constitution calls for elections for part
|
|
of this consultative body, but no elections have been held;
|
|
seats--(30 total)
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
|
NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz
|
|
AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington
|
|
DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
|
|
US--Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at Fariq Bin Omran
|
|
(opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399,
|
|
Doha); telephone p974o 864701 through 864703
|
|
|
|
Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the
|
|
hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for 90% of
|
|
export earnings and more than 80% of government revenues. Proved oil
|
|
reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current
|
|
levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about
|
|
$17,000, among the highest in the world.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.4 billion, per capita $17,070; real growth rate 9.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products 90%, steel, fertilizers; partners--France, FRG, Italy, Japan,
|
|
Spain
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.), excluding military equipment;
|
|
commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals,
|
|
machinery and equipment; partners--EC, Japan, Arab countries, US,
|
|
Australia
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
8,540 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers,
|
|
petrochemicals, steel, cement
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP;
|
|
commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-
|
|
88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: Qatari riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or
|
|
natural surface (est.)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Doha, Musayid, Halul Island
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 273,318 GRT/420,227
|
|
DWT; includes 7 cargo, 3 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones;
|
|
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to
|
|
Bahrain and UAE; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 255,474; 120,614 fit for military service;
|
|
3,982 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Reunion
|
|
(overseas department of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 201 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from
|
|
May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, arable land
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 39% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: periodic devastating cyclones
|
|
|
|
Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 595,583 (July 1990), growth rate 1.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Reunionese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African,
|
|
Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
|
|
|
|
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Creole widely used
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but over 80% among younger generation
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 30% agriculture, 21% industry, 49% services (1981);
|
|
63% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Department of Reunion
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas department of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Saint-Denis
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas department of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: French president, Commissioner of the Republic
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional
|
|
Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND
|
|
(since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN
|
|
(since September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR),
|
|
Francois Mas; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert Gerard; Communist
|
|
Party of Reunion (PCR); France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre Thien Ah Koon;
|
|
Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude Fruteau; Social Democrats (CDS), other
|
|
small parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Regional Council--last held 16 March 1986
|
|
(next to be held March 1991);
|
|
results--RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%,
|
|
PS 14.1%, other 3.6%;
|
|
seats--(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
|
September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
|
|
(next to be held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters,
|
|
the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the
|
|
district of Le Port
|
|
|
|
Member of: WFTU
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese
|
|
interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture.
|
|
Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years
|
|
it accounts for 85% of exports. The government is pushing the development
|
|
of a tourist industry to relieve a high unemployment rate that was over 30%
|
|
in 1986. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued
|
|
financial assistance from France.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $4,290 (1985);
|
|
real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 32.0%; high seasonal unemployment (1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $136 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--sugar 75%, rum
|
|
and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, vanilla and tea 1%;
|
|
partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, S. Africa, Italy
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw
|
|
materials, and petroleum products; partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain,
|
|
South Africa, Italy
|
|
|
|
External debt: NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced,
|
|
965 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing
|
|
handicraft items
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy;
|
|
cash crops--sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops--tropical fruits,
|
|
vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $13.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
stabilized earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Pointe des Galets
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and
|
|
radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to
|
|
Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius;
|
|
85,900 telephones; stations--3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV;
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 158,812; 82,400 fit for military
|
|
service; 6,075 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Romania
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,
|
|
USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 225 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Transylvania question with Hungary; Bessarabia question
|
|
with USSR
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
|
|
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
|
|
|
|
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of
|
|
Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
|
|
Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber,
|
|
natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 43% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 11% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;
|
|
geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
|
|
|
|
Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
|
|
the Balkans and western USSR
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 23,273,285 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6%
|
|
Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
|
|
|
|
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist,
|
|
Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist
|
|
|
|
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 98%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 10,690,000; 34% industry, 28% agriculture, 38% other (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system
|
|
organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR)
|
|
under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow,
|
|
newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining two rival
|
|
umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions and Fratia
|
|
(Brotherhood)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: former Communist state; current multiparty provisional
|
|
government has scheduled a general democratic election for 20 May 1990
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bucharest
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet) and
|
|
1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
|
|
Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
|
|
Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
|
|
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita,
|
|
Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj,
|
|
Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
|
|
|
|
Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist
|
|
legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being
|
|
revised; Communist regime had not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
|
|
Provisional Council of National Unity will probably accept ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August (1944); new national
|
|
day to commemorate popular anti-Ceausescu uprising under discussion
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, and
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet) appointed by provisional government
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
|
|
or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies
|
|
(Adunarea Deputatilor)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President of Provisional Council of National Unity
|
|
Ion ILIESCU (since 23 December 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister of Council of Ministers
|
|
Petre ROMAN (since 23 December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party,
|
|
Sergiu Cunescu; National Liberal Party, Radu Cimpeanu; National Christian
|
|
Peasants Party, Corneliu Coposu; Free Democratic Social Justice Party,
|
|
Gheorghe Susana; several others being formed; Communist Party has ceased
|
|
to exist; formation of left-wing parties is uncertain
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate--elections for the new upper house to be held 20 May 1990;
|
|
|
|
House of Deputies--elections for the new lower house to be held
|
|
20 May 1990
|
|
|
|
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased
|
|
to exist
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
|
|
Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU;
|
|
Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 232-4747; US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr., recalled to
|
|
Washington May 1990; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
|
|
(mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone p40o (0) 10-40-40
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
|
|
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
|
|
band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force
|
|
and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
|
|
persistent shortages of energy. In recent years the agricultural sector
|
|
has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs.
|
|
Favorable weather in 1989 helped produce a good harvest, although far
|
|
below government claims. The new government is slowly loosening the tight
|
|
central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted
|
|
moderate land reforms, with close to one-third of cropland now in
|
|
private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private
|
|
agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the
|
|
establishment of private enterprises of 20 or fewer employees in
|
|
services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Furthermore, the
|
|
government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic
|
|
consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government
|
|
does not seem willing to adopt a thorough-going market system.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $79.8 billion, per capita $3,445; real growth rate - 1.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $21.6 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
|
equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods
|
|
16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
|
|
partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $8.75 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels, minerals,
|
|
and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry
|
|
products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
|
|
partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: none (mid-1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 22,640,000 kW capacity; 80,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,440 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
|
|
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major
|
|
wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed,
|
|
potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--$4.3 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less
|
|
developed countries (1956-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--20.96 (February 1990), 14.922 (1989),
|
|
14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 11,221 km total; 10,755 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 421 km
|
|
narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,328 km electrified, 3,060 km double track;
|
|
government owned (1986)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block;
|
|
20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved
|
|
surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural
|
|
gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu,
|
|
Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 282 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,313,320
|
|
GRT/5,134,335 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 184 cargo, 1 container,
|
|
1 rail-car carrier, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier,
|
|
10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--39 AM, 30 FM, 38 TV; 3,910,000 TV sets;
|
|
3,225,000 radio receivers; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Romanian Army, Security Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
|
|
Romanian Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,736,783; 4,860,427 fit for military
|
|
service; 193,537 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 11.8 billion lei, 2.8% of total budget (1989);
|
|
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
|
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Rwanda
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km,
|
|
Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
|
|
to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten
|
|
ore), natural gas, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 29% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 18% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 10% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion;
|
|
periodic droughts
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,609,119 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 53 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 113 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 8.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s)
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
|
|
|
|
Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
|
|
indigenous beliefs and other 25%
|
|
|
|
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial
|
|
centers
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 46.6%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,600,000; 93% agriculture, 5% government and services,
|
|
2% industry and commerce; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key
|
|
offices
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kigali
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures,
|
|
singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in
|
|
Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo,
|
|
Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 December 1978
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
|
|
administration)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary
|
|
law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil pour
|
|
le Developpement National)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation
|
|
and the Council of State in joint session)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen.
|
|
Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary
|
|
Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana
|
|
(officially a development movement, not a party)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December
|
|
1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana reelected;
|
|
|
|
National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next
|
|
to be held December 1993);
|
|
results--MRND is the only party;
|
|
seats--(70 total); MRND 70
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, EAMA, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at
|
|
1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;
|
|
US--Ambassador Leonard H. O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at Boulevard de la
|
|
Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
|
|
telephone p205o 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green
|
|
with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain
|
|
yellow band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: About 40% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee
|
|
and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited,
|
|
however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The
|
|
industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing less than 20% to GDP.
|
|
Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products.
|
|
The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid,
|
|
with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have
|
|
caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $2.3 billion, per capita $325; real growth rate - 2.5% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $413 million; expenditures $522 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $230 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coffee 85%, tea,
|
|
tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum; partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy,
|
|
Uganda, UK, France, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $278 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles,
|
|
foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
|
|
cement and construction material; partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $645 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced,
|
|
15 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten
|
|
ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production,
|
|
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made
|
|
from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum,
|
|
potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports
|
|
foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth
|
|
in population
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$58 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100
|
|
centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--78.99 (December 1989),
|
|
79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved
|
|
earth, 2,700 km unimproved
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native
|
|
craft
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system
|
|
centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,586,989; 810,560 fit for military
|
|
service; no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: St. Helena
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island,
|
|
Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 60 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles
|
|
and sooty terns; no minerals
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
|
3% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: very few perennial streams
|
|
|
|
Note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains
|
|
were taken to Paris in 1840
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,657 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--St. Helenian(s); adjective--St. Helenian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: NA
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
|
|
and Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: St. Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members;
|
|
17% crafts, 10% professional and technical, 10% service, 9% management and
|
|
clerical, 9% farming and fishing, 6% transport, 5% sales, 1% security, and
|
|
33% other
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Jamestown
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*;
|
|
Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1967
|
|
|
|
Legal system: NA
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
|
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert
|
|
F. STIMSON (since 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena Labor Party, G. A. O.
|
|
Thornton; St. Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note--both
|
|
political parties inactive since 1976
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held October 1984 (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the St. Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
|
|
features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance
|
|
from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing,
|
|
the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are
|
|
few jobs, a large proportion of the work force have left to seek employment
|
|
overseas.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1984)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--fish (frozen
|
|
skipjack, tuna, salt-dried skipjack), handicrafts; partners--South Africa,
|
|
UK
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities--food,
|
|
beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor
|
|
vehicles and parts, machinery and parts; partners--UK, South Africa
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being
|
|
developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $168 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: St. Helenian pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 St. Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: St. Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1--0.6055
|
|
(January 1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
|
|
0.7714 (1985); note--the St. Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on St. Helena;
|
|
80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha
|
|
|
|
Ports: Jamestown (St. Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 3,150 GRT/2,264 DWT
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations--1 AM,
|
|
no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension,
|
|
then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial
|
|
cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: St. Kitts and Nevis
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 360 km2; land area: 360 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 135 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal
|
|
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 22% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 3% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 17% forest and woodland; 41% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)
|
|
|
|
Note: located 320 km southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 40,157 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective--Kittsian, Nevisian
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 80%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 6,700
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Basseterre
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town,
|
|
Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland,
|
|
Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary
|
|
Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre,
|
|
Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
|
|
|
|
Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 19 September 1983
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (sometimes referred to as
|
|
the National Assembly)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983,
|
|
previously Governor General of the Associated State since November 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS
|
|
(since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since
|
|
February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy
|
|
Simmonds; St. Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee Moore; Nevis
|
|
Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM),
|
|
Vance Amory
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 21 March 1989
|
|
(next to be held by 21 March 1994);
|
|
seats--(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: none known
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, OECS, UN
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission),
|
|
Charge d'Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540,
|
|
2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550;
|
|
US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
|
|
bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the
|
|
upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and
|
|
processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In
|
|
recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed
|
|
larger roles.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $119 million, per capita $3,240; real growth rate 6%
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20-25% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $38.5 million; expenditures $45.0 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $15.8 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $30.3 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--sugar,
|
|
manufactures, postage stamps; partners--US 44%, UK 30%, Trinidad and
|
|
Tobago 12% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $94.7 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels; partners--US 35%, UK 18%,
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago 10%, Canada 6%, Japan 4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $27.6 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,120 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra,
|
|
clothing, footwear, beverages
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop--sugarcane; subsistence
|
|
crops--rice, yams, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food
|
|
imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $13.6 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $46 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed
|
|
rate since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on St. Kitts for sugarcane
|
|
|
|
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Basseterre (St. Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and
|
|
international link via Antigua and Barbuda and St. Martin; 2,400 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal St. Kitts and Nevis Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: St. Lucia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 158 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds;
|
|
dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral
|
|
springs, geothermal potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 13% forest and woodland; 54% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 153,196 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--St. Lucian(s); adjective--St. Lucian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent, 5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian,
|
|
0.8% Caucasian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), French patois
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 78%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 43,800; 43.4% agriculture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry
|
|
and commerce (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Castries
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul,
|
|
Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort
|
|
|
|
Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 22 February 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper
|
|
house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since
|
|
3 May 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John Compton;
|
|
St. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George
|
|
Odlum
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held
|
|
April 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, OECS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS;
|
|
Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington DC 30037;
|
|
telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a St. Lucian Consulate General
|
|
in New York;
|
|
US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the
|
|
upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average
|
|
annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist
|
|
industry sectors. There is also an expanding industrial base supported by
|
|
foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data
|
|
processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important
|
|
agricultural sector is dominated by banana production. St. Lucia is subject
|
|
to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement
|
|
with the UK for bananas may end in 1992.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $172 million, per capita $1,258; real growth rate 6.8% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 18.6% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $71.7 million; expenditures $79.3 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $19.6 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $76.8 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--bananas 67%,
|
|
cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil, clothing; partners--UK 55%,
|
|
CARICOM 21%, US 18%, other 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $178.1 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods 22%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and live animals
|
|
20%, mineral fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum
|
|
products; partners--US 33%, UK 16%, CARICOM 14.8%, Japan 6.5%, other 29.7%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $39.5 million (December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2.4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 20,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced,
|
|
530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages,
|
|
corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 43% of labor force;
|
|
crops--bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa;
|
|
imports food for the tourist industry
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $4 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $93 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved
|
|
|
|
Ports: Castries
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones;
|
|
direct radio relay link with Martinique and St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
|
|
interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: St. Pierre and Miquelon
|
|
(territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 242 km2; land area: 242 km2; includes eight small islands
|
|
in the St. Pierre and the Miquelon groups
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 120 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and
|
|
France
|
|
|
|
Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly barren rock
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
|
|
|
|
Land use: 13% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
4% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: vegetation scanty
|
|
|
|
Note: located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the
|
|
North Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,330 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective--French
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education between 6 and 16 years of age
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,510 (1982)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Workers' Force trade union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
|
|
|
Type: territorial collectivity of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: St. Pierre
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: commissioner of the Republic
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur
|
|
d'Appel)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE
|
|
(since February 1989); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENEST
|
|
(since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS);
|
|
Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard Grignon
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council--last held September-October 1988 (next to be
|
|
held September 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and
|
|
right-wing parties 6;
|
|
|
|
French President--last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995);
|
|
results--(second ballot) Jacques Chirac 56%, Francois Mitterrand 44%;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next
|
|
to be held September 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) PS 1;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
|
|
(next to be held June 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) UDF/CDS 1
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France,
|
|
local interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood
|
|
by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
|
|
Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number
|
|
of ships stopping at St. Pierre has steadily dropped over the years. In
|
|
March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for
|
|
St. Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for
|
|
three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had
|
|
virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily
|
|
subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $2,495 (1984); real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 13.3% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA million; expenditures $13.9 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $23.3 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--fish and fish
|
|
products, fox and mink pelts; partners--US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%,
|
|
Canada, Portugal
|
|
|
|
Imports: $50.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--meat, clothing,
|
|
fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials;
|
|
partners--Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,970 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local
|
|
consumption; fish catch, 14,750 metric tons (1986)
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $477 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
|
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 120 km total; 60 kM paved (1985)
|
|
|
|
Ports: St. Pierre
|
|
|
|
Civil air: Air Saint-Pierre
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways,
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; stations--1 AM, 3 FM, no TV;
|
|
radiotelecommunication with most countries in the world; 1 satellite earth
|
|
station in French domestic system
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 84 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation;
|
|
rainy season (May to November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of
|
|
St. Vincent
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 38% arable land; 12% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 41% forest and woodland; 3% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant
|
|
threat
|
|
|
|
Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 112,646 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives--St.
|
|
Vincentian or Vincentian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with
|
|
some white, East Indian, Carib Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: English, some French patois
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 82%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kingstown
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines,
|
|
Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick
|
|
|
|
Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 27 October 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (includes 15 elected
|
|
representatives and six appointed senators)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son)
|
|
Mitchell; St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent Beach; United People's
|
|
Movement (UPM), Adrian Saunders; Movement for National Unity (MNU),
|
|
Ralph Gonsalves; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel Miguel
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly--last held 16 May 1989
|
|
(next to be held July 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(15 total) NDP 15
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, OAS, OECS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
|
|
green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most
|
|
important sector of the economy, providing employment for over 60% of the labor
|
|
force and contributing about 20% to GDP. The services sector is next in
|
|
importance, based mostly on a growing tourist industry. The economy
|
|
continues to have a high unemployment rate of 30% because of an
|
|
overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner.
|
|
Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively
|
|
unsuccessful.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $136 million, per capita $1,305; real growth rate 8.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 30% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $42.7 million; expenditures $67.5 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $25.8 (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $63.8 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--bananas,
|
|
eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, copra;
|
|
partners--CARICOM 60%, UK 27%, US 10%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $87.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels;
|
|
partners--US 37%, CARICOM 18%, UK 13%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $35 million (July 1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.2% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced,
|
|
610 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, rum,
|
|
starch, sheet metal, beverage
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk
|
|
of exports; products--bananas, arrowroot (world's largest producer), coconuts,
|
|
sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish
|
|
catch used locally
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $71 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km
|
|
unimproved
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kingstown
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,945
|
|
GRT/2,029,935 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 103 cargo,
|
|
10 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
|
|
2 liquefied gas, 28 bulk, 4 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience
|
|
registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system;
|
|
6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines;
|
|
new SHF links to Grenada and St. Lucia; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: San Marino
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 39 km with Italy
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: rugged mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: building stones
|
|
|
|
Land use: 17% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: dominated by the Appenines
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 23,123 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sanmarinese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Sanmarinese, Italian
|
|
|
|
Religion: Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Italian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 97%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: about 4,300
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated
|
|
with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of
|
|
Labor, 1,400 members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of San Marino
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: San Marino
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular--castello);
|
|
Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino,
|
|
Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
|
|
|
|
Independence: 301 (by tradition)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
|
|
functions of a constitution
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic,
|
|
3 September
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real
|
|
executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
|
|
secretary of state for internal affairs
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand and General Council (Consiglio
|
|
Grande e Generale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Co-Chiefs of State and Co-Heads of Government--Captain Regent Salvatori
|
|
REVES (since April 1989) and Captain Regent Luciano CARDELLI (since April 1989);
|
|
Captains Regent are elected for six-month terms
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS),
|
|
Gabriele Gatti; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto Ghiotti; Socialist Unity Party
|
|
(PSU), Emilio Della Balda and Patrizia Busignani; San Marino Socialist Party
|
|
(PSS), Antonio Volpinari; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS),
|
|
Augusto Casali; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo Buscarini
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Grand and General Council--last held 29 May 1988
|
|
(next to be held by May 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 300 members; the PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
|
|
and PSDS, has led the government since 1978
|
|
|
|
Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced
|
|
by policies of their counterparts in Italy
|
|
|
|
Member of: ICJ, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer
|
|
status in NAM
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: San Marino maintains honorary
|
|
Consulates General in Washington and New York, and an honorary Consulate
|
|
in Detroit;
|
|
US--no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence
|
|
(Italy) is accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at
|
|
38 Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, Florence, Italy (mailing address is APO
|
|
NY 09019); telephone p39o (55) 298-276
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
|
|
national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield
|
|
(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and
|
|
above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy relies heavily on the tourist industry as a source
|
|
of revenue. More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about
|
|
60% to GDP. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another
|
|
important income producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the
|
|
labor force and agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output
|
|
and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.4% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1983)
|
|
|
|
Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity
|
|
trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
|
|
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
|
|
manufactures
|
|
|
|
Imports: see Exports
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: supplied by Italy
|
|
|
|
Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourist
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: employs less than 4% of labor force; products--wheat, grapes,
|
|
corn, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses;
|
|
depends on Italy for food imports
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire);
|
|
1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also mints its own coins
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,262.5 (January 1990),
|
|
1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 104 km
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 11,700 telephones;
|
|
stations--no AM, 20 FM, no TV; radio relay and cable links into Italian
|
|
networks; no communication satellite facilities
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: public security or police force of less than 50 people
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can
|
|
serve as an army
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 209 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
75% forest and woodland; 3% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
Note: located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator
|
|
in the North Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 124,765 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Sao Tomean(s); adjective--Sao Tomean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves),
|
|
forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola,
|
|
Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands),
|
|
and Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
|
|
|
|
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: Portuguese (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 50% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence
|
|
agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
|
|
56% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Sao Tome
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho);
|
|
Principe, Sao Tome
|
|
|
|
Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly, sometimes
|
|
referred to as the National Popular Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Dr. Manuel Pinto da COSTA (since 12 July 1975);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da COSTA (since
|
|
8 January 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Movement for the
|
|
Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 30 September 1985 (next to be held September
|
|
1990);
|
|
results--President Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa was reelected without
|
|
opposition by the National People's Assembly;
|
|
|
|
National People's Assembly--last held 30 September 1985 (next to be
|
|
held September 1990);
|
|
results--MLSTP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(40 total) MLSTP 40 (indirectly elected)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery
|
|
(temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504, New York, NY 10017;
|
|
telephone (212) 697-4211;
|
|
US--the US Ambassador in Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
|
|
green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the
|
|
yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the
|
|
gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
|
|
production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
|
|
mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
|
|
its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
|
|
created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
|
|
important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has
|
|
also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of
|
|
exports by a ratio of 4 to 1. The emphasis on cocoa production at
|
|
the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import
|
|
90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured
|
|
goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external
|
|
debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable
|
|
potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the
|
|
government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The
|
|
government also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to
|
|
restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in
|
|
cooperation with the International Development Association and Western
|
|
lenders.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $37.9 million, per capita $340; real growth rate 1.8% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $19.2 million; expenditures $25.1 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $19.9 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--cocoa 90%,
|
|
copra, coffee, palm oil; partners--FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China
|
|
|
|
Imports: $17.3 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--machinery
|
|
and electrical equipment 59%, food products 32%, fuels 9%;
|
|
partners--Portugal, GDR, Angola, China
|
|
|
|
External debt: $95 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced,
|
|
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries,
|
|
shrimp processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash
|
|
crops--cocoa (90%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products--bananas,
|
|
papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $7 million;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
41.9 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: dobra (plural--dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1--122.48 (December 1988),
|
|
72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986), 41.195 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly
|
|
unpaved and in need of repair
|
|
|
|
Ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: minimal system; 2,200 telephones; stations--1 AM,
|
|
2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 27,805; 14,662 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP (1980)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Saudi Arabia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,410 km total; Iraq 488 km, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral
|
|
Zone 198 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km,
|
|
PDRY 830 km, YAR 628 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,510 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: no defined boundaries with PDRY, UAE, and YAR;
|
|
shares Neutral Zone with Iraq--in July 1975, Iraq and Saudi Arabia
|
|
signed an agreement to divide the zone between them, but the agreement
|
|
must be ratified, however, before it becomes effective; Kuwaiti
|
|
ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures;
|
|
1% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing
|
|
extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
|
|
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 17,115,728 (July 1990), growth rate 4.4% (1990); note--the
|
|
population figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of
|
|
1974 reported a total of 7 million persons and includes foreign workers, while
|
|
estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 13 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 71 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Saudi(s); adjective--Saudi or Saudi Arabian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 100% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 52%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,200,000; about 60% are foreign workers; 34% government,
|
|
28% industry and oil, 22% services, and 16% agriculture
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Type: monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Riyadh
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah);
|
|
Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah,
|
|
Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir,
|
|
Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
|
|
|
|
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: none; governed according to Sharia (Islamic law)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been
|
|
introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: none
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--King and Prime Minister
|
|
FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982);
|
|
Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al
|
|
Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC,
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at
|
|
601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800;
|
|
there are Saudi Arabian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and
|
|
New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN; Embassy at Collector Road M,
|
|
Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is P. O. Box 9041, Riyadh 11143,
|
|
or APO New York 09038); telephone p966o (1) 488-3800; there are US Consulates
|
|
General in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated
|
|
as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a
|
|
white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
|
|
traditional color of Islam
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: By far the most important economic activity is the production of
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products. The petroleum sector accounts for about 85% of
|
|
budget revenues, 80% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has
|
|
the largest reserves of petroleum in the world, is the largest exporter of
|
|
petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Oil wealth has provided a per
|
|
capita GDP that is comparable to most industrialized countries. Saudi Arabia is
|
|
one of the few countries where consumer prices have been dropping or showing
|
|
little change in recent years.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $73 billion, per capita $4,720; real growth rate 3.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $31.5 billion; expenditures $38.1 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $24.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
and petroleum products 89%; partners--Japan 26%, US 26%, France 6%,
|
|
Bahrain 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction
|
|
materials, processed food products; partners--US 20%, Japan 18%, UK 16%,
|
|
Italy 11%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6.1% (1980-86)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 25,066,000 kW capacity; 50,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic
|
|
petrochemicals, cement, small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer,
|
|
plastic
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest
|
|
growing economic sector; subsidized by government; products--wheat, barley,
|
|
tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching
|
|
self-sufficiency in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)
|
|
|
|
Currency: Saudi riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1--3.7450 (fixed rate since late
|
|
1986), 3.7033 (1986), 3.6221 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and
|
|
improved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km refined products; 2,200 km natural
|
|
gas, includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids
|
|
|
|
Ports: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al
|
|
Bahr, Yanbu al Sinaiyah
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,988,322
|
|
GRT/3,474,788 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger,
|
|
1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 container,
|
|
6 refrigerated cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 32 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 3 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft available
|
|
|
|
Airports: 204 total, 179 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 13
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 98 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good system with extensive microwave and coaxial
|
|
cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; stations--21 AM, 16 FM, 97 TV;
|
|
radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, YAR, and Sudan;
|
|
coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to Djibouti and Egypt; satellite
|
|
earth stations--3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
|
|
1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi
|
|
Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian National Guard,
|
|
Coast Guard and Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force,
|
|
Special Emergency Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,437,039; 3,606,344 fit for military
|
|
service; 159,186 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 16.9% of GDP, or $12.3 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Senegal
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 196,190 km2; land area: 192,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km,
|
|
Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 531 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is
|
|
indefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered its
|
|
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor
|
|
of Senegal--that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau;
|
|
boundary with Mauritania
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has
|
|
strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
|
|
harmattan wind
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: 27% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 30% meadows and pastures;
|
|
31% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing;
|
|
soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,713,851 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Senegalese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Senegalese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17% Fulani, 17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9%
|
|
Diola, 9% Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman
|
|
Catholic)
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 28.1%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage
|
|
earners--40% private sector, 60% government and parapublic; 52% of population of
|
|
working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions;
|
|
however, dues-paying membership very limited; major confederation is
|
|
National Confederation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of governing
|
|
party
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Senegal
|
|
|
|
Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
|
|
|
|
Capital: Dakar
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region);
|
|
Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda,
|
|
Thies, Ziguinchor
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 April 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed
|
|
an agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for
|
|
the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the
|
|
agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1984
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting
|
|
office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Abdou
|
|
DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Abdou Diouf;
|
|
Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other small uninfluential
|
|
parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held February
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--Abdou Diouf (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye Wade (PDS) 26%, others 1%;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be
|
|
held February 1993);
|
|
results--PS 71%, PDS 25%, others 4%;
|
|
seats--(120 total) PS 103, PDS 17
|
|
|
|
Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: students, teachers, labor, Muslim
|
|
Brotherhoods
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate),
|
|
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, OMVS
|
|
(Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at
|
|
2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541;
|
|
US--Ambassador George E. MOOSE; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the
|
|
corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar);
|
|
telephone p221o 21-42-96
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
|
|
with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and
|
|
provides employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total
|
|
cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The principal
|
|
economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million or about 25%
|
|
of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated by the
|
|
extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced
|
|
worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism
|
|
has become increasingly more important to the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.0 billion, per capita $680; real growth rate 5.1% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.8% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including
|
|
capital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $761 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%,
|
|
petroleum products 11%, phosphates 10%;
|
|
partners--US, France, other EC, Ivory Coast, India
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer
|
|
goods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14%;
|
|
partners--US, France, other EC, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.8 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 210,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced,
|
|
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, agricultural processing, phosphate mining,
|
|
petroleum refining, building materials
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and 75% of
|
|
labor force; major products--peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum,
|
|
rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds
|
|
self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $492 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.4 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$295 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
|
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km
|
|
double track Dakar to Thies
|
|
|
|
Highways: 14,000 km total; 3,770 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or
|
|
improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 900 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 115 km
|
|
on the Saloum
|
|
|
|
Ports: Dakar, Kaolack
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 9,263 GRT/15,167
|
|
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 25 total, 20 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using radio relay and
|
|
cable; 40,200 telephones; stations--8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,682,786; 878,812 fit for military
|
|
service; 88,940 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $100 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Seychelles
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 455 km2; land area: 455 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 491 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims Tromelin Island
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon
|
|
(late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly;
|
|
others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 18% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
18% forest and woodland; 60% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare;
|
|
short droughts possible; no fresh water, catchements collect rain; 40 granitic
|
|
and about 50 coralline islands
|
|
|
|
Note: located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 68,336 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Seychellois (sing. and pl.); adjective--Seychelles
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other
|
|
|
|
Language: English and French (official); Creole
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 60%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 27,700; 31% industry and commerce, 21% services,
|
|
20% government, 12% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 16% other (1985);
|
|
57% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: three major trade unions
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Seychelles
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Capital: Victoria
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none; note--there may be 21
|
|
administrative districts named Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse
|
|
Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie St. Anne, Beau Vallon,
|
|
Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse (on Mahe Island),
|
|
Grand Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance,
|
|
Pointe Larue, Port-Glaud, Riviere Anglaise, St. Louis, Takamaka
|
|
|
|
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 5 June 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and
|
|
customary law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President France Albert
|
|
RENE (since 5 June 1977)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Seychelles People's
|
|
Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert Rene
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 17
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held June 1994);
|
|
results--President France Albert Rene reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 5 December 1987 (next to be
|
|
held December 1992);
|
|
results--SPPF is the only party;
|
|
seats--(25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23
|
|
|
|
Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet ministers
|
|
espouse pro-Soviet line
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions, Roman Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires
|
|
ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue,
|
|
Suite 201, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 687-9766;
|
|
US--Ambassador James MORAN; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria
|
|
(mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, or APO New York 09030);
|
|
telephone 23921 or 23922
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green;
|
|
the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In this small, open tropical island economy, the tourist
|
|
industry employs about 30% of the labor force and provides the main
|
|
source of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has
|
|
encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other
|
|
services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high
|
|
dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing,
|
|
and small-scale manufacturing.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $255 million, per capita $3,720; real growth rate 6.2%;
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $106 million; expenditures $130 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $21 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products
|
|
(reexports);
|
|
partners--France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $116 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
|
commodities--manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages,
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products;
|
|
partners--UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%,
|
|
Singapore 8%, Japan 6% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $178 million (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 67 million kWh produced,
|
|
960 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
|
|
coir rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming;
|
|
cash crops--coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products--sweet potatoes,
|
|
cassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported;
|
|
expansion of tuna fishing under way
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-88), $23 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-87), $297 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$56 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Seychelles rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SR) per US$1--5.4884 (January 1990),
|
|
5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987), 6.1768 (1986), 7.1343 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 260 km total; 160 km bituminous, 100 km crushed stone or earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Victoria
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: direct radio communications with adjacent islands and
|
|
African coastal countries; 13,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV;
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,073; 8,776 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 6% of GDP, or $12 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Sierra Leone
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 71,740 km2; land area: 71,620 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 402 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December);
|
|
winter dry season (December to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country,
|
|
upland plateau, mountains in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold,
|
|
chromite
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 31% meadows and pastures;
|
|
29% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea;
|
|
deforestation; soil degradation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 4,165,953 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 47 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Sierra Leonean(s); adjective--Sierra Leonean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African (30% Temne, 30% Mende); 1% Creole,
|
|
European, Lebanese, and Asian; 13 tribes
|
|
|
|
Religion: 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); regular use limited to literate minority;
|
|
principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the
|
|
language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is
|
|
lingua franca
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 31% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,369,000 (est.); 65% agriculture, 19% industry, 16% services
|
|
(1981); only about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Sierra Leone
|
|
|
|
Type: republic under presidential regime
|
|
|
|
Capital: Freetown
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern,
|
|
Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 14 June 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local
|
|
tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH
|
|
(since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April
|
|
1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--All People's Congress
|
|
(APC), Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 1 October 1985 (next to be held October 1992);
|
|
results--Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh was elected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 30 May 1986 (next to be
|
|
held May 1991);
|
|
results--APC is the only party;
|
|
seats--(127 total, 105 elected) APC 105
|
|
|
|
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly
|
|
larger number of sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador George CAREW; Chancery at
|
|
1701 19th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-9261;
|
|
US--Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and
|
|
Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown; telephone 26481
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and
|
|
light blue
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed.
|
|
Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of
|
|
GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing
|
|
accounts for less than 10% of GDP, consisting mainly of the processing of
|
|
raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining
|
|
provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high
|
|
unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing dependency
|
|
on foreign assistance.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $965 million, per capita $250; real growth rate 1.8% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 42% (September 1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $86 million; expenditures $128 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $106 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%,
|
|
coffee 3%;
|
|
partners--US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe
|
|
|
|
Imports: $167 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%,
|
|
consumer goods 7%, light industrial goods;
|
|
partners--US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria
|
|
|
|
External debt: $805 million (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 19% (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 83,000 kW capacity; 180 million kWh produced,
|
|
45 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale
|
|
manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the
|
|
labor force; largely subsistence farming; cash crops--coffee, cocoa, palm
|
|
kernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs;
|
|
annual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tons
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $149 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $698 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$101 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: leone (plural--leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: leones per US$1--87.7193 (January 1990), 58.1395 (1989),
|
|
31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987), 8.3963 (1986), 4.7304 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a
|
|
limited basis because the mine at Marampa is closed
|
|
|
|
Highways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some
|
|
gravel), remainder improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round
|
|
|
|
Ports: Freetown, Pepel
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 12 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: marginal telephone and telegraph service; national
|
|
microwave radio relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones;
|
|
stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 918,078; 433,350 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP (1986)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Singapore
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 632.6 km2; land area: 622.6 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 193 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry
|
|
seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
|
|
catchment area and nature preserve
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
|
|
|
|
Land use: 4% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 5%
|
|
forest and woodland; 84% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: mostly urban and industrialized
|
|
|
|
Note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,720,915 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Singaporean(s), adjective--Singapore
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9% Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all
|
|
Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists,
|
|
Confucianists)
|
|
|
|
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official); Malay (national)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 86.8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,280,000; 34.4% industry, 1.2% agriculture, 61.7%
|
|
services (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 211,200; 16.5% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Singapore
|
|
|
|
Type: republic within Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Capital: Singapore
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence
|
|
State of Singapore Constitution
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister LEE Kuan Yew (since 5 June 1959);
|
|
First Deputy Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 2 January 1985); Second Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister ONG Teng Cheong (since 2 January 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: government--People's Action Party (PAP),
|
|
Lee Kuan Yew; opposition--Workers' Party (WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam;
|
|
Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong;
|
|
National Solidarity Party (NSP), Soon Kia Seng;
|
|
United People's Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Barisan Sosialis (BS);
|
|
Communist party illegal
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993);
|
|
results--President Wee Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 3 September 1988 (next to be held NA September
|
|
1993);
|
|
results--PAP 61.8%, WP 18.4%, SDP 11.5%, NSP 3.7%, UPF 1.3%, others 3.3%;
|
|
seats--(81 total) PAP 80, SDP 1; note--BS has 1 nonvoting seat
|
|
|
|
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
|
|
ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Tommy KOH Tong Bee; Chancery at
|
|
1824 R Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 667-7555;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617
|
|
(mailing address is FPO San Francisco 96699); telephone p65o 338-0251
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist
|
|
side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is
|
|
toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars
|
|
arranged in a circle
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong
|
|
service and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links
|
|
derived from its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the
|
|
economy expanded rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per
|
|
capita GDP is among the highest in Asia. In 1985 the economy registered its
|
|
first drop in 20 years and achieved less than a 2% increase in 1986. Recovery
|
|
was strong. Estimates for 1989 suggest a 9.2% growth rate based on rising
|
|
demand for Singapore's products in OECD countries, a strong Japanese yen, and
|
|
improved competitiveness of domestic manufactures.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $27.5 billion, per capita $10,300; real growth rate 9.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $6.6 billion; expenditures $5.9 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $2.2 billion (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $46 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--includes
|
|
transshipments to Malaysia--petroleum products, rubber, electronics,
|
|
manufactured goods; partners--US 24%, Malaysia 14%, Japan 9%,
|
|
Thailand 6%, Hong Kong 5%, Australia 3%, FRG 3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $53 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--includes
|
|
transshipments from Malaysia--capital equipment, petroleum, chemicals,
|
|
manufactured goods, foodstuffs; partners--Japan 22%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%,
|
|
EC 12%, Kuwait 1%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.2 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 4,000,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,490 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment,
|
|
rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship
|
|
repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy;
|
|
self-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major
|
|
crops--rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $882 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Singapore dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Singapore dollars per US$1--1.8895 (January 1990),
|
|
1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 2,597 km total (1984)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Singapore
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,286,824
|
|
GRT/11,921,610 DWT; includes 126 cargo, 52 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 13 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier,
|
|
103 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical tanker,
|
|
4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 15 liquefied gas, 68 bulk,
|
|
3 combination bulk; note--many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft (est.)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international
|
|
service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000
|
|
telephones; stations--13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to
|
|
Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Reserve
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 834,720; 621,497 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $1.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Solomon Islands
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 28,450 km2; land area: 27,540 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 5,313 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
93% forest and woodland; 4% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive;
|
|
geologically active region with frequent earth tremors
|
|
|
|
Note: located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 335,082 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Solomon Islander(s); adjective--Solomon Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0% Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian,
|
|
0.8% European, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist, and Roman Catholic Churches dominant
|
|
|
|
Language: 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the
|
|
country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 60%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 23,448 economically active; 32.4% agriculture, forestry, and
|
|
fishing; 25% services, 7.0% construction, manufacturing, and mining;
|
|
4.7% commerce, transport, and finance (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade
|
|
union representation
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth
|
|
|
|
Capital: Honiara
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal,
|
|
Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 7 July 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as
|
|
governor general since 7 July 1988);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Danny PHILIP (since 31 March 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Alliance Party (PAP), Solomon Mamaloni;
|
|
United Party (UP), Sir Peter Kenilorea;
|
|
Solomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew Ulufa'alu;
|
|
Nationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew Nori;
|
|
Labor Party (LP), Joses Tuhanuku
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament--last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held
|
|
February 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, independents 9
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara
|
|
(Solomon Islands);
|
|
US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the
|
|
Solomon Islands; Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is
|
|
American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23488
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side
|
|
corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed
|
|
stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: About 90% of the population depend on subsistence
|
|
agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood.
|
|
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry contribute about 75% to GDP, with the
|
|
fishing and forestry sectors being important export earners. The service
|
|
sector contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing activity is
|
|
negligible. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be
|
|
imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as
|
|
lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone
|
|
in mid-1986 which caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $156 million, per capita $500; real growth rate 4.3% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $139.0 million; expenditures $154.4 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $113.4 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $80.1 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fish 46%,
|
|
timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%; partners--Japan 51%, UK 12%,
|
|
Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $101.7 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--plant and
|
|
machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%; partners--Japan 36%, US 23%,
|
|
Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $128 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced,
|
|
90 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copra, fish (tuna)
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about
|
|
75% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; cash crops--cocoa, beans,
|
|
coconuts, palm kernels, timber; other products--rice, potatoes,
|
|
vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains;
|
|
90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988)
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1985), $16.1 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Solomon Islands dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1--2.4067
|
|
(January 1990), 2.3090 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987), 1.7415 (1986),
|
|
1.4808 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km sealed, 290 km gravel,
|
|
980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied
|
|
construction
|
|
|
|
Ports: Honiara, Ringi Cove
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 29 total, 27 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, no FM, no TV;
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Somalia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 637,660 km2; land area: 627,340 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km,
|
|
Kenya 682 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,025 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional
|
|
Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden;
|
|
possible claims to Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya based on unification of
|
|
ethnic Somalis
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; northeast monsoon (December to February),
|
|
cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid
|
|
periods (tangambili) between monsoons
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: uranium, and largely unexploited reserves
|
|
of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
|
|
14% forest and woodland; 38% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern
|
|
plains in summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern
|
|
approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,424,269 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 24 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 125 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Somali(s); adjective--Somali
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000
|
|
Europeans, 800 Asians
|
|
|
|
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 11.6% (government est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad,
|
|
30% agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other; 53% of
|
|
population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions is controlled
|
|
by the government
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Somali Democratic Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Mogadishu
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 16 regions (plural--NA, singular--gobolka);
|
|
Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe,
|
|
Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose,
|
|
Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland,
|
|
which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
|
|
Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN
|
|
trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 21 October (1969)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President and Commander in Chief of the Army
|
|
Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre (since 21 October 1969);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mohamed Ali SAMANTAR
|
|
(since 1 February 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Somali Revolutionary
|
|
Socialist Party (SRSP), Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre, general secretary
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held
|
|
December 1993);
|
|
results--President Siad was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
People's Assembly--last held 31 December 1984 (next scheduled for
|
|
December 1989 was postponed);
|
|
results--SRSP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government
|
|
hierarchy
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Arab League, EAMA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ABDIKARIM Ali Omar; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
|
telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador T. Frank CRIGLER; Embassy at Corso Primo Luglio, Mogadishu
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone p252o (01) 20811
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center;
|
|
design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: One of the world's least developed countries, Somalia
|
|
has few resources. In 1988 per capita GDP was $210. Agriculture is the
|
|
most important sector of the economy, with the livestock sector
|
|
accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads
|
|
and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods
|
|
make up about 50% of the population. Crop production generates only 10%
|
|
of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main export crop is
|
|
bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic market. The
|
|
small industrial sector is based on the processing of agricultural
|
|
products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. At the end of 1988
|
|
serious economic problems facing the nation were the external debt of
|
|
$2.8 billion and double-digit inflation.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate - 1.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.7% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $273 million; expenditures $405 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $219 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--livestock,
|
|
hides, skins, bananas, fish;
|
|
partners--US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $354.0 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--textiles,
|
|
petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials;
|
|
partners--US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.8 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 71,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced,
|
|
8 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: a few small industries, including sugar refining,
|
|
textiles, petroleum refining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep,
|
|
goats); crops--bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient
|
|
in food; fishing potential largely unexploited
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $618 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.8 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$336 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Somali shilling (plural--shillings);
|
|
1 Somali shilling (So.Sh.) = 100 centesimi
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1--643.92
|
|
(December 1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986), 39.49 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2,880 km
|
|
gravel, and 10,000 km improved earth or stabilized soil (1983)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,563
|
|
GRT/9,512 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 60 total, 45 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: minimal telephone and telegraph service; radio relay
|
|
and troposcatter system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000
|
|
telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
|
|
scheduled to receive an ARABSAT station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Somali National Army (including Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense
|
|
Force), National Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,878,939; 1,052,644 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: South Africa
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1,221,040 km2; land area: 1,221,040 km2; includes
|
|
Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km,
|
|
Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,881 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: South Africa administered Namibia until independence was
|
|
achieved on 21 March 1990; possible future claim to Walvis Bay by Namibia
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal
|
|
plain
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,
|
|
manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum,
|
|
copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 65% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
|
|
extensive water conservation and control measures
|
|
|
|
Note: Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; completely
|
|
surrounds Lesotho; almost completely surrounds Swaziland
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 39,549,941 (July 1990), growth rate 2.67%; includes the 10
|
|
so-called homelands, which are not recognized by the US
|
|
|
|
four independent homelands--Bophuthatswana 2,352,296, growth rate 2.80%;
|
|
Ciskei 1,025,873, growth rate 2.93%; Transkei 4,367,648, growth rate 4.19%;
|
|
Venda 665,197, growth rate 3.86%
|
|
|
|
six other homelands--Gazankulu 742,361, growth rate 3.99%; Kangwane 556,009,
|
|
growth rate 3.64%; KwaNdebele 348,655, growth rate 3.35%; KwaZulu 5,349,247,
|
|
growth rate 3.62%; Lebowa 2,704,641, growth rate 3.92%; Qwagwa 268,138, growth
|
|
rate 3.59%
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--South African(s); adjective--South African
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 73.8% black, 14.3% white, 9.1% Colored, 2.8% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of blacks are
|
|
Christian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular languages,
|
|
including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana
|
|
|
|
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 50%
|
|
of blacks literate
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 11,000,000 economically active; 34% services,
|
|
30% agriculture, 29% industry and commerce, 7% mining (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 17% of total labor force is unionized;
|
|
African unions represent 15% of black labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial,
|
|
Bloemfontein
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State,
|
|
Transvaal; there are 10 homelands not recognized by the US--4 independent
|
|
(Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane,
|
|
KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, Qwaqwa)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 September 1984
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May (1910)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: state president, cabinet, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Ministers' Councils (from the three houses of Parliament)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: tricameral Parliament consists of the House of
|
|
Assembly (whites), House of Representatives (Coloreds), and House of Delegates
|
|
(Indians)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--State President
|
|
Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
white political parties and leaders--National Party (NP),
|
|
Frederik W. de Klerk (majority party); Conservative Party (CP),
|
|
Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht (official opposition party);
|
|
Herstigte National Party (HNP), Jaap Marais;
|
|
Democratic Party (DP), Zach De Beer, Wynand Malan, and Denis Worrall;
|
|
|
|
Colored political parties and leaders--Labor Party (LP), Allan
|
|
Hendrickse (majority party); Democratic Reform Party (DRP), Carter
|
|
Ebrahim; United Democratic Party (UDP), Jac Rabie; Freedom Party;
|
|
|
|
Indian political parties and leaders--Solidarity, J. N. Reddy
|
|
(majority party); National People's Party (NPP), Amichand Rajbansi;
|
|
Merit People's Party
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly (whites)--last held 6 September 1989 (next to
|
|
be held by September 1994);
|
|
results--NP 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%;
|
|
seats--(178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives (Coloreds)--last held 6 September 1989
|
|
(next to be held by September 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1,
|
|
independents 2;
|
|
|
|
House of Delegates (Indians)--last held 6 September 1989
|
|
(next to be held by September 1994);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(45 total, 40 elected) Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's
|
|
Party 3, United Party 2, Democratic Party 2, People's Party 1,
|
|
National Federal Party 1, independents 6
|
|
|
|
Communists: small Communist party illegal since 1950; party in exile
|
|
maintains headquarters in London, Daniel Tloome (Chairman) and Joe Slovo
|
|
(General Secretary)
|
|
|
|
Other political groups:
|
|
insurgent groups in exile--African National Congress (ANC),
|
|
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Zephania Mothopeng;
|
|
|
|
internal antiapartheid groups--Pan-Africanist Movement (PAM),
|
|
Clarence Makwetu; United Democratic Front (UDF), Albertina Sisulu and
|
|
Archibald Gumede
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILZSG, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, Southern African Customs Union, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WSG (membership rights in IAEA, ICAO, ITU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO suspended or
|
|
restricted)
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Piet G. J. KOORNHOF; Chancery at
|
|
3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400;
|
|
there are South African Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California),
|
|
Chicago, Houston, and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House,
|
|
225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria; telephone p27o (12) 28-4266; there are
|
|
US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg
|
|
|
|
Flag: actually four flags in one--three miniature flags reproduced in the
|
|
center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands which has three
|
|
equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags are
|
|
a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of
|
|
the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal
|
|
Republic adjoining on the other side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African
|
|
population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health and educational
|
|
standards equal to those of Western Europe. In contrast, most of the
|
|
remaining population suffers from the poverty patterns of the Third
|
|
World, including unemployment, lack of job skills, and barriers to
|
|
movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and outputs thus do not move
|
|
smoothly into the most productive employments, and the effectiveness
|
|
of the market is further lowered by international constraints on
|
|
dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy lies in
|
|
its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports.
|
|
Average growth of 2% in output in recent years falls far short of the
|
|
level needed to cut into the high unemployment level.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $83.5 billion, per capita $2,380; real growth rate 3.2% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.67% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 22% (1988); blacks 25-30%, up to 50% in
|
|
homelands (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $24.3 billion; expenditures $27.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY91)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--gold 40%,
|
|
minerals and metals 23%, food 6%, chemicals 3%;
|
|
partners--FRG, Japan, UK, US, other EC, Hong Kong
|
|
|
|
Imports: $18.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery
|
|
27%, chemicals 11%, vehicles and aircraft 11%, textiles, scientific
|
|
instruments, base metals;
|
|
partners--US, FRG, Japan, UK, France, Italy, Switzerland
|
|
|
|
External debt: $21.2 billion (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 34,941,000 kW capacity; 158,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining (world's largest producer of diamonds, gold, chrome),
|
|
automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical,
|
|
fertilizer, foodstuffs
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified
|
|
agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products--cattle, poultry, sheep, wool,
|
|
milk, beef, corn, wheat; sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: rand (plural--rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990), 2.6166 (1989),
|
|
2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
trackage (counts double and multiple tracking as single track);
|
|
314 km of 610 mm gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone,
|
|
gravel, or improved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 931 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha,
|
|
Mosselbaai, Walvis Bay
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 275,684 GRT/273,973
|
|
DWT; includes 7 container, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 81 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 931 total, 793 usable; 124 with permanent-surface runways; 4
|
|
with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 213 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has
|
|
the highest capacity in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines,
|
|
coaxial cables, radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication
|
|
stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
|
|
Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 4,500,000 telephones; stations--14 AM, 286 FM, 67 TV;
|
|
1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical Services
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,544,357; 5,828,167 fit for military
|
|
service; 419,815 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in
|
|
Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent
|
|
force must be 17; national service obligation is two years; figures include
|
|
the so-called homelands not recognized by the US
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 4,066 km2; land area: 4,066 km2; includes Shag and
|
|
Clerke Rocks
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina
|
|
|
|
Climate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year,
|
|
interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
|
|
|
|
Terrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and
|
|
mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered
|
|
mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active
|
|
volcanoes
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other; largely covered by permanent ice and snow
|
|
with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen
|
|
|
|
Environment: reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South
|
|
Georgia; weather conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South
|
|
Sandwich Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism
|
|
|
|
Note: the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which
|
|
provide good anchorage
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on
|
|
South Georgia and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird
|
|
Island; the South Sandwich islands are uninhabited
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no
|
|
short-form name)
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Grytviken Harbour on South Georgia is the chief town
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 3 October 1985
|
|
|
|
Legal system: English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, commissioner
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: none
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Commissioner William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley,
|
|
Falkland Islands)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a
|
|
potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands
|
|
receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK.
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
|
|
(1989)
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: NA
|
|
|
|
Ports: Grytviken Harbour on South Georgia
|
|
|
|
Airports: none
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast
|
|
stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Soviet Union
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 22,402,200 km2; land area: 22,272,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 19,933 km total; Afghanistan 2,384 km, Czechoslovakia
|
|
98 km, China 7,520 km, Finland 1,313 km, Hungary 135 km, Iran 1,690 km,
|
|
North Korea 17 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland 1,215 km, Romania
|
|
1,307 km, Turkey 617 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 42,777 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve four
|
|
disputed sections of the boundary with China (Pamir, Argun, Amur, and
|
|
Khabarovsk areas); US Government has not recognized the incorporation of
|
|
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Habomai Islands,
|
|
Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan islands occupied by Soviet Union since
|
|
1945, claimed by Japan; Kuril Islands administered by Soviet Union;
|
|
maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no
|
|
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so)
|
|
and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Bessarabia
|
|
question with Romania; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey,
|
|
and the USSR
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly temperate to arctic continental; winters vary from cool
|
|
along Black Sea to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from hot in southern deserts
|
|
to cool along Arctic coast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest
|
|
and tundra in Siberia, deserts in Central Asia, mountains in south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: self-sufficient in oil, natural gas, coal, and
|
|
strategic minerals (except bauxite, alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar,
|
|
and molybdenum), timber, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, potash,
|
|
phosphates
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 17% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 41% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: despite size and diversity, small percentage of land
|
|
is arable and much is too far north; some of most fertile land is water
|
|
deficient or has insufficient growing season; many better climates have
|
|
poor soils; hot, dry, desiccating sukhovey wind affects south;
|
|
desertification; continuous permafrost over much of Siberia is a major
|
|
impediment to development
|
|
|
|
Note: largest country in world, but unfavorably located in
|
|
relation to major sea lanes of world
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 290,938,469 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Soviet(s); adjective--Soviet
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%, Uzbek 5.84%,
|
|
Byelorussian 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azerbaijan 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%,
|
|
Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldavian 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%,
|
|
Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, others 9.75%
|
|
|
|
Religion: 20% Russian Orthodox; 10% Muslim; 7% Protestant,
|
|
Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic; less than 1% Jewish;
|
|
60% atheist (est.)
|
|
|
|
Language: Russian (official); more than 200 languages and dialects (at
|
|
least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group, 8% other
|
|
Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural
|
|
fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 98% of workers are union members; all trade unions are
|
|
organized within the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) and
|
|
conduct their work under guidance of the Communist party
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; abbreviated USSR
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Moscow
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 1 soviet federative socialist republic*
|
|
(sovetskaya federativnaya sotsialistcheskaya respublika) and 14 soviet socialist
|
|
republics (sovetskiye sotsialisticheskiye respubliki, singular--sovetskaya
|
|
sotsialisticheskaya respublika); Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
|
|
Republic*, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
|
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic; note--the
|
|
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is often abbreviated RSFSR and
|
|
Soviet Socialist Republic is often abbreviated SSR
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 7 October 1977
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory;
|
|
no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Great October Socialist Revolution,
|
|
7-8 November (1917)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: the Congress of People's Deputies is the
|
|
supreme organ of USSR state power and selects the bicameral USSR Supreme
|
|
Soviet (Verkhovnyy Sovyet) which consists of two coequal houses--Council
|
|
of the Union (Sovet Soyuza) and Council of Nationalities
|
|
(Sovet Natsionalnostey)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of the USSR
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV
|
|
(since 14 March 1990; General Secretary of the Central Committee of the
|
|
Communist Party since 11 March 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers
|
|
Nikolay Ivanovich RYZHKOV (since 28 September 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Communist Party of the
|
|
Soviet Union (CPSU), President Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev,
|
|
general secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU; note--the CPSU
|
|
is the only party, but others are forming
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 14 March 1990 (next to be held NA 1995);
|
|
results--Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was elected by the Congress of
|
|
People's Deputies;
|
|
|
|
Congress of People's Deputies--last held 12 March 1990
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
|
seats--(2,250 total) CPSU 1,931, non-CPSU 319;
|
|
|
|
USSR Supreme Soviet--last held NA June 1989
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
|
seats--(542 total) CPSU 475, non-CPSU 67;
|
|
|
|
Council of the Union--last held Spring 1989
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
|
seats--(271 total) CPSU 239, non-CPSU 32;
|
|
|
|
Council of Nationalities--last held Spring 1989
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
|
seats--(271 total) CPSU 236, non-CPSU 35
|
|
|
|
Communists: about 19 million party members
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and
|
|
other organizations that facilitate Communist control; regional popular
|
|
fronts, informal organizations, and nascent parties with varying
|
|
attitudes toward the Communist Party establishment
|
|
|
|
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCO, ICES, ILO,
|
|
ILZSG, IMO, INRO, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, International Whaling
|
|
Commission, IWC--International Wheat Council, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Aleksandr
|
|
BESSMERTNYKH; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036;
|
|
telephone (202) 628-7551 or 8548; there is a Soviet Consulate General
|
|
in San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Jack F. MATLOCK, Jr.; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo
|
|
19/21/23, Moscow (mailing address is APO New York 09862);
|
|
telephone p7o (096) 252-24-51 through 59; there is a US Consulate General
|
|
in Leningrad
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with the yellow silhouette of a crossed hammer and sickle below
|
|
a yellow-edged five-pointed red star in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The first five years of perestroyka (economic
|
|
restructuring) have undermined the institutions and processes of the
|
|
Soviet command economy without replacing them with efficiently
|
|
functioning markets. The initial reforms featured greater authority for
|
|
enterprise managers over prices, wages, product mix, investment, sources
|
|
of supply, and customers. But in the absence of effective market
|
|
discipline, the result was the disappearance of low-price goods,
|
|
excessive wage increases, an even larger volume of unfinished
|
|
construction projects, and, in general, continued economic stagnation.
|
|
The Gorbachev regime has made at least four serious errors in economic
|
|
policy in these five years: the unpopular and short-lived anti-alcohol
|
|
campaign; the initial cutback in imports of consumer goods; the failure
|
|
to act decisively for the privatization of agriculture; and the buildup
|
|
of a massive overhang of unspent rubles in the hands of households and
|
|
enterprises. In October 1989, a top economic adviser, Leonid Abalkin
|
|
presented an ambitious but reasonable timetable for the conversion to a
|
|
partially privatized market system in the 1990s. In December 1989,
|
|
however, Premier Ryzhkov's conservative approach prevailed, namely, the
|
|
contention that a period of retrenchment was necessary to provide a
|
|
stable financial and legislative base for launching further reforms.
|
|
Accordingly, the new strategy was to put the reform process on hold in
|
|
1990-92 by recentralizing economic authority and to placate the
|
|
rank-and-file through sharp increases in consumer goods output. In still
|
|
another policy twist, the leadership in early 1990 was considering a
|
|
marked speedup in the marketization process. Because the economy is
|
|
caught in between two systems, there was in 1989 an even greater mismatch
|
|
between what was produced and what would serve the best interests of
|
|
enterprises and households. Meanwhile, the seething nationality problems
|
|
have been dislocating regional patterns of economic specialization and
|
|
pose a further major threat to growth prospects over the next few years.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $2,659.5 billion, per capita $9,211; real growth rate 1.4%
|
|
(1989 est. based on Soviet statistics; cutbacks in Soviet reporting on
|
|
products included in sample make the estimate subject to greater
|
|
uncertainty than in earlier years)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: officially, no unemployment
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $622 billion; expenditures $781 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $119 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $110.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals,
|
|
wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods
|
|
(primarily capital goods and arms);
|
|
partners--Eastern Europe 49%, EC 14%, Cuba 5%, US, Afghanistan
|
|
(1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $107.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
|
commodities--grain and other agricultural products, machinery and
|
|
equipment, steel products (including large-diameter pipe), consumer
|
|
manufactures;
|
|
partners--Eastern Europe 54%, EC 11%, Cuba, China, US (1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $27.3 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.2% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 355,000,000 kW capacity; 1,790,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
6,150 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods and defense
|
|
industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less developed
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for roughly 20% of GNP and labor force;
|
|
production based on large collective and state farms; inefficiently
|
|
managed; wide range of temperate crops and livestock produced; world's
|
|
second-largest grain producer after the US; shortages of grain, oilseeds,
|
|
and meat; world's leading producer of sawnwood and roundwood; annual fish
|
|
catch among the world's largest--11.2 million metric tons (1987)
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illegal producer of cannabis and opium poppy,
|
|
mostly for domestic consumption; government has begun eradication
|
|
program to control cultivation; used as a transshipment country
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--extended to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-88),
|
|
$47.4 billion; extended to other Communist countries (1954-88), $147.6 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: ruble (plural--rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: rubles (R) per US$1--0.600 (February 1990),
|
|
0.629 (1989), 0.629 (1988), 0.633 (1987), 0.704 (1986), 0.838 (1985);
|
|
note--the exchange rate is administratively set and should not be used
|
|
indiscriminately to convert domestic rubles to dollars; on 1 November
|
|
1989 the USSR began using a rate of 6.26 rubles to the dollar for
|
|
Western tourists buying rubles and for Soviets traveling abroad, but
|
|
retained the official exchange rate for most trade transactions
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 146,100 km total; 51,700 km electrified; does not include
|
|
industrial lines (1987)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,609,900 km total; 1,196,000 km hard-surfaced (asphalt,
|
|
concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone); 413,900 km
|
|
earth (1987)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 122,500 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1987)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 81,500 km crude oil and refined products; 195,000 km
|
|
natural gas (1987)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils,
|
|
Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev,
|
|
Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka; inland ports are Astrakhan', Baku, Gor'kiy,
|
|
Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1,646 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
16,436,063 GRT/22,732,215 DWT; includes 53 passenger, 937 cargo,
|
|
52 container, 11 barge carrier, 5 roll-on/float off cargo, 5 railcar
|
|
carrier, 108 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 251 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 21 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized
|
|
liquid carrier, 17 chemical tanker, 171 bulk; note--639 merchant ships
|
|
are based in Black Sea, 383 in Baltic Sea, 408 in Soviet Far East, and
|
|
216 in Barents Sea and White Sea; the Soviet Ministry of Merchant Marine
|
|
is beginning to use foreign registries for its merchant ships to increase
|
|
the economic competitiveness of the fleet in the international
|
|
market--the first reregistered ships have gone to the Cypriot flag
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4,500 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6,950 total, 4,530 usable; 1,050 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; 30 with runways over 3,659 m; 490 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
660 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: extensive network of AM-FM stations broadcasting both
|
|
Moscow and regional programs; main TV centers in Moscow and Leningrad plus 11
|
|
more in the Soviet republics; hundreds of TV stations; 85,000,000 TV sets;
|
|
162,000,000 radio receivers; many satellite earth stations and extensive
|
|
satellite networks (including 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic
|
|
Rocket Forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 69,634,893; 55,588,743 fit for military
|
|
service; 2,300,127 million reach military age (18) annually (down somewhat
|
|
from 2,500,000 a decade ago)
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Spain
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 504,750 km2; land area: 499,400 km2; includes Balaeric
|
|
Islands, Canary Islands, Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de
|
|
Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km,
|
|
Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 4,964 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; controls two presidios or
|
|
places of sovereignty (Ceuta and Melilla) on the north coast of Morocco
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
|
|
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool
|
|
along coast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills;
|
|
Pyrenees in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury,
|
|
pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
|
|
potash, hydropower
|
|
|
|
Land use: 31% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures;
|
|
31% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 6% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; air pollution
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 39,268,715 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Spaniard(s); adjective--Spanish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
|
|
|
|
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
|
|
|
|
Language: Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7%
|
|
Galician, and 2% Basque
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 97%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 14,621,000; 53% services, 24% industry, 14% agriculture,
|
|
9% construction (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: less 10% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Spain
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Madrid
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades
|
|
autonomas, singular--comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon,
|
|
Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon,
|
|
Cataluna, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid,
|
|
Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco, Valenciana
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does not
|
|
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 12 October
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, president of the government (prime minister),
|
|
deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly
|
|
(Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a
|
|
lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez
|
|
(since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso GUERRA Gonzalez (since
|
|
2 December 1982)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from
|
|
right to left--Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria Aznar; Popular Democratic
|
|
Party (PDP), Luis de Grandes; Social Democratic Center (CDS),
|
|
Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party
|
|
(PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist Party (PCE),
|
|
Julio Anguita; chief regional parties--Convergence and Unity (CiU),
|
|
Jordi Pujol Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV),
|
|
Xabier Arzallus; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos Garaicoetxea Urizza;
|
|
Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon Idigoras; Basque Left (EE),
|
|
Juan Maria Bandries Molet; Andalusian Party (PA); Independent Canary
|
|
Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
The Courts General--last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held
|
|
October 1993); results--PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led
|
|
coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, Basque Nationalist Party 1.2%, HB 1%,
|
|
Andalusian Party 1%, others 8.4%;
|
|
seats--(350 total, 18 vacant pending new elections caused by
|
|
voting irregularities) PSOE 176, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5,
|
|
HB 4, others 10
|
|
|
|
Communists: PCE membership declined from a possible high of
|
|
160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost
|
|
1 million voters and 10 deputies in the 1989 election; voters came
|
|
mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; remaining strength is in
|
|
labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of
|
|
the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of
|
|
about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national
|
|
election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque
|
|
Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist
|
|
Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free
|
|
labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated
|
|
Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT),
|
|
and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic
|
|
Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students
|
|
|
|
Member of: Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC,
|
|
ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC--International
|
|
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Julian SANTAMARIA; Chancery at
|
|
2700 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191;
|
|
there are Spanish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
|
US--Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, Madrid 6
|
|
(mailing address is APO New York 09285); telephone p34o (1) 276-3400 or 3600;
|
|
there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in Bilbao
|
|
|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red
|
|
with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat
|
|
of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules which are the
|
|
two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the
|
|
Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: This Western capitalistic economy has done well since
|
|
Spain joined the European Economic Community in 1986. With increases in
|
|
real GNP of 5.5% in 1987 and about 5% in 1988 and 1989, Spain has been
|
|
the fastest growing member of the EC. Increased investment--both
|
|
domestic and foreign--has been the most important factor pushing the
|
|
economic expansion. Inflation moderated to 4.8% in 1988, but an
|
|
overheated economy caused inflation to reach an estimated 7% in 1989.
|
|
Another economic problem facing Spain is an unemployment rate of 16.5%,
|
|
the highest in Europe.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $398.7 billion, per capita $10,100; real growth rate 4.8% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 16.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $57.8 billion; expenditures $66.7 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $10.4 billion (1987)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $40.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
live animals, wood, footwear, machinery, chemicals;
|
|
partners--EC 66%, US 8%, other developed countries 9%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $60.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
footwear, machinery, chemicals, grain, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, iron and
|
|
steel, timber, cotton, transport equipment;
|
|
partners--EC 57%, US 9%, other developed countries 13%, Middle
|
|
East 3%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $32.7 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,980 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages,
|
|
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles,
|
|
machine tools
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and 14% of labor force; major
|
|
products--grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus
|
|
fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food;
|
|
fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: peseta (plural--pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--109.69 (January 1990),
|
|
118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05 (1986), 170.04 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates
|
|
12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track;
|
|
FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly
|
|
1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate
|
|
918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double
|
|
track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km
|
|
limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km
|
|
intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or
|
|
local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,794 km refined products; 1,666 km natural
|
|
gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz,
|
|
Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo,
|
|
Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands),
|
|
Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto,
|
|
Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 324 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,492,563
|
|
GRT/6,128,190 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 121 cargo,
|
|
19 refrigerated cargo, 17 container, 23 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 51 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 16 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 1 combination ore/oil, 49 bulk, 5 vehicle carrier
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 110 total, 103 usable; 62 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
4 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 29 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,310,000
|
|
telephones; stations--196 AM, 404 (134 relays) FM, 143 (1,297 relays) TV;
|
|
17 coaxial submarine cables; communications satellite earth stations operating
|
|
in INTELSAT (5 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and ENTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,032,649; 8,141,384 fit for military
|
|
service; 338,582 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP, or $8.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Spratly Islands
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: less than 5 km2; land area: less than 5 km2; includes
|
|
100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the
|
|
South China Sea
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 926 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: undetermined
|
|
|
|
Disputes: China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
|
claim all or part of the Spratly Islands
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls,
|
|
shoals, and coral reefs
|
|
|
|
Note: strategically located near several primary shipping
|
|
lanes in the central South China Sea; serious navigational hazard
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: no permanent inhabitants; garrisons
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing and
|
|
phosphate mining. Geological surveys carried out several years ago
|
|
suggest that substantial reserves of oil and natural gas may lie beneath
|
|
the islands; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
|
|
|
|
Industries: some guano mining
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 3 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: approximately 50 small islands or reefs are occupied
|
|
by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Sri Lanka
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 65,610 km2; land area: 64,740 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,340 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March);
|
|
southwest monsoon (June to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in
|
|
south-central interior
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems,
|
|
phosphates, clay
|
|
|
|
Land use: 16% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
|
37% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 8% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
Note: only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian
|
|
Ocean sea lanes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 17,196,436 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Sri Lankan(s); adjective--Sri Lankan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil; 7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay,
|
|
and Veddha
|
|
|
|
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national
|
|
languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%;
|
|
English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 87%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 6,600,000; 45.9% agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufacturing,
|
|
12.4% trade and transport, 28.4% services and other (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed
|
|
on tea, rubber, and coconut estates
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Colombo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Amparai, Anuradhapura,
|
|
Badulla, Batticaloa, Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna,
|
|
Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala,
|
|
Mullativu, Nuwara Eliya, Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee,
|
|
Vavuniya; note--the administrative structure may now include 8 provinces
|
|
(Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa,
|
|
Southern, Uva, and Western) and 25 districts (with Kilinochchi added to
|
|
the existing districts)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 31 August 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
|
|
Muslim, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe Premadasa;
|
|
Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Bandaranaike;
|
|
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Mhm. Ashraff;
|
|
All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar Ponnambalam;
|
|
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP, or People's United Front),
|
|
Dinesh Gundawardene;
|
|
Sri Lanka Mahajana Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka People's Party),
|
|
Chandrika Baudaranaike Kumaranatunga;
|
|
Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP, Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite),
|
|
Colin R. de Silva;
|
|
Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP, or New Socialist Party),
|
|
Vasudeva Nanayakkara;
|
|
Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader NA;
|
|
Communist Party/Moscow (CP/M), K. P. Silva;
|
|
Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. Shanmugathasan
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held
|
|
December 1994);
|
|
results--Ranasinghe Premadasa (UNP) 50%,
|
|
Sirimavo Bandaranaike (SLFP) 45%, others 5%;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 15 February 1989
|
|
(next to be held by February 1995);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, others 33
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil
|
|
Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; Janatha Vimukthi
|
|
Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese
|
|
Buddhist lay groups; labor unions
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at
|
|
2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025
|
|
through 4028; there is a Sri Lankan Consulate in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE; Embassy at 210 Galle Road,
|
|
Colombo 3 (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo);
|
|
telephone p94o (1) 548007
|
|
|
|
Flag: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal
|
|
vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark
|
|
red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword and there is a yellow bo leaf
|
|
in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire
|
|
flag and extends between the two panels
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy,
|
|
employing about half of the labor force and accounting for about 25% of
|
|
GDP. The plantation crops of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about 50%
|
|
of export earnings and almost 20% of budgetary revenues. The economy has
|
|
been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $6.1 billion, per capita $370; real growth rate 2.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 20% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--tea, textiles
|
|
and garments, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems
|
|
and jewelry, marine products; partners--US 26%, Egypt, Iraq, UK, FRG,
|
|
Singapore, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
machinery and equipment, textiles and textile materials, wheat, transportation
|
|
equipment, electrical machinery, sugar, rice; partners--Japan,
|
|
Saudi Arabia, US 5.6%, India, Singapore, FRG, UK, Iran
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.6 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced,
|
|
250 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural
|
|
commodities; cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most
|
|
important staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops--sugarcane, grains,
|
|
pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops--tea, rubber, coconuts; animal
|
|
products--milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $932 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $4.3 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$369 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Sri Lankan rupee (plural--rupees);
|
|
1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (SLRs) per US$1--40.000 (January 1990),
|
|
36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987), 28.017 (1986), 27.163 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,868 km total (1985); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km
|
|
double track; no electrification; government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 66,176 km total (1985); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous
|
|
treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or
|
|
unimproved earth; several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude and refined products, 62 km (1987)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Colombo, Trincomalee
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 258,923
|
|
GRT/334,702 DWT; includes 22 cargo, 8 refrigerated cargo, 4 container,
|
|
1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
3 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: good international service; 109,900 telephones (1982);
|
|
stations--12 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia, Djibouti,
|
|
India; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police Force, Special Police Task
|
|
Force, National Auxiliary Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,568,648; 3,574,637 fit for military
|
|
service; 177,610 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $300 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Sudan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,505,810 km2; land area: 2,376,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than one quarter the size of US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km,
|
|
Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km,
|
|
Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 853 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: international boundary and Administrative Boundary with Kenya;
|
|
international boundary and Administrative Boundary with Egypt
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season
|
|
(April to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: modest reserves of crude oil, iron ore,
|
|
copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 5% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 24% meadows and pastures;
|
|
20% forest and woodland; 51% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms;
|
|
desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: largest country in Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 24,971,806 (July 1990), growth rate 2.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 55 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sudanese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 2% foreigners, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim (in north), 20% indigenous beliefs,
|
|
5% Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum)
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of
|
|
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in
|
|
process
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 31% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 6,500,000; 80% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce,
|
|
6% government; labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment
|
|
(1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989
|
|
coup; now in process of being legalized anew
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of the Sudan
|
|
|
|
Type: military; civilian government suspended and martial law
|
|
imposed after 30 June 1989 coup
|
|
|
|
Capital: Khartoum
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 regions (aqalim, singular--iqlim);
|
|
Aali an Nil, Al Awsat, Al Istiwai, Al Khartum,
|
|
Ash Shamali, Ash Sharqi, Bahr al Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian
|
|
Sudan)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
|
|
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30
|
|
June 1989
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law;
|
|
in September 1983 then President Nimeiri declared the penal code would
|
|
conform to Islamic law; some separate religious courts; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: executive and legislative authority vested in a
|
|
15-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts
|
|
as prime minister; in July 1989 RCC appointed a predominately civilian
|
|
22-member cabinet to function as advisers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: none
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command
|
|
Council Chairman and Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad
|
|
al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989);
|
|
Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Brig. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 9 July 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none; banned following
|
|
30 June 1989 coup
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdallah Ahmad ABDALLAH;
|
|
Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
|
(202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a Sudanese Consulate General in New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador James CHEEK; Embassy at Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif,
|
|
Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO New York 09668);
|
|
telephone 74700 or 75680, 74611
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with
|
|
a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, is buffeted
|
|
by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, and
|
|
counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated
|
|
by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new
|
|
investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture
|
|
and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The
|
|
economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force.
|
|
Industry mainly processes agricultural items. A high foreign debt and
|
|
arrearages of about $13 billion continue to cause difficulties. Since
|
|
1979 the International Monetary Fund has provided assistance and has
|
|
forced Sudan to make economic reforms aimed at improving the
|
|
performance of the economy.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $340 (FY87); real growth rate 7.0%
|
|
(FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $514 million; expenditures $1.3 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $183 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $550 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.); commodities--cotton 43%,
|
|
sesame, gum arabic, peanuts; partners--Western Europe 46%,
|
|
Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., FY89 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals;
|
|
partners--Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%,
|
|
Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $11.6 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.7% (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 606,000 kW capacity; 900 million kWh produced,
|
|
37 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
|
|
soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GNP and 80% of labor force;
|
|
untapped potential for higher farm production; two-thirds of land area
|
|
suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products--cotton,
|
|
oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally
|
|
self-sufficient in most foods
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.4 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.4 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$588 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Sudanese pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 Sudanese pound (LSd) = 100 piasters
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: official rate--Sudanese pounds (LSd) per
|
|
US$1--4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987), 2.5000 (1986),
|
|
2.2883 (1985); note--commercial exchange rate is set daily, 12.2 (March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km
|
|
1.6096-meter-gauge plantation line
|
|
|
|
Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated,
|
|
3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth
|
|
and track
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Port Sudan, Suakin
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 91,107
|
|
GRT/122,222 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 78 total, 68 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: large, well-equipped system by African standards,
|
|
but barely adequate and poorly maintained; consists of radio relay, cables,
|
|
radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14
|
|
stations; 73,400 telephones; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,621,469; 3,437,004 fit for military
|
|
service; 273,011 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 7.2% of GDP, or $610 million (1989 est)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Suriname
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- Geography
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Total area: 163,270 km2; land area: 161,470 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
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Land boundaries: 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km,
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Guyana 600 km
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Coastline: 386 km
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Maritime claims:
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and
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Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between
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New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the
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Courantyne)
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Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds
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Terrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps
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Natural resources: timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp,
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bauxite, iron ore, and modest amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold
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Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
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pastures; 97% forest and woodland; 3% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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Environment: mostly tropical rain forest
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- People
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Population: 396,813 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)
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Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Surinamer(s); adjective--Surinamese
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Ethnic divisions: 37.0% Hindustani (East Indian), 31.0% Creole (black and
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mixed), 15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush black, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese,
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1.0% Europeans, 1.1% other
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Religion: 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim, 22.8% Roman Catholic,
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25.2% Protestant (predominantly Moravian), about 5% indigenous beliefs
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Language: Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo
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(Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much
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of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi
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Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese
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Literacy: 65%
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Labor force: 104,000 (1984)
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Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor force
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- Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Suriname
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Type: republic
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Capital: Paramaribo
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Administrative divisions: 10 districts (distrikten, singular--distrikt);
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Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo,
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Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica
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Independence: 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands
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Guiana or Dutch Guiana)
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Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987
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Legal system: NA
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National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November (1975)
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Executive branch: president, vice president and prime minister,
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Cabinet of Ministers, Council of State; note--commander in chief of the
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National Army maintains significant power
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President Ramsewak SHANKAR
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(since 25 January 1988); Vice President and Prime Minister Henck Alfonsus Eugene
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ARRON (since 25 January 1988)
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Political parties and leaders: 25 February Movement established by
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Lt. Col. Desire Bouterse in November 1983, but much of its
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activity taken over by New Democratic Party (NDP) in May 1987; leftists (all
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small groups)--Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael Naarendorp;
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Progressive Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis; traditional
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parties--Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath Lachmon; National Party
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of Suriname (NPS), Henck Arron; Indonesian Peasants Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita;
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the VHP, NPS, and KTPI formed a coalition known as The Front in July 1987 that
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overwhelmingly defeated the NDP in the November 1987 elections
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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National Assembly--last held 25 November 1987 (next to be held
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November 1992);
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results--The Front 80%, others 20%;
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seats--(51 total) The Front 40, NDP 3, PALU 4, Pendawa Llwa 4
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Member of: ACP, ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO,
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IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
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OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery
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at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
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telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492; there is a Surinamese
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Consulate General in Miami;
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US--Ambassador Richard HOWLAND; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat
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129, Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo);
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telephone p597o 72900 or 76459
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Flag: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red
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(quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow
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five-pointed star centered in the red band
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- Economy
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Overview: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which
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accounts for about 80% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The
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economy has been in trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in
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1982. A drop in world bauxite prices that started in the late 1970s and
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continued until late 1986, was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla
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insurgency in the interior. The guerrillas targeted the economic
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infrastructure, crippling the important bauxite sector and shutting down
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other export industries. These problems have created both high inflation
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and high unemployment. A small gain in economic growth of 3.6% was
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registered in 1988 due to reduced guerrilla activity and improved
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international markets for bauxite.
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GDP: $1.27 billion, per capita $3,215; real growth rate 3.6%
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(1988 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1988 est.)
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Unemployment rate: 27% (1988)
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Budget: revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million,
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including capital expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)
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Exports: $425 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
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commodities--alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
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products, shrimp and fish, bananas;
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partners--Netherlands 28%, US 22%, Norway 18%, Japan 11%,
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Brazil 10%, UK 4%
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Imports: $365 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
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commodities--capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton,
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consumer goods;
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partners--US 34%, Netherlands 20%, Trinidad and Tobago 8%,
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Brazil 5%, UK 3%
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External debt: $65 million (1989 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1% (1986)
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Electricity: 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced,
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5,030 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production,
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lumbering, food processing, fishing
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Agriculture: accounts for 11% of both GDP and labor force; paddy
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rice planted on 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm
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output; other products--bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains,
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peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of increasing
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importance; self-sufficient in most foods
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion
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Currency: Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural--guilders,
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gulden, or florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents
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Exchange rates: Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.)
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per US$1--1.7850 (fixed rate)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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- Communications
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Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80
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km 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track
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Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel,
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crushed stone, or improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
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Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing
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vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal
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waterways
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Ports: Paramaribo, Moengo
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Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
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6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 container
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Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 47 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic radio relay
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system; 27,500 telephones; stations--5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic
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Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
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- Defense Forces
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Branches: National Army (including Support Battalion, Infantry Battalion,
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Mechanized Cavalry Unit, Military Police Brigade, Navy which is company-size,
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small Air Force element)
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 105,328; 62,896 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures: 7.2% of GDP, or $91 million (1990 est.)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Svalbard
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(territory of Norway)
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- Geography
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Total area: 62,049 km2; land area: 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen
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and Bjornoya (Bear Island)
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 3,587 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway,
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not recognized by USSR;
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Territorial sea: 4 nm
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Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Norway
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and USSR
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Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
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cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north
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coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
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Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered;
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west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts
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Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
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0% forest and woodland; 100% other; there are no trees and the only bushes are
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crowberry and cloudberry
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Environment: great calving glaciers descend to the sea
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Note: located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
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Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet
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- People
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Population: 3,942 (July 1990), growth rate NA% (1990); about one-third of
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the population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on
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Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Soviet areas (Barentsburg and Pyramiden
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on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research station
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Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
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Ethnic divisions: 64% Russian, 35% Norwegian, 1% other (1981)
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Language: Russian, Norwegian
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Literacy: NA%
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Labor force: NA
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Organized labor: none
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- Government
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Long-form name: none
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Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo,
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through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty
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(9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
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Capital: Longyearbyen
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957);
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Head of Government Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA)
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Flag: the flag of Norway is used
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- Economy
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Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By
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treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights
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to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,
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Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies
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still mining are Norwegian and Soviet. Each company mines about half a million
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tons of coal annually. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company
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towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the
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Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and
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provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal,
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polar bear, fox, and walrus.
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Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
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11,420 kWh per capita (1989)
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Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner);
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1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
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Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--6.5405 (January
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1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986),
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8.5972 (1985)
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- Communications
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Ports: limited facilities--Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay
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Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations;
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stations--1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV
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- Defense Forces
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Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
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----------------------------------------------------
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Country: Swaziland
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- Geography
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|
Total area: 17,360 km2; land area: 17,200 km2
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|
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
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|
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Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate
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Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
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Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric
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power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits
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|
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Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 67% meadows and pastures;
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6% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 2% irrigated
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Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
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Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
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- People
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Population: 778,525 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
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Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 55 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6.0 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Swazi(s); adjective--Swazi
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Ethnic divisions: 97% African, 3% European
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Religion: 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs
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Language: English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in
|
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English
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Literacy: 67.9%
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|
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Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture;
|
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about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with 36% agriculture and
|
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forestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction,
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21% other; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)
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Organized labor: about 10% of wage earners
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|
|
- Government
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Long-form name: Kingdom of Swaziland
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|
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Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth
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|
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Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)
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|
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Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini,
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Shiselweni
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|
|
Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK)
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|
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Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on
|
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12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not
|
|
been formally presented to the people
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|
|
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts,
|
|
Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted
|
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compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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|
|
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)
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|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
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|
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Libandla) is advisory
|
|
and consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or
|
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House of Assembly
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|
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Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
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|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986);
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|
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed MFANYANA (since 12 July
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1989)
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|
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Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on
|
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13 October 1978
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|
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Suffrage: none
|
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|
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Elections: no direct elections
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|
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Communists: no Communist party
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|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African Customs
|
|
Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
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|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA;
|
|
Chancery at 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 362-6683;
|
|
US--Ambassador (vacant), Deputy Chief of Mission Armajane KARAER;
|
|
Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane (mailing address
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|
is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone 22281 through 22285
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|
|
Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
|
|
the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and
|
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white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels,
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all placed horizontally
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|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies
|
|
much of the labor force and contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which
|
|
includes a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another 25% of GDP.
|
|
Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits
|
|
were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos.
|
|
Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency.
|
|
Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland
|
|
is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 90% of its imports
|
|
and to which it sends about one-third of its exports.
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|
|
|
GNP: $539 million, per capita $750; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)
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|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $255 million; expenditures $253 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA million (FY91 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
|
commodities--sugar, asbestos, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit,
|
|
soft drink concentrates;
|
|
partners--South Africa, UK, US
|
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|
|
Imports: $386 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--motor vehicles,
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--South Africa, US, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $275 million (December 1987)
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|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 24% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 50,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced,
|
|
170 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and over 60% of labor force;
|
|
mostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops--sugarcane, citrus fruit,
|
|
cotton, pineapples; other crops and livestock--corn, sorghum, peanuts,
|
|
cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $132 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $468 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: lilangeni (plural--emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
|
|
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985);
|
|
note--the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 297 km plus 71 km disused, 1.067-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or
|
|
stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines
|
|
and low-capacity radio relay links; 15,400 telephones; stations--6 AM, 6 FM,
|
|
10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,537; 96,239 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Sweden
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 449,960 km2; land area: 411,620 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,193 km total; Finland 536 km, Norway 1,657 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,218 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool,
|
|
partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber,
|
|
uranium, hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
|
|
64% forest and woodland; 27% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: water pollution; acid rain
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking
|
|
Baltic and North Seas
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,526,452 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 81 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Swede(s); adjective--Swedish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority;
|
|
about 12% foreign born or first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes,
|
|
Norwegians, Greeks, Turks)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
|
|
speak native languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,531,000 (1988); 32.8% private services, 30.0%
|
|
government services, 22.0% mining and manufacturing, 5.9% construction,
|
|
5.0% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.9% electricity, gas, and
|
|
waterworks (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Sweden
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Stockholm
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural);
|
|
Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan,
|
|
Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan,
|
|
Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan,
|
|
Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan,
|
|
Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan,
|
|
Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan,
|
|
Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1975
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Riksdag)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973);
|
|
Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the
|
|
King (born 14 July 1977);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Ingvar CARLSSON (since 12 March 1986);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Kjell-Olof FELDT (since NA March 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Moderate (conservative), Carl
|
|
Bildt; Center, Olof Johansson; Liberal People's Party, Bengt Westerberg; Social
|
|
Democratic, Ingvar Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars Werner; Swedish
|
|
Communist Party (SKP), Rune Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf
|
|
Hagel; Green Party, no formal leader
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 18 September 1988 (next to be held
|
|
September 1991);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(349 total) Social Democratic 156, Moderate (conservative) 66,
|
|
Liberals 44, Center 42, Communists 21, Greens 20
|
|
|
|
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the major Communist party, is reported to
|
|
have roughly 17,800 members; in the 1988 election, the VPK attracted 5.8%
|
|
of the vote
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development
|
|
Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IPU,
|
|
ISO, ITU, IWC--International, Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
|
telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish Consulates General in Chicago,
|
|
Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101,
|
|
S-115 27 Stockholm; telephone p46o (8) 7835300
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
|
|
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the
|
|
Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during
|
|
World War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable
|
|
standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and
|
|
extensive welfare benefits. It has essentially full employment,
|
|
a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
|
|
communications, and a skilled and intelligent labor force. Timber,
|
|
hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy
|
|
that is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms
|
|
account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering
|
|
sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. As the 1990s open,
|
|
however, Sweden faces serious economic problems: long waits for
|
|
adequate housing, the decay of the work ethic, and a loss of
|
|
competitive edge in international markets.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $132.7 billion, per capita $15,700; real growth rate 2.1%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (September 1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $58.0 billion; expenditures $57.9 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $52.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp
|
|
and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and
|
|
petroleum products; partners--EC 52.1%, (FRG 12.1%, UK 11.2%,
|
|
Denmark 6.8%), US 9.8%, Norway 9.3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $48.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
|
commodities--machinery, petroleum and petroleum products,
|
|
chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing;
|
|
partners--EC 55.8% (FRG 21.2%, UK 8.6%, Denmark 6.6%),
|
|
US 7.5%, Norway 6.0%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.9 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 39,716,000 kW capacity; 200,315 million kWh produced,
|
|
23,840 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
|
|
telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods,
|
|
motor vehicles
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products
|
|
accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops--grains, sugar beets, potatoes;
|
|
100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Swedish krona (plural--kronor);
|
|
1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1--6.1798 (January 1990),
|
|
6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987), 7.1236 (1986), 8.6039 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)--10,819 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double
|
|
track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately
|
|
owned railways--511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified);
|
|
371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km
|
|
unimproved earth)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 84 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo,
|
|
Stockholm; numerous secondary and minor ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 173 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,856,217
|
|
GRT/2,215,659 DWT; includes 9 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 42
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 27 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 25 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5
|
|
combination ore/oil, 6 specialized tanker, 12 bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 65 major transports
|
|
|
|
Airports: 259 total, 256 usable; 138 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international
|
|
facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 56 (320 relays) FM,
|
|
110 (925 relays) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; communication satellite
|
|
earth stations operating in the INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,133,101; 1,865,526 fit for military
|
|
service; 56,632 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $4.5 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Switzerland
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 41,290 km2; land area: 39,770 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km,
|
|
Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, FRG 334 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy
|
|
winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a
|
|
central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
|
26% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: dominated by Alps
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 6,742,461 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 83 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective--Swiss
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: total population--65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian,
|
|
1% Romansch, 6% other; Swiss nationals--74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian,
|
|
1% Romansch, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: total population--65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1%
|
|
Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals--74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
|
|
Romansch, 1% other
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,220,000; 841,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian;
|
|
42% services, 39% industry and crafts, 11% government, 7% agriculture and
|
|
forestry, 1% other (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Swiss Confederation
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bern
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular--canton in French;
|
|
cantoni, singular--cantone in Italian; kantone, singular--kanton in German);
|
|
Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve,
|
|
Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden,
|
|
Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri,
|
|
Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 August 1291
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 29 May 1874
|
|
|
|
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general
|
|
obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation,
|
|
1 August (1291)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Federal Council
|
|
(German--Bundesrat, French--Conseil Federal)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German--Bundesversammlung,
|
|
French--Assemblee Federale) consists of an upper council or Council of
|
|
States (German--Standerat, French--Conseil des Etats) and and a lower council
|
|
or National Council (German--Nationalrat, French--Conseil National)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Arnold KOLLER
|
|
(1990 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President Flavio
|
|
COTTI (term runs concurrently with that of president)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut
|
|
Hubacher, chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno Hunziker, president;
|
|
Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Eva Segmuller-Weber, president;
|
|
Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans Uhlmann, president; Workers' Party (PdA),
|
|
Armand Magnin, secretary general; National Action Party (NA), Hans Zwicky,
|
|
chairman; Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz Jaeger, president; Republican
|
|
Movement (Rep), Dr. James Schworzenboch, Franz Baumgartner, leaders; Liberal
|
|
Party (LPS), Gilbert Coutau, president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max
|
|
Dunki, president; Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH),
|
|
Georg Degen, secretary; Federation of Ecology Parties (GP), Laurent
|
|
Rebeaud, president; Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio,
|
|
secretary
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Council of State--last held throughout 1987 (next to be
|
|
held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(46 total) CVP 19, FDP 14, SPS 5, SVP 4, others 4;
|
|
|
|
National Council--last held 18 October 1987 (next to be
|
|
held October 1991);
|
|
results--FDP 22.9%, CVP 20.0%, SPS 18.4%, SVP 11.0%, GP 4.8%, others
|
|
22.9%;
|
|
seats--(200 total) FDP 51, CVP 42, SPS 41, SVP 25, GP 9, others 32
|
|
|
|
Communists: 4,500 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent observer status at
|
|
the UN
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at
|
|
2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900;
|
|
there are Swiss Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
New York, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Joseph B. GUILDENHORN; Embassy at
|
|
Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; telephone p41o (31) 437011;
|
|
there is a Branch Office of the Embassy in Geneva and a
|
|
Consulate General in Zurich
|
|
|
|
Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that
|
|
does not extend to the edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Switzerland's economic success is matched in few, if any,
|
|
other nations. Per capita output, general living standards, education
|
|
and science, health care, and diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Inflation
|
|
remains low because of sound government policy and harmonious
|
|
labor-management relations. Unemployment is negligible, a marked
|
|
contrast to the larger economies of Western Europe. This economic
|
|
stability helps promote the important banking and tourist sectors. Since
|
|
World War II, Switzerland's economy has adjusted smoothly to the great
|
|
changes in output and trade patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust
|
|
to the challenges of the 1990s, in particular, the further economic
|
|
integration of Western Europe and the amazingly rapid changes in East
|
|
European political/economic prospects.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $119.5 billion, per capita $17,800; real growth rate 3.0%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 0.5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $17.0 billion; expenditures $16.8 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $51.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
|
equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles
|
|
and clothing;
|
|
partners--Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $57.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--agricultural
|
|
products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles,
|
|
construction materials;
|
|
partners--Europe 79% (EC 72%, other 7%), US 5%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced,
|
|
8,930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient;
|
|
food shortages--fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains,
|
|
eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $2.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural--francs, franken, or
|
|
franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or
|
|
centesimi
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1--1.5150
|
|
(January 1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986),
|
|
2.4571 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned
|
|
and 2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the government network consists
|
|
of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow
|
|
gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment
|
|
network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge track, 100% electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and
|
|
1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,506 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen
|
|
to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes
|
|
|
|
Ports: Basel (river port)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 215,851
|
|
GRT/365,131 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker,
|
|
3 specialized liquid cargo, 8 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 72 total, 70 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast
|
|
services; 5,808,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, 36 (400 relays) FM,
|
|
145 (1,250 relays) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating
|
|
in the INTELSAT (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,800,211; 1,550,662 fit for military
|
|
service; 44,154 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $1.2 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Syria
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 185,180 km2; land area: 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2
|
|
of Israeli-occupied territory)
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km,
|
|
Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 193 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 35 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights
|
|
is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq
|
|
over Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by
|
|
Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
|
|
Syria, Turkey, and the USSR
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild,
|
|
rainy winters (December to February) along coast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain;
|
|
mountains in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores,
|
|
asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum
|
|
|
|
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
|
|
3% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: there are 35 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied
|
|
Golan Heights
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 12,483,440 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990);
|
|
in addition, there are 13,500 Druze and 10,500 Jewish settlers in the
|
|
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Syrian(s); adjective--Syrian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects;
|
|
10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish communities in Damascus,
|
|
Al Qamishli, and Aleppo
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic,
|
|
Circassian; French widely understood
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 49%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,400,000; 36% miscellaneous and government services,
|
|
32% agriculture, 32% industry and construction); majority unskilled;
|
|
shortage of skilled labor (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Syrian Arab Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963
|
|
|
|
Capital: Damascus
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah,
|
|
Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda, Dara, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,
|
|
Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Madinat Dimashq, Tartus
|
|
|
|
Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under
|
|
French administration); formerly United Arab Republic
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 13 March 1973
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious
|
|
courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, three vice presidents, prime minister,
|
|
three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Council (Majlis ash Shaab)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial
|
|
Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-ASSAD (since 22 February
|
|
1971); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Dr. Rifat al-ASSAD, and
|
|
Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist
|
|
Resurrectionist (Bath) Party; the Progressive National Front is dominated by
|
|
Bathists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist
|
|
Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian
|
|
Communist Party (SCP)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 10-11 February 1985 (next to be held February
|
|
1992);
|
|
results--President Hafiz al-Assad was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
People's Council--last held 10-11 February 1986 (next to be
|
|
held 22 May 1990);
|
|
results--Bath 66%, ASU 5%, SCP 5%, Socialist Unionist Movement 4%,
|
|
ASP 2%, independents 18%;
|
|
seats--(195 total) Bath 129, Communist 9, ASU 9, Socialiist Unionist
|
|
Movement 8, ASP 5, independents 35; the People's Council will have
|
|
250 seats total in the 22 May 1990 election
|
|
|
|
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: non-Bath parties have little
|
|
effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; greatest threat to
|
|
Assad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious
|
|
leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Walid Mu'allim;
|
|
Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
232-6313;
|
|
US--Ambassador Edward P. DJEREJIAN; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh,
|
|
Al Mansur Street No.2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus);
|
|
telephone p963o (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two
|
|
small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
|
|
similar to the flags of the YAR which has one star and Iraq which has three
|
|
stars (in a horizontal line centered in the white band)--all green and
|
|
five-pointed; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
|
|
centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Syria's rigidly structured Bathist economy is turning out
|
|
roughly the same amount of goods in 1989 as in 1983, when the population
|
|
was 20% smaller. Economic difficulties are attributable, in part, to severe
|
|
drought in several recent years, costly but unsuccessful attempts to match
|
|
Israel's military strength, a falloff in Arab aid, and insufficient foreign
|
|
exchange earnings to buy needed inputs for industry and agriculture. Socialist
|
|
policy, embodied in a thicket of bureaucratic regulations, in many instances
|
|
has driven away or pushed underground the mercantile and entrepreneurial spirit
|
|
for which Syrian businessmen have long been famous. Two bright spots: a sizable
|
|
number of villagers have benefited from land redistribution, electrification,
|
|
and other rural development programs; and a recent find of light crude oil
|
|
has enabled Syria to cut back its substantial imports of light crude. A
|
|
long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by
|
|
Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed toward the end
|
|
of the 1990s.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $18.5 billion, per capita $1,540; real growth rate - 2%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.92 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
textiles, fruits and vegetables, phosphates;
|
|
partners--Italy, Romania, USSR, US, Iran, France
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
machinery, base metals, foodstuffs and beverages;
|
|
partners--Iran, FRG, USSR, France, GDR, Libya, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $5.3 billion in hard currency (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,867,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,
|
|
phosphate rock mining, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all
|
|
major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown on rainfed land
|
|
causing wide swings in yields; animal products--beef, lamb, eggs, poultry,
|
|
milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$3.3 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Syrian pound (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 Syrian pound (LS) = 100 piasters
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (LS) per US$1--11.2250 (fixed rate since
|
|
1987), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,241 km total; 1,930 km standard gauge, 311 km
|
|
1.050-meter narrow gauge; note--the Tartus-Latakia line is nearly
|
|
complete
|
|
|
|
Highways: 27,000 km total; 21,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed
|
|
stone, 3,000 km improved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little economic importance
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products
|
|
|
|
Ports: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,938 GRT/72,220
|
|
DWT; includes 16 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 97 total, 94 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant
|
|
improvement; 512,600 telephones; stations--9 AM, 1 FM, 40 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station, with 1 Intersputnik station
|
|
under construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq,
|
|
Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,712,360; 1,520,798 fit for military
|
|
service; 144,791 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tanzania
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi
|
|
475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,424 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa;
|
|
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be
|
|
indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
|
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
|
|
|
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates,
|
|
iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
|
|
|
|
Land use: 5% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
|
47% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent
|
|
droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 25,970,843 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Tanzanian(s); adjective--Tanzanian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: mainland--99% native African consisting of well over 100
|
|
tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
|
|
|
|
Religion: mainland--33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs;
|
|
Zanzibar--almost all Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language of
|
|
commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and
|
|
generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most
|
|
people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in
|
|
Swahili
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 79%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
|
|
commerce (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: United Republic of Tanzania
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred
|
|
to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in the 1990s
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma,
|
|
Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza,
|
|
Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora,
|
|
Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West,
|
|
Ziwa Magharibi
|
|
|
|
Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from
|
|
UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent
|
|
19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964
|
|
to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United
|
|
Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains
|
|
subject to provisions of the union Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of
|
|
the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--First Vice President and Prime Minister Joseph Sinde
|
|
WARIOBA (since 6 November 1985)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Chama Cha Mapinduzi
|
|
(CCM or Revolutionary Party), Julius Nyerere, party chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
|
|
October 1990);
|
|
results--Ali Hassan Mwinyi was elected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
|
|
October 1990);
|
|
results--CCM is the only party;
|
|
seats--(244 total, 168 elected) CCM 168
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
|
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama
|
|
NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 939-6125;
|
|
US--Ambassador Edmond DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off
|
|
Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123,
|
|
Dar es Salaam); telephone p255o (51) 37501 through 37504
|
|
|
|
Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower
|
|
hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower
|
|
triangle is blue
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
|
|
economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 40% of
|
|
GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
|
|
accounts for about 10% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural
|
|
products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in
|
|
mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and
|
|
financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank and
|
|
the International Monetary Fund have increased the availability of
|
|
imports and provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated
|
|
economic infrastructure.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $235; real growth rate 4.5%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 29% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $568 million; expenditures $835 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $230 million (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--coffee, cotton,
|
|
sisal, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, tea, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum,
|
|
cloves (Zanzibar);
|
|
partners--FRG, UK, US, Netherlands, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
|
|
foodstuffs;
|
|
partners--FRG, UK, US, Iran, Japan, Italy
|
|
|
|
External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced,
|
|
35 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes,
|
|
sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles,
|
|
wood products, fertilizer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic
|
|
conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash
|
|
crops--coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
|
|
chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops--corn,
|
|
wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle,
|
|
sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $387 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.5 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$607 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural--shillings);
|
|
1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--192.901 (January
|
|
1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260 (1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472
|
|
(1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter
|
|
gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade
|
|
|
|
Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed
|
|
stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
|
|
|
|
Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza
|
|
on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,174 GRT/39,186
|
|
DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum,
|
|
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 103 total, 92 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and
|
|
troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations--12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force includes Army, Navy, and Air
|
|
Force; paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,351,192; 3,087,501 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1985)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Thailand
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 514,000 km2; land area: 511,770 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km,
|
|
Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,219 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary dispute with Laos
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon
|
|
(mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to
|
|
mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
|
|
|
|
Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber,
|
|
lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite
|
|
|
|
Land use: 34% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
|
30% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area
|
|
|
|
Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and
|
|
Singapore
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 55,115,683 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective--Thai
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and
|
|
regional dialects
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 82%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 26,000,000; 73% agriculture, 11% industry and commerce,
|
|
10% services, 6% government (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 300,000 union members (1986)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Thailand
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Bangkok
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural);
|
|
Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai,
|
|
Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi,
|
|
Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,
|
|
Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,
|
|
Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat,
|
|
Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,
|
|
Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae,
|
|
Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et,
|
|
Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun,
|
|
Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak,
|
|
Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala,
|
|
Yasothon
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 22 December 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Ratha Satha) consists of
|
|
an upper house or Senate (Woothi Satha) and a lower house or House of
|
|
Representatives (Satha Poothan)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarn Dika)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ (since 9 June 1946);
|
|
Heir Apparent Crown Prince VAJIRALONGKORN (born 28 July 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government Prime Minister Maj. Gen. CHATCHAI CHUNHAWAN
|
|
(since 9 August 1988); Deputy Prime Minister CHUAN LIKPHAI
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), Social Action
|
|
Party (SAP), Thai Nation Party (TNP), People's Party (Ratsadon),
|
|
People's Party (Prachachon), Thai Citizens Party (TCP),
|
|
United Democracy Party, Solidarity Party, Thai People's Party,
|
|
Mass Party, Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 24 July 1988 (next to be held
|
|
within 90 days of July 1992);
|
|
results--TNP 27%, SAP 15%, DP 13%, TCP 9%, others 36%;
|
|
seats--(357 total) TNP 96, Solidarity 62, SAP 54, DP 48, TCP 31,
|
|
People's Party (Ratsadon) 21, People's Party (Prachachon) 17,
|
|
Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma) 14, United Democracy Party 5,
|
|
Mass Party 5, others 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members (est.);
|
|
armed Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total 300 to 500 (est.)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing
|
|
Countries, CCC, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador VITTHYA VEJJAJIVA; Embassy at
|
|
2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200;
|
|
there are Thai Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Daniel O'DONAHUE; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
|
|
(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96346); telephone p66o (2) 252-5040; there
|
|
is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in Songkhla and Udorn
|
|
|
|
Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width),
|
|
white, and red
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries
|
|
in Asia, enjoyed its second straight exceptionally prosperous year in
|
|
1989. Real output again rose about 11%. The increasingly sophisticated
|
|
manufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, and
|
|
agriculture grew by 4.0% because of improved weather. The trade deficit
|
|
of $5.2 billion was more than offset by earnings from tourism
|
|
($3.9 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows. The government has
|
|
followed a fairly sound fiscal and monetary policy, aided by increased
|
|
tax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1989 the government
|
|
approved new projects--roads, ports, electric power,
|
|
communications--needed to refurbish the now overtaxed infrastructure.
|
|
Although growth in 1990-91 must necessarily fall below the 1988-89 pace,
|
|
Thailand's immediate economic outlook is good, assuming the continuation
|
|
of prudent government policies in the context of a
|
|
private-sector-oriented development strategy.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $64.5 billion, per capita $1,160; real growth rate 10.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 6% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $9.7 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $19.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles
|
|
12%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, jewelry 6%,
|
|
manufactured gas, corn, tin;
|
|
partners--US 18%, Japan 14%, Singapore 9%, Netherlands, Malaysia,
|
|
Hong Kong, China (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery and
|
|
parts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical
|
|
appliances;
|
|
partners--Japan 26%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, FRG, Malaysia, UK (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $18.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 12.5% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 7,100,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles
|
|
and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light
|
|
manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated
|
|
circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and
|
|
third-largest tin producer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GNP and 73% of labor force; leading
|
|
producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops--rubber, corn,
|
|
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish
|
|
catch of 2.2 million tons (1987)
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin,
|
|
particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug
|
|
market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and
|
|
shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has
|
|
been affected by eradication efforts, but unusually good weather
|
|
boosted output in 1989
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $828 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: baht (plural--baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1--25.726 (January 1990), 25.699 (1989),
|
|
25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface,
|
|
11,386 km under development
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
|
|
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable
|
|
by shallow-draft native craft
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 122 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 483,688
|
|
GRT/730,750 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 70 cargo, 8 container,
|
|
27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 chemical
|
|
tanker, 3 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to
|
|
government activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network;
|
|
739,500 telephones (1987); stations--over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in
|
|
government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine
|
|
Corps), Royal Thai Air Force; paramilitary forces include Border Patrol Police,
|
|
Thahan Phran (irregular soldiers), Village Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,617,486; 9,543,119 fit for military
|
|
service; 610,410 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GNP, or $1.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Togo
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km,
|
|
Ghana 877 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 56 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 30 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
|
|
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
|
|
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north
|
|
during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,674,355 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 57 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Togolese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and
|
|
Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
|
|
|
|
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African
|
|
languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 40.7%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 78% agriculture, 22% industry; about 88,600 wage earners,
|
|
evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working
|
|
age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese
|
|
Workers
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Togo
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lome
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,
|
|
singular--circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs),
|
|
Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari),
|
|
Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah),
|
|
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou),
|
|
Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo,
|
|
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note--the 21 units may now be called
|
|
prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture) and reported name
|
|
changes for individual units are included in parenthesis
|
|
|
|
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French
|
|
administration, formerly French Togo)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French-based court system
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court
|
|
(Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Gnassingbe
|
|
EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Rally of the Togolese
|
|
People (RPT), President Eyadema
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993);
|
|
results--Gen. Eyadema was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995);
|
|
results--RPT is the only party;
|
|
seats--(77 total) RPT 77
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at
|
|
2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212
|
|
or 4213;
|
|
US--Ambassador Rush W. TAYLOR, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and
|
|
Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome);
|
|
telephone p228o 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-36-09
|
|
|
|
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating
|
|
with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Togo is one of the least developed countries in the world with a
|
|
per capita GDP of about $400. The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence
|
|
agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 80%
|
|
of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton,
|
|
which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is
|
|
self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial
|
|
sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate
|
|
exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.35 billion, per capita $405; real growth rate 4.1% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $354 million; expenditures $399 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $102 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--phosphates,
|
|
cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;
|
|
partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $369 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--food, fuels,
|
|
durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods;
|
|
partners--EC 69%, Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 4%, other 10% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 117,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced,
|
|
45 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement,
|
|
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops--yams,
|
|
cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $121 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.6 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$46 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
|
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
|
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: none
|
|
|
|
Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,809 GRT/72,289
|
|
DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines
|
|
supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM,
|
|
3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
|
|
1 SYMPHONIE
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 767,949; 403,546 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tokelau
|
|
(territory of New Zealand)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 101 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
|
|
|
|
Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,700 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Tokelauan(s); adjective--Tokelauan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian Church, 30% Roman Catholic; on
|
|
Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman
|
|
Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian
|
|
Church predominant
|
|
|
|
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: territory of New Zealand
|
|
|
|
Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
|
|
as amended in 1970
|
|
|
|
Legal system: British and local statutes
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
|
|
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign
|
|
Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Administrator Neil WALTER; Official Secretary
|
|
M. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: NA
|
|
|
|
Elections: NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: probably none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources
|
|
greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the
|
|
subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain
|
|
public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP.
|
|
The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps,
|
|
souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from
|
|
relatives in New Zealand.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983); commodities--stamps, copra,
|
|
handicrafts; partners--NZ
|
|
|
|
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
building materials, fuel; partners--NZ
|
|
|
|
External debt: none
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
|
|
175 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work,
|
|
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops--breadfruit,
|
|
papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $21 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
|
|
1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tonga
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 419 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: no specific limits;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
|
|
May), cool season (May to December)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
|
|
formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 25% arable land; 55% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 2% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to
|
|
cyclones (October to April); deforestation
|
|
|
|
Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about
|
|
two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 101,313 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Tongan(s); adjective--Tongan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans
|
|
|
|
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents
|
|
|
|
Language: Tongan, English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Kingdom of Tonga
|
|
|
|
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Nukualofa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu,
|
|
Vavau
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (since
|
|
16 December 1965)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females
|
|
over 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held 14-15 February 1990
|
|
(next to be held NA February 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist
|
|
|
|
Communists: none known
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, FAO, ESCAP, GATT (de facto),
|
|
IFAD, ITU, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa
|
|
TUITA resides in London;
|
|
US--the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited
|
|
to Tonga and makes periodic visits
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about
|
|
70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and
|
|
vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The
|
|
country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand.
|
|
The manufacturing sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary
|
|
source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on
|
|
sizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6%
|
|
(FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.2% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $54.8 million; expenditures $56.2 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $16.9 million (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., FY88 est.);
|
|
commodities--coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro,
|
|
vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;
|
|
partners--NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $60.1 million (c.i.f., FY88 est.); commodities--food
|
|
products, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
|
|
chemicals, building materials;
|
|
partners--NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $31.8 million (1987)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced,
|
|
80 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production;
|
|
vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $15 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $220 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: pa'anga (plural--pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1--1.23 (FY89 est.), 1.37 (FY88),
|
|
1.51 (FY87), 1.43 (FY86), 1.30 (FY85)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed
|
|
roads usable only in dry weather
|
|
|
|
Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,249 GRT/50,116
|
|
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659;
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radio receivers; no TV sets;
|
|
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Land Force, Maritime Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 362 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary with Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 14% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 44% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 4% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
|
|
|
Note: located 11 km from Venezuela
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,344,639 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective--Trinidadian,
|
|
Tobagonian
|
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|
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Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1%
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Chinese, 1% other
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Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0%
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Muslim, 21.7% unknown
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Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
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Literacy: 98%
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Labor force: 463,900; 18.1% construction and utilities;
|
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14.8% manufacturing, mining, and quarrying; 10.9% agriculture;
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56.2% other (1985 est.)
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Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988)
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|
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- Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
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Type: parliamentary democracy
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Capital: Port-of-Spain
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Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**;
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Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David,
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Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
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Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)
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Constitution: 31 August 1976
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Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
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Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
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Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since
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18 December 1986)
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Political parties and leaders: National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR),
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A. N. R. Robinson; People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick Manning;
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United National Congress, Basdeo Panday; Movement for Social
|
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Transformation (MOTION), David Abdullah
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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House of Representatives--last held 15 December 1986 (next to be
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held by December 1991);
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results--NAR 66%, PNM 32%, others 2%;
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seats--(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3
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Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and
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Tobago Peace Council, James Millette
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Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC),
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radical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace
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Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad
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and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress,
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moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor
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federation
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Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
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IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development
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Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC--International
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Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery
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at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone
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(202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West,
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Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain);
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telephone p809o 622-6372 or 6376, 6176
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Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
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|
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- Economy
|
|
Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has been in
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|
decline since 1982. During the first half of the 1980s, the petroleum sector
|
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accounted for nearly 80% of export earnings, 40% of government revenues,
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and almost 25% of GDP. In recent years, however, the economy has suffered
|
|
because of the sharp fall in the price of oil. The government, in response to
|
|
the revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the
|
|
unemployment rate to 22% in 1988. Agriculture employs only about 11% of
|
|
the labor force and produces less than 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it
|
|
has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The
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|
government currently seeks to diversify its export base.
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GDP: $3.75 billion, per capita $3,070; real growth rate - 2.0% (1988 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.0% (1989 est.)
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Unemployment rate: 22% (1988)
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Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion,
|
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including capital expenditures of $430 million (1988 est.)
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Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--includes
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reexports--petroleum and petroleum products 70%, fertilizer, chemicals
|
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15%, steel products, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1987);
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partners--US 61%, EC 15%, CARICOM 9%, Latin America 7%, Canada 3%
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(1986)
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Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--raw materials
|
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41%, capital goods 30%, consumer goods 29% (1986);
|
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partners--US 42%, EC 21%, Japan 10%, Canada 6%, Latin America 6%,
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CARICOM 4% (1986)
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|
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External debt: $2.02 billion (December 1987)
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|
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Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986)
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|
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Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,350 million kWh produced,
|
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2,700 kWh per capita (1989)
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|
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Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement,
|
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beverage, cotton textiles
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|
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Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP and 4% of labor force;
|
|
highly subsidized sector; major crops--cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane
|
|
acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables;
|
|
must import large share of food needs
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|
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $370 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $437 million
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|
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Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural--dollars);
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1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents
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|
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Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1--4.2500
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|
(January 1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986),
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2.4500 (1985)
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|
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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|
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- Communications
|
|
Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando
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Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000
|
|
km unimproved earth
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Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas
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Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre
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Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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|
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Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric
|
|
scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
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|
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- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police
|
|
Service
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|
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 343,292; 248,674 fit for military service
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|
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Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $59 million (1989 est.)
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|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tromelin Island
|
|
(French possession)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2
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|
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Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
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|
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 3.7 km
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|
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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|
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Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
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|
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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|
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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|
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Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles
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|
|
Climate: tropical
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|
|
Terrain: sandy
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|
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Natural resources: fish
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|
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other--scattered bushes
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|
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Environment: wildlife sanctuary
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|
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Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in
|
|
the Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
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|
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- People
|
|
Population: uninhabited
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- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
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|
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Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
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|
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- Economy
|
|
Overview: no economic activity
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|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Airports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m
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|
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Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
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|
|
Telecommunications: important meteorological station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tunisia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
|
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|
|
Coastline: 1,148 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya
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|
|
|
Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
|
|
summers; desert in south
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|
|
Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south
|
|
merges into the Sahara
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc,
|
|
salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
|
4% forest and woodland; 47% other; includes 1% irrigated
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|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only
|
|
144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east
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|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,095,492 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
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|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
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|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Tunisian(s); adjective--Tunisian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish
|
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|
|
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 62% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,250,000; 32% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor
|
|
force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of
|
|
Constitutional Democratic Party
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note--may be changed to Tunisian
|
|
Republic
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Tunis
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat,
|
|
singular--wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn,
|
|
Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah,
|
|
Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis,
|
|
Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis,
|
|
Zaghwan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 June 1959
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI
|
|
(since 7 November 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party
|
|
(RCD), President Ben Ali (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic
|
|
Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal,
|
|
including the Communist Party
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994);
|
|
results--Gen. Zine el Abidine Ben Aliwas reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 2 April 1989
|
|
(next to be held April 1994);
|
|
results--RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, others 2.4%
|
|
seats--(141 total) RCD 141
|
|
|
|
Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students
|
|
|
|
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdelaziz HAMZAOUI; Chancery at
|
|
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850;
|
|
US--Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at
|
|
144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone p216o (1) 782-566
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
|
|
encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional
|
|
symbols of Islam
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, and
|
|
tourism for continued growth. Two successive drought-induced crop
|
|
failures have strained the government's budget and increased
|
|
unemployment. The current account fell from a $23 million surplus in
|
|
1988 to a $390 million deficit in 1989. Despite its foreign payments
|
|
problems, Tunis appears committed to its IMF-supported structural
|
|
adjustment program. Nonetheless, the government may have to slow its
|
|
implementation to head off labor unrest. The increasing foreign
|
|
debt--$7.6 billion at yearend 1989--is also a key problem. Tunis
|
|
probably will seek debt relief in 1990.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $8.7 billion, per capita $1,105; real growth rate 3.1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $0.8 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
|
commodities--hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and
|
|
chemicals; partners--EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR
|
|
|
|
Imports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--industrial
|
|
goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--EC 68%, US 7%, Canada, Japan, USSR, China, Saudi Arabia,
|
|
Algeria
|
|
|
|
External debt: $7.6 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced,
|
|
530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore),
|
|
textiles, footwear, food, beverages
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output
|
|
subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export
|
|
crops--olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products--grain, sugar
|
|
beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food;
|
|
fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1986)
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $694 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.6 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$410 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Tunisian dinar (plural--dinars);
|
|
1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1--0.9055 (January 1990),
|
|
0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987), 0.7940 (1986), 0.8345 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,154 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter standard gauge;
|
|
1,689 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,172 GRT/218,970
|
|
DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker,
|
|
1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 30 total, 28 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities
|
|
consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers
|
|
are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial
|
|
cable to Algeria; radio relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,997,197; 1,149,141 fit for military
|
|
service; 88,368 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.7% of GDP, or $235 million (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Turkey
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km,
|
|
Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 7,200 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: in Black Sea only--to the maritime
|
|
boundary agreed upon with the USSR;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 6 nm (12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with
|
|
Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing
|
|
dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans
|
|
for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
|
|
Syria, Turkey, and the USSR
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
|
|
harsher in interior
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau
|
|
(Anatolia)
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate,
|
|
sulphur, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: 30% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 12% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major
|
|
river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus,
|
|
Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and
|
|
Norway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 56,704,327 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Turk(s); adjective--Turkish
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and
|
|
Jewish)
|
|
|
|
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 70%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 18,800,000; 56% agriculture, 30% services, 14% industry;
|
|
about 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Turkey
|
|
|
|
Type: republican parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Ankara
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 67 provinces (iller, singular--il); Adana,
|
|
Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir,
|
|
Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
|
|
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
|
|
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta,
|
|
Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirklareli,
|
|
Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus,
|
|
Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas,
|
|
Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat,
|
|
Zonguldak; note--there may be four new provinces named Aksaray, Bayburt,
|
|
Karaman, and Kirikkale
|
|
|
|
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 7 November 1982
|
|
|
|
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
|
|
29 October (1923)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet
|
|
Meclisi)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Yildirim AKBULUT (since 9 November
|
|
1989); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BOZER (since 31 March 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Motherland Party (ANAP), Yildirim
|
|
Akbulut; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal Inonu; Correct Way
|
|
Party (CWP), Suleyman Demirel; Democratic Left Party (DLP), Bulent
|
|
Ecevit; Prosperity Party (RP), Necmettin Erbakan; National Work Party (MCP),
|
|
Alpaslan Turkes; Reform Democratic Party (IDP), Aykut Edibali
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Grand National Assembly--last held 29 November 1987
|
|
(next to be held November 1992);
|
|
results--ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, CWP 19%, others 20%;
|
|
seats--(450 total) ANAP 283, SHP 81, CWP 56, independents 26, vacant 4
|
|
|
|
Communists: strength and support negligible
|
|
|
|
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC (associate member),
|
|
ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank,
|
|
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU,
|
|
NATO, OECD, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at
|
|
1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200;
|
|
there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
and New York;
|
|
US--Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard,
|
|
Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 09254--0001);
|
|
telephone p90o (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in
|
|
Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward
|
|
the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue
|
|
to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since
|
|
the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6%
|
|
annually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector,
|
|
employing about 60% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and
|
|
contributing about 25% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not
|
|
solved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates
|
|
remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties
|
|
for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally
|
|
controlled to a free market economy. The government has launched a
|
|
multimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which
|
|
includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to
|
|
generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned
|
|
tapping of huge quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the
|
|
downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $75 billion, per capita $1,350; real growth rate 1.8% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 68.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $14.5 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $2.08 billion (FY88 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--industrial
|
|
products 70%, crops and livestock products 25%;
|
|
partners--FRG 18.4%, Iraq 8.5%, Italy 8.2%, US 6.5%, UK 4.9%,
|
|
Iran 4.7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $14.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude oil,
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics,
|
|
rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals; partners--FRG 14.3%,
|
|
US 10.6%, Iraq 10.0%, Italy 7.0%, France 5.8%, UK 5.2%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $36.3 billion (November 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 7.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 14,064,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
720 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
|
|
copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of population;
|
|
products--tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit,
|
|
variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate
|
|
products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy
|
|
cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.2 billion; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$4.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Turkish lira (plural--liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--2,314.7 (November 1989),
|
|
1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or
|
|
crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products;
|
|
708 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 327 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,972,465
|
|
GRT/5,087,620 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger,
|
|
1 passenger-cargo, 193 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 35 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 4 combination ore/oil,
|
|
1 specialized tanker, 55 bulk, 4 combination bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft (1985)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 119 total, 112 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio
|
|
relay network; 3,100,000 telephones; stations--15 AM; 45 (60 repeaters) FM;
|
|
61 (476 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating in the
|
|
INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine telephone cable
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Coast Guard
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,413,944; 8,813,430 fit for military
|
|
service; 597,547 reach military age (20) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 3.9% of GDP, or $2.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 389 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and
|
|
relatively dry
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
|
|
|
|
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
|
forest and woodland; 98% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
|
|
|
|
Note: located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North
|
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,761 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: majority of African descent
|
|
|
|
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
|
|
some subsistence agriculture
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial Trade Union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
|
|
|
Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a
|
|
Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number
|
|
adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented
|
|
by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March
|
|
1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Movement (PDM),
|
|
Oswald Skippings; Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan Malcolm and
|
|
Norman Saunders; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel Missick
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council--last held on 3 March 1988
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--PDM 60%, PNP 30%, others 10%;
|
|
seats--(20 total, 13 elected) PDM 11, PNP 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, the
|
|
interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by
|
|
the UK;
|
|
US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
|
the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
|
|
is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore
|
|
banking. Subsistence farming--corn and beans--exists only on the Caicos
|
|
Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be
|
|
imported.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth rate NA% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84); commodities--lobster, dried
|
|
and fresh conch, conch shells; partners--US, UK
|
|
|
|
Imports: $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
drink, tobacco, clothing; partners--US, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,160 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans;
|
|
fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $92.8 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
|
|
|
|
Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
|
|
|
|
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd.
|
|
(cargo service)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones;
|
|
stations--3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Tuvalu
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 26 km2; land area: 26 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 24 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
|
|
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
|
forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: severe tropical storms are rare
|
|
|
|
Note: located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 9,136 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Tuvaluans(s); adjective--Tuvaluan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
|
|
|
|
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: Tuvaluan, English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: less than 50%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: none
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Funafuti
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 October 1978
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
|
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
|
by Governor General Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October
|
|
1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by
|
|
September 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(12 total)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); US--none
|
|
|
|
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;
|
|
the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
|
|
five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with
|
|
poor-quality soil. The country has a small economy, no known mineral resources,
|
|
and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic
|
|
activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a
|
|
tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and
|
|
coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually
|
|
from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New
|
|
Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.59 million; expenditures $3.6 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); commodities--copra;
|
|
partners--Fiji, Australia, NZ
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); commodities--food,
|
|
animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods; partners--Fiji,
|
|
Australia, NZ
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced,
|
|
350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: fishing, tourism, copra
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coconuts, copra
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $84 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per
|
|
US$1--1.2784 (January 1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987),
|
|
1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 8 km gravel
|
|
|
|
Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043
|
|
GRT/450 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones;
|
|
4,000 radio receivers; 108 telephones
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Uganda
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 236,040 km2; land area: 199,710 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan
|
|
435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December
|
|
to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
|
|
|
|
Land use: 23% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
|
|
30% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 17,960,262 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Ugandan(s); adjective--Ugandan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab
|
|
|
|
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protestant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous
|
|
beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu
|
|
and Nilotic languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 57.3%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 4,500,000 (est.); 94% subsistence activities, 6% wage earners
|
|
(est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Uganda
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kampala
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern,
|
|
Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 8 September 1967, suspended following coup of 27 July 1985;
|
|
in process of constitutional revision
|
|
|
|
Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common
|
|
law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
|
|
29 January 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since
|
|
30 January 1986); First Deputy Prime Minister Eriya KATEGAYA (since NA)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Resistance
|
|
Movement (NRM); note--the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), Ugandan
|
|
People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and Conservative Party
|
|
(CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political activities
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Resistance Council--last held 11-28 February 1989
|
|
(next to be held after January 1995);
|
|
results--NRM is the only party;
|
|
seats--(278 total, 210 indirectly elected) NRM 210
|
|
|
|
Other political parties or pressure groups: Uganda People's Democratic
|
|
Movement (UPDM), Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM),
|
|
Holy Spirit Movement (HSM)
|
|
|
|
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI;
|
|
5909 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through
|
|
7102; US--Ambassador John A. BURROUGHS, Jr.; Embassy at British High
|
|
Commission Building, Obote Avenue, Kampala (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
|
7007, Kampala); telephone p256o (41) 259791
|
|
|
|
Flag: six equal horizonal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black,
|
|
yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts
|
|
a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
|
|
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
|
|
cobalt. For most of the past 15 years the economy has been devastated by
|
|
political instability, mismanagement, and civil war, keeping Uganda poor
|
|
with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels
|
|
of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the
|
|
most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work
|
|
force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounted for 97% of export
|
|
revenues in 1988. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and
|
|
stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer
|
|
prices on export crops, increasing petroleum prices, and
|
|
improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at
|
|
dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting
|
|
production and export earnings.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.9 billion, per capita $300 (1988); real growth rate 6.1% (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 72% (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $272 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coffee 97%,
|
|
cotton, tea; partners--US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $626 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum
|
|
products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food;
|
|
partners--Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 25.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 312 million kWh produced,
|
|
18 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 57% of GDP and 83% of labor force; cash
|
|
crops--coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops--cassava, potatoes, corn,
|
|
millet, pulses; livestock products--beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $123 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$140 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Ugandan shilling (plural--shillings);
|
|
1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1--370 (December 1989),
|
|
223.09 (1989), 106.14 (1988), 42.84 (1987), 14.00 (1986), 6.72 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
|
and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George,
|
|
Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at
|
|
Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
1,697 GRT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 39 total, 30 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay and radio communications
|
|
stations; 61,600 telephones; stations--10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: National Resistance Army (NRA)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,836,921; about 2,084,813 fit for
|
|
military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (1985)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: United Arab Emirates
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 83,600 km2; land area: 83,600 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km,
|
|
Qatar 20 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,448 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant
|
|
line
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: boundary with Qatar is in dispute; no defined boundary with
|
|
Saudi Arabia; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line
|
|
in far north; claims three islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran
|
|
(Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg
|
|
or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb)
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
|
|
|
|
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand
|
|
dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil and natural gas
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
|
|
pastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural
|
|
freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location along southern approaches to
|
|
Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,253,624 (July 1990), growth rate 6.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 33 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Emirian(s), adjective--Emirian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 19% Emirian, 23% other Arab, 50% South Asian
|
|
(fluctuating), 8% other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians); less
|
|
than 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 96% Muslim (16% Shia); 4% Christian, Hindu, and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and English widely spoken in major
|
|
cities; Hindi, Urdu
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 68%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.); 85% industry and commerce,
|
|
5% agriculture, 5% services, 5% government; 80% of labor force is foreign
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE
|
|
|
|
Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central
|
|
government and other powers reserved to member shaykhdoms
|
|
|
|
Capital: Abu Dhabi
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah);
|
|
Abu Zaby, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy,
|
|
Ras al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
|
|
|
|
Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and
|
|
in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers,
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi
|
|
(since 2 December 1971); Vice President Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
|
|
of Dubayy (since 2 December 1971;
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
|
|
of Dubayy (Prime Minister since 30 April 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Maktum bin
|
|
Rashid al MAKTUM (since 2 December 1971)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: none
|
|
|
|
Elections: none
|
|
|
|
Communists: NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine
|
|
groups are active
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdullah bin Zayed
|
|
AL-NAHAYYAN; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500;
|
|
US--Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street,
|
|
Abu Dhabi (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone p971o (2)
|
|
336691; there is a US Consulate General in Dubai
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a
|
|
thicker vertical red band on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's higher
|
|
levels of income per capita. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the
|
|
fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
|
|
1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound
|
|
transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a
|
|
modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production,
|
|
crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $23.3 billion, per capita $11,680; real growth rate - 2.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5-6% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NEGL (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $4.0 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--crude oil
|
|
75%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates; partners--US, EC, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $8.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--food,
|
|
consumer and capital goods; partners--EC, Japan, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 9.3% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,590,000 kW capacity; 15,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
7,090 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction
|
|
materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 1% of GNP and 5% of labor force; cash
|
|
crop--dates; food products--vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy,
|
|
fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed
|
|
countries (1979-89)
|
|
|
|
Currency: Emirian dirham (plural--dirhams);
|
|
1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1--3.6710 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas
|
|
liquids
|
|
|
|
Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina Jabal Ali,
|
|
Mina Khalid, Mina Rashid, Mina Saqr,
|
|
Mina Zayid
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 728,332
|
|
GRT/1,181,566 DWT; includes 14 cargo, 7 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
20 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 40 total, 34 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key
|
|
centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; stations--8 AM, 3 FM,
|
|
12 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;
|
|
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central Military Command, Federal
|
|
Police Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 904,690; 498,082 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $1.59 billion (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: United Kingdom
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 244,820 km2; land area: 241,590 km2; includes Rockall
|
|
and Shetland Islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: Ireland 360 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 12,429 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation or in
|
|
accordance with agreed upon boundaries;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary with Ireland; Northern Ireland question
|
|
with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland
|
|
Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the
|
|
South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in
|
|
British Indian Ocean Territory; Hong Kong is scheduled to become a
|
|
Special Administrative Region of China in 1997; Rockall continental shelf
|
|
dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have
|
|
signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in
|
|
Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over
|
|
the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains
|
|
in east and southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin,
|
|
limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica
|
|
|
|
Land use: 29% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 48% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 9% forest and woodland; 14% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: pollution control measures improving air, water quality;
|
|
because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from
|
|
tidal waters
|
|
|
|
Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from
|
|
France
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 57,365,665 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective--British
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh,
|
|
1.8% Ulster, 2.8% West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million
|
|
Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 410,000 Jewish
|
|
|
|
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form
|
|
of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 28,120,000; 53.3% services, 23.6% manufacturing and
|
|
construction, 10.8% self-employed, 6.8% government, 1.0% agriculture (1988)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 37% of labor force (1987)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
|
|
abbreviated UK
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
|
|
|
Capital: London
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties,
|
|
26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas
|
|
|
|
England--39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire,
|
|
Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon,
|
|
Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater
|
|
Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of
|
|
Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton,
|
|
Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South
|
|
Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*,
|
|
West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire
|
|
|
|
Northern Ireland--26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena,
|
|
Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine,
|
|
Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn,
|
|
Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down,
|
|
Omagh, Strabane
|
|
|
|
Scotland--9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and
|
|
Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde,
|
|
Tayside, Western Isles*
|
|
|
|
Wales--8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys,
|
|
South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established
|
|
|
|
Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
|
|
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
|
|
Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
|
|
of China in 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands,
|
|
St. Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
|
|
Caicos Islands
|
|
|
|
Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental
|
|
influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
|
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
|
House of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: House of Lords
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
|
Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979);
|
|
Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labour,
|
|
Neil Kinnock; Social Democratic, David Owen (disbanded 3 June 1990);
|
|
Social and Liberal Democratic Party, Jeremy (Paddy) Ashdown; Communist,
|
|
Nina Temple; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Thomas;
|
|
Ulster Unionist, James Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
|
|
Democratic and Labour, John Hume; Provisional Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams;
|
|
Alliance/Northern Ireland
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Commons--last held 11 June 1987 (next to be held
|
|
by June 1992);
|
|
results--Conservative 43%, Labour 32%, Social and Liberal Democratic
|
|
Party 23%, others 2%;
|
|
seats--(650 total) Conservative 376, Labour 228, Social and Liberal
|
|
Democratic Party 18, Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland) 9,
|
|
Social Democratic Party 4, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru
|
|
(Welsh Nationalist) 3, Ulster Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland) 3,
|
|
Social Democratic and Labour (Northern Ireland) 3,
|
|
Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland) 1,
|
|
Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: 15,961
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation
|
|
of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
|
|
ESCAP, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
|
|
IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
|
|
Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir Antony ACLAND; Chancery at
|
|
3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340;
|
|
there are British Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland,
|
|
Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas,
|
|
Miami, and Seattle;
|
|
US--Ambassador Henry E. CATTO; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square,
|
|
London, W.1A1AE, (mailing address is Box 40, FPO New York 09509);
|
|
telephone p44o (01) 499-9000; there are US Consulates General in Belfast
|
|
and Edinburgh
|
|
|
|
Flag: blue with the red cross of St. George (patron saint of England)
|
|
edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of St. Patrick (patron
|
|
saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of
|
|
St. Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
|
|
the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a
|
|
number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and
|
|
financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in
|
|
Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture
|
|
of social welfare programs and government ownership. Over the last decade
|
|
the Thatcher government has halted the expansion of welfare measures and
|
|
has promoted extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector.
|
|
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European
|
|
standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor
|
|
force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing
|
|
about 24% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an
|
|
energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves;
|
|
primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest
|
|
shares of any industrial nation. Following the recession of 1979-81, the
|
|
economy has enjoyed the longest period of continuous economic growth it
|
|
has had during the last 30 years. During the period 1982-89 real GDP grew
|
|
by about 25%, while the inflation rate of 14% was nearly halved. Between
|
|
1986 and 1989 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%. As a major trading
|
|
nation, the UK will continue to be greatly affected by: world boom or
|
|
recession; swings in the international oil market; productivity trends in
|
|
domestic industry; and the terms on which the economic integration of
|
|
Europe proceeds.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $818.0 billion, per capita $14,300; real growth rate 2.3%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 6.4% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $348.7 billion; expenditures $327.8 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $42.0 billion (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $151.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment;
|
|
partners--EC 50.4% (FRG 11.7%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 6.8%), US 13.0%,
|
|
Communist countries 2.3%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $189.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--manufactured
|
|
goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods;
|
|
partners--EC 52.5% (FRG 16.6%, France 8.8%, Netherlands 7.8%), US 10.2%,
|
|
Communist countries 2.1%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $15.7 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 98,000,000 kW capacity; 361,990 million kWh produced,
|
|
6,350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, metals, food
|
|
processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing, other
|
|
consumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum, coal
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GNP and 1% of labor force; highly
|
|
mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products
|
|
produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of
|
|
665,000 metric tons (1987)
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $18.9 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: British pound or pound sterling (plural--pounds);
|
|
1 British pound (L) = 100 pence
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
|
0.6099 (1989) 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: Great Britain--16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates
|
|
16,629 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km
|
|
double or multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and
|
|
narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways
|
|
(NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
|
|
|
|
Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
|
|
(including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland,
|
|
23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km;
|
|
Port Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,993 km refined
|
|
products; 12,800 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool,
|
|
Dover, Sullom Voe, Southampton
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 285 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
6,174,142GRT/9,024,090 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 22 short-sea
|
|
passenger, 44 cargo, 44 container, 21 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
|
9 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier,
|
|
78 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
|
|
5 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 45 bulk,
|
|
1 combination bulk
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 522 total, 379 usable; 245 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 132 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system;
|
|
30,200,000 telephones; excellent countrywide broadcast systems;
|
|
stations--223 AM, 165 (396 relays) FM, 205 (3,210 relays) TV; 38 coaxial
|
|
submarine cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in
|
|
INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Army, Royal Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,462,993; 12,180,580 fit for military
|
|
service; no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 4.3% of GDP, or $35 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: United States
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 9,372,610 km2; land area: 9,166,600 km2; includes only
|
|
the 50 states and District of Colombia
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about four-tenths the size of USSR; about one-third
|
|
the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly
|
|
larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times
|
|
the size of Western Europe
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 12,248.1 km total; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km
|
|
with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 19,924 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: not specified;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada; US Naval Base at
|
|
Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US
|
|
abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa
|
|
Island; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
|
|
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
|
|
|
|
Climate: mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic
|
|
(Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains
|
|
in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic
|
|
topography in Hawaii
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium,
|
|
bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc,
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, timber
|
|
|
|
Land use: 20% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 26% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 29% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality;
|
|
acid rain; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of
|
|
sparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes,
|
|
and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in
|
|
northern Alaska is a major impediment to development
|
|
|
|
Note: world's fourth-largest country (after USSR, Canada, and China)
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 250,410,000 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--American(s); adjective--American
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 12% black, 3% other (1985)
|
|
|
|
Religion: Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%, Lutheran 8%,
|
|
Presbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant 13%), Roman Catholic 25%,
|
|
Jewish 2%, other 5%; none 7%
|
|
|
|
Language: predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 99%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 125,557,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed);
|
|
civilian labor force 123,869,000 (1989)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 16,960,000 members; 16.4% of labor force (1989)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: United States of America; abbreviated US or USA
|
|
|
|
Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition
|
|
|
|
Capital: Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska,
|
|
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,
|
|
District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
|
|
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
|
|
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire,
|
|
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
|
|
Oregon, Pennyslvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee,
|
|
Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
|
|
|
|
Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789
|
|
|
|
Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island;
|
|
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island,
|
|
Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island. Since 18 July 1947, the
|
|
US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently
|
|
entered into a new political relationship with three of the four political
|
|
units. The Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth associated with the US
|
|
(effective 3 November 1986). Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with
|
|
the US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has
|
|
not been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the
|
|
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The Federated States of Micronesia
|
|
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986).
|
|
The Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with
|
|
the US (effective 21 October 1986).
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH
|
|
(since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since
|
|
20 January 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Lee Atwater,
|
|
national committee chairman and Jeanie Austin, co-chairman;
|
|
Democratic Party, Ronald H. Brown, national committee chairman;
|
|
several other groups or parties of minor political significance
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 8 November 1988
|
|
(next to be held 3 November 1992);
|
|
results--George Bush (Republican Party) 53.37%,
|
|
Michael Dukakis (Democratic Party) 45.67%, others 0.96%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 8 November 1988
|
|
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
|
results--Democratic Party 52.1%, Republican Party 46.2%, others 1.7%;
|
|
seats--(100 total) Democratic Party 55, Republican Party 45;
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988
|
|
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
|
results--Democratic Party 53.2%, Republican Party 45.3%, others 1.5%;
|
|
seats--(435 total) Democratic Party 259, Republican Party 174, vacant 2
|
|
|
|
Communists: Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall,
|
|
general secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack Barnes,
|
|
national secretary
|
|
|
|
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CCC, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, ESCAP, GATT,
|
|
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
|
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission,
|
|
IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: US Representative to the UN,
|
|
Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 United Nations Plaza,
|
|
New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4444
|
|
|
|
Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
|
|
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
|
|
corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset
|
|
horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five
|
|
stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13
|
|
original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis
|
|
for a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The US has the most powerful and diversified economy in
|
|
the world, with a per capita GNP of over $21,000, the largest among the
|
|
major industrial nations. In 1989 the economy entered its eighth
|
|
successive year of growth, the longest in peacetime history. The
|
|
expansion has featured continued moderation in wage and consumer price
|
|
increases, an unemployment rate of 5.2%, (the lowest in 10 years), and an
|
|
inflation rate of 4.8%. On the negative side, the US enters the 1990s
|
|
with massive budget and trade deficits, huge and rapidly rising medical
|
|
costs, and inadequate investment in industrial capacity and economic
|
|
infrastructure.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $5,233.3 billion, per capita $21,082; real growth rate 2.9%
|
|
(1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 5.2% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $976 billion; expenditures $1,137 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (FY89 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $322.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--capital goods,
|
|
automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods,
|
|
agricultural products; partners--Canada 22.9%, Japan 11.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $440.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude and
|
|
partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial
|
|
raw materials, food and beverages; partners--Japan 19.6% , Canada 19.1%
|
|
(1988)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $532 billion (December 1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 776,550,000 kW capacity; 2,958,300 million kWh produced,
|
|
11,920 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified;
|
|
petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals,
|
|
electronics, food processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 2.8% of labor force;
|
|
favorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock
|
|
production; world's second-largest producer and number-one exporter of
|
|
grain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 5.7 million metric tons
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic
|
|
consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons
|
|
or about 25% of the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program
|
|
aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $90.5 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: United States dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$--0.6055 (January
|
|
1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
|
|
0.7714 (1985);
|
|
|
|
Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$--1.1885 (February 1990),
|
|
1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987), 1.3895 (1986);
|
|
|
|
French francs (F) per US$--5.695 (February 1990), 5.9569 (1988),
|
|
6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985);
|
|
|
|
Italian lire (Lit) per US$--1,244.8 (February 1990),
|
|
1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);
|
|
|
|
Japanese yen (Y) per US$--145.55 (February 1990), 128.15 (1988),
|
|
144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985);
|
|
|
|
FRG deutsche marks (DM) per US$--1.6775 (February 1990),
|
|
1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715 (1986), 2.9440 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 270,312 km
|
|
|
|
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive
|
|
of the Great Lakes (est.)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 275,800 km petroleum, 305,300 km natural gas (1985)
|
|
|
|
Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Cleveland,
|
|
Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,
|
|
Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia,
|
|
Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle,
|
|
Tampa, Wilmington
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 373 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA
|
|
GRT/NA DWT); includes 2 passenger-cargo, 37 cargo, 22 bulk,
|
|
165 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 10 liquefied gas, 124
|
|
intermodal; in addition there are 248 government-owned vessels
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3,297 commercial multiengine transport aircraft, including
|
|
2,989 jet, 231 turboprop, 77 piston (1985)
|
|
|
|
Airports: 15,422 in operation (1981)
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 telephones; stations--4,892 AM, 5,200 FM
|
|
(including 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including
|
|
796 commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable);
|
|
495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite earth
|
|
stations--45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine
|
|
Corps), Department of the Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: 2,247,000 total; 781,000 Army;
|
|
599,000 Air Force; 793,000 Navy (includes 200,000 Marine Corps) (1988)
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5.8% of GNP, or $302.8 billion (1989)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Uruguay
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 176,220 km2; land area: 173,620 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington State
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 660 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted
|
|
beyond 12 nm)
|
|
|
|
Disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two
|
|
short sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la
|
|
Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the
|
|
Rio Quarai and the Uruguay)
|
|
|
|
Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals
|
|
|
|
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 78% meadows and pastures;
|
|
4% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 3,036,660 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Uruguayan(s); adjective--Uruguayan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo, 4% black
|
|
|
|
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends
|
|
church regularly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing or other
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 94%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,300,000; 25% government, 19% manufacturing,
|
|
11% agriculture, 12% commerce, 12% utilities, construction, transport, and
|
|
communications, 21% other services (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers'
|
|
Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor Federation
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Montevideo
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular--departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno,
|
|
Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro,
|
|
Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
|
|
|
|
Independence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended
|
|
27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
|
|
chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
(Camera del Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Luis Alberto
|
|
LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo AGUIRRE (since
|
|
1 March 1990)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Roberto
|
|
Rubio; Colorado Party; Broad Front Coalition, Liber Seregni includes
|
|
Communist Party led by Jaime Perez and National Liberation Movement
|
|
(MLN) or Tupamaros led by Eleuterio Fernandez Huidobro; New Space
|
|
Coalition consists of the Party of the Government of the People (PGP)
|
|
led by Hugo Batalla, Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Civic Union
|
|
led by Humberto Ciganda
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
|
|
results--Luis Lacalle (Blanco) 37%, Jorge Batlle (Colorado)
|
|
29%, Liber Seregni (Broad Front) 20%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
|
|
results--Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%;
|
|
seats--(30 total) Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held NA November 1989 (next to be held
|
|
November 1994);
|
|
results--Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, others 1%;
|
|
seats--(99 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
Communists: 50,000
|
|
|
|
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Juan Podesta PINON; Chancery
|
|
at 1918 F Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313
|
|
through 1316; there are Uruguayan Consulates General in Los Angeles,
|
|
Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in New Orleans;
|
|
US--Ambassador Malcolm R. WILKEY; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo
|
|
(mailing address is APO Miami 34035); telephone p598o (2) 40-90-51
|
|
|
|
Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating
|
|
with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow
|
|
sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately
|
|
triangular and wavy
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of
|
|
1981-84. In 1986 real GDP grew by 6.6% and in 1987 by 4.9%. The recovery
|
|
was led by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture
|
|
alone contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and
|
|
generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock,
|
|
particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In
|
|
1988, despite healthy exports and an improved current account, domestic
|
|
growth slowed because of government concentration on the external sector,
|
|
adverse weather conditions, and prolonged strikes. High inflation rates
|
|
of about 80%, a large domestic debt, and frequent strikes remain major economic
|
|
problems for the government.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $8.8 billion, per capita $2,950; real growth rate 1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 9.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $165 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--hides and
|
|
leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%;
|
|
partners--Brazil 17%, US 15%, FRG 10%, Argentina 10% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--fuels and
|
|
lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial
|
|
chemicals; partners--Brazil 24%, Argentina 14%, US 8%, FRG 8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $6 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.9% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,950,000 kW capacity; 4,330 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,450 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear,
|
|
leather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing; wheat,
|
|
rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $263 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $69 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: new Uruguayan peso (plural--pesos);
|
|
1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1--832.62
|
|
(January 1990), 605.62 (1989), 359.44 (1988), 226.67 (1987), 151.99 (1986),
|
|
101.43 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge and government owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km
|
|
earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
|
|
|
|
Ports: Montevideo, Punta del Este
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 65,212 GRT/116,613
|
|
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
|
1 container
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 92 total, 87 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo;
|
|
new nationwide radio relay network; 337,000 telephones; stations--99 AM, no FM,
|
|
26 TV, 9 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 711,700; 580,898 fit for military service;
|
|
no conscription
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1986)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Vanuatu
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 14,760 km2; land area: 14,760 km2; includes more
|
|
than 80 islands
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,528 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 1%
|
|
forest and woodland; 91% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April);
|
|
volcanism causes minor earthquakes
|
|
|
|
Note: located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 165,006 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 36 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Vanuatuan(s); adjective--Vanuatuan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 94% indigenous Melanesian, 4% French, remainder
|
|
Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
|
|
|
|
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
|
|
|
|
Language: English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or
|
|
Bichelama)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 10-20% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 7 registered trade unions--largest include Oil and Gas
|
|
Workers' Union, Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Vanuatu
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Port-Vila
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo,
|
|
Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo,
|
|
Shepherd, Tafea
|
|
|
|
Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 30 July 1980
|
|
|
|
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and
|
|
British systems
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note--the National Council of
|
|
Chiefs advises on matters of custom and land
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Father Walter Hadye LINI (since
|
|
30 July 1980); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanua'aku Pati),
|
|
Walter Lini; Union of Moderate Parties, Maxine Carlot;
|
|
Melanesian Progressive Party, Barak Sope
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament--last held 30 November 1987 (next to be held NA);
|
|
byelections were held NA December 1988 to fill vacancies resulting from
|
|
the expulsion of opposition members for boycotting sessions;
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(46 total) National Party 26, Union of Moderate Parties 19,
|
|
independent 1
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
|
|
IMF, ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Vanuatu does not have a mission in
|
|
Washington;
|
|
US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
|
|
|
|
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a
|
|
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a
|
|
black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
|
|
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
|
|
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
|
|
namele leaves, all in yellow
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming that
|
|
provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the
|
|
other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has
|
|
no known petroleum deposits. A small light-industry sector caters to the local
|
|
market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $120 million, per capita $820; real growth rate 0.7% (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $80.1 million; expenditures $86.6 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $27.1 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--copra 37%,
|
|
cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%; partners--Netherlands 34%, France
|
|
27%, Japan 17%, Belgium 4%, New Caledonia 3%, Singapore 2% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $58 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--machines and
|
|
vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, raw materials and
|
|
fuels 11%, chemicals 6%;
|
|
partners--Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 5% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $57 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 20 million kWh produced,
|
|
125 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: food and fish freezing, forestry processing, meat canning
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: export crops--copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; subsistence
|
|
crops--copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $541 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: vatu (plural--vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1--107.17 (January 1990), 116.04 (1989),
|
|
104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987), 106.08 (1986), 106.03 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: none
|
|
|
|
Highways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads
|
|
|
|
Ports: Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 885,668
|
|
GRT/1,473,443 DWT; includes 26 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 5 container,
|
|
2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 21 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--a flag
|
|
of convenience registry
|
|
|
|
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 33 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones;
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: a paramilitary force is responsible for internal and external
|
|
security; no military forces
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Vatican City
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 0.438 km2; land area: 0.438 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundary: 3.2 km with Italy
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with
|
|
hot, dry summers (May to September)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: low hill
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
|
forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: urban
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state;
|
|
outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo
|
|
(the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 774 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities
|
|
|
|
Religion: Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 100%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: about 1,500; Vatican City employees divided into three
|
|
categories--executives, office workers, and salaried employees
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: State of the Vatican City; note--the Vatican City is the
|
|
physical seat of the Holy See which is the central government of the Roman
|
|
Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Vatican City
|
|
|
|
Independence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II),
|
|
22 October (1978); note--Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: pope
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Pontifical Commission
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none; normally handled by Italy
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol
|
|
WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Pope--last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of
|
|
the current pope);
|
|
results--Karol Wojtyla was elected for life by the College of Cardinals
|
|
|
|
Communists: NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence
|
|
exercised by church officers)
|
|
|
|
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, UPU,
|
|
WIPO, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Pio LAGHI;
|
|
3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121;
|
|
US--Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli,
|
|
Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794);
|
|
telephone p396o 639-0558
|
|
|
|
Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed
|
|
keys of St. Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is supported financially by contributions (known as
|
|
Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage
|
|
stamps, tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of
|
|
publications.
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $57 million; expenditures $113.7 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 5,000 kW standby capacity (1989); power supplied by Italy
|
|
|
|
Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and
|
|
staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities
|
|
|
|
Currency: Vatican lira (plural--lire);
|
|
1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1--1,262.5 (January 1990),
|
|
1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);
|
|
note--the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome
|
|
station of St. Peter's)
|
|
|
|
Highways: none; all city streets
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic
|
|
telephone exchange; no communications satellite systems
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are
|
|
posted at entrances to the Vatican City
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Venezuela
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km,
|
|
Guyana 743 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 2,800 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 15 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claims Essequibo area of Guyana; maritime boundary disputes with
|
|
Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and with Trinidad and Tobago in the
|
|
Gulf of Paria
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
|
|
Terrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest;
|
|
central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other
|
|
minerals, hydropower, diamonds
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and pastures;
|
|
39% forest and woodland; 37% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic
|
|
droughts; increasing industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo
|
|
|
|
Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 19,698,104 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Venezuelan(s); adjective--Venezuelan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% black, 2% Indian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant
|
|
|
|
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000
|
|
Amerindians in the remote interior
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 85.6%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 5,800,000; 56% services, 28% industry, 16% agriculture (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Venezuela
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Caracas
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 20 states (estados, singular--estado),
|
|
2 territories* (territorios, singular--territorio), 1 federal district**
|
|
(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence*** (dependencia federal);
|
|
Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes,
|
|
Delta Amacuro*, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon,
|
|
Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre,
|
|
Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia; note--the federal dependence consists of
|
|
11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
|
|
|
|
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 23 January 1961
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
|
|
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos Andres
|
|
PEREZ (since 2 February 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI),
|
|
Eduardo Fernandez, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD),
|
|
Gonzalo Barrios, president, and Humberto Celli, secretary general;
|
|
Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, president, and
|
|
Freddy Munoz, secretary general
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18, though poorly enforced
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held
|
|
December 1993);
|
|
results--Carlos Andres Perez (AD) 53%,
|
|
Eduardo Fernandez (COPEI) 40%, others 7%;
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 4 December 1988
|
|
(next to be held December 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, others 4;
|
|
|
|
Chamber of Deputies--last held 4 December 1988
|
|
(next to be held December 1993);
|
|
results--AD 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, others 14.6%;
|
|
seats--(201 total) AD 97, COPEI 67, MAS 18, others 19
|
|
|
|
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative
|
|
business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers, the Democratic
|
|
Action-dominated labor organization
|
|
|
|
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA,
|
|
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI
|
|
Bottaro; Chancery at 2445 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 797-3800; there are Venezuelan Consulates General in
|
|
Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
|
|
Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Eric JAVITS; Embassy at Avenida Francisco
|
|
de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address
|
|
is P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO Miami 34037);
|
|
telephone p58o (2) 284-6111 or 7111; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the
|
|
coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white
|
|
five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted
|
|
for 17% of GDP, 52% of central government revenues, and 81% of export
|
|
earnings in 1988. President Perez introduced an economic readjustment
|
|
program when he assumed office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and
|
|
price supports, a free market exchange rate, and market-linked interest
|
|
rates have thrown the economy into confusion, causing about an 8%
|
|
decline in GDP.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $52.0 billion, per capita $2,700; real growth rate - 8.1%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80.7% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 7.0% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $8.4 billion; expenditures $8.6 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $5.9 billion (1989)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum
|
|
81%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures;
|
|
partners--US 50.3%, FRG 5.3%, Japan 4.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
|
chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment;
|
|
partners--US 44%, FRG 8.5%, Japan 6%, Italy 5%, Brazil 4.4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $33.6 billion (1988)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 3.7%, excluding oil (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 19,110,000 kW capacity; 54,516 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,830 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food
|
|
processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 15% of labor force;
|
|
products--corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef,
|
|
pork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca for the
|
|
international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities
|
|
of cocaine and marijuana do transit the country
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-88), $10 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: bolivar (plural--bolivares);
|
|
1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1--43.42 (January 1990),
|
|
34.6815 (1989), 14.5000 (fixed rate 1987-88), 8.0833 (1986),
|
|
7.5000 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single
|
|
track, government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned
|
|
|
|
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km
|
|
earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept
|
|
oceangoing vessels
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined products;
|
|
4,010 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello,
|
|
Puerto Ordaz
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 997,458
|
|
GRT/1,615,155 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 28 cargo,
|
|
2 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
|
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 11 bulk, 1 vehicle carrier,
|
|
1 combination bulk, 1 combination ore/oil
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 306 total, 278 usable; 134 with permanent-surface
|
|
runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
92 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones;
|
|
stations--181 AM, no FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
|
|
satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (Navy, Marines, Coast Guard),
|
|
Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard)
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,073,913; 3,680,176 fit for military
|
|
service; 211,269 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 1.1% of GDP, or $570 million (1990 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Vietnam
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 329,560 km2; land area: 325,360
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|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
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|
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Land boundaries: 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km,
|
|
Laos 1,555 km
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|
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Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
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|
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Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
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|
|
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Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
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|
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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|
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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|
|
|
Disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with
|
|
Cambodia are in dispute; maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined;
|
|
occupied Cambodia on 25 December 1978; sporadic border clashes with
|
|
China; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
|
|
Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan; maritime boundary dispute with China
|
|
in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by
|
|
Vietnam and Taiwan
|
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|
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Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
|
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(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
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|
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Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands;
|
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hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
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|
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Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate,
|
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offshore oil deposits, forests
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|
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Land use: 22% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
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40% forest and woodland; 35% other; includes 5% irrigated
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|
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Environment: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive
|
|
flooding
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|
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- People
|
|
Population: 66,170,889 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
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|
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Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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|
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Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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|
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Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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|
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Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)
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|
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Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
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|
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Nationality: noun--Vietnamese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Vietnamese
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|
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Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic
|
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minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes
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Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs,
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Islamic, Protestant
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Language: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal
|
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languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
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Literacy: 78%
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|
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Labor force: 35,000,000 (1989 est.)
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Organized labor: reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are
|
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members of the Vietnam Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU)
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|
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- Government
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Long-form name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV
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|
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Type: Communist state
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Capital: Hanoi
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Administrative divisions: 37 provinces (tinh, singular and plural),
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3 municipalities* (thanh pho, singular and plural); An Giang,
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Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Tri Thien, Cao Bang, Cuu Long, Dac Lac, Dong Nai,
|
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Dong Thap, Gia Lai-Cong Tum, Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam Ninh,
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Ha Noi*, Ha Son Binh, Ha Tuyen, Hau Giang, Hoang Lien Son, Ho Chi Minh*,
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Kien Giang, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Long An, Minh Hai, Nghe Tinh,
|
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Nghia Binh, Phu Khanh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ninh, Song Be, Son La,
|
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Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thuan Hai, Tien Giang, Vinh Pu,
|
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Vung Tau-Con Dao; note--diacritical marks are not included; the number
|
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of provinces may have been changed with the elimination of
|
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Binh Tri Thien, Nghia Binh, and Phu Khanh and the addition of Binh Dinh,
|
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Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Ngai, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien
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|
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Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France)
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Constitution: 18 December 1980
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Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system
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National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
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Executive branch: chairman of the Council of State, Council of State,
|
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chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
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Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc Hoi)
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|
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Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court
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|
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Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Chairman of the Council of State Vo Chi CONG (since
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|
18 June 1987);
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Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Do MUOI
|
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(since 22 June 1988)
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|
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Political parties and leaders: only party-- Vietnam Communist Party
|
|
(VCP), Nguyen Van Linh
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|
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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|
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Elections:
|
|
National Assembly--last held 19 April 1987
|
|
(next to be held April 1992);
|
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results--VCP is the only party;
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seats--(496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496
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|
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Communists: nearly 2 million
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Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC,
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IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong
|
|
Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
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Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
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|
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- Economy
|
|
Overview: This is a centrally planned, developing economy with
|
|
extensive government ownership and control of productive facilities.
|
|
The economy is primarily agricultural, employing about 65% of the labor
|
|
force and accounting for almost half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop;
|
|
substantial amounts of maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are
|
|
also grown. The government permits sale of surplus grain on the open
|
|
market. Most of the mineral resources are located in the north,
|
|
including coal, which is an important export item. Following the
|
|
end of the war in 1975, heavy handed government measures undermined
|
|
efforts at an efficient merger of the agricultural resources of the
|
|
south and the industrial resources of the north. The economy remains
|
|
heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received assistance from
|
|
Communist countries, Sweden, and UN agencies. Inflation, although down
|
|
from recent triple-digit levels, is still a major weakness, and per
|
|
capita output is among the world's lowest. Since early 1989 the
|
|
government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more
|
|
economic activity over to the private sector.
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|
|
GNP: $14.2 billion, per capita $215; real growth rate 8% (1989 est.)
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|
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (1989 est.)
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|
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Unemployment rate: 25% (1989 est.)
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|
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Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $4.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $528 million (1987 est.)
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|
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Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--agricultural and
|
|
handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe,
|
|
Japan, Singapore
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|
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Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
|
steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton,
|
|
fertilizer, grain; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore
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|
|
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External debt: $16 billion (1989)
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|
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Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989)
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|
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Electricity: 2,465,000 kW capacity; 6,730 million kWh produced,
|
|
100 kWh per capita (1989)
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|
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Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining,
|
|
cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing
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|
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Agriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up
|
|
50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas)
|
|
and animal products other 50%; not self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish
|
|
catch of 900,000 metric tons (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion;
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$2.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist
|
|
countries (1970-88), $10.9 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: new dong (plural--new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu
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|
|
|
Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1--4,000 (March 1990),
|
|
900 (1988), 225 (1987), 18 (1986), 12 (1985); note--1985-89 figures
|
|
are end of year
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|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Highways: about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km bituminous, 48,700 km gravel or
|
|
improved earth, 26,900 km unimproved earth
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|
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Pipelines: 150 km, refined products
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable
|
|
at all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft
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|
|
|
Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,123 GRT/432,152
|
|
DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 55 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 8 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 1 bulk; note--Vietnam owns 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
|
|
totaling 111,028 DWT under the registry of Panama and Malta
|
|
|
|
Civil air: controlled by military
|
|
|
|
Airports: 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10
|
|
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones in Ho Chi Minh City (1984);
|
|
stations--16 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers;
|
|
at least 2 satellite earth stations, including 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,707,629; 10,030,563 fit for military
|
|
service; 787,444 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 19.4% of GNP (1986 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Virgin Islands
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 352 km2; land area: 349 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 188 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low
|
|
humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf
|
|
|
|
Land use: 15% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 26% meadows and pastures;
|
|
6% forest and woodland; 47% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe
|
|
droughts, floods, earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources
|
|
|
|
Note: important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of
|
|
Puerto Rico, along the Anegada Passage--a key shipping lane for the Panama
|
|
Canal; St. Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the
|
|
Caribbean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 99,200 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 20 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Virgin Islander(s); adjective--Virgin Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 74% West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29%
|
|
born elsewhere in the West Indies), 13% US mainland, 5% Puerto Rican, 8% other;
|
|
80% black, 15% white, 5% other; 14% of Hispanic origin
|
|
|
|
Religion: 42% Baptist, 34% Roman Catholic, 17% Episcopalian, 7% other
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 45,000 (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 90% of the government labor force
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Virgin Islands of the United States
|
|
|
|
Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by
|
|
the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
|
|
Interior
|
|
|
|
Capital: Charlotte Amalie
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 serves as the
|
|
constitution
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on US
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Senate
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000,
|
|
felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial
|
|
Court handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic,
|
|
misdemeanors, and traffic cases
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George
|
|
BUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander FARRELLY
|
|
(since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn Stapleton;
|
|
Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin Brown; Republican Party,
|
|
Charlotte-Poole Davis
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens,
|
|
but do not vote in US presidential elections
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor--last held NA 1986 (next to be held NA 1990);
|
|
results--Alexander Farrelly (Democratic Party) defeated
|
|
Adelbert Bryan (ICM);
|
|
|
|
Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(15 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
|
|
|
US House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988
|
|
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
|
results--the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
|
|
|
|
Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the
|
|
large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding
|
|
an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed
|
|
shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for
|
|
more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists
|
|
of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants.
|
|
The agricultural sector is small with most food imported. International
|
|
business and financial services are a small but growing component of the
|
|
economy. The world's largest petroleum refinery is at St. Croix.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $1.03 billion, per capita $9,030; real growth rate NA% (1985)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $315 million; expenditures $322 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (FY88)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--refined
|
|
petroleum products; partners--US, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--crude oil,
|
|
foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials; partners--US, Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 12%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 341,000 kW capacity; 507 million kWh produced,
|
|
4,650 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: tourism, government service, petroleum refining, watch
|
|
assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum,
|
|
Senepol cattle
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $33.5 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 856 km total
|
|
|
|
Ports: St. Croix--Christiansted, Frederiksted; St. Thomas--Long Bay,
|
|
Crown Bay, Red Hook; St. John--Cruz Bay
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m; international airports on St. Thomas and St. Croix
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 44,280 telephones; stations--4 AM, 6 FM, 3 TV;
|
|
modern system using fiber optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and
|
|
satellite facilities; 90,000 radio receivers; 56,000 television sets
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Wake Island
|
|
(territory of the US)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 19.3 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical
|
|
|
|
Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano;
|
|
central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation
|
|
less than four meters
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: none
|
|
|
|
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons
|
|
|
|
Note: strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana
|
|
Islands; emergency landing location for transpacific flights
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 195 (January 1990); no indigenous inhabitants;
|
|
temporary population consists of 11 US Air Force personnel,
|
|
27 US civilians, and 151 Thai contractors
|
|
|
|
Note: population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during
|
|
the Vietnam conflict
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force
|
|
(under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972
|
|
|
|
Flag: the US flag is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US
|
|
military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and
|
|
manufactured goods must be imported.
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore
|
|
anchorages for large ships
|
|
|
|
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,987 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: underwater cables to Guam and through Midway
|
|
to Honolulu; AFRTS radio and television service provided by satellite;
|
|
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only
|
|
by US military and some commercial cargo planes
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Wallis and Futuna
|
|
(overseas territory of France)
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 274 km2; land area: 274 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 129 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool,
|
|
dry season (May to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 5% arable land; 20% permanent crops;
|
|
0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 75% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: both island groups have fringing reefs
|
|
|
|
Note: located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 14,910 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna
|
|
Islanders; adjective--Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
|
|
|
|
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
|
|
|
|
Language: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
|
|
|
|
Type: overseas territory of France
|
|
|
|
Capital: Mata-Utu
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
|
|
Independence: none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
|
|
Legal system: French
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: French president, high administrator; note--there are
|
|
three traditional kings with limited powers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
|
(Assemblee Territoriale)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French
|
|
law by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings
|
|
administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND
|
|
(since 21 May 1981);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chief Administrator Roger DUMEC
|
|
(since 15 July 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR);
|
|
Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise
|
|
(UDF)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Territorial Assembly--last held 15 March 1987
|
|
(next to be held March 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(20 total) RPR 7, UDF coalition 7, UPL 6;
|
|
|
|
French Senate--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) party of the representative is NA;
|
|
|
|
French National Assembly--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(1 total) RPR 1
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France, local
|
|
interests are represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The economy is limited to subsistence agriculture.
|
|
The majority of the labor force earns its livelihood from agriculture,
|
|
raising livestock, and fishing, with the rest employed by the government sector.
|
|
Exports are negligible. The Territory has to import food, fuel, and construction
|
|
materials, and is dependent on budgetary support from France to meet recurring
|
|
expenses. The economy also benefits from cash remittances from expatriate
|
|
workers.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $6.7 million, per capita $484; real growth rate NA% (est. 1985)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $NA; commodities--copra; partners--NA
|
|
|
|
Imports: $3.4 million (c.i.f., 1977); commodities--largely
|
|
foodstuffs and some equipment associated with development programs;
|
|
partners--France, Australia, New Zealand
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced,
|
|
70 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of
|
|
yams, taro, bananas
|
|
|
|
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
|
(1970-87), $118 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs);
|
|
1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per
|
|
US$1--104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
|
|
125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
|
|
franc
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 100 km on Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), 16 km sealed;
|
|
20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna (Futuna Island)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: none
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mata-Utu, Leava
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 225 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: West Bank
|
|
Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with
|
|
Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
|
|
Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President
|
|
Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West
|
|
Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace
|
|
treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned
|
|
parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the
|
|
respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy
|
|
that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be
|
|
determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the
|
|
area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967
|
|
Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations envisaged in the
|
|
framework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between
|
|
Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status
|
|
and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of
|
|
Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West
|
|
Bank.
|
|
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 5,860 km2; land area: 5,640 km2; includes West Bank,
|
|
East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, and the northwest
|
|
quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km;
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude,
|
|
warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but
|
|
barren in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: negligible
|
|
|
|
Land use: 27% arable land, 0% permanent crops, 32% meadows and pastures,
|
|
1% forest and woodland, 40% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal
|
|
aquifers
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked; there are 173 Jewish settlements in the West Bank
|
|
and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 1,058,122 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990);
|
|
in addition, there are 70,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and
|
|
110,000 in East Jerusalem (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: NA
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 88% Palestinian Arab and other, 12% Jewish
|
|
|
|
Religion: 80% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8% Christian
|
|
and other
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood
|
|
|
|
Literacy: NA%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers--29.8% small industry,
|
|
commerce, and business, 24.2% construction, 22.4% agriculture, 23.6% service
|
|
and other (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Note: The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities
|
|
and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.
|
|
These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed.
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli
|
|
military occupation and the effects of the Palestinian uprising. Industries
|
|
using advanced technology or requiring sizable financial resources have been
|
|
discouraged by a lack of financial resources and Israeli policy. Capital
|
|
investment has largely gone into residential housing, not into productive assets
|
|
that could compete with Israeli industry. A major share of GNP is derived from
|
|
remittances of workers employed in Israel and neighboring Gulf states. Israeli
|
|
reprisals against Palestinian unrest in the West Bank since 1987 have pushed
|
|
unemployment up and lowered living standards.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $1.0 billion, per capita $1,000; real growth rate - 15% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $47.4 million; expenditures $45.7 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of NA (FY86)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--Jordan, Israel
|
|
|
|
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--Jordan, Israel
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: power supplied by Israel
|
|
|
|
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement,
|
|
textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis
|
|
have established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and
|
|
industrial centers
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef,
|
|
and dairy products
|
|
|
|
Aid: none
|
|
|
|
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural--shekels) and Jordanian dinar
|
|
(plural--dinars); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian
|
|
dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--1.9450 (January
|
|
1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5992 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788
|
|
(1985); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.6557 (January 1990), 0.5704 (1989),
|
|
0.3715 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: small indigenous road network, Israelis developing east-west
|
|
axial highways
|
|
|
|
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded;
|
|
stations--no AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Western Sahara
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 266,000 km2; land area: 266,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km,
|
|
Morocco 443 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,110 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue
|
|
|
|
Disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is
|
|
unresolved and guerrilla fighting continues in the area
|
|
|
|
Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents
|
|
produce fog and heavy dew
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or
|
|
sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
|
|
|
|
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
|
0% forest and woodland; 81% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during
|
|
winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely
|
|
restricting visibility; sparse water and arable land
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 191,707 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 23 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 177 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 39 years male, 41 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective--Saharan, Moroccan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
|
|
|
|
Religion: Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 20% among Moroccans, 5% among Saharans (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
|
|
territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the
|
|
Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro); territory partitioned between
|
|
Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern
|
|
two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all
|
|
claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector
|
|
shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the
|
|
Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla
|
|
activities continue to the present
|
|
|
|
Capital: none
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco)
|
|
|
|
Leaders: none
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources
|
|
and having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of just a few hundred
|
|
dollars. Fishing and phosphate mining are the principal industries and
|
|
sources of income. Most of the food for the urban population must be
|
|
imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the
|
|
Moroccan Government.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.);
|
|
commodities--phosphates 62%; partners--Morocco claims and
|
|
administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall
|
|
Moroccan accounts
|
|
|
|
Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.); commodities--fuel for
|
|
fishing fleet, foodstuffs; partners--Morocco claims and administers
|
|
Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
|
|
|
|
External debt: $NA
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced,
|
|
425 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: phosphate, fishing, handicrafts
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years;
|
|
fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential;
|
|
camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
|
|
largely for the garrison forces
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural--dirhams);
|
|
1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--8.093 (January 1990),
|
|
8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and
|
|
unimproved earth roads and tracks
|
|
|
|
Ports: El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla
|
|
|
|
Airports: 16 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system
|
|
by radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 2 TV
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Western Samoa
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,860 km2; land area: 2,850 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 403 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season
|
|
(May to October)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged
|
|
mountains in interior
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
|
|
|
|
Land use: 19% arable land; 24% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 47% forest and woodland; 10% other
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism
|
|
|
|
Note: located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 186,031 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Western Samoan(s); adjective--Western Samoan
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 7% Euronesians (persons of European
|
|
and Polynesian blood), 0.4% Europeans
|
|
|
|
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the
|
|
London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist,
|
|
Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)
|
|
|
|
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 37,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: Public Service Association (PSA)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Independent State of Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief
|
|
|
|
Capital: Apia
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 districts; Aana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua,
|
|
Faasaleleaga, Gagaemauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupaitea, Tuamasaga,
|
|
Vaa-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered
|
|
by New Zealand)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 1 January 1962
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 1 June
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: monarch, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State
|
|
from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April
|
|
1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP),
|
|
Tofilau Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), Tupua
|
|
Tamasese Efi, chairman
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: there are two electoral rolls--the matai (head of family)
|
|
roll and the individuals roll; about 12,000 persons are on the matai roll,
|
|
hold matai titles, and elect 45 members of the Legislative Assembly; about
|
|
1,600 persons are on the individuals roll, lack traditional matai ties, and
|
|
elect two members of the Legislative Assembly by universal adult suffrage
|
|
at the age of NA
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly--last held 26 February 1988
|
|
(next to be held by February 1991);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(47 total) HRPP 25, SNDP 22
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, IMF, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, WHO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe
|
|
WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at the Western Samoan Mission to the UN,
|
|
820 2nd Avenue, New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6196;
|
|
US--the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing
|
|
five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, contributes
|
|
50% to GDP, and is the source of 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings
|
|
comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends
|
|
on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports about
|
|
five times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important
|
|
growth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $112 million, per capita $615; real growth rate 0.2%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $54 million; expenditures $54 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $28 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $9.9 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coconut oil
|
|
and cream 42%, taro 19%, cocoa 14%, copra, timber;
|
|
partners--NZ 30%, EC 24%, Australia 21%, American Samoa 7%,
|
|
US 9% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Imports: $51.8 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--intermediate
|
|
goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%; partners--New Zealand 31%,
|
|
Australia 20%, Japan 15%, Fiji 15%, US 5%, EC 4% (1987)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $75 million (December 1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.0% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
|
|
190 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $16 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $261
|
|
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: tala (plural--tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1--2.2857 (January 1990), 2.2686
|
|
(1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987), 2.2351 (1986), 2.2437 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel,
|
|
crushed stone, or earth
|
|
|
|
Ports: Apia
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,930 GRT/34,135
|
|
DWT; includes 2 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radio receivers;
|
|
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: NA
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: NA
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: World
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 510,072,000 km2; 361,132,000 km2 (70.8%) is water and
|
|
148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) is land
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 442,000 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 359,000 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: generally 24 nm, but varies from 4 nm to 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: generally 200 nm, but some are 200 meters
|
|
in depth;
|
|
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone: most are 200 nm, but varies from
|
|
12 nm to 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm, only Madagascar claims 150 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: generally 12 nm, but varies from 3 nm to 200 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: 13 international land boundary disputes--Argentina-Uruguay,
|
|
Bangladesh-India, Brazil-Paraguay, Brazil-Uruguay, Cambodia-Vietnam,
|
|
China-India, China-USSR, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras,
|
|
French Guiana-Suriname, Guyana-Suriname, Guyana-Venezuela, Qatar-UAE
|
|
|
|
Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow
|
|
temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
|
|
|
|
Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest
|
|
elevation is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth
|
|
is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: the oceans represent the last major frontier for the
|
|
discovery and development of natural resources
|
|
|
|
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 24% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes 1.6% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones),
|
|
natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions),
|
|
industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances),
|
|
loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
|
|
wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 5,316,644,000 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 77% men; 66% women (1980)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 1,939,000,000 (1984)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: NA
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Administrative divisions: 248 nations, dependent areas, and other
|
|
entities
|
|
|
|
Legal system: varies among each of the entities; 162 are parties to the
|
|
United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: there are 159 members of the UN
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1989 the World economy grew at an estimated 3.0%,
|
|
somewhat lower than the estimated 3.4% for 1988. The technologically advanced
|
|
areas--North America, Japan, and Western Europe--together account for
|
|
65% of the gross world product (GWP) of $20.3 trillion; these developed
|
|
areas grew in the aggregate at 3.5%. In contrast, the Communist (Second
|
|
World) countries typically grew at between 0% and 2%, accounting for 23% of GWP.
|
|
Experience in the developing countries continued mixed, with the newly
|
|
industrializing countries generally maintaining their rapid growth, and many
|
|
others struggling with debt, inflation, and inadequate investment. The year
|
|
1989 ended with remarkable political upheavals in the Communist
|
|
countries, which presumably will dislocate economic production still further.
|
|
The addition of nearly 100 million people a year to an already overcrowded
|
|
globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, desertification,
|
|
underemployment, and poverty throughout the 1990s.
|
|
|
|
GWP (gross world product): $20.3 trillion, per capita $3,870; real growth
|
|
rate 3.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5%, developed countries; 100%,
|
|
developing countries with wide variations (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2,694 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--in value, about 70% of exports from industrial countries
|
|
|
|
Imports: $2,750 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--NA;
|
|
partners--in value, about 75% of imports by the industrial countries
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1,008 billion for less developed countries (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,838,680,000 kW capacity; 11,222,029 million kWh produced,
|
|
2,140 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: chemicals, energy, machinery, electronics, metals, mining,
|
|
textiles, food processing
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cereals (wheat, maize, rice), sugar, livestock products,
|
|
tropical crops, fruit, vegetables, fish
|
|
|
|
Aid: NA
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Ports: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe,
|
|
Marseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of
|
|
technology
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: 29.15 million persons in the defense forces
|
|
of the World (1987)
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 5.4% of GWP, or $1.1 trillion (1989 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 195,000 km2; land area: 195,000 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,209 km total; Saudi Arabia 628 km, PDRY 581 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 523 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: sections of the boundary with PDRY are indefinite or
|
|
undefined; undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; hot and humid along coast; temperate in central
|
|
mountains; harsh desert in east
|
|
|
|
Terrain: narrow coastal plain (Tihama); western mountains; flat
|
|
dissected plain in center sloping into desert interior of Arabian Peninsula
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: crude oil, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal,
|
|
nickel, and copper; fertile soil
|
|
|
|
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 36% meadows and
|
|
pastures; 8% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer;
|
|
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: controls northern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red Sea
|
|
and Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 7,160,981 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 129 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 49 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Yemeni(s); adjective--Yemeni
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia)
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 15% (est.)
|
|
|
|
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture and herding, 30% expatriate laborers
|
|
(est.)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Yemen Arab Republic; abbreviated YAR
|
|
|
|
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974
|
|
|
|
Capital: Sanaa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 11 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf,
|
|
Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hajjah, Ibb, Marib, Sadah, Sana,
|
|
Taizz
|
|
|
|
Independence: November 1918 (from Ottoman Empire)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 28 December 1970, suspended 19 June 1974
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26 September (1962)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
|
|
four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Consultative Assembly
|
|
(Majlis ash-Shura)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: State Security Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Col. Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 18 July
|
|
1978); Vice President (vacant);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI
|
|
(since 12 November 1983, previously prime minister from 1975-1980 and
|
|
co-Vice President from October 1980 to November 1983)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: no legal political parties; in 1983
|
|
President Salih started the General People's Congress, which is designed
|
|
to function as the country's sole political party
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Consultative Assembly--last held 5 July 1988 (next to be held NA);
|
|
results--percent of vote NA;
|
|
seats--(159 total, 128 elected)
|
|
|
|
Communists: small number
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups,
|
|
Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions--pro-Iraqi Bathists,
|
|
Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) supported by the PDRY
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohsin A. al-AINI; Chancery at
|
|
Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
|
telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is a Yemeni Consulate General in
|
|
Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Charles F. DUNBAR; Embassy at address NA, Sanaa (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 1088, Sanaa); telephone p967o (2) 271950 through 271958
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
|
|
large green five-pointed star centered in the white band; similar to the flags
|
|
of Iraq, which has three stars, and Syria, which has two stars--all green and
|
|
five-pointed in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to
|
|
the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The low level of domestic industry and agriculture make North
|
|
Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade
|
|
deficits are made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and foreign
|
|
aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, the YAR is now a major importer.
|
|
Land once used for export crops--cotton, fruit, and vegetables--has been turned
|
|
over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis that has no
|
|
significant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987
|
|
and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $5.5 billion, per capita $820; real growth rate 19.7% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.9% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 13% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $1.32 billion; expenditures $2.18 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $588 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $853 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--crude oil,
|
|
cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables; partners--US 41%, PDRY 14%, Japan 12%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles and
|
|
other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
|
|
other foodstuffs, and cement; partners--Italy 10%, Saudi Arabia 9%,
|
|
US 9.3%, Japan 9%, UK 8% (1985)
|
|
|
|
External debt: $3.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 415,000 kW capacity; 500 million kWh produced,
|
|
70 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: crude oil production, small-scale production of cotton
|
|
textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; small
|
|
aluminum products factory; cement
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm
|
|
products--grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee,
|
|
cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $354 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$248 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Yemeni riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1--9.7600 (January 1990),
|
|
9.7600 (1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987), 9.6392 (1986), 7.3633 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 4,500 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 500 km crushed stone and
|
|
gravel, 2,000 km earth, sand, and light gravel (est.)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: crude oil, 424 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Al Hudaydah, Al Mukha, Salif, Ras al Katib
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
|
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,679 GRT/40,640 DWT
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 19 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: system poor but improving; new radio relay and cable
|
|
networks; 50,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, no FM, 17 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
|
|
tropospheric scatter to PDRY; radio relay to PDRY, Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,289,217; 734,403 fit for military
|
|
service; 79,609 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $358 million (1987)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 332,970 km2; land area: 332,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 1,699 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 830 km,
|
|
YAR 581 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,383 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: sections of boundary with YAR indefinite or undefined;
|
|
Administrative Line with Oman; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
Climate: desert; extraordinarily hot and dry
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy coastal
|
|
plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead)
|
|
|
|
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 27% meadows and pastures;
|
|
7% forest and woodland; 65% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing;
|
|
soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: controls southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking
|
|
Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 2,585,484 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Yemeni(s); adjective--Yemeni
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
|
|
|
|
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu
|
|
|
|
Language: Arabic
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 25%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 477,000; 45.2% agriculture, 21.2% services,
|
|
13.4% construction, 10.6% industry, 9.6% commerce and other (1983)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 348,200; the General Confederation of Workers of the
|
|
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen has 35,000 members
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen; abbreviated PDRY
|
|
|
|
Type: republic
|
|
|
|
Capital: Aden
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 governorates (muhafazat,
|
|
singular--muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Mahrah, Hadramawt, Lahij,
|
|
Shabwah
|
|
|
|
Independence: 30 November 1967 (from UK)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 31 October 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English
|
|
common law (for commercial matters)
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day, 14 October
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme People's Council
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Federal High Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Haydar Abu Bakr al-ATTAS
|
|
(since 8 February 1986);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)
|
|
Dr. Yasin Said NUMAN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Salih Abu Bakr bin HUSAYNUN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Salih Munassir al-SIYAYLI (since 8 February 1986)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Yemeni Socialist Party
|
|
(YSP) is a coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Supreme People's Council--last held 28-30 October 1986
|
|
(next to be held NA);
|
|
results--YSP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(111 total) YSP or YSP approved 111
|
|
|
|
Communists: NA
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
|
|
|
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none; the UK acts as the protecting
|
|
power for the US in the PDRY
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
|
|
light blue, isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red
|
|
five-pointed star
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: The PDRY is one of the poorest Arab countries, with a
|
|
per capita GNP of about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely
|
|
dispersed population, and an arid climate make economic development
|
|
difficult. The economy has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3%
|
|
since the mid-1970s. The economy is organized along socialist lines,
|
|
dominated by the public sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a
|
|
lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production
|
|
decisions, investment allocation, and import choices.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $1.2 billion, per capita $495; real growth rate 5.2% (1988
|
|
est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $429 million; expenditures $976 million, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $402 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $82.2 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--cotton,
|
|
hides, skins, dried and salted fish; partners--Japan, YAR, Singapore
|
|
|
|
Imports: $598.0 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--grain,
|
|
consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals; partners--USSR,
|
|
Australia, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.25 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced,
|
|
240 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: petroleum refinery (operates on imported crude oil); fish
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 13% of GNP and 45% of labor force;
|
|
products--grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock;
|
|
fish and honey major exports; most food imported
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $4.5 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $241 million;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $279 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$2.2 billion
|
|
|
|
Currency: Yemeni dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1--0.3454 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Highways: 11,000 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 9,000 km natural
|
|
surface (est.)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Aden, Al Khalf, Nishtun
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 42 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, radio relay, multiconductor
|
|
cable, and radio communications stations; 15,000 telephones (est.);
|
|
stations--1 AM, no FM, 5 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
|
|
1 Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT; radio relay and tropospheric scatter to YAR
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Militia, People's Police
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 544,190; 307,005 fit for military service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Yugoslavia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km,
|
|
Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania
|
|
546 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria
|
|
and Greece
|
|
|
|
Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy
|
|
winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography;
|
|
plain in north
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony,
|
|
chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel,
|
|
uranium
|
|
|
|
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
|
|
36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes
|
|
|
|
Note: controls the most important land routes from
|
|
central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 23,841,608 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7%
|
|
Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9%
|
|
other (1981 census)
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim,
|
|
1% Protestant, 10% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official);
|
|
Albanian, Hungarian
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 90.5%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 9,600,000; 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing;
|
|
about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 6,200,000 members in the Confederation of Trade Unions of
|
|
Yugoslavia (SSJ)
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
|
|
abbreviated SFRY
|
|
|
|
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
|
|
|
|
Capital: Belgrade
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke
|
|
republike, singular--socijalisticka republika); Bosna I Hercegovina,
|
|
Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija; note--there are two
|
|
autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina)
|
|
named Kosovo and Vojvodina within Srbija
|
|
|
|
Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established
|
|
from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire,
|
|
and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 February 1974
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of
|
|
Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president of the Collective State Presidency,
|
|
vice president of the Collective State Presidency, Collective State Presidency,
|
|
president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal
|
|
Executive Council, Federal Executive Council
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Savezna Skupstina)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces
|
|
and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State President of the Collective State Presidency
|
|
Borisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
|
|
Vice President of the Collective State Presidency--Stipe SUVAR (from
|
|
Hrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991); note--the offices of
|
|
president and vice president rotate annually among members of the
|
|
Collective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the
|
|
presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the
|
|
longest without filling the position (the current sequence is
|
|
Srbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i
|
|
Hercegovina, and Slovenija);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council
|
|
Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal
|
|
Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
|
|
Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL
|
|
(since 16 March 1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: there are about 90 political
|
|
parties operating country-wide including the League of Communists
|
|
of Yugoslavia (LCY)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections: direct national elections probably will be held in
|
|
late 1990
|
|
|
|
Communists: 2,079,013 party members (1988)
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People
|
|
of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization; Confederation of
|
|
Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia,
|
|
Federation of Veterans' Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)
|
|
|
|
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain
|
|
commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities),
|
|
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at
|
|
2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566;
|
|
there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York,
|
|
Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;
|
|
US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade;
|
|
telephone p38o (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb
|
|
|
|
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a
|
|
large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all
|
|
three bands
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist
|
|
command economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that
|
|
the rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not
|
|
accommodate. A prominent feature of the reforms was the establishment
|
|
of workers' self-management councils in all large plants, which were to
|
|
select managers, stimulate production, and divide the proceeds. The
|
|
general result of these reforms has been rampant wage-price inflation,
|
|
substantial rundown of capital plant, consumer shortages, and a still
|
|
larger income gap between the poorer southern regions and the relatively
|
|
affluent northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89 the
|
|
beleaguered central government has been reforming the reforms, trying
|
|
to create an open market economy with still considerable state
|
|
ownership of major industrial plants. These reforms have been moving
|
|
forward with the advice and support of the International Monetary Fund
|
|
through a series of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is
|
|
to be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal austerity,
|
|
ultimately leading to a stable dinar. However, strikes in major plants,
|
|
hyperinflation, and interregional political jousting have held back
|
|
progress. According to US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely
|
|
combination of genuine privatization, massive Western economic
|
|
investment and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate - 1.0%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,700% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--raw materials
|
|
and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;
|
|
partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--raw materials
|
|
and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%;
|
|
partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $17.0 billion, medium and long term (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate - 1% (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,650 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals,
|
|
textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles,
|
|
building materials
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and large
|
|
combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers;
|
|
occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals
|
|
|
|
Aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less
|
|
developed countries (1966-88)
|
|
|
|
Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars);
|
|
1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia
|
|
began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--118,568
|
|
(January 1990), 28,764 (1989), 2,523 (1988), 737 (1987), 379 (1986),
|
|
270 (1985); note--as of February 1990 the new dinar is linked to the
|
|
FRG deutsche mark at the rate of 7 new dinars per 1 deustche mark
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 9,270 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge)
|
|
including 926 km double track, 3,771 km electrified (1987)
|
|
|
|
Highways: 120,747 km total; 71,315 km asphalt, concrete, stone block;
|
|
34,299 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 15,133 km earth
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined
|
|
products
|
|
|
|
Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 270 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,608,705
|
|
GRT/5,809,219 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 131 cargo,
|
|
3 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction
|
|
large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical
|
|
tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 73 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia
|
|
owns 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,614 GRT/353,224 DWT under the
|
|
registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus
|
|
|
|
Civil air: NA major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 184 total, 184 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
none with runways over 3.659 m; 22 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m;
|
|
20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: stations--199 AM, 87 FM, 50 TV; 4,107,846 TV sets;
|
|
4,700,000 radio receivers; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and
|
|
Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,135,628; 4,970,420 fit for military
|
|
service; 188,028 reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 14.8 trillion dinars, 4.6% of national income (1989
|
|
est.); note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the
|
|
official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Zaire
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 2,345,410 km2; land area: 2,267,600 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km,
|
|
Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km,
|
|
Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 37 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer
|
|
be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
|
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo
|
|
River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and
|
|
drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of
|
|
Equator--wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of
|
|
Equator--wet season November to March, dry season April to October
|
|
|
|
Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem
|
|
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium,
|
|
bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
|
78% forest and woodland; 15% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: dense tropical rainforest in central river basin and eastern
|
|
highlands; periodic droughts in south
|
|
|
|
Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land is only outlet to
|
|
South Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 36,589,468 (July 1990), growth rate 3.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 103 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 55 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Zairian(s); adjective--Zairian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu;
|
|
four largest tribes--Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande
|
|
(Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim,
|
|
10% other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 55% males, 37% females
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 15,000,000; 75% agriculture, 13% industry, 12% services;
|
|
13% wage earners (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: National Union of Workers of Zaire (UNTZA) is the only
|
|
trade union
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Zaire
|
|
|
|
Type: republic with a strong presidential system
|
|
|
|
Capital: Kinshasa
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular--region)
|
|
and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire,
|
|
Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Kivu, Shaba; note--there
|
|
may now be 10 regions with the elimination of Kivu and addition of
|
|
Maniema, Nord-Kivu, and Sud-Kivu
|
|
|
|
Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo,
|
|
then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic),
|
|
24 November (1965)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Legislative Council
|
|
(Conseil Legislatif National)
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa
|
|
Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister LUNDA Bululu (since 25 April
|
|
1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--Popular Movement of the
|
|
Revolution (MPR)
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held July 1991);
|
|
results--President Mobutu was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Legislative Council--last held 6 September 1987
|
|
(next to be held September 1992);
|
|
results--MPR is the only party;
|
|
seats--(210 total) MPR 210
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant),
|
|
Charge d'Affaires MUKENDI Tambo a Kabila;
|
|
Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009;
|
|
telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691;
|
|
US--Ambassador William C. HARROP; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs,
|
|
Kinshasa (mailing address is APO New York 09662); telephone 243o (12) 25881
|
|
through 25886; there is a US Consulate General in Lubumbashi
|
|
|
|
Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm
|
|
holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the
|
|
hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: In 1988, in spite of large mineral resources and one of the most
|
|
developed and diversified economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Zaire had
|
|
a GDP per capita of $195, one of the lowest on the continent. Agriculture,
|
|
a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates
|
|
under 30% of GDP. The main impetus for economic development has been the
|
|
extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about
|
|
one-third of GDP and two-thirds of total export earnings. During the period
|
|
1983-88 the economy experienced slow growth, high inflation, a rising foreign
|
|
debt, and a drop in foreign exchange earnings. Recent increases in foreign
|
|
prices for copper--a key export earner--and other minerals offer some hope of
|
|
reversing the economic decline. Zaire is the world's largest producer of
|
|
diamonds.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $6.5 billion, per capita $195; real growth rate 2.8% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 82% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $856 million; expenditures $2.3 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $655 million (1988)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--copper 37%,
|
|
coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil; partners--US, Belgium,
|
|
France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--consumer goods,
|
|
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels;
|
|
partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK
|
|
|
|
External debt: $8.6 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,574,000 kW capacity; 5,550 million kWh produced,
|
|
160 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including
|
|
textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement,
|
|
diamonds
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food
|
|
crops--cassava, bananas, root crops, corn
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic
|
|
consumption
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $998 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$263 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: zaire (plural--zaire); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1--465.000 (January 1989),
|
|
381.445 (1989), 187.070 (1988), 112.403 (1987), 59.625 (1986), 49.873 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km
|
|
electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km
|
|
0.600-meter gauge
|
|
|
|
Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,550 km bituminous, 46,450 km gravel and
|
|
improved earth; remainder unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and
|
|
unconnected lakes
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: refined products 390 km
|
|
|
|
Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,802 GRT/60,496
|
|
DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 3 cargo
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 312 total, 258 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
|
71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio relay service;
|
|
31,200 telephones; stations--10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps,
|
|
Special Presidential Division
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,970,619; 4,057,561 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $67 million (1988)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Zambia
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 752,610 km2; land area: 740,720 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km,
|
|
Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km,
|
|
Zimbabwe 797 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in
|
|
disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer
|
|
be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
|
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold,
|
|
silver, uranium, hydropower potential
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 47% meadows and pastures;
|
|
27% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 8,112,782 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Zambian(s); adjective--Zambian
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, 0.2% other
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous
|
|
beliefs
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 75.7%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6% mining, manufacturing, and
|
|
construction; 9% transport and services
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Zambia
|
|
|
|
Type: one-party state
|
|
|
|
Capital: Lusaka
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern,
|
|
Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
|
|
|
|
Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 25 August 1973
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October
|
|
1964);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March
|
|
1989)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: only party--United National
|
|
Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 26 October 1988
|
|
(next to be held October 1993);
|
|
results--President Kenneth Kaunda was reelected without opposition;
|
|
|
|
National Assembly--last held 26 October 1988
|
|
(next to be held October 1993);
|
|
results--UNIP is the only party;
|
|
seats--(136 total, 125 elected) UNIP 125
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
|
|
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul J. F. LUSAKA; Chancery
|
|
at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717
|
|
through 9721;
|
|
US--Ambassador Jeffrey DAVIDOW; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue
|
|
and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka);
|
|
telephone 2601o 214911
|
|
|
|
Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side),
|
|
black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Despite temporary growth in 1988, the economy has been in
|
|
decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign
|
|
debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production
|
|
and ineffective economic policies. In 1988 real GDP stood only slightly
|
|
higher than that of 10 years before, while an annual population growth of
|
|
more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 25% during the same
|
|
period. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in
|
|
recent years.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.0 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate 6.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55.7% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $570 million; expenditures $939 million,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $36 million (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1,184 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--copper, zinc,
|
|
cobalt, lead, tobacco; partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US
|
|
|
|
Imports: $687 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--machinery,
|
|
transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures; partners--EC,
|
|
Japan, South Africa, US
|
|
|
|
External debt: $6.9 billion (December 1989)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate NA% (1986)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 1,900,000 kW capacity; 8,245 million kWh produced,
|
|
1,050 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction,
|
|
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 85% of labor force;
|
|
crops--corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco,
|
|
cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs produced;
|
|
marginally self-sufficient in corn
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $466 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.2 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$533 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural--kwacha);
|
|
1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--21.7865 (January 1990),
|
|
12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987), 7.3046 (1986), 2.7137 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track
|
|
|
|
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
|
or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers,
|
|
Lake Tanganyika
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
|
|
|
|
Ports: Mpulungu (lake port)
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 121 total, 106 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa;
|
|
high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 71,700
|
|
telephones; stations--11 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, Paramilitary
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,683,758; 883,283 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: NA
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Zimbabwe
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 390,580 km2; land area: 386,670 km2
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km,
|
|
South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km
|
|
|
|
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
|
|
|
Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in
|
|
disagreement
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
|
|
|
|
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
|
|
mountains in east
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper,
|
|
iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin
|
|
|
|
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
|
|
62% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
|
|
Note: landlocked
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 10,392,161 (July 1990), growth rate 3.3% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Zimbabwean(s); adjective--Zimbabwean
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 98% African (71% Shona, 16% Ndebele, 11% other);
|
|
1% white, 1% mixed and Asian
|
|
|
|
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs), 25%
|
|
Christian, 24% indigenous beliefs, a few Muslim
|
|
|
|
Language: English (official); Shona and Ndebele
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 74%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 3,100,000; 74% agriculture, 16% transport and services,
|
|
10% mining, manufacturing, construction (1987)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership
|
|
|
|
- Government
|
|
Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
|
Capital: Harare
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central,
|
|
Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South,
|
|
Midlands, Victoria (commonly called Masvingo)
|
|
|
|
Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 21 December 1979
|
|
|
|
Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
|
|
|
|
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert
|
|
Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Vice President Simon Vengai
|
|
MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National
|
|
Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African National
|
|
Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi Sithole; Zimbabwe Unity Movement
|
|
(ZUM), Edgar Tekere
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995);
|
|
results--President Robert Mugabe 78.3%; Edgar Tekere 21.7%;
|
|
|
|
Parliament--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held
|
|
March 1993);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats--(150 total, 120 elected) ZANU 116, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1, to be
|
|
determined 1
|
|
|
|
Communists: no Communist party
|
|
|
|
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
|
|
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of
|
|
Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at
|
|
2852 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-7100;
|
|
US--Ambassador-designate Steven RHODES; Embassy at 172 Rhodes
|
|
Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare);
|
|
telephone 263o (14) 794-521
|
|
|
|
Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red,
|
|
yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the
|
|
hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in
|
|
the center of the triangle
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Agriculture employs a majority of the labor force and supplies
|
|
almost 40% of exports. The agro-based manufacturing sector produces a variety
|
|
of goods and contributes about 25% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both
|
|
GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40%
|
|
of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production
|
|
over the past six years resulted in not only an uneven growth rate, but
|
|
one that did not equal the 3% annual increase in population.
|
|
|
|
GDP: $4.6 billion, per capita $470; real growth rate 5.3% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: at least 20% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $290 million (FY90)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--agricultural 34%
|
|
(tobacco 21%, other 13%), manufactures 19%, gold 11%, ferrochrome 11%,
|
|
cotton 6%; partners--Europe 55% (EC 41%, Netherlands 6%, other 8%),
|
|
Africa 22% (South Africa 12%, other 10%), US 6%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
|
transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%;
|
|
partners--EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced,
|
|
540 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals,
|
|
foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs over 70% of
|
|
population; 40% of land area divided into 6,000 large commercial farms and
|
|
42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat,
|
|
coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs;
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
|
|
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $359 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.0 billion;
|
|
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
|
$134 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.2873 (January 1990),
|
|
2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km
|
|
electrified
|
|
|
|
Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone,
|
|
gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth
|
|
|
|
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 8 km, refined products
|
|
|
|
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
|
|
|
|
Airports: 506 total, 420 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways;
|
|
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now
|
|
suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines,
|
|
and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM,
|
|
8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support
|
|
Unit, People's Militia
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,173,448; 1,342,920 fit for military
|
|
service
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: $446.7 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Country: Taiwan
|
|
- Geography
|
|
Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores,
|
|
Matsu, and Quemoy
|
|
|
|
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
|
|
|
|
Land boundaries: none
|
|
|
|
Coastline: 1,448 km
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
|
|
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
|
|
|
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
|
|
|
Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
|
|
Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but
|
|
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto
|
|
(Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan
|
|
|
|
Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon
|
|
(June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
|
|
|
|
Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently
|
|
rolling plains in west
|
|
|
|
Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone,
|
|
marble, and asbestos
|
|
|
|
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
|
|
55% forest and woodland; 15% other; 14% irrigated
|
|
|
|
Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons
|
|
|
|
- People
|
|
Population: 20,546,664 (July 1990), growth rate 1.1% (1990)
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
|
|
|
Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese
|
|
|
|
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese, 2% aborigine
|
|
|
|
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian;
|
|
2.5% other
|
|
|
|
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also
|
|
used
|
|
|
|
Literacy: 94%
|
|
|
|
Labor force: 7,880,000; 41% industry and commerce, 32% services,
|
|
20% agriculture, 7% civil administration (1986)
|
|
|
|
Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983)
|
|
|
|
- Administration
|
|
Long-form name: none
|
|
|
|
Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties
|
|
legalized in March, 1989
|
|
|
|
Capital: Taipei
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: 16 counties (hsien, singular and plural),
|
|
5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), 2 special municipalities**
|
|
(chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*,
|
|
Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li,
|
|
Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*,
|
|
T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, Yun-lin; note--the Wade-Giles
|
|
system is used for romanization
|
|
|
|
Constitution: 25 December 1947
|
|
|
|
Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
|
|
National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution),
|
|
10 October (1911)
|
|
|
|
Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive
|
|
Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
|
|
|
|
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan
|
|
|
|
Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan
|
|
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State--President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988);
|
|
Vice President LI Yuan-tzu (will take office 20 May 1990);
|
|
|
|
Head of Government--Premier (President of the Executive Yuan)
|
|
HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of the
|
|
Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988)
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party),
|
|
LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China
|
|
Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP);
|
|
Labor Party; 27 other minor parties
|
|
|
|
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996);
|
|
results--President Li Teng-hui was elected by the National Assembly;
|
|
|
|
Vice President--last held 21 March 1990
|
|
(next to be held March 1996);
|
|
results--Li Yuan-tzu was elected by the National Assembly;
|
|
|
|
Legislative Yuan--last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held
|
|
December 1992);
|
|
results--KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%;
|
|
seats--(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3
|
|
|
|
Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25
|
|
October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary
|
|
organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; member of ADB and
|
|
PECC, seeking to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to retain membership in ICAC,
|
|
ISO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC--International Wheat Council; suspended from
|
|
IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural
|
|
relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private
|
|
instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA)
|
|
with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US
|
|
cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA;
|
|
US--unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan
|
|
are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in
|
|
Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at 7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3
|
|
with telephone 002 886o (2) 709-2000 and in Kao-hsiung at 88 Wu Fu 3rd Road
|
|
with telephone NA
|
|
|
|
Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
|
|
|
|
- Economy
|
|
Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable
|
|
government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial
|
|
government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real
|
|
growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades.
|
|
Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for
|
|
industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 6% to GNP, down from 35%
|
|
in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading
|
|
countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being
|
|
replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.
|
|
|
|
GNP: $121.4 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate 7.2% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.0% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1989)
|
|
|
|
Budget: revenues $25.9 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion,
|
|
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)
|
|
|
|
Exports: $66.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles
|
|
9.7%, electrical machinery 19.0%, general machinery and equipment 14%,
|
|
telecommunications equipment 9%, basic metals and metal products 7.4%,
|
|
foodstuffs 0.9%, plywood and wood products 1.3%; partners--US 36.2%,
|
|
Japan 13.7%
|
|
|
|
Imports: $52.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery
|
|
and equipment 15.9%, crude oil 5%, chemical and chemical products 11.1%,
|
|
basic metals 7.4%, foodstuffs 2.0%; partners--Japan 31%, US 23%,
|
|
Saudi Arabia 8.6%
|
|
|
|
External debt: $1.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
Industrial production: growth rate 4.1% (1988)
|
|
|
|
Electricity: 17,000,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced,
|
|
3,360 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
Industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, electronics, food processing,
|
|
plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum
|
|
|
|
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GNP and 20% of labor force (includes
|
|
part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops--rice, sugarcane,
|
|
sweet potatoes, fruits, vegetables; livestock--hogs, poultry, beef, milk,
|
|
cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch expanding,
|
|
1.1 million metric tons in (1987)
|
|
|
|
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $439 million
|
|
|
|
Currency: new Taiwan dollar (plural--dollars);
|
|
1 new Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates: new Taiwan dollars per US$1--26.3 (March 1990),
|
|
26.156 (December 1989), 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987), 37.838 (1986),
|
|
39.849 (1985)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
- Communications
|
|
Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier lines and over 3,800 km
|
|
industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km
|
|
West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection
|
|
is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated
|
|
by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial
|
|
lines owned and operated by government enterprises
|
|
|
|
Highways: 18,800 km total; 15,800 km bituminous or concrete,
|
|
2,500 km crushed stone or gravel, 500 km graded earth
|
|
|
|
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas
|
|
|
|
Ports: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung, Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 218 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,061,960
|
|
GRT/7,634,074 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 61 cargo,
|
|
13 refrigerated cargo, 71 container, 14 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
|
(POL) tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 54 bulk
|
|
|
|
Airports: 38 total, 37 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan;
|
|
6,000,000 telephones; extensive microwave transmission links on east and west
|
|
coasts; stations--91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 relays); 8,000,000 radio receivers;
|
|
6,000,000 TV sets (5,300,000 color, 700,000 monochrome); satellite earth
|
|
stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable
|
|
links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong,
|
|
Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
|
|
|
|
- Defense Forces
|
|
Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Garrison Command
|
|
|
|
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,809,354; 4,534,950 fit for military
|
|
service; about 185,235 currently reach military age (19) annually
|
|
|
|
Defense expenditures: 6.8% of GNP, or $8.2 billion (FY90 est.)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Appendix A: The United Nations System
|
|
|
|
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate
|
|
agencies and bodies as follows:
|
|
|
|
1) Secretariat:
|
|
UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator's Office
|
|
|
|
2) General Assembly:
|
|
INSTRAW International Research and Training Institute for the
|
|
Advancement of Women
|
|
UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
|
|
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
|
|
UNDP United Nations Development Program
|
|
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
|
|
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
|
|
UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees
|
|
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
|
|
UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
|
|
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
|
|
UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
|
|
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
|
|
Refugees in the Near East
|
|
UNSP United Nations Special Fund
|
|
UNU United Nations University
|
|
UP University for Peace
|
|
WFC World Food Council
|
|
WFP World Food Program
|
|
|
|
3) Security Council:
|
|
UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission
|
|
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
|
|
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus
|
|
UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
|
|
UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
|
|
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group
|
|
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
|
|
|
|
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
|
|
Specialized agencies
|
|
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|
|
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
IDA International Development Association
|
|
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
|
|
IFC International Finance Corporation
|
|
ILO International Labor Organization
|
|
IMF International Monetary Fund
|
|
IMO International Maritime Organization
|
|
ITU International Telecommunication Union
|
|
MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
|
|
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
|
|
Organization
|
|
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
|
|
UPU Universal Postal Union
|
|
WHO World Health Organization
|
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
|
|
WMO World Meteorological Organization
|
|
Related organizations
|
|
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
|
|
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
|
|
Regional commissions
|
|
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
|
|
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
|
|
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
|
|
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
|
|
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
|
|
Functional commissions
|
|
Commission on Human Rights
|
|
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
|
|
Commission for Social Development
|
|
Commission on the Status of Women
|
|
Population Commission
|
|
Statistical Commission
|
|
|
|
5) Trusteeship Council
|
|
|
|
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Appendix B: International Organizations
|
|
|
|
ACC Arab Cooperation Council
|
|
ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (assoc. with EC)
|
|
ADB Asian Development Bank
|
|
AfDB African Development Bank
|
|
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
|
|
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
|
|
AL Arab League or League of Arab States
|
|
AMF Arab Monetary Fund
|
|
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
|
|
--- Andean Pact
|
|
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
|
|
ANZUS ANZUS Council
|
|
AP Andean Pact
|
|
APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Association
|
|
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
|
|
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
|
|
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
|
|
--- Association of Tin Producing Countries
|
|
|
|
BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
|
|
BCIE Central American Bank for Economic Integration
|
|
Benelux Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
|
|
BIS Bank for International Settlements
|
|
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
|
|
BOAD West African Development Bank
|
|
|
|
C Commonwealth
|
|
CACM Central American Common Market
|
|
CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity
|
|
CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market
|
|
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
|
|
CDB Caribbean Development Bank
|
|
CE Council of Europe
|
|
CEAO West African Economic Community
|
|
CEEAC Economic Community of Central African States
|
|
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (sometimes CMEA or
|
|
Comecon)
|
|
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
|
|
CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
|
|
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research
|
|
CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel
|
|
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
|
|
CMEA see CEMA
|
|
Comecon see CEMA
|
|
--- Conference of East and Central African States
|
|
CP Colombo Plan
|
|
|
|
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
|
|
|
|
EADB East African Development Bank
|
|
EAMA African States associated with the EC
|
|
EC European Communities
|
|
ECA Economic Commission for Africa (UN)
|
|
ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN)
|
|
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (UN)
|
|
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN)
|
|
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN)
|
|
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
|
|
ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia (UN)
|
|
EFTA European Free Trade Association
|
|
EIB European Investment Bank
|
|
EMS European Monetary System
|
|
Entente Council of the Entente
|
|
ESA European Space Agency
|
|
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN)
|
|
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN)
|
|
|
|
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN)
|
|
FZ Franc Zone
|
|
|
|
G-8 Group of Eight
|
|
G-10 Group of Ten
|
|
G-77 Group of 77
|
|
GA General Assembly (UN)
|
|
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (UN)
|
|
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
|
|
|
|
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
|
|
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (UN)
|
|
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
|
|
IBA International Bauxite Association
|
|
IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation
|
|
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or
|
|
World Bank (UN)
|
|
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
|
|
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (UN)
|
|
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
|
|
ICCO International Cocoa Organization
|
|
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
|
|
ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
|
|
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
|
|
ICJ International Court of Justice (UN)
|
|
ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration
|
|
ICO International Coffee Organization
|
|
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
|
|
IDA International Development Association (IBRD affiliate, UN)
|
|
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
|
|
IDB Islamic Development Bank
|
|
IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
|
|
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (UN)
|
|
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD affiliate, UN)
|
|
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
|
|
IIB International Investment Bank
|
|
ILO International Labor Organization (UN)
|
|
ILZSG International Lead and Zinc Study Group
|
|
IMF International Monetary Fund (UN)
|
|
IMO International Maritime Organization (UN)
|
|
INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization
|
|
INRO International Natural Rubber Organization
|
|
INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
|
|
INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization
|
|
IOC International Olympic Committee
|
|
IOOC International Olive Oil Council
|
|
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
|
|
IRC International Rice Council
|
|
ISO International Sugar Organization
|
|
ITC International Tin Council
|
|
ITU International Telecommunication Union (UN)
|
|
IWC International Whaling Commission
|
|
IWC International Wheat Council
|
|
LAES Latin American Economic System
|
|
LAIA Latin American Integration Association
|
|
--- Lake Chad Basin Commission
|
|
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
|
|
--- Mano River Commission
|
|
--- Mekong Committee
|
|
MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
|
|
|
|
NAM Nonaligned Movement
|
|
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|
|
NC Nordic Council
|
|
NCC Nordic Council of Ministers
|
|
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD)
|
|
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
|
|
--- Niger River Commission
|
|
--- Nordic Council
|
|
|
|
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
|
|
OAS Organization of American States
|
|
OAU Organization of African Unity
|
|
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
|
|
ODECA Organization of Central American States
|
|
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
|
|
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
|
|
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
|
|
OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley
|
|
OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
|
|
and the Caribbean
|
|
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|
|
|
|
PAHO Pan American Health Organization
|
|
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
|
|
|
|
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
|
|
SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference
|
|
SC Security Council (UN)
|
|
SELA Latin American Economic System
|
|
SPC South Pacific Commission
|
|
SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
|
|
SPF South Pacific Forum
|
|
|
|
TC Trusteeship Council (UN)
|
|
TDB Trade and Development Board (UN)
|
|
|
|
UDEAC Central African Customs and Economic Union
|
|
UEAC Union of Central African States
|
|
UN United Nations
|
|
UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development
|
|
UNDP UN Development Program
|
|
UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
|
|
UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
|
|
UNICEF UN Children's Fund
|
|
UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization
|
|
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
|
|
UPU Universal Postal Union (UN)
|
|
|
|
WCL World Confederation of Labor
|
|
WEU Western European Union
|
|
WFC World Food Council (UN)
|
|
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
|
|
WHO World Health Organization (UN)
|
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization (UN)
|
|
WMO World Meteorological Organization (UN)
|
|
WP Warsaw Pact
|
|
WPC World Peace Council
|
|
WSG International Wool Study Group
|
|
WTO World Tourism Organization
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Appendix C: Country Membership in International Organizations
|
|
|
|
This information is currently available only as a table in the
|
|
printed version of The World Factbook 1990. For the 1991 edition a new
|
|
textual format will be adopted that will greatly expand the breadth and
|
|
depth of coverage to include many more organizations with complete name,
|
|
acronym or abbreviation, date established, aim, and list of members.
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Appendix D: Weights and Measures
|
|
|
|
Mathematical Notation
|
|
|
|
Mathematical Power Name
|
|
10 +18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion
|
|
10 +15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion
|
|
10 +12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion
|
|
10 +9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion
|
|
10 +6 or 1,000,000 one million
|
|
10 +3 or 1,000 one thousand
|
|
10 +2 or 100 one hundred
|
|
10 +1 or 10 ten
|
|
10 +0 or 1 one
|
|
10 -1 or 0.1 one tenth
|
|
10 -2 or 0.01 one hundredth
|
|
10 -3 or 0.001 one thousandth
|
|
10 -6 or 0.000 001 one millionth
|
|
10 -9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth
|
|
10 -12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth
|
|
10 -15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth
|
|
10 -18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth
|
|
|
|
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters,
|
|
liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from
|
|
kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters)
|
|
or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals
|
|
9.26 kilometers)
|
|
Length,
|
|
weight,
|
|
Prefix Symbol capacity Area Volume
|
|
------ ------ -------- ------ -------
|
|
exa E 10 +18 10 +36 10 +54
|
|
peta P 10 +15 10 +30 10 +45
|
|
tera T 10 +12 10 +24 10 +36
|
|
giga G 10 +9 10 +18 10 +27
|
|
mega M 10 +6 10 +12 10 +18
|
|
hectokilo hk 10 +5 10 +10 10 +15
|
|
myria ma 10 +4 10 +8 10 +12
|
|
kilo k 10 +3 10 +6 10 +9
|
|
hecto h 10 +2 10 +4 10 +6
|
|
deka da 10 +1 10 +2 10 +3
|
|
basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter2 1 meter3
|
|
1 gram,
|
|
1 liter
|
|
deci d 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3
|
|
centi c 10 -2 10 -4 10 -6
|
|
milli m 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9
|
|
decimilli dm 10 -4 10 -8 10 -12
|
|
centimilli cm 10 -5 10 -10 10 -15
|
|
micro u 10 -6 10 -12 10 -18
|
|
nano n 10 -9 10 -18 10 -27
|
|
pico p 10 -12 10 -24 10 -36
|
|
femto f 10 -15 10 -30 10 -45
|
|
atto a 10 -18 10 -36 10 -54
|
|
|
|
========================================================================
|
|
|
|
EQUIVALENTS
|
|
|
|
The exponents 2 and 3 are used for square and cubic, respectively.
|
|
Name Metric Equivalents
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet2
|
|
acre 4,046,856 4 meters2 4,840 yards2
|
|
acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles2,
|
|
kilometers2 statute
|
|
are 100 meters2 119.599 yards2
|
|
barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons
|
|
(proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons
|
|
(beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons
|
|
bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks
|
|
cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms
|
|
chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet
|
|
cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters3 128 feet3
|
|
cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US)
|
|
degrees, celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add
|
|
degrees C, freezes at 32 to obtain degrees F
|
|
0 degrees C)
|
|
degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide (water boils at 212
|
|
by 1.8 to obtain degrees F, freezes at
|
|
degrees C 32 degrees F)
|
|
dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois
|
|
dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy
|
|
dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid
|
|
fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet
|
|
foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches
|
|
foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards
|
|
foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute
|
|
foot2 929.030 4 centimeters2 144 inches2
|
|
foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters2 0.111 111 1 yards2
|
|
foot3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons
|
|
foot3 0.028 316 847 meters3 1,728 inches3
|
|
furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards
|
|
gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid
|
|
gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid
|
|
grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp.
|
|
gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp.
|
|
hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches
|
|
hectare 10,000 meters2 2.471 053 8 acres
|
|
hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet
|
|
inch2 6.451 6 centimeters2 0.006 944 44 feet2
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 centimeters3 0.000 578 7 feet3
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid
|
|
kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute
|
|
kilometer2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres
|
|
kilometer2 1,000,000 meters2 0.386 102 16 miles2, statute
|
|
knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour
|
|
league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical
|
|
league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute
|
|
link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches
|
|
liter 0.001 meters3 61.023 74 inches3
|
|
liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry
|
|
liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid
|
|
meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards
|
|
meter2 10,000 centimeters2 1.195 990 yards2
|
|
meter3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards3
|
|
micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches
|
|
mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch
|
|
mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute
|
|
mile2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers2 1.325 miles2, statute
|
|
mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs
|
|
mile2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section
|
|
mile2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers2 0.755 miles2, nautical
|
|
minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid
|
|
ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains
|
|
ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid
|
|
ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains
|
|
pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches
|
|
peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry
|
|
pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains
|
|
pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry
|
|
pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid
|
|
point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches
|
|
pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois
|
|
pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy
|
|
quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry
|
|
quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid
|
|
quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp.
|
|
rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards
|
|
scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains
|
|
section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers2 1 mile2, statute or 640 acres
|
|
span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches
|
|
stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards3
|
|
tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons
|
|
teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons
|
|
ton, long or deadweight 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters3 100 feet3
|
|
ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers2 36 miles2, statute
|
|
yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet
|
|
yard2 0.836 127 36 meters2 9 feet2
|
|
yard3 0.764 554 86 meters3 27 feet3
|
|
yard3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
Appendix E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
|
|
|
|
This list indicates where various names including all United States Foreign
|
|
Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical
|
|
portions of larger entities can be found in The WORLD FACTBOOK
|
|
are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic
|
|
Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses, additional
|
|
information is included in brackets.
|
|
|
|
Name Entry in the WORLD FACTBOOK
|
|
------------------------------ ---------------------------------------
|
|
Abidjan (US Embassy) Ivory Coast
|
|
Abu Dhabi (US Embassy) United Arab Emirates
|
|
Acapulco (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Accra (US Embassy) Ghana
|
|
Adana (US Consulate) Turkey
|
|
Addis Ababa (US Embassy) Ethiopia
|
|
Adelaide (US Consular Agency) Australia
|
|
Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica
|
|
(claimed by France)
|
|
Aden (US post not maintained, Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
representation by British
|
|
Embassy)
|
|
Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Aegean Islands Greece
|
|
Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Afars and Issas, French Djibouti
|
|
Territory of the (F.T.A.I.)
|
|
Agalega Islands Mauritius
|
|
Aland Islands Finland
|
|
Alaska United States
|
|
Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Aldabra Islands Seychelles
|
|
Alderney Guernsey
|
|
Aleutian Islands United States
|
|
Alexander Island Antarctica
|
|
Alexandria (US Consulate General) Egypt
|
|
Algiers (US Embassy) Algeria
|
|
Alhucemas, Penon de Spain
|
|
Alphonse Island Seychelles
|
|
Amami Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Amindivi Islands India
|
|
Amirante Isles Seychelles
|
|
Amman (US Embassy) Jordan
|
|
Amsterdam (US Consulate General) Netherlands
|
|
Amsterdam Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
(Ile Amsterdam)
|
|
Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Amur China; Soviet Union
|
|
Andaman Islands India
|
|
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan
|
|
Anjouan Comoros
|
|
Ankara (US Embassy) Turkey
|
|
Annobon Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Antananarivo (US Embassy) Madagascar
|
|
Antipodes Islands New Zealand
|
|
Antwerp (US Consulate General) Belgium
|
|
Aozou Strip (claimed by Libya) Chad
|
|
Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Argun China; Soviet Union
|
|
Ascension Island St. Helena
|
|
Assumption Island Seychelles
|
|
Asuncion (US Embassy) Paraguay
|
|
Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Atacama Chile
|
|
Athens (US Embassy) Greece
|
|
Attu United States
|
|
Auckland (US Consulate General) New Zealand
|
|
Auckland Islands New Zealand
|
|
Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia
|
|
Axel Heiberg Island Canada
|
|
Azores Portugal
|
|
Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean
|
|
Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Babuyan Islands Philippines
|
|
Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean
|
|
Baffin Island Canada
|
|
Baghdad (US Embassy) Iraq
|
|
Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Balearic Islands Spain
|
|
Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bali (US Consular Agency) Indonesia
|
|
Bali Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Balintang Islands Philippines
|
|
Balleny Islands Antarctica
|
|
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Baluchistan Afghanistan; Iran; Pakistan
|
|
Bamako (US Embassy) Mali
|
|
Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati
|
|
Bandar Seri Begawan (US Embassy) Brunei
|
|
Banda Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bangkok (US Embassy) Thailand
|
|
Bangui (US Embassy) Central African Republic
|
|
Banjul (US Embassy) Gambia, The
|
|
Banks Island Canada
|
|
Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu
|
|
Barcelona (US Consulate General) Spain
|
|
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Barranquilla (US Consulate) Colombia
|
|
Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bass Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Batan Islands Philippines
|
|
Bavaria (Bayern) Germany, Federal Republic of
|
|
Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard
|
|
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Bechuanaland Botswana
|
|
Beijing (US Embassy) China
|
|
Beirut (US Embassy) Lebanon
|
|
Belem (US Consular Agency) Brazil
|
|
Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia
|
|
Belfast (US Consulate General) United Kingdom
|
|
Belgian Congo Zaire
|
|
Belgrade (US Embassy) Yugoslavia
|
|
Belize City (US Embassy) Belize
|
|
Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Belmopan Belize
|
|
Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean
|
|
Bering Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bering Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Berkner Island Antarctica
|
|
Berlin, East (US Embassy) German Democratic Republic
|
|
Berlin, West (US Mission) Germany, Federal Republic of
|
|
Bern (US Embassy) Switzerland
|
|
Bessarabia Romania; Soviet Union
|
|
Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Bilbao (US Consulate) Spain
|
|
Bioko Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bishop Rock United Kingdom
|
|
Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea
|
|
Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bissau (US Embassy) Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard
|
|
Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Black Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Boa Vista Cape Verde
|
|
Bogota (US Embassy) Colombia
|
|
Bombay (US Consulate General) India
|
|
Bonaire Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bonin Islands Japan
|
|
Bonn (US Embassy) Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Bophuthatswana South Africa
|
|
Bora-Bora French Polynesia
|
|
Bordeaux (US Consulate General) France
|
|
Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Bornholm Denmark
|
|
Bosporus Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea
|
|
Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bounty Islands New Zealand
|
|
Brasilia (US Embassy) Brazil
|
|
Brazzaville (US Embassy) Congo
|
|
Bridgetown (US Embassy) Barbados
|
|
Brisbane (US Consulate) Australia
|
|
British East Africa Kenya
|
|
British Guiana Guyana
|
|
British Honduras Belize
|
|
British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
|
|
British Somaliland Somalia
|
|
Brussels (US Embassy, US Mission Belgium
|
|
to European Communities, US
|
|
Mission to the North Atlantic
|
|
Treaty Organization or USNATO)
|
|
Bucharest (US Embassy) Romania
|
|
Budapest (US Embassy) Hungary
|
|
Buenos Aires (US Embassy) Argentina
|
|
Bujumbura (US Embassy) Burundi
|
|
|
|
Cabinda Angola
|
|
Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Cairo (US Embassy) Egypt
|
|
Calcutta (US Consulate General) India
|
|
Calgary (US Consulate General) Canada
|
|
California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Campbell Island New Zealand
|
|
Canal Zone Panama
|
|
Canary Islands Spain
|
|
Canberra (US Embassy) Australia
|
|
Cancun (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Canton (Guangzhou) China
|
|
Canton Island Kiribati
|
|
Cape Town (US Consulate General) South Africa
|
|
Caracas (US Embassy) Venezuela
|
|
Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius
|
|
Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of;
|
|
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Casablanca (US Consulate General) Morocco
|
|
Cato Island Australia
|
|
Cebu (US Consulate) Philippines
|
|
Celebes Indonesia
|
|
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Central African Empire Central African Republic
|
|
Ceuta Spain
|
|
Ceylon Sri Lanka
|
|
Chafarinas, Islas Spain
|
|
Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey
|
|
Chatham Islands New Zealand
|
|
Cheju-do Korea, South
|
|
Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Chengdu (US Consulate General) China
|
|
Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia
|
|
(Iles Chesterfield)
|
|
Chiang Mai (US Consulate General) Thailand
|
|
Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean
|
|
China, People's Republic of China
|
|
China, Republic of Taiwan
|
|
Choiseul Solomon Islands
|
|
Christchurch (US Consular Agency) New Zealand
|
|
Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Australia
|
|
Christmas Island (Pacific Ocean) Kiribati
|
|
(Kiritimati)
|
|
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Ciskei South Africa
|
|
Ciudad Juarez (US Consulate Mexico
|
|
General)
|
|
Cochabamba (US Consular Agency) Bolivia
|
|
Coco, Isla del Costa Rica
|
|
Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Colombo (US Embassy) Sri Lanka
|
|
Colon (US Consular Agency) Panama
|
|
Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador
|
|
(Galapagos Islands)
|
|
Commander Islands Soviet Union
|
|
(Komandorskiye Ostrova)
|
|
Conakry (US Embassy) Guinea
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville) Congo
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire
|
|
Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire
|
|
Con Son Islands Vietnam
|
|
Cook Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Copenhagen (US Embassy) Denmark
|
|
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua
|
|
Corsica France
|
|
Cosmoledo Group Seychelles
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast
|
|
Cotonou (US Embassy) Benin
|
|
Crete Greece
|
|
Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Curacao (US Consulate General) Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Cusco (US Consular Agency) Peru
|
|
|
|
Dahomey Benin
|
|
Daito Islands Japan
|
|
Dakar (US Embassy) Senegal
|
|
Daman (Damao) India
|
|
Damascus (US Embassy) Syria
|
|
Danger Atoll Cook Islands
|
|
Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Danzig (Gdansk) Poland
|
|
Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam
|
|
Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Dar es Salaam (US Embassy) Tanzania
|
|
Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Deception Island Antarctica
|
|
Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Devon Island Canada
|
|
Dhahran (US Consulate General) Saudi Arabia
|
|
Dhaka (US Embassy) Bangladesh
|
|
Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Diego Ramirez Chile
|
|
Diomede Islands Soviet Union (Big Diomede); United States
|
|
(Little Diomede)
|
|
Diu India
|
|
Djibouti (US Embassy) Djibouti
|
|
Dodecanese Greece
|
|
Doha (US Embassy) Qatar
|
|
Douala (US Consulate General) Cameroon
|
|
Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Dubai (US Consulate General) United Arab Emirates
|
|
Dublin (US Embassy) Ireland
|
|
Durango (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Durban (US Consulate General) South Africa
|
|
Dusseldorf (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Dutch East Indies Indonesia
|
|
Dutch Guiana Suriname
|
|
|
|
East China Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile
|
|
Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Strait or Tsushima Strait)
|
|
East Germany German Democratic Republic
|
|
East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean
|
|
Channel or Tsushima Strait)
|
|
East Pakistan Bangladesh
|
|
East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia
|
|
Edinburgh (US Consulate General) United Kingdom
|
|
Elba Italy
|
|
Ellef Ringnes Island Canada
|
|
Ellesmere Island Canada
|
|
Ellice Islands Tuvalu
|
|
Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Enderbury Island Kiribati
|
|
Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands
|
|
England United Kingdom
|
|
English Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece
|
|
Eritrea Ethiopia
|
|
Essequibo (claimed by Venezuela) Guyana
|
|
Estonia Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Etorofu Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
|
|
Farquhar Group Seychelles
|
|
Fernando de Noronha Brazil
|
|
Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Florence (US Consulate General) Italy
|
|
Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Formosa Taiwan
|
|
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean
|
|
Fort-de-France Martinique
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Frankfurt am Main Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Franz Josef Land Soviet Union
|
|
Freetown (US Embassy) Sierra Leone
|
|
French Cameroon Cameroon
|
|
French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
|
|
French Guinea Guinea
|
|
French Sudan Mali
|
|
French Territory of the Afars Djibouti
|
|
and Issas (F.T.A.I.)
|
|
French Togo Togo
|
|
Friendly Islands Tonga
|
|
Fukuoka (US Consulate) Japan
|
|
Funchal (US Consular Agency) Portugal
|
|
Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna
|
|
|
|
Gaborone (US Embassy) Botswana
|
|
Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador
|
|
de Colon)
|
|
Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia
|
|
Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Geneva (Branch Office of the US Switzerland
|
|
Embassy, US Mission to European
|
|
Office of the UN and Other
|
|
International Organizations)
|
|
Genoa (US Consulate General) Italy
|
|
George Town (US Consular Agency) Cayman Islands
|
|
Georgetown (US Embassy) Guyana
|
|
Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Gilbert Islands Kiribati
|
|
Goa India
|
|
Gold Coast Ghana
|
|
Golan Heights Syria
|
|
Good Hope, Cape of South Africa
|
|
Goteborg (US Consulate General) Sweden
|
|
Gotland Sweden
|
|
Gough Island St. Helena
|
|
Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
|
|
Grand Turk (US Consular Agency) Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean
|
|
Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Great Britain United Kingdom
|
|
Great Channel Indian Ocean
|
|
Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Green Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Grenadines, Northern St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
Grenadines, Southern Grenada
|
|
Guadalajara Mexico
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Guadalcanal Solomon Islands
|
|
Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico
|
|
Guangzhou (US Consulate General) China
|
|
Guantanamo (US Naval Base) Cuba
|
|
Guatemala (US Embassy) Guatemala
|
|
Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Guayaquil (US Consulate General) Ecuador
|
|
|
|
Ha'apai Group Tonga
|
|
Habomai Islands Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Hague,The (US Embassy) Netherlands
|
|
Haifa (US Consular Agency) Israel
|
|
Hainan Dao China
|
|
Halifax (US Consulate General) Canada
|
|
Halmahera Indonesia
|
|
Hamburg (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Hamilton (US Consulate General) Bermuda
|
|
Hanoi Vietnam
|
|
Harare (US Embassy) Zimbabwe
|
|
Hatay Turkey
|
|
Havana (US post not maintained, Cuba
|
|
representation by US Interests
|
|
Section or USINT of the Swiss
|
|
Embassy)
|
|
Hawaii United States
|
|
Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Helsinki (US Embassy) Finland
|
|
Hermosillo (US Consulate) Mexico
|
|
Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti
|
|
Hokkaido Japan
|
|
Holy See, The Vatican City
|
|
Hong Kong (US Consulate General) Hong Kong
|
|
Honiara (US Consulate) Solomon Islands
|
|
Honshu Japan
|
|
Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile
|
|
Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna
|
|
Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia
|
|
Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean
|
|
Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Inaccessible Island St. Helena
|
|
Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
|
|
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China
|
|
Ionian Islands Greece
|
|
Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Irian Jaya Indonesia
|
|
Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Islamabad (US Embassy) Pakistan
|
|
Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Istanbul (US Consulate General) Turkey
|
|
Italian Somaliland Somalia
|
|
Iwo Jima Japan
|
|
Izmir (US Consulate General) Turkey
|
|
|
|
Jakarta (US Embassy) Indonesia
|
|
Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Java Indonesia
|
|
Java Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Jeddah (US Consulate General) Saudi Arabia
|
|
Jerusalem (US Consulate General) Israel; West Bank
|
|
Johannesburg South Africa
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile
|
|
Juventud, Isla de la Cuba
|
|
(Isle of Youth)
|
|
|
|
Kabul (US Embassy now closed) Afghanistan
|
|
Kaduna (US Consulate General) Nigeria
|
|
Kalimantan Indonesia
|
|
Kamchatka Peninsula Soviet Union
|
|
(Poluostrov Kamchatka)
|
|
Kampala (US Embassy) Uganda
|
|
Kampuchea Cambodia
|
|
Karachi (US Consulate General) Pakistan
|
|
Kara Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Karimata Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Kathmandu (US Embassy) Nepal
|
|
Kattegat Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Kermadec Islands New Zealand
|
|
Khabarovsk Soviet Union
|
|
Khartoum (US Embassy) Sudan
|
|
Khmer Republic Cambodia
|
|
Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman
|
|
(Kuria Muria Islands)
|
|
Khyber Pass Pakistan
|
|
Kigali (US Embassy) Rwanda
|
|
Kingston (US Embassy) Jamaica
|
|
Kinshasa (US Embassy) Zaire
|
|
Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati
|
|
Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kodiak Island United States
|
|
Kola Peninsula Soviet Union
|
|
(Kol'skiy Poluostrov)
|
|
Kolonia (US Special Office) Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Korea Bay Pacific Ocean
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North
|
|
Republic of
|
|
Korea, Republic of Korea, South
|
|
Korea Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Koror (US Special Office) Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of
|
|
Kosovo Yugoslavia
|
|
Kowloon Hong Kong
|
|
Krakow (US Consulate) Poland
|
|
Kuala Lumpur (US Embassy) Malaysia
|
|
Kunashiri (Kunashir) Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Kuril Islands Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Kuwait (US Embassy) Kuwait
|
|
Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Kyushu Japan
|
|
|
|
Labrador Canada
|
|
Laccadive Islands India
|
|
Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
La Coruna (US Consular Agency) Spain
|
|
Lagos (US Embassy) Nigeria
|
|
Lahore (US Consulate General) Pakistan
|
|
Lakshadweep India
|
|
La Paz (US Embassy) Bolivia
|
|
La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Las Palmas (US Consular Agency) Spain
|
|
Latvia Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Lau Group Fiji
|
|
Leningrad (US Consulate General) Soviet Union
|
|
Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia
|
|
Leyte Philippines
|
|
Liancourt Rocks (claimed by Japan)Korea, South
|
|
Libreville (US Embassy) Gabon
|
|
Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Lilongwe (US Embassy) Malawi
|
|
Lima (US Embassy) Peru
|
|
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll
|
|
Lisbon (US Embassy) Portugal
|
|
Lithuania Soviet Union (de facto)
|
|
Lombok Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Lome (US Embassy) Togo
|
|
London (US Embassy) United Kingdom
|
|
Lord Howe Island Australia
|
|
Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea
|
|
Loyalty Islands New Caledonia
|
|
(Iles Loyaute)
|
|
Lubumbashi (US Consulate General) Zaire
|
|
Lusaka (US Embassy) Zambia
|
|
Luxembourg (US Embassy) Luxembourg
|
|
Luzon Philippines
|
|
Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Lyon (US Consulate General) France
|
|
|
|
Macao Macau
|
|
Macedonia Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia
|
|
Macquarie Island Australia
|
|
Madeira Islands Portugal
|
|
Madras (US Consulate General) India
|
|
Madrid (US Embassy) Spain
|
|
Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Mahe Island Seychelles
|
|
Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua
|
|
Majorca (Mallorca) Spain
|
|
Majuro (US Special Office) Marshall Islands
|
|
Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Malabo (US Embassy) Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Malaga (US Consular Agency) Spain
|
|
Malagasy Republic Madagascar
|
|
Male (US post not maintained, Maldives
|
|
representation from Colombo,
|
|
Sri Lanka)
|
|
Mallorca (Majorca) Spain
|
|
Malpelo, Isla de Colombia
|
|
Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Managua (US Embassy) Nicaragua
|
|
Manama (US Embassy) Bahrain
|
|
Manaus (US Consular Agency) Brazil
|
|
Manchukuo China
|
|
Manchuria China
|
|
Manila (US Embassy) Philippines
|
|
Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Manua Islands American Samoa
|
|
Maputo (US Embassy) Mozambique
|
|
Maracaibo (US Consulate) Venezuela
|
|
Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan
|
|
Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Marion Island South Africa
|
|
Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Marquesas Islands French Polynesia
|
|
(Iles Marquises)
|
|
Marseille (US Consulate General) France
|
|
Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil
|
|
Mas a Tierra Chile
|
|
(Robinson Crusoe Island)
|
|
Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion
|
|
Maseru (US Embassy) Lesotho
|
|
Matamoros (US Consulate) Mexico
|
|
Mazatlan (US Consulate) Mexico
|
|
Mbabane (US Embassy) Swaziland
|
|
McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Medan (US Consulate) Indonesia
|
|
Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Melbourne (US Consulate General) Australia
|
|
Melilla Spain
|
|
Merida (US Consulate) Mexico
|
|
Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Mexico (US Embassy) Mexico
|
|
Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Milan (US Consulate General) Italy
|
|
Minami-tori-shima Japan
|
|
Mindanao Philippines
|
|
Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Minicoy Island India
|
|
Mogadishu (US Embassy) Somalia
|
|
Mombasa (US Consulate) Kenya
|
|
Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Monrovia (US Embassy) Liberia
|
|
Montego Bay (US Consular Agency) Jamaica
|
|
Monterrey (US Consulate General) Mexico
|
|
Montevideo (US Embassy) Uruguay
|
|
Montreal (US Consulate General, Canada
|
|
US Mission to the International
|
|
Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
or ICAO)
|
|
Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia
|
|
Moroni (US Embassy) Comoros
|
|
Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Moscow (US Embassy) Soviet Union
|
|
Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean
|
|
Mulege (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Munich (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates
|
|
Muscat (US Embassy) Oman
|
|
Muscat and Oman Oman
|
|
Myanma, Myanmar Burma
|
|
|
|
Naha (US Consulate General) Japan
|
|
Nairobi (US Embassy) Kenya
|
|
Nampo-shoto Japan
|
|
Naples (US Consulate General) Italy
|
|
Nassau (US Embassy) Bahamas, The
|
|
Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia
|
|
N'Djamena (US Embassy) Chad
|
|
Netherlands East Indies Indonesia
|
|
Netherlands Guiana Suriname
|
|
Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis
|
|
New Delhi (US Embassy) India
|
|
Newfoundland Canada
|
|
New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
|
|
New Hebrides Vanuatu
|
|
New Siberian Islands Soviet Union
|
|
New Territories Hong Kong
|
|
New York, New York (US Mission United States
|
|
to the United Nations or USUN)
|
|
Niamey (US Embassy) Niger
|
|
Nice (US Consular Agency) France
|
|
Nicobar Islands India
|
|
Nicosia (US Embassy) Cyprus
|
|
Nightingale Island St. Helena
|
|
North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
|
|
North Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Northern Epirus Albania; Greece
|
|
Northern Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
Northern Ireland United Kingdom
|
|
Northern Rhodesia Zambia
|
|
North Island New Zealand
|
|
North Korea Korea, North
|
|
North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean
|
|
North Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
North Vietnam Vietnam
|
|
Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean
|
|
North Yemen Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Nouakchott (US Embassy) Mauritania
|
|
Novaya Zemlya Soviet Union
|
|
Nuevo Laredo (US Consulate) Mexico
|
|
Nyasaland Malawi
|
|
|
|
Oahu United States
|
|
Oaxaca (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati
|
|
Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States
|
|
Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia
|
|
Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Okinawa Japan
|
|
Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Oporto (US Consulate) Portugal
|
|
Oran (US Consulate) Algeria
|
|
oCresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Orkney Islands United Kingdom
|
|
Osaka-Kobe (US Consulate General) Japan
|
|
Oslo (US Embassy) Norway
|
|
Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Ottawa (US Embassy) Canada
|
|
Ouagadougou (US Embassy) Burkina
|
|
Outer Mongolia Mongolia
|
|
|
|
Pagan Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
Palawan Philippines
|
|
Palermo (US Consulate General) Italy
|
|
Palk Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Palma de Mallorca Spain
|
|
(US Consular Agency)
|
|
Pamirs China; Soviet Union
|
|
Panama (US Embassy) Panama
|
|
Panama Canal Panama
|
|
Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Paramaribo (US Embassy) Suriname
|
|
Parece Vela Japan
|
|
Paris (US Embassy, US Mission to France
|
|
the Organization for Economic
|
|
Cooperation and Development or
|
|
OECD, US Observer Mission at
|
|
the UN Educational, Scientific,
|
|
and Cultural Organization or
|
|
UNESCO)
|
|
Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile
|
|
Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan
|
|
Peking (Beijing) China
|
|
Pemba Island Tanzania
|
|
Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Perim Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean
|
|
Persian Gulf Indian Ocean
|
|
Perth (US Consulate) Australia
|
|
Pescadores Taiwan
|
|
Peshawar (US Consulate) Pakistan
|
|
Peter I Island Antarctica
|
|
Philip Island Norfolk Island
|
|
Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Phoenix Islands Kiribati
|
|
Pines, Isle of Cuba
|
|
(Isla de la Juventud)
|
|
Piura (US Consular Agency) Peru
|
|
Pleasant Island Nauru
|
|
Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia
|
|
Ponta Delgada (US Consulate) Portugal
|
|
Port-au-Prince (US Embassy) Haiti
|
|
Port Louis (US Embassy) Mauritius
|
|
Port Moresby (US Embassy) Papua New Guinea
|
|
Porto Alegre (US Consulate) Brazil
|
|
Port-of-Spain (US Embassy) Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Port Said (US Consular Agency) Egypt
|
|
Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia
|
|
Poznan (US Consulate) Poland
|
|
Prague (US Embassy) Czechoslovakia
|
|
Praia (US Embassy) Cape Verde
|
|
Pretoria (US Embassy) South Africa
|
|
Pribilof Islands United States
|
|
Prince Edward Island Canada
|
|
Prince Edward Islands South Africa
|
|
Prince Patrick Island Canada
|
|
Principe Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Puerto Plata (US Consular Agency) Dominican Republic
|
|
Puerto Vallarta Mexico
|
|
(US Consular Agency)
|
|
Pusan (US Consulate) South Korea
|
|
P'yongyang Korea, North
|
|
|
|
Quebec (US Consulate General) Canada
|
|
Queen Charlotte Islands Canada
|
|
Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada
|
|
Queen Maud Land Antarctica
|
|
(claimed by Norway)
|
|
Quito (US Embassy) Ecuador
|
|
|
|
Rabat (US Embassy) Morocco
|
|
Ralik Chain Marshall Islands
|
|
Rangoon (US Embassy) Burma
|
|
Ratak Chain Marshall Islands
|
|
Recife (US Consulate) Brazil
|
|
Redonda Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
Red Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Revillagigedo Island United States
|
|
Revillagigedo Islands Mexico
|
|
Reykjavik (US Embassy) Iceland
|
|
Rhodes Greece
|
|
Rhodesia Zimbabwe
|
|
Rhodesia, Northern Zambia
|
|
Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe
|
|
Rio de Janeiro Brazil
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Rio de Oro Western Sahara
|
|
Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Riyadh (US Embassy) Saudi Arabia
|
|
Robinson Crusoe Island Chile
|
|
(Mas a Tierra)
|
|
Rocas, Atol das Brazil
|
|
Rockall (disputed) United Kingdom
|
|
Rodrigues Mauritius
|
|
Rome (US Embassy, US Mission to Italy
|
|
the UN Agencies for Food and
|
|
Agriculture or FODAG)
|
|
Roncador Cay Colombia
|
|
Roosevelt Island Antarctica
|
|
Ross Dependency Antarctica
|
|
(claimed by New Zealand)
|
|
Ross Island Antarctica
|
|
Ross Sea Antarctica
|
|
Rota Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Rotuma Fiji
|
|
Ryukyu Islands Japan
|
|
|
|
Saba Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Sabah Malaysia
|
|
Sable Island Canada
|
|
Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia;
|
|
Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; Niger;
|
|
Senegal
|
|
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam
|
|
St. Brandon Mauritius
|
|
St. Christopher and Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis
|
|
St. George's (US Embassy) Grenada
|
|
St. George's Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
St. John's (US Embassy) Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
St. Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
St. Lawrence Island United States
|
|
St. Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean
|
|
St. Martin Guadeloupe
|
|
St. Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles
|
|
St. Paul Island Canada
|
|
St. Paul Island United States
|
|
St. Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks Brazil
|
|
(Penedos de Sao Pedro e
|
|
Sao Paulo)
|
|
St. Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Saipan Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Soviet Union
|
|
Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile
|
|
Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe
|
|
Salvador de Bahia Brazil
|
|
(US Consular Agency)
|
|
Salzburg (US Consulate General) Austria
|
|
Sanaa (US Embassy) Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
San Ambrosio Chile
|
|
San Andres y Providencia, Colombia
|
|
Archipielago
|
|
San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
San Felix, Isla Chile
|
|
San Jose (US Embassy) Costa Rica
|
|
San Luis Potosi Mexico
|
|
(US Consular Agency)
|
|
San Miguel Allende Mexico
|
|
(US Consular Agency)
|
|
San Salvador (US Embassy) El Salvador
|
|
Santa Cruz (US Consular Agency) Bolivia
|
|
Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands
|
|
Santiago (US Embassy) Chile
|
|
Santo Domingo (US Embassy) Dominican Republic
|
|
Sao Luis (US Consular Agency) Brazil
|
|
Sao Paulo (US Consulate General) Brazil
|
|
Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil
|
|
Penedos de
|
|
Sapporo (US Consulate General) Japan
|
|
Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Sarawak Malaysia
|
|
Sardinia Italy
|
|
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Sark Guernsey
|
|
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Scotland United Kingdom
|
|
Scott Island Antarctica
|
|
Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Seoul (US Embassy) Korea, South
|
|
Serrana Bank Colombia
|
|
Serranilla Bank Colombia
|
|
Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Soviet Union
|
|
Seville (US Consular Agency) Spain
|
|
Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Shanghai (US Consulate General) China
|
|
Shenyang (US Consulate General) China
|
|
Shetland Islands United Kingdom
|
|
Shikoku Japan
|
|
Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan
|
|
Siam Thailand
|
|
Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sicily Italy
|
|
Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Sikkim India
|
|
Sinai Egypt
|
|
Singapore (US Embassy) Singapore
|
|
Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China
|
|
Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Sint Maarten (St. Martin) Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Slovakia Czechoslovakia
|
|
Society Islands French Polynesia
|
|
(Iles de la Societe)
|
|
Socotra Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Sofia (US Embassy) Bulgaria
|
|
Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea
|
|
Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands
|
|
Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Songkhla (US Consulate) Thailand
|
|
Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
|
|
South China Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Southern Grenadines Grenada
|
|
Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe
|
|
South Georgia South Georgia and the South
|
|
Sandwich Islands
|
|
South Island New Zealand
|
|
South Korea Korea, South
|
|
South Orkney Islands Antarctica
|
|
South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean
|
|
South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South
|
|
Sandwich Islands
|
|
South Shetland Islands Antarctica
|
|
South Tyrol Italy
|
|
South Vietnam Vietnam
|
|
South-West Africa Namibia
|
|
South Yemen Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Spanish Sahara Western Sahara
|
|
Spitsbergen Svalbard
|
|
Stockholm (US Embassy) Sweden
|
|
Strasbourg (US Consulate General) France
|
|
Stuttgart (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Sulu Archipelago Philippines
|
|
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sumatra Indonesia
|
|
Sumba Indonesia
|
|
Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Sunda Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Surabaya (US Consulate) Indonesia
|
|
Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Surinam Suriname
|
|
Suva (US Embassy) Fiji
|
|
Swains Island American Samoa
|
|
Swan Islands Honduras
|
|
Sydney (US Consulate General) Australia
|
|
|
|
Tahiti French Polynesia
|
|
Taipei Taiwan
|
|
Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tampico (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Tanganyika Tanzania
|
|
Tangier (US Consulate General) Morocco
|
|
Tarawa Kiribati
|
|
Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tasmania Australia
|
|
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Taymyr Peninsula Soviet Union
|
|
(Poluostrov Taymyra)
|
|
Tegucigalpa (US Embassy) Honduras
|
|
Tehran (US post not maintained, Iran
|
|
representation by Swiss Embassy)
|
|
Tel Aviv (US Embassy) Israel
|
|
Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica
|
|
(claimed by France)
|
|
Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Thessaloniki Greece
|
|
(US Consulate General)
|
|
Thurston Island Antarctica
|
|
Tibet (Xizang) China
|
|
Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile
|
|
Tijuana (US Consulate General) Mexico
|
|
Timor Indonesia
|
|
Timor Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Tinian Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Tokyo (US Embassy) Japan
|
|
Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Toronto (US Consulate General) Canada
|
|
Torres Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Trans-Jordan Jordan
|
|
Transkei South Africa
|
|
Transylvania Romania
|
|
Trieste (US Consular Agency) Italy
|
|
Trindade, Ilha de Brazil
|
|
Tripoli (US post not maintained, Libya
|
|
representation by Belgian
|
|
Embassy)
|
|
Tristan da Cunha Group St. Helena
|
|
Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Trucial States United Arab Emirates
|
|
Truk Islands Micronesia
|
|
Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia
|
|
Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia
|
|
Tunis (US Embassy) Tunisia
|
|
Turin (US Consulate) Italy
|
|
Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Tyrol, South Italy
|
|
Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Udorn (US Consulate) Thailand
|
|
Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
|
|
Ullung-do Korea, South
|
|
Unimak Pass (strait) Pacific Ocean
|
|
United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria
|
|
Upper Volta Burkina
|
|
|
|
Vaduz (US post not maintained, Liechtenstein
|
|
representation from Zurich,
|
|
Switzerland)
|
|
Vakhan Corridor Afghanistan
|
|
(Wakhan)
|
|
Valencia (US Consular Agency) Spain
|
|
Valletta (US Embassy) Malta
|
|
Vancouver (US Consulate General) Canada
|
|
Vancouver Island Canada
|
|
Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Vatican City (US Embassy) Vatican City
|
|
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain
|
|
Venda South Africa
|
|
Veracruz (US Consular Agency) Mexico
|
|
Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean
|
|
Victoria (US Embassy) Seychelles
|
|
Vienna (US Embassy, US Mission Austria
|
|
to International Organizations
|
|
in Vienna or UNVIE)
|
|
Vientiane (US Embassy) Laos
|
|
Volcano Islands Japan
|
|
Vostok Island Kiribati
|
|
Vrangelya, Ostrov Soviet Union
|
|
(Wrangel Island)
|
|
|
|
Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan
|
|
(now Vakhan Corridor)
|
|
Wales United Kingdom
|
|
Walvis Bay South Africa
|
|
Warsaw (US Embassy) Poland
|
|
Washington, DC (The Permanent United States
|
|
Mission of the USA to the
|
|
Organization of American
|
|
States or OAS)
|
|
Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Wellington (US Embassy) New Zealand
|
|
Western Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
(West Korea Strait)
|
|
West Germany Germany, Federal Republic of
|
|
West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
(Western Channel)
|
|
West Pakistan Pakistan
|
|
Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
White Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Windhoek Namibia
|
|
Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Winnipeg (US Consular Agency) Canada
|
|
Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Soviet Union
|
|
|
|
Yaounde (US Embassy) Cameroon
|
|
Yap Islands Micronesia
|
|
Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Yemen (Aden) Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Yemen, North Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
Yemen (Sanaa) Yemen Arab Republic
|
|
Yemen, South Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
|
Youth, Isle of Cuba
|
|
(Isla de la Juventud)
|
|
Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Zagreb (US Consulate General) Yugoslavia
|
|
Zanzibar Tanzania
|
|
Zurich (US Consulate General) Switzerland
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|