229 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
229 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
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| File Name : ZPEPAPER.ASC | Online Date : 09/10/95 |
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| Contributed by : InterNet | Dir Category : ENERGY |
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| From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 |
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| KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 |
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| A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences |
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| InterNet email keelynet@ix.netcom.com (Jerry Decker) |
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| Files also available at Bill Beaty's http://www.eskimo.com/~billb |
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The equations in this paper are damaged because of the damaged copy of the
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text that I have and the use of mathematical symbols that can't be represented
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in ASCII.
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GENESIS OF THE UNIVERSE AND ZERO POINT ENERGY
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FRANK ZNIDARSIC
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Electrical Engineer with the Pennsylvania Electric Co. Johnstown Pa.
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submitted to the Canadian Journal of Physics July 94,
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Resubmitted Jan 95
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Report_no: Special Energy Prog.
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ABSTRACT
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The idea that something can be created from nothing has always been considered
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to be impossible. This manuscript presents a historical account on the
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subject of creation. Recently, it has been shown that the gravitational field
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contains negative energy. Contemporary ideas on the subject of creation
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demonstrate the existence of a link between the energy in matter, zero point
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energy, and the negative gravitational potential of the universe. These
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new ideas are explored. Finally experiments, which seem to be creating energy,
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are examined.
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INTRODUCTION
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Since antiquity the genesis of the universe has been a subject of thought,
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study, and speculation by the greatest minds in philosophy and science. The
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original ideas on genesis were developed by philosophers. Some of the
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original philosophers were Greek. It became apparent to the Greeks that all
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things came from otherthings. The great Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC)
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described this with his idea of forms. According to Plato the form was the
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property that made a thing what it was.
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Aristotle (384-322 BC) developed the idea of forms and concluded that each
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form was composed of a substance. The form of a substance could be changed
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but the substance itself was eternal. The question then was where did the
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original substance come from? The conclusion that the ancient Greeks drew was
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that a prime mover created the original substance. This prime mover was God.
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The Greek Empedocles defined what the fundamental substances of the original
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creation were. To him the fundamental substances were earth, air, fire, and
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water.
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Later the Greek Democritus redefined these original substances as atoms.
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According to Democritus these atomswere produced in the original creation and
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were eternal.
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In the Middle Ages the greatest thinkers on the subject of creation were
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theologians. One of these theologians was St. Augustine (354-430 AD). It
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became apparent to St. Augustine, like it did to the Greeks, that all things
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came from other things. If the material substance of the universe had not
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been created then this substance must have always been. If the substance of
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the universe has always been then time had no beginning. Every event is
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precipitated by a prior event.
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Without a first event everything that could have happened should have happened
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in the infinite past. For current time to have meaning there must have been a
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first event or moment of creation. St. Augustine used a Latin word to
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describe this creation process called exhihilo. This word means to create
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something out of nothing. St. Augustine concluded that an infinite source or
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prime mover created the universe exhihilo. This concept was developed to an
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apex by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). He came up with a line of reasoning
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in his arguments from design. These arguments were based on the idea that the
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substance of the universe required a divine origin.
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PROPOSED THEORY
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Today scientists are studying the problem of creation. Science does not
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address the question of who created the universe. Scientists have rules that
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they work by called conservation laws.
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Some of these conservation laws are the conservation of momentum, energy, and
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charge. Science addresses the question of how the universe formed within the
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framework of possibilities allowed by these laws.
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According to current theory and experimental evidence these conservation laws
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always hold true. In more precise language, they are invariant with respect
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to time and location.
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The scientific principle of the conservation of energy simply restates the old
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idea that something cannot come from nothing. According to the accepted
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theory of the big bang the universe sprang from nothing 15 billion years ago.
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In 1973 the great contemporary scientific thinker Edward P. Tryon
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demonstrated how the universe could have formed without violating the
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principle of the conservation of energy. He said that the total energy of the
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universe is zero. (1)
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He said that the positive energy of the things we observe is balanced by a
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negative gravitational energy. Therefore the creation was formed without
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violating the principle of the conservation of energy. Let's explore his
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idea. When something falls it loses gravitational potential energy. The
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relationship between potential energy and position, in a force field, is given
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by equation #1.
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(NOTE: In case your mailer does not line the text up like mine does the
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following equations are only simple integrals.)
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PE = W = -| F
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Eq #1
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According to Tryon's theory if an object were to fall into the universe from
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an infinite distance away the gravitational potential energy the object lost
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would equal the total mass energy of the object. This is stated
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mathematically in equation #2:
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rad of univ 2 | -> -> mc = -| F . dr
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Eq #2
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Assuming that the universe is spherical with an isotopic mass distribution,
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the amount of gravitational potential an object will lose upon falling to the
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edge of such a universe is given by equation #3.
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rad of univ 2 mc = -(G)(M)(m) | (1/r ) dr
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Given a radius of the universe is 15 billion light years 26 (1.42x10 meters)
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and the known gravitation al constant G, the mass of the universe may be
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determined.
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53 M = 1.91 x 10 KG
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If this is the mass of the universe then the total energy of the universe is
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zero. To check this result the mass of the universe was calculated from its
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density and volume. The universe was considered to be a sphere. This sphere
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has a radius of 15 billion light years and is filled with matter of the same
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density as the density of space in our galactic neighborhood. This "local"
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density is equivalent to one proton of ordinary matter and nine protons of
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"dark" matter per cubic meter. (3)
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Given that the volume of a sphere with a radius of
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15 79 3 billion light years = 1.2 x 10 M
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Please note that at one proton mass per cubic meter this is also the number of
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protons in the universe. The mass of the universe was derived from its volume
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and density in equation #4.
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M = ((1 proton/m )+(9 proton masses dark matter/m ))(vol)
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Eq#4
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The mass of the universe according to this second argument is:
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M = 2.00 x 10 KG
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Amazingly the resultant masses agree even though they were determined by two
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entirely different methods. This agreement indicates that the universe has a
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total energy of zero and that it formed without violating the principle of
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the conservation of energy. There is something very profound in what Edward
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Tryon said.
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CONCLUSION
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New scientific arguments have shown how something can be created out of
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nothing. These arguments have tremendous philosophical implications. If we
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now understand the creation process, can we now create something out of
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nothing? Inventors have been trying to do this for many years. In fact, the
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patent offices currently reject all applications for patents on such perpetual
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motion machines. If a gravity producing machine could be built, however, it
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would produce positive energy in an amount equal to the negative gravitational
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potential of the induced field. As of late several scientists appear to have
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created something (energy) from nothing. (4)
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Among the most advanced is Dr. Puthoff at the Center for Advanced Study in
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Austin Texas USA and Dr. McKurbe under a contract with the United States
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Electric Power Research Institute. (5)
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Puthoff, in particular, is attempting to extract the zero point energy of
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matter. According to this author's theories, the theories of Hal Puthoff, and
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(6, 7) the theories of Andrei Sakharov, the zero point energy of matter is (8)
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intimately linked to its gravitational field. If the zero point energy of
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matter is extracted a gravitational field will be produced. This
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gravitational field will reach out and retard the expansion of the universe.
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Some of the kinetic energy of the expansion of the universe will eventually be
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absorbed by this induced gravitational field.
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This energy will be locally available for use. We will have to wait and see
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to comes from these latest ideas. If man finally creates substance from
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nothingness he will have ventured into a realm that was, since antiquity,
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reserved for God. The world and its ideas will then surely change.
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NOTES
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1. Edward P. Tryon, NATURE VOL 246, December 14, 1973.
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2. Technically, nothing can exist outside of the universe.
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The universe is a closed structure in which, according to the cosmological
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principle, all positions are equivalent. The model presented in this
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paper, in which an object falls from an infinite distance away to the edge
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of the universe, does not represent reality. The model does, however,
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allow for the calculation of the negative gravitational potential shared
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by all objects within the universe.
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3. Fritz Zwicky proposed that 90% of the matter in the universe is "dark" in
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1933. He came to this conclusion from the study of clusters of galaxies.
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Vera Rubin confirmed that 90% of the universe's matter is composed of the
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so called "dark matter" from her study of the rotational speeds of
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galaxies in 1977.
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4. A ball lightning experiment in Japan appeared to produce excess energy.
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Y.H. Ohtsuki & H. Ofuruton, NATURE VOL 246, March 14, 1991
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5. Dr. McKurbe's cold fusion experiments at SRI in the USA continue to
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produce unexplained excess energy. Jerry E. Bishop, The WALL STREET
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JOURNAL 7/14/94.
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6. Frank Znidarsic, ELEMENTARY A. GRAVITY Adventures Unlimited Kempton Il.
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USA, 1989
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7. Working with artificial ball lightning.
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Hal Puthoff, PHYSICAL REVIEW A, March 1989
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Hal Puthoff, D.C. Cole, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, August 1993.
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Hal Puthoff, OMNI, "Squeezing Energy From a Vacuum" 2/91
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8. Andrei Sakharov SOVIET PHYSICS DACKLADI Vol 12, May 1968, Page 1040.
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