1189 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
1189 lines
43 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS
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on duplicating, publishing or distributing the
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files on KeelyNet except where noted!
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September 2, 1993
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TEDEM.ASC
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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This EXCELLENT file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Ray Berry.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER DERIVED FROM A NEW MODEL OF
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MATTEN AND VACUUM SPACE
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By : Ove Tedenstig
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Idungatan 37, 19 551 M „ rsta
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Sweden
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(Published in Galilean ElectroDynamics, June 1993)
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ABSTRACT
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Electromagnetic theory as developed by many great scientists during
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a period of more than two centuries has been very successful. But
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many problems and questions remain unsolved. Source an origin of
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electro-magnetism is still not fully understood or explained.
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The model here presented will offer a new understanding of electro-
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magnetism. It is shown that electromagnetism is a result of a
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continuous interaction process between matter and the vacuum space.
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Electromagnetism is reduced to a problem which can be described in
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terms of pure Newtonian physics.
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=====================
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Vacuum, or "empty space" is a concept used when trying to describe a
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void or a lack of matter. However, ever since Maxwell's days, this
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vacuum space has been allotted physical properties by associating
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physical constants to it. Two such constants are Eo, the
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PERMITTIVITY of the vacuum constant, and uo, the PERMEABILITY of the
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vacuum constant, associated with the electrical and magnetic
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properties of the electromagnetic field, respectively.
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When an electric voltage is connected to two plane parallel metal
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plates (a capacitor), a displacement current seems to flow through
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the "empty void" situated between the two plates.
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A current of electrons then flows through the wires connecting the
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two plates from the battery.
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The question we may ask is whether this void between the two plates
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is empty or if there is something hidden there which mediates the
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current?
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Page 1
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When the capacitor has been charged, it has stored energy which
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later on can be supplied to an outer user. Then the next
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interesting question is, WHERE is the seat of this energy?
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A similar problem arises when letting an electric current flow
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through a metallic wire (a conductor). A magnetic field then is
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created, giving rise to a magnetic force on another conductor in the
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vicinity. Even here energy is stored and the question may be
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repeated: where is the seat of that energy?
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In a careful studium we will come to the conclusion that THE VACUUM
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ITSELF is the seat of that energy. That will lead us to a hydro-
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dynamical model of electromagnetism, a model which we shall here
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discuss briefly.
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**********************
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THE THEORY
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Energy is defined by two main variables, mass and velocity.
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Transmitting these definitions to space we can imagine that property
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of space as a field of an invisible and un-touchable fluidum
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RESPONSIBLE for this energy storing.
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The field may be seen as a pre-stage of what we normally define as
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matter. Material particles then are parts of this field being
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fluctuations like condensed cores or drops in a cloud of rain.
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Particles interact with this field by exchanging energy and matter
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with it continously.
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As a consequence of these ideas, elementary particles as for
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instance electrons, are built up by stuff of this field but having a
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different and more ordered structure than the field. This order in
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chaos then makes the difference between matter and the vacuum space.
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q,C OOOO q,C
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------> OOOOOO <------
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------> OOOO <------
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qp,c External and internal pressure of
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particle are the same
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RULES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLE AND VACUUM SPACE
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*) The amount of mass streaming into a particle is the same
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as this mass streaming out from it during the same time.
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*) Outer impact forces from the field impinging on the limiting
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area of the particle is in balance with INHERENT EXPANSIVE
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FORCES.
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*) The energy density of a particle is the same as the energy
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density of the outer vacuum field.
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*) The impulse density of the mass streaming into a particle is
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the same as this impulse density streaming out from it.
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Hence, electro-magnetism is a result of a continuous interaction
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process between particle and space. Mass from the field of density q
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and velocity C streams into the particle which converts it to an
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outstreaming field of another density, qp, and velocity, c. This in
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Page 2
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and out-stream of matter we define as the electric field.
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NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF FORCE
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There is a persistent statement of the modern physic that Newton's
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fundamental laws are limited and partly erroneous.
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That is only true for the approximated case where the mass of a
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moving body is treated as a constant entity. Written in its complete
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form Newton's second law of force is written :
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(1) ================================
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F= d/dt(mv) = dm/dt.v + m.dv/dt
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================================
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or in words, force is change of impulse (the product of mass and
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velocity) according with time.
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MASS FLOW
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Beside Newton's fundamental laws we also need some other basic
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relations from the fundamental physics.
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From hydromechanics (neglecting vector notations) we get the
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following relation:
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(2) ======================
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m= q.A.t.v
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======================
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which says that the inflow mass to and through an area A will be, m,
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during the time, t, if the field density is, q, and having the
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velocity, v.
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Combining results from 1) and 2) then gives :
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(3) =======================
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2
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F/A = q.v
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=======================
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where F/A represents the outer impact pressure, q is the vacuum mass
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field density and, C, the field medium velocity of free field
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entities.
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===================
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THE PRESSURE OF VACUMM SPACE
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We study an electron (or proton) as an entity of torus form, having
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a closed area, A. The outer pressure on that area is calculated from
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(3) to :
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(4) =======================
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2
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F/A = q.C
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=======================
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Page 3
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where F/A is outer the pressure, q is the vacuum mass density and,
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C, the field medium velocity of free field entities.
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Matter of a primitive particle is a plasma of space field matter.
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With aid of (4) then the internal pressure of the particle then can
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be calculated to :
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(5) =======================
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2
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F/A = qp.c
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=======================
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where, qp, is the particle mass density and, c, is the limit
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velocity of matter (numerically the same as the light velocity in
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free space).
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External pressure of space and internal pressure of particle is the
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same. Equivalence between (4) and (5) then gives:
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(6) =====================
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2 2
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q = c /C . qp
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=====================
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There exists several particles with the same charge but with
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different mass (electron and protons for instance with a mass
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difference of appr. 2000 times). But for reason of limit of space
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here, we limit outself to the electron as our reference particle,
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the electron :
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============================================================
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PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ELECTRON
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============================================================
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2 2 2
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Interacting area : Ae = Ka.re = 2.Pi.re
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3 2 3
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Particle volume : Ve = Kv.re = 2.Pi .re
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Converting time : te = Kt.re/c = 2.Pi.re/c
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3
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Mass density : qp= me/Ve = me/(Kv.re )
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Relation area/volume: Ka/Kv = 1
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============================================================
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According to the basic rules of interaction between particle and
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space, as defined above, mass streaming into the particle will be
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the same as the mass streaming out from it, measured over the same
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time. That gives the equalities :
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(7) ======================
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me= q.A.te.C The amount of mass streaming IN from
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space to the electron during its
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converting time
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Page 4
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mout= qout.Ae.te.c The amount of mass streaming OUT from
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the particle to space during the same
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time.
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===========================
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The electron converting time is defined as the time it takes for an
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electron to exchange its whole mass content to the outer space
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environment (see definition in figure 3). Then equality between in
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and outflow in formula 7 gives :
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(8) ==================
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qout= c.C/c The outstream mass density closed to
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the particle surface
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==================
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Because the outflow velocity is c (equal to the inherent limit
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velocity of matter in the particle plasma), the impulse field on
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distance, r, out from the source point is given by :
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(9) ===================
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_ 2 _ 2
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E =(q.C).re .n/r The electric field density in a point
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on distance r from the source point
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===================
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During the electron converting time (see figure 3), the electron's
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entire mass is exchanged to the environment space. Then by combining
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results from (6) and (8), where in and outstreaming mass is equal to
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the electron particle mass, gives :
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(10) =====================
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C = Kt.(Ka/Kv).c Velocity and density of space
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=====================
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DERIVING THE COULOMB'S LAW OF ELECTRIC FORCE
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Coulomb's law of electric force is the most well-known law of
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electromagnetism. Studying two points containing N1 and N2 electrons
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respectively, the N1 collection will spread a mass impulse field in
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accord with (9).
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This mass impulse is absorbed by the N2 electrons situated in
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another point on distance, r, and re-emitted by the electron's
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inherent spin, giving rise to a counter reaction force, all in
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accord with Newton's basic mass inertial laws.
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Calculating this electric field mass density on distance, r, by
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using (7) and the total mass inflow by (8) gives :
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(11) ===========================================================
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2
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_ min.c _
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F = ------- . n.N1.N2 =
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re
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Page 5
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2 2
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q.(Kt.Ka.SQRT/Ka/kt).re .c.N).(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kt).re .c.N) _
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--------------------------2-------------------------------.n
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Ka.re
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=================================================================
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Rewriting this result and inserting results from (1=) then gives :
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(12) ===================== Coulomb's law as empirically
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_ Q1.Q2 _ derived by experiments
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F = -------2---.n
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Ka.Eo.r
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==========================
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from which we can identify:
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(13) ==================================
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2
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Q1 = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N1 Electric "charge" of a
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2 particle collection with
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Q2 = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N2 N1 or N2 unit charges
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2
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eo = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c The unit charge (the
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charge of the electron
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q= 1/Eo ; Eo = 1/q The mass density of space
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and the parmeability of
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space
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=======================================
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Using the "charge concept" is the common way to characterize a
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particles ability to interact electrically with its environment.
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THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AROUND A CHARGED PARTICLE
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We have defined the electric field strength around a particle in
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formula (9). Using results from (10) and (13) we can rewrite this
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result to:
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(14) ===================================
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_ Q _
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E = SQRT(Ka/Kv). --------2---.n
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Ka.Eo.r
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===================================
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which correspond with common theory for SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1.
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THE STORED ENERGY IN A PLANE ELECTRIC CAPACITOR
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__________________________
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A ! !
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================= !
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D ! VOLUME= A.D ! -
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================= --- +
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! -------
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! !
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!--------------------------
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Page 6
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Because the outflow velocity is c (equal to the inherent limit
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velocity of matter in the particle plasma), the impulse field on
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distance, r, out from the source point is given by : (? missing
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reference).
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In an electric capacitor, electric energy is stored in the space
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between the two plates. Our idea is that the hidden vacuum field in
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the space between the two plates is actuated by the free electrons
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on the plates. The matter associated with this field enclosed by the
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two plates is :
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(15) ====================
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Mq = q.A.D The total field mass enclosed
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between the plates in a plain
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electric capacitor.
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====================
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During the electron converting time (as defined in figure (3), N
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free electrons exchange its mass to space. This mass is calculated
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by :
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(16) ==========================
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min= (me.N) = q.A.te.vf
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==========================
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vf is the effective velocity of the q field driven by the
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interacting process from the free electrons. We solve out this
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velocity to :
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(17) =========================
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vf= me.N/(q.A.te) The velocity of the q field
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enclosed between the plates
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of a capacitor
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=========================
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Then, by using Newton's common law for calculating energy of a slow
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moving mass we get :
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(18)
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====================================================================
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2 2
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1/2.(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N).(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N)
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-----------------------2-----------3-----------------------
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.(D/A).(Ka/Kv)
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Ka.Kt .(Ka/Kv).re /me
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which is converted to :
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Q1.Q2
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W= 1/2. --------.(D/A).(Ka/Kv)
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Eo
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====================================================================
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which is the same result as for common electromagnetic theory if
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Ka/Kv=1.
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Page 7
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THE ELECTRIC VOLTAGE OVER A PLANE ELECTRIC CAPACITOR
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Electric voltage is by common theory defined as the length integral
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of the electric field strength, hence :
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(19) =========================
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s _ _ Electric volatage is defined
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U = I E.ds.n by the length integral of the
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electric field strength
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=========================
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For making it possible to make a comparison by our theory, we use
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the same definition. Then by integrating (9) we get :
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(20) ==================================================
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2
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(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N).SQRT(Ka/Kv)
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1/q. -------------------2---------------------.D
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Ka.r
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which can be converted to :
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Q.D
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U = -------.SQRT(Ka/Kv)
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Eo.A
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=======================================================
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a result which corresponds with common theory for the case of
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SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1
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ELECTRIC CURRENT - THE ZERO IMPEDANCE OF VACUUM SPACE
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There are two basic ways of defining electric current. In common
|
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theory current is defined as the amount of "charge" which passes a
|
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cross area per unit time.
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(21) ===================
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i= Q/t Electric current as defined in the
|
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common way
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===================
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The other way is to define the number of unit charges which passes
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the same cross area per unit time, hence :
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(22) ===================
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Electric current as defined by the
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IN = N/t number of unit charges passing
|
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=================== a cross area per unit time
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By using the common definition of impedance, we can calculate the
|
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space impedance in a capacitor by using the formulae (20) and (21),
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hence giving :
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(23) ==========================
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Z = U/i
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Page 8
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eo.D.SQRT(Ka/Kv)
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Z = --------------------
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Eo.Ae.eo.c
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===========================
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Using limit values of the plane capacitor for the voltage (20) and
|
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the current (21), the zero or limit impedance of space can be
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calculated.
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The limit values are achieved for the case where the capacitor
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consists only by two single electrons with interacting area Ae on a
|
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mutual distance D=2.re from each other. Using (23) and replacing Ae
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with the electron area gives :
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(24) ===============================
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For D=2.re and Ka= 2.Kt
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1 Zo is the zero
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Zo = ----.SQRT(Ka/Kt) impedance of free
|
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Eo.c space
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===============================
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which corresponds with common theory for the case where
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SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1.
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|
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THE CAPACITANCE CONCEPT
|
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|
|
We define a function f(x) which expresses the ability of a capacitor
|
|
to store energy as a function of its geometrical properties together
|
|
with properties of the environment space :
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|
|
(25) =======================
|
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2
|
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W = 1/2.f(x).U
|
|
=======================
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|
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Using results from (18) (20) then gives :
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|
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(26) =====================
|
|
A.Eo C is the common symbole
|
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f(x) = ----------= C of electric capaciatance
|
|
D
|
|
=====================
|
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|
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The f(x) is the capacitance of the capacitor, usually denoted by
|
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letter C, (Farad).
|
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|
|
===================================
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|
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THE MAGNETIC FIELD
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|
|
When a charged particle moves, the environment void is effected in a
|
|
very special manner. The physical phenomena and properties of the
|
|
space associated to it is known by the concept of magnetism.
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Page 9
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Y
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!
|
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The moving charge in ----
|
|
the conductor creates ! !
|
|
a torsional effect in ---- ----> X
|
|
a space element . .
|
|
outside a conductor . . C=inflow
|
|
by reason of a time c . . velocity
|
|
phase shift of . .
|
|
in and out . . c= outflow
|
|
streaking . . velocity
|
|
fields ------------------------------
|
|
-----> v
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
<--------- ds=v.dt ---------->
|
|
|
|
A simple way to distinguish between the electric and magnetic field
|
|
is to say that ELECTRIC PHENOMENA are associated with charges AT
|
|
REST and MAGNETIC PHENOMENA are associated with CHARGED PARTICLES
|
|
WHEN MOVING.
|
|
|
|
Our ambition to begin with is to derive Biot-Savart's law for the B-
|
|
field around a conductor, a physical law of similar importance as
|
|
Coulomb's law of the electric field.
|
|
|
|
We start from the most simple arrangement, a straight metallic wire
|
|
in which an electric current flows. This electric current consists
|
|
of free charges, carrying the electric current, put forward by an
|
|
external voltage source to the end point of the wire loop. The wire
|
|
is placed out in an x,y,z coordinate system.
|
|
|
|
The current carrying particles - the electrons - are supposed to be
|
|
smoothly distributed over the whole wire length. Hence, in a small
|
|
section, s, there are N free electrons and the number of such
|
|
electrons per length unit are (N/s) being a constant entity, K :
|
|
|
|
(27) ===================
|
|
|
|
K = Ns/s ; N =ds.K
|
|
|
|
===================
|
|
|
|
The statical electric field from these free electrons is arrived at
|
|
by (9) :
|
|
|
|
(28) ==================
|
|
_ _ _
|
|
E = qr.c ; qr= /E/c/
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
It is our purpose to get a physical understanding of the magnetic
|
|
field so we take aid of the figure 6 above. In a point outside the
|
|
conductor, the field mass of the electric field is streaming in and
|
|
out from the free electrons of the chosen segment, ds. THE INFLOW
|
|
VELOCITY IS FASTER (see 10) than the corresponding outflow velocity
|
|
(being equal to c). The result will be a torsional effect in the
|
|
chosen space point. The angle between inflow and outflow vectors is
|
|
"b" and is calculated by the general sinusial theorem :
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(29) ==========================================
|
|
|
|
sin a sin B
|
|
-------- = --------- ; sin B = (v/c).sina
|
|
c.dt v.dt
|
|
==========================================
|
|
|
|
which is approximately valid for the assumption that the inflow
|
|
velocity, C, IS MUCH LARGER than the outflow velocity, c.
|
|
|
|
Then, the magnetic field strength is the product of the electric
|
|
field mass on distance, r, (8) and this torsional component, sinb,
|
|
hence given by :
|
|
|
|
(3) ================================
|
|
_
|
|
B = qr.sin B Definition of magnetic
|
|
flux density
|
|
_
|
|
B = qr.(v/c).sin a by using (29)
|
|
_ _
|
|
AxB = /A/./B/.sin a from common vector theory
|
|
_ _ _
|
|
B = qr.(v/c).sin a = (E/c)x(v/c)
|
|
|
|
=================================
|
|
|
|
From the definition of electric current (21) we had :
|
|
|
|
(31) ==================
|
|
_ _
|
|
v =(ds/Q).i
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
where the time function has been replaced by dt=ds/v, where , v,
|
|
represents the medium current velocity in the conductor. The result
|
|
of (31) inserted in (30) then gives :
|
|
|
|
(32) ======================
|
|
_ _ ds _
|
|
dB = E x ------.i
|
|
Q.c
|
|
======================
|
|
|
|
and by using results of the electric field from (9) and integrating
|
|
along the whole conductor length gives :
|
|
|
|
(33) ===================================
|
|
|
|
_ SQRT(Ka/Kv) s _ 3 -
|
|
B = ------2------.I r/r X i.ds
|
|
Eo.c .Ka
|
|
|
|
===================================
|
|
|
|
FORMULA 33
|
|
===================
|
|
|
|
from which we can define the permittivity of vacuum constant to:
|
|
|
|
Page 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(34) ====================
|
|
|
|
SQRT(Ka/Kv)
|
|
uo = ------2-
|
|
Eo.c
|
|
====================
|
|
|
|
All these results correspond well with common theory for the case
|
|
where SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1.
|
|
|
|
HOW AN ELECTROMOTORIC FORCE IS GENERATED
|
|
BY INDUCTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
|
|
|
|
When a metallic conductor moves in a magnetic field, an
|
|
electromotoric force is generated, represented by a flowing current
|
|
or a voltage over it.
|
|
|
|
The effect will arise mainly by two reasons
|
|
|
|
1) if the magnetic field density is changed in accord with time or
|
|
2) if the conductor is accelerated or retarded in the B-field.
|
|
|
|
The remarkable thing is that THESE TWO EFFECTS CORRESPOND with the
|
|
two terms in Newton's second law of force. The first term gives :
|
|
|
|
(35) =========================
|
|
|
|
F = fm/dt.v + m.dv/dt
|
|
|
|
F = dm/dt.v
|
|
=========================
|
|
|
|
Dividing with a small volume element, dV, gives a term dm/dV which
|
|
is the B-field strength. Multiplying both sides with ds.dt gives the
|
|
unity of voltage, hence :
|
|
|
|
(36) ===================================
|
|
(dm/dV)
|
|
F/dV = ----------.v
|
|
dt
|
|
|
|
F.dt.ds
|
|
------- = (dB/dt).v.dt.ds
|
|
dV
|
|
|
|
For F.dt.ds/dV = U ; v=c and dt=dr/c :
|
|
|
|
U = (dB/dt).dr.ds = (dB/dt).dA Electric voltage by
|
|
induction
|
|
====================================
|
|
|
|
In a similar way we treat the second part of Newton's second law of
|
|
force. Dividing both sides with a volume element, dV, gives the m/dV
|
|
which is the B field strength. Then multiplying both sides with
|
|
dt.ds giving the unity of voltage, hence:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(37) =======================================
|
|
|
|
F.dt.ds
|
|
-------= B.(dv/dt).dt.ds
|
|
dV
|
|
|
|
For F.dr.ds/dV = U ; dt=dr/c gives :
|
|
|
|
U = B.(dv/dt).dr.ds = B.(dv/dt).dA/c Electric voltage by
|
|
induction
|
|
========================================
|
|
|
|
The total electromotoric effect then will be the sum of (36) and
|
|
|
|
(37), giving :
|
|
|
|
(37) ===================================
|
|
|
|
U = ( dB/dt + (B/c).dv/dt ).dA
|
|
|
|
===================================
|
|
|
|
(The second term is not known by common theory)
|
|
|
|
THE FORCE EFFECT ON A CONDUCTOR SITUATED IN A CONSTANT B FIELD
|
|
|
|
It is a well known effect that a conductor placed in a constant B-
|
|
field will be effected by a magnetic force. The reason lies in the
|
|
disturbing effect which the B field introduces on the spinning
|
|
electrons in the conductor. This disturbance is represented by a
|
|
mass inflow, min, which in combination with the electron spin give
|
|
rise to a force calculated by:
|
|
|
|
(39) ============================================
|
|
min = q.A.t.v
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
min.c B.(A0.c.Kt.N).to.c.ds
|
|
F = ------- = ----------------------- =
|
|
re re.Kt.to
|
|
|
|
B.(Q/t).ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka) = B.i.ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka)
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
F = IB.i.ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka)
|
|
===================================================
|
|
where the calculated force effect is the same as for common theory
|
|
in the case where SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1.
|
|
|
|
THE ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
|
|
|
|
The energy stored in a magnetic field is a mechanical energy stored
|
|
by moving entities in the vacuum field, hence can be calculated by
|
|
Newtons general laws of non-relativistic mass :
|
|
|
|
(40) ========================
|
|
2
|
|
W = (1/2).m.v
|
|
========================
|
|
|
|
Page 13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The mass M here is represented by the mass in a small volume
|
|
element, dV, outside the conductor, hence :
|
|
|
|
(41) ==================
|
|
|
|
M= dV.q
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
If vf is the effective velocity of the current in the conductor, the
|
|
impulse q.vf is transferred to the outside space and converted to
|
|
the impulse of B.c, giving the equality :
|
|
|
|
(42) ===================
|
|
_ _
|
|
B.c = q.vf
|
|
_ _
|
|
vf = B/q.c
|
|
|
|
===================
|
|
|
|
Inserting result from (41) and (42) in (40) then gives the stored
|
|
energy per volume unit of the magnetic field :
|
|
|
|
(43) ===============================
|
|
2 2 2
|
|
W = (1/2).(dV.q).B.c /q
|
|
2
|
|
W/dV = (1/2).B /uo
|
|
===============================
|
|
|
|
MAXWELL's EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
|
|
|
|
The nucleus of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from
|
|
1867 consist of a set of formulae which describe the behavior of
|
|
electric and magnetic field propagation. The theory was from the
|
|
beginning an "aether" or mechanical theory, but this interpretation
|
|
of electromagnetism later on was denied.
|
|
|
|
Today only a barren shell of mathematical formalism reminds us of
|
|
the "aether theory" and these do not say much of the cause and
|
|
source of electromagnetism. The scientific value of these formulae
|
|
therefore may be put into question since they seem to have been
|
|
overestimated in importance.
|
|
|
|
However, the most famous are:
|
|
|
|
(44a) ==========================
|
|
__ _
|
|
\/ E = 0 The electric field at free
|
|
radiation from ap point source
|
|
(44b) ==========================
|
|
__ _
|
|
\/ B = 0 The magnetic field at free
|
|
|
|
(44c) ==========================
|
|
__ _ _
|
|
\/ E = -D B/Dt ( D is the partial derivative)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page 14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(44d) ==========================
|
|
|
|
__ _ 2 _
|
|
\/ B = (1/c ).D E/ Dt
|
|
|
|
DERIVING THE FORMULAE
|
|
|
|
Because of space limitations, 44a and 44b are not derived here.
|
|
However, it is a relatively easy task to get these results, which
|
|
are achieved by deriving the field strength out from an electric or
|
|
magnetic point source in respect to its coordinates, x,y and z.
|
|
|
|
Therefore, we concentrate ourselves only on the two remaining
|
|
formulae, which mainly are got by vectorially manipulating the base
|
|
equation (30). (44c) is achieved by taking the time derivative of
|
|
this equation, the (44d) is arrived at by taking the space
|
|
derivative of it.
|
|
|
|
(45) ================================
|
|
_ _
|
|
_ E x v
|
|
B = ----2-- (from 30)
|
|
c
|
|
_ _
|
|
_ E x v
|
|
DB/Dt = D/Dt ( ----2---- ) =
|
|
c
|
|
|
|
__ _ 2 _ _ 2 2 __ _
|
|
\/ v/ c.(E x v ) = -v /c .( \/ x E )
|
|
__ _
|
|
For v=c DB/Dt = - \/ X E
|
|
|
|
(46) ===================================================
|
|
__ _ __ _ _ 2
|
|
\/ x B = \/ x ( E x v/c )
|
|
__ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
|
|
\/ x B = DE/Dt - v( \/.E ) - (E. \/).v + E( \/.v )
|
|
|
|
\------------/ \-----------------------------------/
|
|
Result Will be zero for a non accelerating
|
|
according to point source
|
|
Maxwell
|
|
__ _ _
|
|
\/ x B = DE/Dt The result in accord with
|
|
Maxwell valid for a non
|
|
accelerating point source
|
|
==========================================================
|
|
|
|
LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
|
|
|
|
Beside these famous equations treated above, historically Maxwell is
|
|
famous for predicting electromagnetic fields propagating in the same
|
|
way as light in free space. The conclusions were made on the basis
|
|
of comparing results from the general wave equation based on how
|
|
sound in air or mechanical waves were propagating in a medium, air
|
|
and water for instance.
|
|
|
|
But the modern physics do not confess any existence of a light
|
|
|
|
Page 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
bearing aether, and the contradictory problem in Maxwell's theories
|
|
therefore still remain. Vectorial manipulations are performed on
|
|
results from (45) and (47) as shown in below.
|
|
|
|
(48) ================================================
|
|
__ _ _
|
|
\/ x E = -DB/Dt (from 45)
|
|
|
|
__ _ 2 _
|
|
\/ x B = 1/c . D/Dt .E (from 47)
|
|
|
|
__ __ _ __2 _ __ __ _ __2 _
|
|
\/ x ( \/ x E ) ? - \/ E + \/( \/ E ) = - \/ E
|
|
__ _
|
|
( \/ E is equal to zero for a point source )
|
|
__ __ _ __ _ __ _
|
|
\/ x ( \/ x E ) = - \/(DB/Dt) = - D/Dt( \/ x B ) =
|
|
|
|
2 _ 2 2 2 _
|
|
D/Dt(1/c.D/Dt.E ) = 1/c .D /Dt .E
|
|
|
|
__ _ 2 2 2 _
|
|
- \/ E = 1/c . D /Dt .E
|
|
|
|
(49) =====================================================
|
|
__ _ _
|
|
\/ x E = DB/Dt (from 45)
|
|
|
|
__ _ 2 _
|
|
\/ x B = 1/c .D/Dt.E (from 47)
|
|
|
|
__ __ _ __2 _ __ __ _ __2 _
|
|
\/x( \/ x B ) = - \/ B + \/( \/ B ) = - \/ B
|
|
__ _
|
|
( \/ B is zero for a point source =
|
|
|
|
__ __ _ __ 2 _
|
|
\/ x ( \/ x B ) = \/( 1/c. D/Dt.E ) =
|
|
|
|
2 __ _ 2 2 2 _
|
|
1/c .D/Dt( \/ x E ) = 1/c . D /Dt .B
|
|
|
|
__2 _ 2 2 2 _
|
|
- \/ B = 1/c . D /Dt .B
|
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
|
The general wave equation is written :
|
|
|
|
(50) =============================
|
|
|
|
__2 2 2 2
|
|
\/ Y = 1/v . D /Dt . Y
|
|
|
|
=============================
|
|
|
|
The mathematical structure of (48),(49) and (50) is the same and it
|
|
was this mathematical equivalency which gave Maxwell the idea of
|
|
light being a medium carried wave. Since then many experiments have
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
been perfomed using light, clearly showing that no active light
|
|
aether to exist. Only the mathematical equivalency remains intact.
|
|
|
|
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC CONSTANTS AND UNITS
|
|
|
|
As an important consequence of this theory we can establish a new
|
|
dimensional system where even the electromagnetic units are covered
|
|
within the realm of Newton's ordinary units of Mass, Time and
|
|
Length. This unit analysis is presented in a table, being a useful
|
|
source of the TRUE SOURCE source and understanding of
|
|
electromagnetism.
|
|
|
|
====================================
|
|
PHYSICAL ENTITY DIMENSION
|
|
M L T
|
|
------------------------------------
|
|
MASS +1 0 0
|
|
LENGTH 0 +1 0
|
|
TIME 0 0 +1
|
|
VELOCITY 0 +1 -1
|
|
ACCELERATION 0 +1 -2
|
|
AREA 0 +2 0
|
|
VOLUME 0 +3 0
|
|
WAVELENGTH 0 +1 0
|
|
FREQUENCY 0 0 -1
|
|
MASS DENSITY +1 -3 0
|
|
MASS IMPULSE +1 +1 -1
|
|
MASS MOMENTUM -1 -2 -1
|
|
FORCE +1 +1 -2
|
|
ENERGY +1 +2 -2 Example :
|
|
POWER +1 +2 -3 2
|
|
PRESSURE +1 -1 -2 Energy = m.v =
|
|
MOMENTUM +1 +2 -2 2
|
|
ELECTRIC CHARGE 0 +3 -1 m.(s/t) =
|
|
EL.CURRENT 0 +3 -2
|
|
PERMITTIBITY -1 3 0 2 2
|
|
PERMEABILITY +1 -5 +2 M.(L /T ) -->
|
|
EL. VOLTAGE +1 -1 -1
|
|
EL. IMPEDANCE +1 -4 +1 +1 +2 -2
|
|
EL. CAPACITANCE -1 +4 0
|
|
EL. INDUCTANCE +1 -4 +2
|
|
EL. FIELD STRENGTH +1 -2 -1
|
|
MAGN. FIELD STRENGTH +1 -3 0
|
|
MAGNETIC FLUX +1 -1 0
|
|
PLANCK CONSTANT +1 +2 -1
|
|
GRAVITY CONSTANT -1 +3 -2
|
|
HUBBLE CONSTANT 0 0 -1
|
|
ATOMIC FINE STR.CONST 0 0 0
|
|
RYDBERG CONSTANT 0 -1 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
CONCLUSIONS
|
|
|
|
Our analysis shows that electromagnetic phenomena are pure
|
|
mechanical processes of matter on which Newtonian mechanical laws
|
|
can be applied. Space is associated with a very high DENSE MEDIUM,
|
|
3
|
|
1/Eo=1.13E11 kg/m
|
|
|
|
|
|
Page 17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and having an energy density of
|
|
2 3
|
|
q.C =4E29 Ws/m approximately.
|
|
|
|
The pressure on closed particle surfaces is in the order of
|
|
2
|
|
4E28 N/m
|
|
|
|
holding particles and matter together.
|
|
|
|
Hence, electromagnetism, seems to be PURE MECHANICAL PROCESSES
|
|
of matter. These new insights will offer a platform for describing
|
|
electromagnetism and other processes of fundamental nature.
|
|
|
|
References : PHYSICS HANDBOOK
|
|
Chartwell-Bratt Ltd, Old Orchard, Bickley Road,
|
|
Bromley, Kent BR1 2NE, England ISBM 3-88598-007-X
|
|
|
|
ELECTIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
|
|
Cambridge University Press 1976, ISBN 0 521 21228 6
|
|
or ISBN 0 521 29076 7, 32 East 57th Street, New York
|
|
|
|
OWN WORKS:
|
|
A NEW WAY TO PHYSICS, ISBN 91 97077534,
|
|
1990, paperback 500 pages
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
|
|
as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
|
|
Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
|
|
Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
|
|
|
|
Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
|
|
Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
If we can be of service, you may contact
|
|
Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
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Page 18
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