595 lines
30 KiB
Plaintext
595 lines
30 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=1, RM=70, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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PMOTION1.ASC
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This is a story from a book called FOIBLES AND FALLACIES OF
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SCIENCE, written by Mr.Daniel Hering in 1924.
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History relates several types of perpetual motion machines. The
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inventor's motives range from the ideal of pure invention to an
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attempt to defraud the public. Perpetual motion machines have been
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traced back for several hundred years.
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As of this date there has been no known account of a working
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perpetual motion machine which can be built and demonstrated by
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anyone other than the inventor. Although, we have heard many
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claims, we have yet to see a working model. This does not rule
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out the possibility that one could actually be made and
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practically demonstrated.
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The U.S.Patent Office receives about one hundred applications a
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year on perpetual motion machines but they are usually rejected by
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the office, without research into their workability.
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The keywords which bring about the rejection are perpetual motion.
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contributed by Ron Barker
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PERPETUAL MOTION
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Visit a workshop - it matters little what shop, or where -
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talk with the mechanic skilled or unskilled, his name is Legion,
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and you will find that he has present in his mind or discarded in
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his garret a device for perpetual motion. You would be likely to
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make the same discovery if you consulted a clerk in a counting
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house, a minister in his study, or the president of a bank.
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Turn to the man of all men in the whole country who is most
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familiarly associated with the wizardry of invention - perhaps you
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know his name - and see if he has not at some time been inoculated
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with this same virus. When it began to work cannot be known but
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historically this "folly" is not so old as some of the others.
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While the baffling mathematical problems and the search for
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their solution date back several thousands of years, authentic
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records of The Perpetual Motion Machine are probably not more than
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five hundred or six hundred years old, but of the many mechanical
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vagaries unquestionably this has been the most absorbing. If, by a
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machine that would produce perpetual motion, we mean simply a
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contrivance that will go on indefinitely without human or animal
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assistance, the problem is not only solvable but is in the
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constant act of being solved.
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With the ordinary forces of nature any machine may be kept
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continually in operation. The incessant flow of water over a
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waterfall is perpetual motion, and needs only a wheel placed under
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the falling water to communicate power to other machinery. The
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turbines under Niagara are examples.
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Alternations of temperature which cause a body to expand and
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contract will accomplish the same result. "Perpetual Motion" as a
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mere fact is a commonplace of science if it is not understood to
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imply a perpetual supply of power from nowhere.
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The ceaseless flow of rivers, the incessant tides, the
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movements of the earth and other heavenly bodies are perpetual
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notion, sufficient for all human purposes. But these do not
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express the purpose of the inventors of perpetual motion. Their
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idea was and is to produce a device which, when set going, would
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of itself develop power enough to keep it in operation without
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drawing upon extraneous sources. The effect of gravity, whether
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helpful or harmful, was always within their purview, but no other
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physical agency.
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The inventions have been of multifarious design, employing
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about every known principle of mechanics and some that are not
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known, but they all fall into a few classes. One type, comprising
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many of the inventions, is some sort of pump to keep enough water
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flowing to a waterfall to keep it going.
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Another type is a wheel with jointed arms or spokes that hang
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down from the side of the hub that is rising, but when passing the
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top, an arm swings out into a horizontal position and having a
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weight at the end, it propels the wheel. There are always one or
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more extended weighted arms on one side of the wheel, to raise the
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slack pendent arms on the other side.
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Instead of jointed arms the wheel may have radial tubes
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containing balls that roll out from the hub to the rim on the side
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that is descending, and roll in from the rim to the hub on the
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other side, thus serving the same purpose as the arms with weights
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at the end. The wheel is overbalanced.
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A favorite variation is a clock that shall be self-winding.
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Where the winding up has been accomplished by utilizing cleverly
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some of the work of the descending weights, this has been as
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fallacious as the scheme of pumps.
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This type of automatic renewal, like many others that began
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honestly, has been exploited fraudulently to victimize the
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credulous, by the introduction of some auxiliary contrivance which
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is skilfully concealed, and for a while escapes detection. But
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genuine self-winding clocks have been constructed, and
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consequently perpetual motion, in a qualified sense, has been
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secured, by using other natural agencies.
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Expansion and contraction of a piece of metal in the clock,
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properly geared to the winding machinery has served the purpose
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and so, too, has the varying pressure of the atmosphere. But
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these, though genuine, are not instances of perpetual motion as
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originally understood and sought after.
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The Mechanics' Magazine (London, 1823 - 1872) at first opened
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its columns freely to the consideration of perpetual motion. No
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amount of ridicule or criticism could quench the ardor of the
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perpetual motion enthusiasts rather, opposition seemed to
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stimulate it.
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Disappointments were recounted by the editor and
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correspondents, and frauds and tricks of all sorts were exposed ;
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never were propagandists more steadily admonished or more vainly.
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And yet, only the frauds were supported by actual working models ;
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in the sincere attempts, the inventors relied wholly upon drawings
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and descriptions to establish their contention, with an insistence
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that the machine would work, and a challenge to the editor and
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everybody else to prove that it would not work, and to show why it
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would not.
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For a long time an impression was general in England that
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there was an outstanding offer from the Government of a large
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reward for the successful invention of such a machine, and in
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spite of the efforts of publishers to correct this error, one
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inventor after another asks for information how to proceed to get
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the reward, in case his invention is accepted.
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In response to such an inquiry, the editor of The Mechanic's
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Magazine for January 29, 1848 says :
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"No reward has been offered by government;it has done many
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foolish things but none so foolish as this. Before our
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correspondent wastes any more time on his schemes, let him
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first seat himself on a three legged stool, and try to lift
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himself by the legs of his stool. If he succeeds in that, he
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may go on - the want of government reward notwithstanding."
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The mental attitude of present-day seekers after perpetual
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motion is severely censured by Mr. Dircks, but his strictures are
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founded altogether on the record. He says:
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"A more self-willed, self-satisfied, or self-deluded class of
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the community, making at the same time pretension to
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superior knowledge, it would be impossible to imagine. They
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hope against hope, scorning all opposition with ridiculous
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vehemence, although centuries have not advanced them one
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step in the way of progress."
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He enumerates the classes of the people high, low, ignorant,
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educated that have essayed to produce the perpetual motion, and
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says:
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"There is something lamentable, degrading, and almost insane
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in pursuing the visionary schemes of past ages ... not a
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solitary discovery is on record, not one absolutely
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ingenious scheme projected, or one simple self-motive model
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accomplished...." - *
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* from Perpetuum Mobile: A History of the Search for Self
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Motive Power from the 13th to the 19th Century.
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But when one has made an illusion part of his very existence
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can he welcome its destruction? Is there a more pitiful being in
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the world than a man with shattered illusion?
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Perpetual Motion inventors are still numerous, and in most
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cases are plainly cranky; they are obsessed with the infallibility
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of their scheme which, at the worst, lacks only some trifling
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change or addition to make it a success and their persistence
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makes them actual nuisances. They are always `open to conviction'
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but never can or never will see what is wrong about their device,
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no matter how plainly it is shown to them. Often their idea is so
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crude, so crass, that no intelligent mechanic would fail to see
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its absurdity, but in other instances the invention is
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diabolically clever, and even if the scientist does appreciate its
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fault, he has difficulty in pointing it out or explaining it.
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It might be expected that applications for patenting
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perpetual motion machines would become embarrassing to the
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government unless the Patent Office adopted some definite policy
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regarding them. As the impression has prevailed at some times and
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places that the U.S. Patent Office had decided to reject outright
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all such applications, the author addressed an inquiry to the
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Commissioner of Patents as to the attitude of the Office on this
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subject. The reply was as follows. (January 25, 1917) :
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Department of the Interior
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United States Patent Office
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Washington
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Perpetual Motion :
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Replying to your recent letter, you are advised that the
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Patent Office understands the term `perpetual motion' to mean a
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mechanical motion creating energy, that is, a machine doing work
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and operating without the aid of any power other than that which
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is generated by the machine itself, and which when once started
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will operate for an indefinite time.
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The views of the Office are in accord with those of the
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scientists who have investigated the subject, and are to the
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effect that mechanical perpetual motion is a physical
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impossibility. These views can be rebutted only by the exhibition
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of a working model. Many persons have filed applications for
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patent on perpetual motion, but such applications have been
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rejected as inoperative and opposed to well known physical laws,
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and in no instance has the requirement of the Patent Office for a
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working model ever been complied with.
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In view of these facts the Office will not now permit such an
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application to be filed without a model and this practice has been
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adopted in order to save applicants the loss of the fees paid with
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their applications. After an application for patent has been
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considered by the Examiner the filing fee of $15.00 cannot be
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returned.
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W.F. Woolard,
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Chief Clerk
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(of course fees have changed radically since 1917...Vangard...)
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The failure to submit a working model is doubtless due to the
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lack of that `trifling' addition, which cannot affect the validity
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of the idea on which the invention rests, but the applicant cannot
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risk the danger of being anticipated by some one else, and
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therefore cannot afford to wait for the completion of a successful
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model.
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F. Charlesworth, Assistant Examiner in the British Patent
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Office, says that the earliest British patent for a perpetual
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Motion machine was granted on March 9, 1635, the method of action
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being mot described ; the next was in 1662, for an overbalanced
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wheel with weights at the ends of jointed arms. Between 1617 and
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1903 over six hundred applications had been made to that Office
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for Perpetual Motion, all except twenty-five being since 1854.
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They were of course greatly varied in character but mainly
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mechanical, their operation depending on various agencies -
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chiefly gravity, loss of equilibrium, specific gravity of floats
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and weights in water or other liquids, receptacles inflated with
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air or other gas under water, compression and subsequent expansion
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of gases, and surface tension.
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So confident were some of the applicants, that they
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considered it necessary to include a brake in their machine, that
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it might be stopped or restrained from reaching a too high speed.
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It was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century
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that physical science reached a state of development that seemed
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to preclude the possibility of the perpetual motion, and not until
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the middle of the nineteenth was its inherent impossibility
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believed to have been assured.
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This came with the establishment of the doctrine of the
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conservation of energy, and the degradation of energy, and yet, as
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just stated, nearly six hundred applications were made to the
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British Patent Office in the forty-eight years from 1855 to 1903.
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Not every mechanic is acquainted with the conservation of energy
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as a principle of science, and of those who are, not all can
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escape the lurking thought that sources of forms of energy may be
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in operation that are not yet recognized either as to their extent
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or their mode of action. Again among those who do recognize and
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accept this doctrine are some who question the correctness of one
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or another supposed law of nature.
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They therefore hope that by dodging such a law, or by the
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help of some free energy somewhere, they can secure perpetual
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motion of a so-called `second kind.'
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It will be remembered that the astonishing revelations of
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radium and other radioactive substances seemed, at first, to upset
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the conservation of energy, and Lord Rayleigh invented a device
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which acted continually under such radiation, while apparently the
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energy of the source of radiation, while apparently the energy of
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the source of radiation was undiminished. He was not so hasty as
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some others, however, who were ready to believe that the doctrine
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had broken down, and now such perpetual motion is to be regarded
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as only one of the second kind, which employs natural agencies not
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differing from solar radiation of light or heat, or even from
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tidal power in their relation to the problem.
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So generally is the impossibility of `The Perpetual Motion'
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now recognized among scientific men that when a hypothesis leads
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to perpetual motion as its certain result, that fact is regarded
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as a proof of error in the hypothesis, like a reductio ad absurdum
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in logic or mathematics.
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In an early work (1648) entitled "Mathematicall Magick," by
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Bishop John Wilkins of Chester, England, its author says :
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"The discovery of a `perpetual motion' hath been attempted by
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Chymistry. Paracelsus" (d. 1541) "and his followers have
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bragged that by their separations and extractions they can
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make a little world which shall have he same perpetual
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motions with this Microcosme with the representation of all
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Meteors, Thunder, Snow, Rain, the courses of the sea, in its
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ebbs and flows; and the like. But these miraculous promises
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would require as great a faith to believe them as a power to
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perform them.
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`At nusquam totos inter qui talia curant
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Apparet ullus, qui re miracula tanta
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Comprobet....'
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And though they often talk of such great matters, yet we can
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never see them confirmed by a real experiment. * And then,
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besides, every particular author in that art hath such a
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distinct language of his own (all of them being so full of
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allegories and affected obscurities), that "tis very hard
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for any one (unless he be thoroughly versed among them) to
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find out what they mean, much more to try it."
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The procedure by which one can obtain a perpetual motion in a
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chemical way, for example, is this :
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"Mix five ounces of (Mercury=Mercury) with a equal weight of
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(Tin=Jupiter); * grind them together with ten ounces of
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sublimate; dissolve them in a Cellar upon some marble for
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the space of four days till they become like oyl-olive;
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distil this with fire of chaff or driving fire, and it will
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sublime into a dry substance and so, by repeating of these
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dissolvings and distillings, there will be at length divers
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small atomes which, being put into a glass that is well
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luted and kept dry, will have a perpetual motion."
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(Fr. Dirck's Perpetuum Mobile, p.3.)
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* The aforementioned letter from the U.S. Patent Office would
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indicate that Bishop John Wilkins's ground of complaint against
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perpetual motion inventors had not been removed during the
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centuries between his time, 1650 and the present.
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* The use of planetary symbols for metals was common in early
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chemistry and, its is said, began with the Chaldean philosophers
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and was continued by their successors in astronomy and astrology.
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They associated the heavenly bodies not only with metals, but also
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with the organs of the human body. The latter they divided into
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twelve parts corresponding to the twelve signs of the zodiac. They
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considered the metals to be seven in number, corresponding to the
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sun, moon, and five planets, with their symbols as follows :
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Gold = Sun
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Silver = Moon
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Mercury = Mercury
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Copper = Venus
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Iron = Mars
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Tin = Jupiter
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Lead = Saturn
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It is not quite clear how the Chaldeans could associate the
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planet Mercury with the metal mercury, when that metal was not
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discovered until more than two hundred years after the Chaldean
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empire ceased to exist; but this particular connection may be of
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later date than the others. Chaucer writes of this association in
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the Canterbury Tales about 1390. In the Canon's Yeoman's Tale, the
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Yeoman reels off a long string of scientific nomenclature with
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which he was made acquainted in his service of the Cannon, and
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enumerates the four spirits and the seven bodies thus:
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"The foure spirites and the bodies sevene,
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By ordre, as ofte I herde my lord hem nevene.
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The firste spirit quyk-silver called is,
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The seconde orpyment, the thridde, y-wis,
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Sal-armonyak, and the ferthe brymstoon,
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The bodyes sevene eek, lo, hem heere anoon!
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Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe,
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Mars iren, mercurie quyk-silver we clepe,
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Saturnus leed, and Juppiter is tyn,
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And Venus coper, by my fader kyn."
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He classes the perpetual motion machines as ;
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"1. Those depending upon chymical extractions;
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2. By magnetical virtue;
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3. By the natural affection of gravity."
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According to Bishop Wilkins, hydraulic machines, kept going
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by the descent of the liquid which they had raised, were used
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earlier than the overbalanced wheel, the earliest and apparently
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most attractive form being that in which water was raised from a
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cistern by the familiar Screw of Archimedes. The figure
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illustrates one variant of the type.
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When discharge at the top of the screw the water fell upon
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the vanes of a wheel mounted upon the screw shaft, being caught in
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a vessel at a lower level and again discharged upon the vanes of
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another wheel; and as this operation could be again and again
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repeated, the descending water would more than suffice to keep the
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machine in operation. This appeared in 1642, but it is difficult
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to fix the deserts of these inventions chronologically. In a work
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by Robert Fludd, which appeared in 1618, is described a common
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water wheel which sets in motion a chain pump by means of a system
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of toothed wheels, and the pump is supposed to raise the water
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necessary to keep the wheel going.
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The accompanying figure is a sketch accredited to Vilard de
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Honnecourt, a Gothic architect of the 13th century, who gave a
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description of it, and this seems to be the earliest authentic
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record of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a wheel with
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an odd number of mallet-like weights attached to the rim by a
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hinge at the end of the handle. It is supposed that when set
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going, the fall of a mallet upon the rim of the wheel gives an
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impulse to the latter, and as that action in general places more
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of the mallets on the descending side of the wheel than on the
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ascending, the motion is continuous!
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A number of Honnecourt's free hand sketches, including
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this among other, are in the Paris Ecole des Chartes.
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(F. Ichak, Das Perpetuum mobile, pp. 8, 9.)
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There are, however, allusions indicating that the idea was
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not absent from the minds of some of the philosophers, even of
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pre-Christian times. Although the seeds were sown so early, they
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seemed to germinate and fructify much more rapidly in the Middle
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Ages, that period of darkness and superstition, from which so much
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of knowledge did actually emerge in a renaissance, but the growth
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of this particular vagary has been most vigorous in modern times.
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Perpetual motion cannot exist with the principle of
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conservation of energy in any machine that has prejudicial
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resistances such as friction or the inertia of the surrounding
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air, and the establishing of that principle did much toward
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quieting the restless spirit, but any apparent contradiction of
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this principle reawakens the sleeper. Leonardo da Vince (1452 -
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1519) dallied with the problem.
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Of the overbalanced wheel, there are many variations.
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A famous example of this type was produced by the Marquis of
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Worcester, about 1648. No picture of the wheel itself is
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available, though a somewhat circumstantial account of a
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demonstration with it at the Tower of London is on record, but its
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character is that shown in the diagram. Many devices of producing
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perpetual motion have been submitted to the author for comment. In
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almost every instance they have been more or less ingenuous
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variants of earlier inventions.
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One suggested by Mr. J. S. Hamilton of New York may be taken
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as an innovation inasmuch as it purports to utilize a modern idea,
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namely, that of the injector reversed, so as to act as an ejector.
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Since an injector, by means of a steam jet, will cause a stream of
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water to enter a boiler against a pressure equal to or greater
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than that of the steam jet, then, according to this inventor, if a
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stream of water flowing out of a cistern at a high level have its
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velocity sufficiently increased, it will re-enter the cistern at a
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lower point and also do work in its passage external to the
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cistern.
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"Starting the turbine from exterior source, (motor or
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engine), establishes the vacuum" (below it), says the inventor,
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"after which the turbine will run alone. The initial pressure will
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seek the vacuum and perform work en route. The water will return
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by reason of its increased velocity secured by the nozzling effect
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of the passage ways inside the turbine. The entrance gates of a
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water turbine nozzle the water, and since the turbines are radial
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inward flow, the passage ways in the `runner' are more narrow near
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the is increased it will enter, just as the injector has proven
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times without number."
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A discussion of this with its author would inevitably involve
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a discussion of the injector, to say nothing of what is to keep
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the turbine in motion if the water, on leaving it, is to have a
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greater velocity and therefore more energy, than on entering it;
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|
but it would not be difficult to show that its successful
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|
performance would contradict the conservation of energy. It is
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needless to say that this machine never reached the stage of a
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`working model'.
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With the well-known Principle of Archimedes staring them in
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the face, inventors could not be expected long to neglect so
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helpful an idea in their attempts to solve the problem of
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perpetual motion.
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According to this principle, a body immersed in a liquid is
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said to "lose weight," or weigh less than in air. A force that
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|
will lift a stone weighing one hundred pounds in air will lift one
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|
of a hundred and fifty pounds in water, and a block of wood will
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|
not only weigh nothing in water but will rise with a lifting
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|
effort of its own.
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As a simple application of this principle, an endless chain
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passing around an upper wheel in air and a lower one in water has
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|
ledges or buckets attached to it carrying balls, and as they
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|
descend they enter the water at the foot of the machine and are
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|
carried around the lower wheel, and then, either by the apparatus
|
|
itself or by their own buoyancy, the balls are brought up in a
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|
column of water that reaches to the upper wheel, where they are
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|
discharged upon the descending side of the chain.
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The preponderance of weight on this side is the driving
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|
force. It is extremely simple (and the believer in it is scarcely
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|
less so).
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The astonishing thing is the employment of auxiliary pieces
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|
like the balls just mentioned, which are light in the water on one
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|
side of the chain, and heavy on the other, i.e., the descending
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|
side. If the idea were workable at all, the endless belt, a cord,
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|
or chain alone would be sufficient to demonstrate the action
|
|
without the help of balls or weights, for the portion in the
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|
column of liquid would be buoyed up and so be lighter than the
|
|
other portion of the chain, and the movement would go merrily on.
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|
It was left to a recent inventor to suggest the machine thus
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|
simplified, though he appears to be unaware that the general idea
|
|
had occurred to others before him.
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A description and discussion of this attempt at the problem
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|
is given by John Phin in his `The Seven Follies of Science.' There
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|
is no difficulty in representing it by a drawing, but the hopeful
|
|
aspirant for a patent is met by that discouraging demand for a
|
|
"working model," and it seems impossible in practice to get a
|
|
column of liquid to stand higher in one vessel than in another
|
|
with which it communicates! Various changes have been rung upon
|
|
the design, including the buoyant effort of liquids upon vessels
|
|
that are inflated in the liquid and deflated outside.
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Thus statics, dynamics, hydraulics, pneumatics, all as
|
|
branches of mechanics, have been called upon in connection with
|
|
gravity; and by less direct action, heat, light, magnetism and
|
|
electricity have been invoked in this fruitless endeavor to
|
|
inveigle Nature into repudiating her own laws.
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Submitted by: Ronald Barker,
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Vangard Sciences
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***** SPECIAL NOTE *****
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There are several other articles on the Keelynet BBS that you can
|
|
download on perpetual motion.
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1. KeelHoax.ASC = The Story of Keely being a Hoax.
|
|
2. Pmotion1.ASC = Overall history of Perpetual Motion.
|
|
3. Pmotion2.ASC = The Redhffer Fiasco Story.
|
|
4. Pmotion3.ASC = The Liquefaction of Air and The Hopes It
|
|
Aroused: Perpetual Motion of The Second
|
|
Kind.
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|
Jerry Decker and I will be working on some drawings that can be
|
|
included into some of the articles. The current problem involves
|
|
the time necessary to scan and edit the images as well as choosing
|
|
the graphic formats (.PCX, .TIF, etc..) to use which will allow
|
|
everyone to view them easily.
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|
Ron Barker
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