199 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
199 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
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(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2)
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Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501
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Sponsored by Vangard Sciences
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PO BOX 1031
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Mesquite, TX 75150
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There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS
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on duplicating, publishing or distributing the
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files on KeelyNet except where noted!
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February 18, 1994
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BIOMAG3.ASC
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From the now defunct PLENUM newsletter
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Volume 1 - Number 3 / September-October 1989
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Magnetics - Part 1
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The orthodox version as taught in our schools
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William Gilbert, court physician of Queen Elizabeth I, was the first
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to study magnets from a scientific viewpoint. Gilbert discovered
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that the Earth was a giant magnet by mounting a magnetized needle so
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that it could pivot freely in a vertical direction (known since as a
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"dip needle") so that the north pole dipped toward the ground. The
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earth was modelled by a spherical lodestone which showed that the
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needle would behave exactly the same way as the earth when held over
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the "northern hemisphere", which is where Gilbert was at the time of
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his experiment. These researches can be checked out in his work
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entitled DE MAGNETE.
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Scientists have long speculated that the Earth might have a gigantic
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iron magnet at its core. Modern studies have shown the central core
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to be molten which discounts the magnet theory due to the phenomenon
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known as the "Curie temperature". When iron is heated, it loses its
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strong magnetic properties. This occurs at 760 degrees Centigrade
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(for iron). The temperature at the Earth's core is CALCULATED to be
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at least 1000 degrees Centigrade indicating there is NO magnetic
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field at the core. However, as the metal cools, it would become
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magnetic.
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The "Curie temperature" was discovered by Pierre Curie in 1895.
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Cobalt and nickel, also ferromagnetic (ferro = iron), lose their
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magnetic properties when exposed to high temperatures. Nickel at
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356 degrees Centigrade and Cobalt at 1075 degrees Centigrade. At
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low temperatures, certain other metals are ferromagnetic.
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Dysprosium becomes ferromagnetic at -188 degrees Centigrade.
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Magnetism is a property of the atom itself. In most materials the
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atomic magnets are randomly oriented, so that most of the effect is
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cancelled out. Weak properties are however detectable and are
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referred to as "paramagnetism." The magnetic strength is referred
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to as "permeability." Vacuum has a permeability of 1.00.
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Paramagnetic substances range between 1.00 and 1.01.
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Nickel has a permeability of 40, cobalt of 55, while iron is in the
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thousands. Magnetic "domains" are tiny areas about .001 to .1
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centimeters in diameter, and are where atomic magnets line up to
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Page 1
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reinforce one another. This reinforcement produces strong fields
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within the domains.
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In unmagnetized iron, the domains are randomly oriented, thus
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cancelling out one another's effect. When the domains are brought
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into line by action of another magnet, the iron is considered
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magnetized.
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The reorientation of domains during the magnetism process produces
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clicking and hissing noises which can be detected by proper
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amplification. This phenomenon is termed the "Barkhausen effect"
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after the German physicist, Heinrich Barkhausen.
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In "anti-ferromagnetic substances", such as manganese, the domains
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also line up, but in alternate directions. This cancels out most of
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the magnetism. Again, above a particular temperature, substances
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lose this anti-ferromagnetic effect and becomes paramagnetic
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(attractive to magnetism).
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Michael Faraday wound a coil of wire around a segment of an iron
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ring and a second coil of wire around another segment of the ring.
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When he connected the first coil to a battery, a momentary induced
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current could be detected in the second coil. The galvanometer
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(current meter) showed a positive increase as the magnetism rushed
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in when the power was switched on. When the battery was switched
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off, the collapsing lines of magnetic force again cut across the
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wire of the second coil, causing a momentary surge of electricity in
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the opposite direction of the first flow. This was the first
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"transformer."
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Physicist Walter Maurice Elsasser has proposed that the rotation of
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the earth sets up slow eddies in the molten iron core, circling west
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to east. These eddies have the effect of PRODUCING AN ELECTRIC
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CURRENT, also circling west to east. Just as Faraday's coil of wire
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produced magnetic lines of force within the coil, so does the
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circling electric current in the earth's core. An internal magnet
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is created with a north/south axis. This accounts for the earth's
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magnetic field, oriented roughly along the axis of rotation, so that
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the magnetic poles are near the north and south geographic poles.
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The north magnetic pole is off the coast of northern Canada about
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one thousand miles from the actual geographics North pole. The
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South magnetic pole is near the Antartica shoreline west of Ross
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Sea, again about one thousand miles from the geographic South Pole.
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Interestingly enough, the magnetic poles are NOT DIRECTLY OPPOSITE
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EACH OTHER on the globe. A LINE PASSING THROUGH THEM DOES NOT PASS
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DIRECTLY THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.
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The deviation of the compass needle from the "true North", (the
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direction of the geographic North Pole) varies irregularly as one
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travels east or west. The compass needle shifted on Columbus' first
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voyage which he hid from his crew lest it excite terror in them that
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would force him to turn back.
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Modern physics texts teach that North Pole energy is an inflow while
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South Pole energy is an outflow. The North pole of a magnet is the
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"north-seeking pole" of a bar magnet which points toward the
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geographics North pole.
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Page 2
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In 1580, the tilt or declination of the magnetic field was measured
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at 11 degrees East, 0 degrees in 1657, 25 degrees West in 1820 and
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is currently DECREASING with a value of about 7 degrees West in
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1972.
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The North end of a magnet attracts the South end of another bar
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magnet, so we say that in magnetics, LIKE POLES REPEL AND UNLIKE
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POLES ATTRACT. This is caused by the interaction between the moving
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and spinning orbital electrons which are bound to the nuclei. Also,
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the radical differences between iron and copper are due to the
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possibility of cooperation between oriented domains in the iron.
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Therefore, ALL magnetic charges can ultimately be described in terms
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of moving charges.
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Modern efficient magnet coils use wires of a superconducting alloy
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(cooled below the Curie transition temperature.) A typical
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commercially available magnet uses an alloy of 75% Nb - (Niobium)
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and 25% Zr - (Zirconium) cooled to 4.2 degrees Kelvin. Such a wire
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of only .01 inch diameter carries 25 Amperes with absolutely no
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Joule heating.
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The "Right-Hand Rule" is demonstrated in the diagram on the left.
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If you picture your right hand grasping the shaft with the thumb
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pointing up, the positive current will be flowing in the direction
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of your thumb. (SEE BIOMAG3.GIF)
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The fingers of your right hand would then indicate the direction of
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the magnetic lines of force which will be CCW if looking DOWN ONTO
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the elliptical flux lines.
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Modern magnetics teaches that the lines of magnetic flux enter from
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the North Pole and exit from the South Pole. These lines bow out
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into space from the RADIATING SOUTH POLE to rejoin the CONDENSING
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NORTH POLE.
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There are theories which posit the existence of a MAGNETIC MONOPOLE.
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This would be a magnetic mass with ONLY A SOUTH POLE OR ONLY A NORTH
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POLE. This postulated phenomenon has yet to be witnessed under
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laboratory conditions although there have been reports in isolated
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instances. (over the past few years, we received a copy of a patent
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showing a configuration of magnets which form a SINGLE monopole,
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either north or south depending on the orientation of the 6 magnets
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which comprise the structure, they are arranged in an X,Y,Z axis
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with a common pole pointing toward the center)
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In the next issue of the PLENUM, we will go into the research
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findings of Albert Roy Davis and Walter Rawls. Here we will being
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to see a potential conflict when attempting to define spin as CW or
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CCW. It is entirely dependent on the PERSPECTIVE OF THE VIEWER.
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If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
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as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
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Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
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Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
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Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
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Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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If we can be of service, you may contact
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Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346
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Page 3
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