142 lines
8.4 KiB
Plaintext
142 lines
8.4 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on How Violence ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [Affects the Kids of ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [Today ]
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[x]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1090 School:Ithaca State:NY
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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This literature review is based on the effects of television violence
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on children. More specifically, it deals with the relationship found
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between television violence and aggression found in young children. I chose
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this topic because I found it interesting to learn that studies have indeed
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found a connection between television viewing and the behavior of people,
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especially children.
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The first study reviewed is entitled "Television Violence and
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Children's Aggression: Testing the Priming. Social script, and
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Disinhibition Predictions," by Wendy Josephson. Josephson begins her study
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by commenting on other studies which pertain to the idea of television
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violence leading to aggressiveness in children's behavior. She acknowledges
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that, in fact, there are still differing views over whether or not behavior
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is affected by the violence. However, Josephson tends to rely more on the
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idea that it is affected and feels that more research should be directed to
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this area.
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Mostly, attention is focused on factors such as the disinhibition
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effect and cue-triggered aggression. Josephson aims to differentiate these
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two areas and how they are affected by television violence. The overall
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purpose of her study is to research the effect this violence has on boys'
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aggression. Special emphasis is placed on factors such as teacher-rated
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characteristic aggressiveness in the boys, timing of frustration (before or
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after watching the televised violence, and violence related cues.
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Josephson's study is detailed and technical. However, sometimes it
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gets very difficult to understand the study due to the many advanced,
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technical terms used. The purpose of the study is somewhat easy to
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determine, and the three hypotheses on which she bases her research on are
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outlined clearly in the end of the review. It is understandable, from the
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review, how she came to her hypotheses.
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The second study reviewed is by Leonard D. Eron. Titled "Interventions
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to Mitigate the Psychological Effects of Media Violence on Aggressive
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Behavior," it begins with Eron's realization that although many studies
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were conducted which support the link between violence on television and
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aggressive behavior, very few studies have been conducted which attempt to
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intervene between the two. Interventions between television violence and
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aggression could be useful because, then studies could be conducted on
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reducing the effects of violence on the viewer.
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Also, the results of such a study could be helpful in researching the
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cause and effect relationship which may exist between the two. However,
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this would require that the interventions pertain exclusively to television
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viewing and that any other areas of intervention are controlled. If the
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aggressive behavior is reduced, it could support the theory of a causal
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effect as convincingly as a study performed in a carefully controlled
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laboratory experiment.
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The literature review is clear and easy to understand. Eron states at
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the beginning what his study is about. However, it is not clear in the
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review, at first, that his study deals with young children. This should
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have been more apparent since different results are expected depending on
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who the study involves. It is apparent, however, that his intentions are to
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study the results which would come from a study involving intervening
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variables between television violence and aggressive behavior.
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"Effects of Realistic TV Violence vs. Fictional Violence on
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Aggression" by Charles Atkin is the third study to be reviewed. Atkin's
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study starts off by stating that much evidence supports the theory that
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televised violence contributes to rising amounts of aggression found among
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young people. He focuses his literature review on the aspect of reality vs.
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fantasy in violence. More realistic forms of violence are said to lead to
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greater aggression.
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His study deals with the comparison of aggressive responses in
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pre-adolescents to real news violence and fictional entertainment violence.
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Reality, in the case of these studies, is perceived by the viewer. The
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viewer determines whether or not the violence appears real by the extent to
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which the events really did or could exist in the real world or through
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similarities which the event holds with the viewers social or physical
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environment.
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If a violent situation appears real, the viewer is more likely to
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identify with it. Therefore, it is said to lead to more aggression than
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violence in unrealistic situations. Atkins seeks, in his study, causal
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evidence of impact which takes into account reality violence, fantasy
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violence, and no violence treatments.
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Atkin gives a clear, understandable idea of what his study is about.
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This lit review was very well done. His purpose was clear and his
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hypotheses were well explained at the end of the review. By explaining the
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information lacking in previous studies, it was easy to see how he came to
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these hypotheses and what he intends to accomplish.
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The fourth and final study to be reviewed is titled "Intervening
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Variables in the TV Violence-Aggression Relation: Evidence from Two
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Countries" by L.R. Huesmann, K. Lagerspertz, and L. Eron. These researchers
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attempt to determine the boundary conditions under which the theory of
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television violence leading to aggression pertains. They also set out to
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study the impact intervening variables, such as age, culture, and sex, have
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on the tv violence-aggression relation. Finally, they attempt to further
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examine how the viewing of television violence relates to aggression.
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Most of their study focuses on children imitating what they observe.
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However, they acknowledge the fact that these observations may be altered
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due to the society in which they live, their age, or their sex. Therefore,
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Huesmann, Lagerspertz, and Eron stress the necessity of conducting similar
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methods of study in various kinds of cultures to gain the necessary
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information for obtaining a general view of the effects of television
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violence on children.
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Their hypotheses, which pertain to the question of why television
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affects males more than females, are clearly stated. In fact, the whole
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literature review is pretty clear and straightforward. The purpose,
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however, of the study is not really clear until close to the end. It is
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difficult to figure out where the actual study begins and where the review
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ends. Most of the other reviews clearly mark where the methodology starts.
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In conclusion, the studies all basically aim to learn more about the
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connection between television violence and aggression among young children.
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However, the majority of the studies deal primarily with the effect of the
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violence on males. Therefore, females seem to be hardly ever thought of as
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a different category in this area. Only one of the studies even mentioned
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the use of females to achieve different results. Most of the studies were
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easy to comprehend, and the researchers were fairly straightforward in what
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they expected to accomplish with their studies.
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