153 lines
8.4 KiB
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153 lines
8.4 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [Essay on the Ozone ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: o4/95 # of Words:1126 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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OZONE
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Ozone derives from the greek word ozein which means to smell. It was
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first discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who noticed it
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because of its distinctive acrid smell. He discovered this at the
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University of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is merely oxygen, but not the
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type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three compounds while oxygen has only two.
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Ozone is reac- tive, meaning it does not stay still, and wants to go back
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to its original state, with two compounds, O2. This is why ozone is
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harmful. Ozone always wants to let go of its third compound, and if this
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compound reacts with other substances, it could be damaging, especially to
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humans.
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When discussing with the ozone layer, one should know the four major
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atmosphere levels on earth. The troposphere which is between zero and
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fifteen kilometers in altitude and has tempera- ture ranges from two
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hundred to two hundred ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere
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which ranges from fifteen to approxi- mately fifty kilometers in altitude
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and has temperature ranges from two hundred to two hundred fifty kelvins.
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The third level in the atmosphere is mesosphere. This level ranges from
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fifty to eighty-five kilometers in altitude and has temperature ranges
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between one hundred eighty and two hundred fifty kelvins. Finally, the
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thermosphere is the final level in the atmosphere. It's range is
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eighty-five to one hundred forty kilometers and also temperatures as high
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as four hundred sixty kelvins.
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Society has been widely addressed with the many problems that we are
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having in our environment today. A major problem is that of CFCs. CFC
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stands for Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in many of the aerosol spray
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cans. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina discovered that CFCs can
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destroy the ozone in the stratosphere.
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In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) sued the
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Consumers Product Safety Commission for a band of CFCs used in aerosol
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spray cans. United States's fifth largest manufacturers of aerosol sprays
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announced that they will reduce the amount of CFCs used in there products.
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But as things started to get better, The Consumer Product Safety Commission
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rejected NRDC's law suit in July stating that there was insufficient
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evidence towards the amount of harm the CFCs were doing to the ozone layer.
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On September 1976, a report was released which re-enforced Rowland and
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Molina's hypothesis, but also stated that the govern- ment action on CFC
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regulations should be postponed. This report also stated that the CFCs can
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initiate climatic changes and contribute to the warming of the earth's
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atmosphere, i.e., the greenhouse effect.
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May 1977, several government agencies announced joint plans to limit,
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but not eliminate uses of CFCs in aerosol spray cans. But on February of
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the following year, the government decided to postpone the regulations on
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CFCs used in refrigeration, air conditioning, solvents, and other
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industrial processes. With all the new regulations taking affect and being
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postponed, nothing was getting accomplished, but finally, on October 1978,
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aerosols where banned in the United States.
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August of 1981, satellite pictures showed that over one percent of the
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ozone was lost due to CFCs. Then, in October of 1984, research groups
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found a forty percent loss of ozone over Antarctica. In August of 1985,
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satellite photos confirmed the existence of an ozone hole over Antarctica.
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Even though many were trying to reduce the amount of CFCs in their
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products, there were still some out there who wanted to make the fast buck.
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February 1988, three US senators asked Du Pont to stop making CFCs but the
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chairman denied the requested. Three weeks later, the chairman agrees to
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ease manufacturing of chemicals, but only when substitutes were available.
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Eight in a million of the widely scattered molecules are ozone in our
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atmosphere--this is what is responsible for the rising of temperature.
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Ozone takes in ultra-violet rays when they come from the sun and converts
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the radiation to heat and chemical energy. The ozone layer also seals
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earth from the many of the other powerful radiation rays that the sun gives
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off. Splitting of oxygen molecules depends upon the intense radiation,
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therefore, the greatest ozone production is over the tropics. The ozone is
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dangerous to us because is causes many types of skin cancer such as
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malignant melanoma--a very deadly cancer which causes death to forty
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percent of all recorded cases of cancer. Many people predict that the ozone
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layer would cause thirty thousand skin cancers just in the United States
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alone, and over five hundred-thousand world wide. Cancer, though, is only
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one of the few problems that the ozone layer causes. For example small
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organisms such as plankton in the sea which is the aquatic food which
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serves as the basic food chain would be destroyed and therefore destroying
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the food chain--not only the sea food chain, but also the land. Nobody
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knows what exact reaction there may be if the ozone continues to break down
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as it is now.
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Besides rays from the sun, photon can also come in the Earth and be
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destructive. Outer portions of the atmosphere, i.e., the thermosphere, the
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energy from the photon is used to photodisociate (break down) oxygen
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molecules.
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Ozone is an unstable compound, if it is left to itself it will turn
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into O2, but this takes place very slowly in the presents of light.
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Air pollution increases ozone destruction as show below. NO, nitrogen
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oxide, is air pollution.
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The troposphere has too much ozone and ozone is harmful to us if is
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too close. Ten to fifteen molecules per million of ozone in the atmosphere
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is enough to kill small animals. Since the number is eight per million
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already, it is not long until it will get extremely destructive. Shown
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below is how ozone can be created, ozone being O3 and NO2 being pollution.
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The hole in the ozone layer is become bigger every day. If we do not
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do anything to stop it, it will eventually kill us. There is so much we can
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do--but we must be willing to do it. Time is what we have not of.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. Auliciems, Andris and Ian Burton. Perception and Awareness
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Of Air Pollution In Toronto. Working Paper No. 3. Univer-
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sity of Toronto, 1970.
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2. Fishman, Jack and Robert Kalish. Global Alert: The Ozone
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Pollution Crisis. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.
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3. Mainwaring, S. J. and W. Strauss. Air Pollution. Balti-
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more: Edward Arnold, 1984.
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4. Oxtoby, David W., Norman H. Nachtribe and Wade A. Freeman.
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Chemistry: Science of Change. Toronto: Saunders College
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Publishing, 1990.
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5. Roan, Sharon. Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution Of A
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Sudden Global Emergency. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
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1989.
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6. Young, Louise B. Earth's Aura. First Edition. New York:
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Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1977.
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