197 lines
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Plaintext
197 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [General Prodigy Rip Info]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [on Herbert Hoover. ]
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[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 06/94 # of Words:1304 School: - State: -
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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Hoover, Herbert
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{hoo'-vur}
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Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the United States.
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During his first year in office the Wall Street crash of 1929 occurred. He
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was blamed for the resulting collapse of the economy, and his unpopular
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policies brought an end to a brilliant career in public office. After the
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inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, however, Hoover remained
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a leading critic of the New Deal and a spokesman for the Republican party.
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Early Life
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Born on Aug. 10, 1874, the son of a blacksmith in the Iowa village of
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West Branch, Hoover was orphaned at the age of eight and sent to live with
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an uncle in Oregon. The uncle became wealthy, enabling Hoover to study
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mining engineering at Stanford University; he graduated in 1895. The
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influences of his engineering training and his Quaker upbringing were to
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shape his subsequent careers.
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Hoover began working in California mines as an ordinary laborer, but he
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soon obtained a position in Australia directing a new gold-mining venture.
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During the next two decades he traveled through much of Asia, Africa, and
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Europe as a mining entrepreneur, earning a considerable fortune. At the
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outbreak of World War I in August 1914 he was in London.
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Hoover, who as a Quaker passionately believed in peace, was appalled by
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the human costs of the war, and he determined to devote his life to public
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service. He volunteered to direct the exodus of American tourists from
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war-torn Europe and then to head (1915-19) the Commission for Relief in
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Belgium. This position brought him public attention as the "great
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humanitarian," a well-earned reputation that he lost only after the 1929
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Wall Street debacle. The commission fed 10,000,000 people during the war
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and left funds for Belgian postwar reconstruction.
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When the United States entered the war in April 1917, Hoover was called
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to Washington to serve as food administrator. This was a special wartime
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office, created to encourage American agricultural production and food
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conservation and to coordinate a rational distribution of food. When the
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war ended in November 1918, President Woodrow Wilson sent Hoover back to
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Europe to direct the American Relief Administration, an agency intended to
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relieve the suffering in Europe caused by the war's destruction.
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Hoover's public reputation was enormous as a result of his activities
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in these offices, and some persons looked upon him as a presidential
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candidate in 1920. He had never participated in partisan politics, but he
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did declare himself a Republican while refusing to seek the presidency that
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year. In 1921, Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover secretary of commerce, a
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post he held until he began his own presidential campaign in 1928.
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Secretary of Commerce
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As secretary of commerce, Hoover made his most important contributions
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to public policy. He was so able and active in the administrations of
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Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge that observers often referred to him
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as "secretary for domestic affairs." Hoover directly confronted a dilemma
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central to American values: the conflict between the tradition of
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individualism and the impersonalism of large corporations and big cities.
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Hoover deeply believed in the traditional worth of the individual, the
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value of personal initiative, the rights of self-expression, and the legacy
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of freedom of opportunity. These beliefs were deeply rooted in American
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society and in Hoover's personal Quaker faith.
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But Hoover, as an engineer, was also profoundly impressed by the
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virtues of science. Rational principles could point the way to
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disinterested fairness in public policy, bring about greater efficiency in
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the economy and in society, and, if applied dispassionately, cause an end
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to the bitter conflicts in an America populated by persons of different
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creeds, races, and social classes. In his belief that greater rationality
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in public life could be combined with respect for the tradition of
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individual rights, Hoover conformed to the mainstream of progressive social
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thought in the early 20th century.
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As secretary of commerce Hoover was concerned with applying rational
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principles in order to end conflict between labor and business. But he was
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mostly preoccupied with trying to bring the benefits of cooperative action
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to business owners and farmers without destroying individual initiative. To
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this end his department encouraged firms to join together in trade
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associations and thereby develop and share vital information about costs of
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production and distribution and about available markets.
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Presidency
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Hoover's views and policies were popular in the 1920s. In 1928, after
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Coolidge announced that he would not seek reelection, Hoover launched a
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successful presidential campaign, easily defeating the Democratic
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contender, Al Smith. Hoover expressed the belief that ways had been found
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to eliminate the scourges of poverty and that America was entering a future
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of peace and ever-increasing economic prosperity. After his election he
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turned his attention to America's most noticeable economic problem, the
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agricultural depression that had been chronic for nearly a decade. The
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resulting Agricultural Marketing Act, passed by Congress in 1929, promoted
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the idea of marketing cooperatives among farmers to increase their
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efficiency while the government purchased surplus commodities until--it was
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intended--individual cooperative action could maintain farm prosperity
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without government intervention.
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The Wall Street crash of October 1929 and the onset of the DEPRESSION
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OF THE 1930s shattered Hoover's dreams and his popularity. He refused to
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mobilize fully the resources of the federal government to save the
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collapsing economy. What actions he did take, such as approving creation
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(1932) of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to loan funds to ailing
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corporations, seemed too little too late. Hoover feared that too much
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government intervention would destroy the integrity and initiative of the
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individual citizen. The "great humanitarian" lost his reputation as
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millions lost their jobs and some were actually starving by the winter of
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1932-33. Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily defeated Hoover in 1932 by
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promising Americans a New Deal.
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Later Years
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In semiretirement Hoover criticized the policies of the New Deal,
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saying that they made Americans dependent on the government. He remained an
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important ideologist for the Republican party. After World War II he served
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as coordinator of the European Food Program (1946-47). He subsequently
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headed two Hoover Commissions (1947-49 and 1953-55) on the organization of
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the executive branch of the government. He recommended structural changes
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to make the government more efficient and the executive branch more
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accountable to the Congress and the public.
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In retirement Hoover thus remained true to his principles of efficiency
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and individual integrity. He died in New York City on Oct. 20, 1964.
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Bibliography: Best, Gary D., Herbert Hoover: The
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Postpresidential Years, 1933-1964 (1983); Burner, David,
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Herbert Hoover (1979); Eckley, Wilton, Herbert Hoover (1980);
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Fausold, Martin L., The Presidency of Herbert Hoover (1985);
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Fitzgerald, C. B., ed., Herbert C. Hoover (1988); Hawley, E.
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W., et al., Herbert Hoover and the Historians (1990); Hoover,
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Herbert, Addresses upon the American Road, 8 vols. (1936-61),
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and The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, 3 vols. (1951-52);
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Huthmacher, J. Joseph, and Sussman, Warren I., eds., Herbert
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Hoover and the Crisis of American Capitalism (1973); Lyons,
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Eugene, Herbert Hoover, a Biography (1964); Nash, G. H., The
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Life of Herbert Hoover, 2 vols. (1983-88); Smith, Gene, The
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Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
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(1984); Smith, R. N., An Uncommon Man (1984); Sobel, Robert,
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Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression, 1929-1930
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(1975); Wilson, Joan Hoff, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten
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Progressive (1975).
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NAME: Herbert Clark Hoover
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31st President of the United States (1929-33)
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Born: Aug. 10, 1874, West Branch, Iowa Education: Stanford
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University (graduated 1895) Profession: Engineer Religious
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Affiliation: Society of Friends (Quaker)
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Marriage: Feb. 10, 1899, to Lou Henry (1875-1944) Children:
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Herbert Clark Hoover (1903-69); Alan Henry Hoover (1907- )
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Political Affiliation: Republican Writings: The Challenge of
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Liberty (1934); America's First Crusade (1942); Memoirs (3
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vols., 1951-52); The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (1958)
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Died: Oct. 20, 1964, New York City Buried: West Branch, Iowa
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Vice-President: Charles Curtis
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Cabinet Members:^ Secretary of State: Henry L. Stimson
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Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew W. Mellon (1929-32); Ogden L.
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Mills (1932-33) Secretary of War: James W. Good (1929); Patrick
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J. Hurley (1929-33) Attorney General: William DeWitt Mitchell
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Postmaster General: Walter F. Brown Secretary of the Navy:
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Charles F. Adams Secretary of the Interior: Ray L. Wilbur
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Secretary of Agriculture: Arthur M. Hyde Secretary of Commerce:
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Robert P. Lamont (1929-32); Roy D. Chapin (1932-33) Secretary
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of Labor: James J. Davis (1929-30); William N. Doak (1930-33)
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