155 lines
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155 lines
8.0 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [The Human Eye in Space ]
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[ ]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [ ]
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[ ]11-12 [ ]Essay/Report [ ]
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[x]College [x]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 10/94 # of Words:1039 School: ? State: ?
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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===========================================================================
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THE HUMAN EYE IN SPACE by Lambert Parker (edited) ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SIG
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Human visual hardware is a result of a billion years of evolution
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within the earths atmosphere where light is scattered by molecules of air,
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moisture, particular matter etc. However as we ascend into our atmosphere
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with decrease density, light distribution is changed resulting in our
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visual hardware receiving visual data in different format.
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Some Aspects to Consider:
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1. Visual acuity is the degree to which the details and contours of objects
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are perceived. Visual acuity is usually defined in terms of minimum
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separable.Large variety of factors influence this complex phenomenon
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which includes :
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# Optical factors- state of the image forming mechanisms of the eye.
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# Retinal factors such as the state of the cones.
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# Stimulus factors such as illumination, brightness of the stimulus,
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contrast between the stimulus and background, length of time exposed
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to the stimulus.
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* Minimum separable: shortest distance by which two lines can be separated
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and still be perceived as two lines.
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"During the day, the earth has a predominantly bluish cast.....
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I could detect individual houses and streets in the low humidity and
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cloudless areas such as the Himalaya mountain area....
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I saw a steam locomotive by seeing the smoke first.....
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I also saw the wake of a boat on a large river in the Burma-India area...
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and a bright orange light from the British oil refinery to the south of the
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city (Perth,Australia.)"
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The above observation was made by Gordon Cooper in Faith 7 [1963] and
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which generated much skepticism in the light of the thesis by Muckler and
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Narvan "Visual Surveillance and Reconnaissance from space vehicles" in
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which they determined that a visual angle of ten minutes was the
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operational minimum, and that the minimum resolvable object length
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[M.R.O.L] at an altitude of 113 miles would be 1730 ft. This limitation of
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acuity was revised the next year to 0.5 seconds of arc for an extended
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contrasting line and 15 seconds of arc for minimum separation of two points
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sharply contrasting with the background.
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Orbiting at 237 miles in the skylab it was possible to see the entire
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east coast [Canada to Florida Keys] and resolve details of a 500 feet long
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bridge based on inference. Of Interest is the fact that even though the
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mechanical eye [camera systems] can resolve objects greater than fifty
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times better than the human eye, without the human ability to infer,
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interpretation of the data is meaningless.
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Conclusion: Visual acuity in space exceeds that of earth norm when objects
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with linear extension such as roads, airfields, wake of ships etc.
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2. Stereoscopic vision: the perception of two images as one by means of
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fusing the impressions on both retinas.
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In space one has to deal with a poverty of reference points. For
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hardware evolved in a reference oriented paradigm, this possess a grave
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problem. Once out of the space craft and gazing outward, the eye can only
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fix on the stars [without even a twinkle] which for all practical purpose
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is at infinity ie. without stereoscopic vision "Empty field myopia"
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prevails.
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Empty Field Myopia is a condition in which the eyes, having nothing in
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the visual field upon which to focus, focus automatically at about 9 feet .
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An astronaut/cosmonaut experiencing empty field myopia focusing at 9 ft
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would be unable see objects at a range close as 100 ft. If another
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spacecraft, satellite, meteorite or L.E.M entered his field of vision, he
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would not be able to determine the size nor the distance.
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Solution:
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Man does not face any hostile environment in his birthday suit, the
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clothing industry and need for walk in closet say it all. In space we will
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wear our exoskeleton just as we wear winter jackets in winter and we will
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wear our helmets with visors to maintain our internal environment, filter
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out all those nasty rads etc. Since Empty Field Myopia is secondary to loss
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of reference points why not just build them into the visor itself giving
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the eye points of reference-- create a virtual reality ??? This line of
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speculation leads to amazing concepts......
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To learn more about the concept of virtual universe in the helmet read:
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Journal: Air & Space, [smithsonian publication]
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article: Big Picture by Steven L.Thompson. illustrated by Dale Glasgow.
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About creation of virtual universe with new computer and software tech
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in the helmets of F-16 fighter pilots-- this is not a theoretical
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possibility but a reality. A MUST READ.
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Note: One aspect of adaptation to microgravity [space sickness] is an
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increased dependence on visual as opposed to vestibular mechanisms in the
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stabilization of retinal image during head movements only underscores the
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importance in being aware of our visual ability.
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3. PERCEPTION OF COLORS.
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Studies done by the Russian cosmonauts on effects on perception of
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colors in space suggests a reduction in the perception of brightness of all
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colors. The greatest degradation seem to affect purple, azure, & green.
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4. LIGHT FLASHES.
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Not the so-called fireflies noted in orbital flights by astronauts
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[shown graphically in the movie right stuff] but lights as faint spots /
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flashes seen after dark adaptation in the cabin of the Apollo missions.
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Generally described as white/colorless and classified as three types.
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# Described as "spots" / "starlike" 66 % of the time. Appearing in both
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eyes simultaneously or one eye at a time.
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# Described as "streaks" 25 % of the time.
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# Described as "lightning discharge seen behind clouds" 9 % of the times.
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It was of interest that the very same astronauts who reported them in
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the Apollo flights failed to see them in previous Gemini flights. After the
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Apollo flights this phenomena was noted by the crew of all three Skylab
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missions especially when they crossed the South Atlantic Anomaly.
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W.Zachary Osborne, Ph.D., Lawrence Pinsky, Ph.D., at University of
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Houston & J.Vernon Bailey at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center conducted an
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investigation on this phenomena and concluded that they were due to heavy
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cosmic radiation penetrating thru the craft and impinging on the retina to
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cause this phenomena of flashes. The fact that this was noted only after
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the eyes were darkadapted points to retinal interaction than optic nerve
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per se.
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