206 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
206 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßÛßßßßßÛÛÜ ÜÜßßßßÜÜÜÜ ÜÛÜ ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÛßß ßÛÛ
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ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛ ÜÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜ ßÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÜÜÜÛÛÝ Ûß
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ßßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÞÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßßÛÜÞÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÞß
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Mo.iMP ÜÛÛÜ ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ßÛß
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ß ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ÜÛ
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ÜÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÜÜ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÛÛÞÛÛÛÛÛÝ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ÜÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÜÛÛÛÛÜÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ÞÛ ßÛÛÛÛÛ Ü ÛÝÛÛÛÛÛ Ü
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ÜÛ ÞÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ ßÛÜ ßÛÛÛÜÜ ÜÜÛÛÛß ÞÛ ÞÛÛÛÝ ÜÜÛÛ
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ÛÛ ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßÛÜ ßßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛß ÜÜÜß ÛÛÛÛÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÛÛÛÛÛß
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ßÛÜ ÜÛÛÛß ßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÜ ßßÜÜ ßßÜÛÛßß ßÛÛÜ ßßßÛßÛÛÛÛÛÛÛßß
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ßßßßß ßßÛÛß ßßßßß ßßßßßßßßßßßßß
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ARRoGANT CoURiERS WiTH ESSaYS
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Grade Level: Type of Work Subject/Topic is on:
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[ ]6-8 [ ]Class Notes [An essay on the four ]
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[x]9-10 [ ]Cliff Notes [major Arab-Israli wars. ]
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[x]11-12 [x]Essay/Report [ ]
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[ ]College [ ]Misc [ ]
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Dizzed: 07/94 # of Words:1,800 School: co-ed public State: NY
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ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>Chop Here>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ>ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS
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=================
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Since the United Nations partition of PALESTINE in 1947 and the
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establishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948, there have been four
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major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerous
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intermittent battles. Although Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in
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1979, hostility between Israel and the rest of its Arab neighbors,
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complicated by the demands of Palestinian Arabs, continued into the 1980s.
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THE FIRST PALESTINE WAR (1947-49)
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The first war began as a civil conflict between Palestinian Jews
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and Arabs following the United Nations recommendation of Nov. 29, 1947, to
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partition Palestine, then still under British mandate, into an Arab state
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and a Jewish state. Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillas attacked
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Jewish settlements and communication links to prevent implementation of the
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UN plan.
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Jewish forces prevented seizure of most settlements, but Arab
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guerrillas, supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under the command
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of British officers, besieged Jerusalem. By April, Haganah, the principal
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Jewish military group, seized the offensive, scoring victories against the
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Arab Liberation Army in northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. British
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military forces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neutral, some
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commanders assisted one side or the other.
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After the British had departed and the state of Israel had been
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established on May 15, 1948, under the premiership of David BEN-GURION, the
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Palestine Arab forces and foreign volunteers were joined by regular armies
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of Transjordan (now the kingdom of JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, and SYRIA, with
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token support from SAUDI ARABIA. Efforts by the UN to halt the fighting
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were unsuccessful until June 11, when a 4-week truce was declared. When the
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Arab states refused to renew the truce, ten more days of fighting erupted.
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In that time Israel greatly extended the area under its control and broke
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the siege of Jerusalem. Fighting on a smaller scale continued during the
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second UN truce beginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more territory,
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especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January 1949, when the last
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battles ended, Israel had extended its frontiers by about 5,000 sq km
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(1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500 sq km (4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewish
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state in the UN partition resolution. It had also secured its
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independence. During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UN
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auspices between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. The
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armistice frontiers were unofficial boundaries until 1967.
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SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956)
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Border conflicts between Israel and the Arabs continued despite
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provisions in the 1949 armistice agreements for peace negotiations.
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Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs who had left Israeli-held
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territory during the first war concentrated in refugee camps along Israel's
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frontiers and became a major source of friction when they infiltrated back
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to their homes or attacked Israeli border settlements. A major tension
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point was the Egyptian-controlled GAZA STRIP, which was used by Arab
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guerrillas for raids into southern Israel. Egypt's blockade of Israeli
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shipping in the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba intensified the hostilities.
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These escalating tensions converged with the SUEZ CRISIS caused by
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the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian president Gamal NASSER.
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Great Britain and France strenuously objected to Nasser's policies, and a
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joint military campaign was planned against Egypt with the understanding
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that Israel would take the initiative by seizing the Sinai Peninsula. The
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war began on Oct. 29, 1956, after an announcement that the armies of
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Egypt, Syria, and Jordan were to be integrated under the Egyptian commander
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in chief. Israel's Operation Kadesh, commanded by Moshe DAYAN, lasted less
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than a week; its forces reached the eastern bank of the Suez Canal in
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about 100 hours, seizing the Gaza Strip and nearly all the Sinai Peninsula.
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The Sinai operations were supplemented by an Anglo-French invasion of Egypt
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on November 5, giving the allies control of the northern sector of the Suez
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Canal.
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The war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolution calling for
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an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of all occupying forces from Egyptian
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territory. The General Assembly also established a United Nations
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Emergency Force (UNEF) to replace the allied troops on the Egyptian side of
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the borders in Suez, Sinai, and Gaza. By December 22 the last British and
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French troops had left Egypt. Israel, however, delayed withdrawal,
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insisting that it receive security guarantees against further Egyptian
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attack. After several additional UN resolutions calling for withdrawal and
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after pressure from the United States, Israel's forces left in March 1957.
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SIX-DAY WAR (1967)
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Relations between Israel and Egypt remained fairly stable in the
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following decade. The Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping, the
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Arab boycott of Israel was maintained, and periodic border clashes occurred
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between Israel, Syria, and Jordan. However, UNEF prevented direct military
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encounters between Egypt and Israel.
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By 1967 the Arab confrontation states--Egypt, Syria, and
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Jordan--became impatient with the status quo, the propaganda war with
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Israel escalated, and border incidents increased dangerously. Tensions
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culminated in May when Egyptian forces were massed in Sinai, and Cairo
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ordered the UNEF to leave Sinai and Gaza. President Nasser also announced
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that the Gulf of Aqaba would be closed again to Israeli shipping. At the
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end of May, Egypt and Jordan signed a new defense pact placing Jordan's
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armed forces under Egyptian command. Efforts to de-escalate the crisis
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were of no avail. Israeli and Egyptian leaders visited the United States,
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but President Lyndon Johnson's attempts to persuade Western powers to
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guarantee free passage through the Gulf failed.
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Believing that war was inevitable, Israeli Premier Levi ESHKOL,
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Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan, and Army Chief of Staff Yitzhak RABIN
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approved preemptive Israeli strikes at Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and
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Iraqi airfields on June 5, 1967. By the evening of June 6, Israel had
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destroyed the combat effectiveness of the major Arab air forces, destroying
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more than 400 planes and losing only 26 of its own. Israel also swept into
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Sinai, reaching the Suez Canal and occupying most of the peninsula in less
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than four days.
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King HUSSEIN of Jordon rejected an offer of neutrality and opened
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fire on Israeli forces in Jerusalem on June 5. But a lightning Israeli
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campaign placed all of Arab Jerusalem and the Jordanian West Bank in
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Israeli hands by June 8. As the war ended on the Jordanian and Egyptian
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fronts, Israel opened an attack on Syria in the north. In a little more
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than two days of fierce fighting, Syrian forces were driven from the Golan
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Heights, from which they had shelled Jewish settlements across the border.
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The Six-Day War ended on June 10 when the UN negotiated cease-fire
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agreements on all fronts.
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The Six-Day War increased severalfold the area under Israel's
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control. Through the occupation of Sinai, Gaza, Arab Jerusalem, the West
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Bank, and Golan Heights, Israel shortened its land frontiers with Egypt and
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Jordan, removed the most heavily populated Jewish areas from direct Arab
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artillery range, and temporarily increased its strategic advantages.
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OCTOBER WAR (1973)
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Israel was the dominant military power in the region for the next
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six years. Led by Golda MEIR from 1969, it was generally satisfied with
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the status quo, but Arab impatience mounted. Between 1967 and 1973, Arab
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leaders repeatedly warned that they would not accept continued Israeli
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occupation of the lands lost in 1967.
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After Anwar al-SADAT succeeded Nasser as president of Egypt in
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1970, threats about "the year of decision" were more frequent, as was
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periodic massing of troops along the Suez Canal. Egyptian and Syrian forces
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underwent massive rearmament with the most sophisticated Soviet equipment.
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Sadat consolidated war preparations in secret agreements with President
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Hafez al-ASSAD of Syria for a joint attack and with King FAISAL of Saudi
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Arabia to finance the operations.
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Egypt and Syria attacked on Oct. 6, 1973, pushing Israeli forces
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several miles behind the 1967 cease-fire lines. Israel was thrown off
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guard, partly because the attack came on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement),
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the most sacred Jewish religious day (coinciding with the Muslim fast of
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Ramadan). Although Israel recovered from the initial setback, it failed to
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regain all the territory lost in the first days of fighting. In
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counterattacks on the Egyptian front, Israel seized a major bridgehead
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behind the Egyptian lines on the west bank of the canal. In the north,
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Israel drove a wedge into the Syrian lines, giving it a foothold a few
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miles west of Damascus.
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After 18 days of fighting in the longest Arab-Israeli war since
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1948, hostilities were again halted by the UN. The costs were the greatest
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in any battles fought since World War II. The Arabs lost some 2,000 tanks
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and more than 500 planes; the Israelis, 804 tanks and 114 planes. The
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3-week war cost Egypt and Israel about $7 billion each, in material and
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losses from declining industrial production or damage.
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The political phase of the 1973 war ended with disengagement
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agreements accepted by Israel, Egypt, and Syria after negotiations in 1974
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and 1975 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. KISSINGER. The agreements
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provided for Egyptian reoccupation of a strip of land in Sinai along the
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east bank of the Suez Canal and for Syrian control of a small area around
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the Golan Heights town of Kuneitra. UN forces were stationed on both
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fronts to oversee observance of the agreements, which reestablished a
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political balance between Israel and the Arab confrontation states.
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Under the terms of an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty signed on Mar.
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26, 1979, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt. Hopes for an
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expansion of the peace process to include other Arab nations waned,
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however, when Egypt and Israel were subsequently unable to agree on a
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formula for Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In the
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1980s regional tensions were increased by the activities of militant
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Palestinians and other Arab extremists and by several Israeli actions. The
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latter included the formal proclamation of the entire city of Jerusalem as
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the Israeli capital (1980), the annexation of the Golan Heights (1981), the
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invasion of southern Lebanon (1982), and the continued expansion of Israeli
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settlement in the occupied West Bank.
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