297 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
297 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
ITALY
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 301,230 km2; land area: 294,020 km2; includes Sardinia
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and Sicily
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Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
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Land boundaries: 1,902.2 km total; Austria 430 km, France 488 km,
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San Marino 39 km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km, Yugoslavia
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202 km
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Coastline: 4,996 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry
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in south
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Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal
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lowlands
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Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling
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natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal
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Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and
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pastures 17%; forest and woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10%
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Environment: regional risks include landslides, mudflows,
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snowslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land
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sinkage in Venice
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Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as
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well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
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PEOPLE
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Population: 57,772,375 (July 1991), growth rate 0.2% (1991)
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Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Italian(s); adjective--Italian
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Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small
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clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and
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Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians
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Religion: nominally Roman Catholic almost 100%
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Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are
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predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in
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Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia
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area
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Literacy: 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%,
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agriculture 9.8% (1988)
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Organized labor: 40-45% of labor force (est.)
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Italian Republic
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Type: republic
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Capital: Rome
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Administrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular--regione);
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Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia
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Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia,
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Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta,
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Veneto
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Independence: 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
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Constitution: 1 January 1948
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Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law
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influence; appeals treated as trials de novo; judicial review under
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certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory
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ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister (president of the
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Council of Ministers)
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of
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an upper chamber or Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica)
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and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)
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Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July
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1989, heads the government for the seventh time); Deputy Prime Minister
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Claudio MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary),
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Ciriaco De MITA (president);
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Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party secretary);
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Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Antonio CARIGLIA (party secretary);
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Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general);
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Democratic Party of the Left (PDS--was Communist Party, or PCI, until
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January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO (secretary general);
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Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giuseppe (Pino) RAUTI (national
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secretary);
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Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political secretary);
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Lega Nord, Umberto BOSSI, president;
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Italy's 50th postwar government was formed on 13 April 1991,
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with Prime Minister ANDREOTTI, a Christian Democrat, presiding over a
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four-party coalition consisting of the Christian Democrats, Socialists,
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Social Democrats, and Liberals
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Suffrage: universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections,
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where minimum age is 25)
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Elections:
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Senate--last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992);
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results--DC 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%;
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seats--(320 total, 315 elected) DC 125, PCI 100, PSI 36, other 54;
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Chamber of Deputies--last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by
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June 1992);
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results--DC 34.3%, PCI 26.6%, PSI 14.3%, MSI 5.9%, PRI 3.7%, PSDI 3.0%,
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Radicals 2.6%, Greens 2.5%, PLI 2.1%, Proletarian Democrats 1.7%,
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other 3.3%;
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seats--(630 total) DC 234, PCI 177, PSI 94, MSI 35, PRI 21, PSDI 17,
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Radicals 13, Greens 13, PLI 11, Proletarian Democrats 8, other 7
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Communists: 1.3 million (1990)
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Other political or pressure groups: the Roman Catholic Church;
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three major trade union confederations (CGIL--Communist dominated,
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CISL--Christian Democratic, and UIL--Social Democratic, Socialist, and
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Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria);
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organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)
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Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM,
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CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
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ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
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INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer),
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OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP,
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UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rinaldo PETRIGNANI; Chancery
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at 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500;
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there are Italian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New
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Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Consulates in
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Detroit and Newark (New Jersey);
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US--Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A,
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00187-Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794); telephone 39 (6)
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46741; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples,
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and Palermo (Sicily)
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Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
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red; similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and is green (hoist
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side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast
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which has the colors reversed--orange (hoist side), white, and green
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Since World War II the economy has changed from one based
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on agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the
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same total and per capita output as France and the UK. The country is
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still divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by small
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private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by
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large public enterprises. Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 34%,
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agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed
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by industry and over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. The
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economic recovery that began in mid-1983 has continued through 1990, with
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the economy growing at an annual average rate of 3%. For the 1990s, Italy
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faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering communications system,
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curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new
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competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the
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European Community.
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GDP: $844.7 billion, per capita $14,600; real growth rate 2.0%
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(1990)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 11.0% (1990 est.)
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Budget: revenues $355 billion; expenditures $448 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
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Exports: $170.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
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commodities--textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation
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equipment, chemicals;
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partners--EC 57%, US 8%, OPEC 4%
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Imports: $182.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
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commodities--petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals,
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food, agricultural products;
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partners--EC 58%, OPEC 6%, US 5%
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External debt: NA
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Industrial production: growth rate - 0.1% (1990); accounts for
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almost 35% of GDP
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Electricity: 56,800,000 kW capacity; 225,000 million kWh produced,
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3,900 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing,
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textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
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Agriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the
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work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat and dairy products;
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principal crops--fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets,
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soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988
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Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9
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billion
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Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100
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centesimi
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Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,134.4 (January
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1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987),
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1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)
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Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned
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standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned--2,100 km
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1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km
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0.950-meter narrow gauge (380 km electrified)
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Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrada 5,900 km, state highways
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45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km;
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260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and
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crushed stone,7,010 km earth
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Inland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial
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traffic, although of limited overall value
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Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural
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gas, 19,400 km
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Ports: Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples,
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Palermo (Sicily), Taranto, Trieste, Venice
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Merchant marine: 575 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,462,744
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GRT/11,593,730 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 44 short-sea passenger,
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103 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 23 container, 67 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
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7 vehicle carrier, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 2 livestock
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carrier, 151 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 37 chemical
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tanker, 38 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 14 combination ore/oil,
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60 bulk, 2 combination bulk
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Civil air: 125 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 138 total, 135 usable; 90 with permanent-surface runways;
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2 with runways over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with
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runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: well engineered, constructed, and operated;
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28,000,000 telephones; stations--144 AM, 54 (over 1,800 repeaters) FM,
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450 (over 1,300 repeaters) TV; 22 submarine cables; communication
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satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and 2
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Indian Ocean, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,747,224; 12,877,803 fit for
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military service; 418,043 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: $19.2 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1990)
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