283 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
283 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
INDONESIA
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GEOGRAPHY
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Total area: 1,919,440 km2; land area: 1,826,440 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
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Land boundaries: 2,602 km total; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New
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Guinea 820 km
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Coastline: 54,716 km
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Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
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Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province)
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disputed with Portugal
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Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
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mountains
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Natural resources: crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel,
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timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
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Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures
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7%; forest and woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3%
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Environment: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
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occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation
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Note: straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major
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sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
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PEOPLE
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Population: 193,560,494 (July 1991), growth rate 1.8% (1991)
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Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)
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Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
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Infant mortality rate: 73 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
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Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 63 years female (1991)
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Total fertility rate: 3.0 children born/woman (1991)
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Nationality: noun--Indonesian(s); adjective--Indonesian
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Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese
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45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other
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26.0%
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Religion: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%,
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Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)
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Language: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official);
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English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most
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widely spoken of which is Javanese
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Literacy: 77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can
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read and write (1990 est.)
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Labor force: 67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%,
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construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)
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Organized labor: 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor
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force
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GOVERNMENT
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Long-form name: Republic of Indonesia
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Type: republic
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Capital: Jakarta
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Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
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singular--propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa,
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singular--daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district**
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(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta
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Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
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Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku,
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Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,
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Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat,
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Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
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Independence: 17 August 1945 (from Netherlands; formerly
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Netherlands or Dutch East Indies)
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Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of
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1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
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Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
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indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted
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compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
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Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
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(Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note--the People's Consultative
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Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus
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500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the
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president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national
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policy
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. (Ret.)
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SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO
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(since 11 March 1983)
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Political parties and leaders:
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GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.)
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WAHONO, general chairman;
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Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI--federation of former Nationalist and
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Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman;
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Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties),
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Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman
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Suffrage: universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age
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Elections:
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House of Representatives--last held on 23 April 1987
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(next to be held 23 April 1992);
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results--Golkar 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%;
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seats--(500 total--400 elected, 100 appointed) Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40
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Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March
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1966; current strength about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in
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organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5
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million
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Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-77,
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GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
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INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC,
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OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
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WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY;
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Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
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telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian Consulates General in
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Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in Chicago and San
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Francisco;
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US--Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5,
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Jakarta (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96356);
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telephone 62 (21) 360-360; there are US Consulates in Medan and
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Surabaya
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Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to
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the flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland
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which is white (top) and red
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ECONOMY
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Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist
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institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on
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deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural
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wealth yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a
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poor country. GDP growth in 1985-89 averaged about 4%, somewhat short of
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the more than 5% rate needed to absorb the 2.3 million workers annually
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entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is
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an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor
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force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer,
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Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops--rubber and
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palm oil--and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export
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and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP
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based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil,
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natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates
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the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's
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revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's
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growth is very dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports.
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Japan is Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid.
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GDP: $94 billion, per capita $490; real growth rate 6.0%
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(1990 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.8% (1990)
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Unemployment rate: 3%; underemployment 44% (1989 est.)
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Budget: revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)
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Exports: $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
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commodities--petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%,
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textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%;
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partners--Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)
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Imports: $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
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commodities--machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured
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goods 16%;
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partners--Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore
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External debt: $58.5 billion (1990 est.)
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Industrial production: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts
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for 30% of GDP
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Electricity: 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced,
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200 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical
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fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber
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Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP, subsistence food production;
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small-holder and plantation production for export; rice, cassava,
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peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, copra, other tropical products;
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products--poultry meat, beef, pork, eggs
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Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
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drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating
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plantings and prosecuting traffickers
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Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4
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billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
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(1970-88), $22.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million;
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Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million
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Currency: Indonesian rupiah (plural--rupiahs);
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1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)
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Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--1,907.5 (January
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1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987),
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1,282.6 (1986), 1,110.6 (1985)
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Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS
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Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km
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0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km
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electrified; all government owned
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Highways: 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial,
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and 73,508 km district roads
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Inland waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and
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Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
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Pipelines: crude oil, 2,505 km; refined products, 456 km; natural
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gas, 1,703 km (1989)
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Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang,
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Semarang, Surabaya
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Merchant marine: 365 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,647,632
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GRT/2,481,432 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo,
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215 cargo, 7 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 vehicle carrier,
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80 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker,
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5 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk
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Civil air: about 216 commercial transport aircraft
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Airports: 470 total, 436 usable; 111 with permanent-surface
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runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net;
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domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast
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coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); stations--618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV;
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satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and
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1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite
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communications system
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DEFENSE FORCES
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Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
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Manpower availability: males 15-49, 50,572,652; 29,893,127 fit for
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military service; 2,149,673 reach military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures: $1.4 billion, 1.8% of GNP (1988)
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