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+=============================================##==============================+
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| [ The Journal of Priveleged Information ] |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Volume I, Issue 001 By: 'Above the Law' |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
|Informatik--Bringing you all the information you should know... |
| and a lot you shouldn't... |
| |
+=============================================================================+
/* Introduction */
By the Informatik staff
Welcome to the inaugural issue of Informatik, an electronic periodical
devoted to the distribution of information not readily available to the public,
with a particular emphasis on technology and the computing world. First and
foremost, this publication is dedicated to the freedom of information.
This journal is made possible by The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
which states:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; OR ABRIDGING THE FREEDOM
OF SPEECH OR OF THE PRESS; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances.
In this and coming issues, we plan to exercise our First Amendment rights to
the best of our ability. We will print feature articles on hacking, phreaking,
and various other illicit activities. We also plan on bringing you recent news
and gossip from the underground, anything news of interest to hackers,
phreakers, grifters, cyber-punks, and the like. Informatik will also provide a
plethora of information on the inner workings of corporate America and the U.S.
Government.
DO distribute this freely! Remember this is not illegal, this is information.
Enjoy,
Mack Hammer & Sterling
[Editors]
Please note that the information provided by this newsletter is strictly to
interest and inform. We can not condone nor recommend the actual application
of this knowledge with malicious intent. Thank you.
///////////////* CONTENTS: *\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Volume I, Issue 001
Release date October 4, 1991
===========================================
01) An Ounce of Prevention: Making the Telcos Hacker-Proof
By: Mack Hammer
02) Introduction to Radio Telecommunications Interception
By: Sterling
03) Loops Explained
By: Anonymous
04) T-File Classic #1: A Novice's Guide to Hacking
By: The Mentor
05) Summary of FBI Computer Systems
By: Ralph Harvey
06) Dictionary of Phreaker's Terms
By: Various Sources
07) Tid-Bytes
By: Informatik Staff
08) Hot Flashes--The Underground News Report
By: Various Sources
[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]
/[/]/[/] [/]/[/]/
[/]/ /[/]
/[/] ===== An Ounce of Prevention ===== [/]/
[/]/ == Making the Telcos Hacker-Proof == /[/]
/[/] [/]/
[/]/ ------- by: ------- /[/]
/[/] --- Mack Hammer --- [/]/
[/]/ /[/]
/[/]/[/] [/]/[/]/
[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]/[/]
Know thine enemy.
Good advice for any battle. For the hacker or phreaker, one's primary
opponents are computer security professionals. Since the greatest feather
for any cyberpunk's cap is exploitation of a Telco, the behavior of Telco
employees is of particular importance. Telco's spend a lot of time studying
what hackers do, what information they have, and then trying to apply this
information to thwarting the attempts of would be intruders in their
systems.
Therefore, it seems like hackers and phreakers should be aware of what
the Telcos are doing to stop them. Most hackers know about ANI Feature
Group D and the other electronic countermeasures used by the Telcos to track
down hackers, but how are Telco employees trained to detect and thwart
attempts at social engineering, and how do the Telcos respond to break-ins
that are detected? This article will discuss basic electronic
countermeasures, the training and advice given to employees, and the
response of the Telcos to known threats to their systems.
/* Hardware */
Before one commits toll fraud (discouraged by this publication), or
before they dial up a known carrier, questions race through their mind. The
first and foremost is, "Are they tracing this call?" It makes you wonder,
how many calls are actually traced?
Unfortunately, which telcos trace and which don't varies from company to
company. Needless to say, the Big Three long distance carriers (AT&T, U.S.
Sprint, and MCI) record both the originator and reciever of every long
distance phone call made on their system. For verification of this, call
U.S. Sprint and ask for a billing report several months old. Rather than
the spiffy little invoice you usually get, you'll recieve a crappy screen
dump from a computer with "best possible quality" or something similar
stamped on it. It lists, among other things, each call, along with the
numbers of both parties. As you can see, this renders toll fraud using any
of said systems practically impossible.
Many local long distance systems, on the other hand, don't have the
facilities necessary for tracing telephone calls. Use your own best
judgement. As far as the regional telephone companies are concerned (Bell
South, Pacific Bell, etc.), I have heard that newer ESS systems record ALL
numbers dialed, including mistakes. I find it hard to believe that this is
true, or if it is, that these records are easily retrieved and sifted
through.
In any case, tracing is quite possible, and in some cases, is quite
probable. Use your better judgement, and remember, the bigger the company,
the bigger the risk.
/* Prevention through employee awareness */
Among telcos today, much attention is given to employee awareness.
Nearly all telco employees are trained to recognize and prevent social
engineering and hacking. Unfortunately for the telcos employee laziness and
complacence often leads employees to replace caution with sloth. For
example, much attention has been given to "trashing" or "dumpster diving,"
and employees are encouraged to shred sensitive documents. In all my
trashing experience, however, I have NEVER found shredded paper.
The same holds true for social engineering, explicit instructions are
given to telco employees to lessen the threat of information leaks through
clever social engineering. Employees are encouraged to get the caller's
phone number and call them back, but this does not often occur.
This advice for beefing up security was given in an article in
"Enterprise," a magazine printed by Southwestern Bell.
* Get rid of trivial passwords.
* Routinely change passwords.
* Review password files.
* Restrict access to "read only."
* Know to whom you're talking.
* Shred as many documents as possible.
* Post a warning which will be displayed whenever one logs into a
computer.
* Lock up terminals, personal computers, and floppy disks when they are
not in use.
* Eliminate unnecessary access lines.
* Disconnect modems when they are not in use.
* Avoid public domain software.
* Report suspicious activity.
As you can see, computer security personnel have gotten smart. They
are well aware of most hacker tricks, and are doing their best to explain
them to all of the other employees. Hackers now rely on the forgetfulness
and laziness of normal employees for success, not the ignorance of system
managers.
Telco security personnel are much more apt to check audit trails than
they once were. Suspicious activities such as late-night logins, the use of
test and demo accounts, and the like are carefully monitored. One should
use the telco computers during peak hours so that strange activity won't be
noticed by already busy system managers.
Security professionals also carefully monitor activities in the hacker
world. They keep a watchful eye on hacker BBSes and publications. Each
finding, either a breach in security or increased knowledge amongst hackers
is recorded, prioritized and then published in various security documents.
One should be especially cautious of any "beginner" who asks a lot of strange
questions, because the telcos must have at least some people on the inside.
One can also assume that if one telco or corporation has a particularly
effective strategy for stopping hackers, or a successful awareness campaign,
it will spread like wildfire to all telcos. Despite the fact that telcos
are competitors, and are especially secretive since their business depends
on a technological edge, they are happy to share all security information,
since the ruination of the computer underground is one of their primary
goals. This leads us to the final section of this article. . .
/* Responses to security breaches */
What do the telcos do when they detect a security breach? This may be
the most important question the hacker can ask. Of course, one's goal is
to explore the system in question without being detected, but if the worst
happens and your intrusion is discovered, it's good to know what steps the
telco will take to prevent your future intrusion.
The first thing to remember when hacking into a telco's computer is, if
you're caught, you will be prosecuted. . . If there's any way they can get
you in court, you can bet your bottom dollar you'll be there. Unlike other
businesses, which may ignore the occasional security breach because they
don't feel like it's a major problem, the telcos live in fear of hackers,
and do their utmost to prevent entry into their systems.
Telcos make it a point to document every security risk, whether it's a
break-in on their system, a bug in an operating system, or some new
information found on a BBS. These detections are often published in telco
literature in an attempt to educate all of the employees of the telephone
company.
/* Summing it up */
Overall, the telcos finally seem to have gotten wise to most of the
scams run by today's hacker. Despite the fact that telcos are often the
victims of hacking and phreaking (thank goodness), they are much less
susceptible to infiltration through hacking, trashing, and social engin-
eering than they once were. The moral of the story is, today's security
measures are breeding a harder working hacker, one who must constantly
watch his back and look before he leaps.
/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++\
++ ++
+++ Introduction To Radio +++
+++ Telecommunication +++
+++ Interception. +++
++ ++
\+++++++++++++++++++++++++++/
[By *Sterling*]
The purpose of this article is to explain how to use a scanner and radio
receiver to eavesdrop on private calls from homes, offices, cars, ships,
aircraft, and trains. I will discusses the best methods of monitoring, the
equipment needed, and list the necessary frequencies.
Why scan?
---------
It is quite a simple, and in most cases LEGAL, to listen-in on cellular,
cordless, ship/shore, air/ground, pagers, etc. The benefits of such
monitoring, aside from entertainment, can be quite high to the discerning
listener. Callers quite often route to their favorite LD carrier to place long
distance calls. They call their voice mail systems, private company
lines and diverters. If you are have a specific interest in an individual or
company you may peek in on their "private" conversations, learn who they are
calling and what they are up to. Apart from radio-telephone communication
scanner hobbyists are entertained by whatever they overhear on their radios.
Police cars, fire engines, ambulances, armored cars, trains, taxis, airplanes,
and buses are all equipped with radios and you can listen in on them. You can
monitor the local police and fire departments to hear about events before the
news reporters screw them up. Hostage dramas, bank robberies, car crashes,
chemical spills, tornado sightings are all there.You can hear a high speed
police chase, Secret Service agents on a sting operation, and undercover FBI
agents as they stake out a suspect. How about listening to a presidential
candidate discuss strategy with his adviser from a 415 MHz radiophone in Air
Force 1, or a team of G-men protect him while transmitting in the 167 MHz
range? Listen to your neighbors deal drugs over their cordless telephone, or
as their conversations are picked up and transmitted over the airwaves by their
sensitive baby monitor intercom. It's all there in the 46 and 49 MHz ranges.
What Equipment is needed?
-------------------------
Scanners are available in two varieties: crystal controlled and
programmable. The crystal controlled models are cheaper, but require the user
purchase and install a $5 crystal for EACH frequency of interest. Programmable
(synthesized) units don't require crystals and usually have a keypad that
permits you to store frequencies into channels. Programmables are now so cheap
it doesn't make sense to buy a crystal unit as your main scanner unless you get
it for under $45 or so. You can get a battery operated hand held scanner, a
bigger "base" scanner which is powered from an AC outlet, or a mobile scanner
which connects to your auto's electrical system.
Make sure your first scanner:
1. Has a "search" feature, which allows it to search all the frequencies
between two frequency limits of your choosing. The lowest cost
programmables can't search.
2. covers the 800 MHz band, which is where cellular-telephone is broadcast.
3. Has an AC-adaptor available, as scanners eat batteries.
4. Has an earphone jack as you may want to record your findings.
If you're not sure whether you'll like scanning, don't want to spend much
money, a 16 channel radio will do. In general, the more channels and banks,
the better. Deluxe scanners can be controlled by a personal computer, although
this feature isn't important to most scanner owners.
Currently, the more popular scanners include the Uniden/Bearcat 760XLT
(a/k/a 950XLT) and Radio Shack PRO-2022 and PRO-2006 base/mobiles, and the
Uniden/Bearcat 200XLT (a/k/a 205XLT) and Radio Shack PRO-37 portables.
All scanners come with a built in antenna, permitting reception up to
about 20 miles or so. Outdoor antennas can extend reliable reception to 100
miles or more.
A breakdown of exactly what there is to listen to out there:
Cordless phones:
----------------
It seems like everyone has a cordless phone now days. Cordless phones are
quite easy to monitor. Cordless phones are duplex, they transmit sound from
the handset to the base, and the base transmits both callers voices back to the
handset. Obviously this is the frequency you want to listen in on. Cordless
phones are broken into ten channels. They are as follows:
Channel Frequency (in MHz)
----------------------------
1 46.610
2 46.630
3 46.670
4 46.710
5 46.730
6 46.770
7 46.830
8 46.870
9 46.930
10 46.970
Most cordless phones have the channel number stuck on the back of the handset,
and some have multiple channels. The easiest thing to do is simply scan the
whole list of ten. The main problem with cordless phones is the range. They
are seldom able to broadcast further than a block or so away. If you want to
monitor a users phone calls, the best method is to hook up a Voice-Actuated
Cassette recorder to a handheld scanner, wrap the whole combo in a ziplock bag
and lay it in their shrubs. Come back the next day and you have a complete
record of all calls made and received on their cordless. With the use of a
touch-tone decoder you can even determine who they have been calling!
Cellular Telephone:
-------------------
Cellular telephones are quite useful sources of information. Doctors,
lawyers, the phone company and business officials all regularly use celluar
phones. LD cellular calls can be quite expensive to say the least, so most
users prefer to use Sprint, AT&T, etc. as their long distance carrier. Thus
you can quite often hear them giving out their calling card number to the
operator.
Here is a method of determining which frequencies are used in a cellular
system, and which ones are in what cells. If the system uses OMNICELLS, as
most do, you can readily find all the channels in a cell if you know just one
of them, using tables constructed with the instructions below.
Cellular frequencies are assigned by channel number, and for all channel
numbers, in both wireline and non-wireline systems, the formula is:
Transmit Frequency = (channel number x .030 MHz) + 870 MHz
Receive Frequency = (channel number x .030 Mhz) + 825 Mhz
"Band A" (one of the two blocks) uses channels 1 - 333. To construct a
table showing frequency by cells, use channel 333 as the top left corner of a
table. The next entry to the right of channel 333 is 332, the next is 331,
etc., down to channel 313. Enter channel 312 underneath 333, 311 under 332,
etc. Each channel across the top row is the first channel in each CELL of the
system; each channel DOWN from the column from the the first channel is the
next frequency assigned to that cell. You may have noted that each channel
down is 21 channels lower in number. Usually the data channel used is the
highest numbered channel in a cell.
"Band B" uses channels from 334 to 666. Construct your table in a similar
way, with channel 334 in the upper left corner, 335 the next entry to the
right. The data channel should be the lowest numbered channel in each cell
this time.
You want to tune-in on the non-data, RECEIVE channels. The transmit
channel is a low power signal from the mobile source to the microwave tower,
which rebroadcasts both caller's voices. The Data channel is used to send such
things as the callers serial number, and connecting cell information, this
information is not audible, though I hope to discuss this in depth with a later
article.
Scan from around 870 MHz to 894 MHz and note any signals you receive.
Once you find a frequency listed in the following chart, you know that your
area also uses all other channels in that cell for that particular band.
Cellular Phone Band A (Channel 1 is Data)
Cell # 1
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (333) Tx 879.990 Rx 834.990
Channel 2 (312) Tx 879.360 Rx 834.360
Channel 3 (291) Tx 878.730 Rx 833.730
Channel 4 (270) Tx 878.100 Rx 833.100
Channel 5 (249) Tx 877.470 Rx 832.470
Channel 6 (228) Tx 876.840 Rx 831.840
Channel 7 (207) Tx 876.210 Rx 831.210
Channel 8 (186) Tx 875.580 Rx 830.580
Channel 9 (165) Tx 874.950 Rx 829.950
Channel 10 (144) Tx 874.320 Rx 829.320
Channel 11 (123) Tx 873.690 Rx 828.690
Channel 12 (102) Tx 873.060 Rx 828.060
Channel 13 (81) Tx 872.430 Rx 827.430
Channel 14 (60) Tx 871.800 Rx 826.800
Channel 15 (39) Tx 871.170 Rx 826.170
Channel 16 (18) Tx 870.540 Rx 825.540
Cell # 2
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (332) Tx 879.960 Rx 834.960
Channel 2 (311) Tx 879.330 Rx 834.330
Channel 3 (290) Tx 878.700 Rx 833.700
Channel 4 (269) Tx 878.070 Rx 833.070
Channel 5 (248) Tx 877.440 Rx 832.440
Channel 6 (227) Tx 876.810 Rx 831.810
Channel 7 (206) Tx 876.180 Rx 831.180
Channel 8 (185) Tx 875.550 Rx 830.550
Channel 9 (164) Tx 874.920 Rx 829.920
Channel 10 (143) Tx 874.290 Rx 829.290
Channel 11 (122) Tx 873.660 Rx 828.660
Channel 12 (101) Tx 873.030 Rx 828.030
Channel 13 (80) Tx 872.400 Rx 827.400
Channel 14 (59) Tx 871.770 Rx 826.770
Channel 15 (38) Tx 871.140 Rx 826.140
Channel 16 (17) Tx 870.510 Rx 825.510
Cell # 3
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (331) Tx 879.930 Rx 834.930
Channel 2 (310) Tx 879.300 Rx 834.300
Channel 3 (289) Tx 878.670 Rx 833.670
Channel 4 (268) Tx 878.040 Rx 833.040
Channel 5 (247) Tx 877.410 Rx 832.410
Channel 6 (226) Tx 876.780 Rx 831.780
Channel 7 (205) Tx 876.150 Rx 831.150
Channel 8 (184) Tx 875.520 Rx 830.520
Channel 9 (163) Tx 874.890 Rx 829.890
Channel 10 (142) Tx 874.260 Rx 829.260
Channel 11 (121) Tx 873.630 Rx 828.630
Channel 12 (100) Tx 873.000 Rx 828.000
Channel 13 (79) Tx 872.370 Rx 827.370
Channel 14 (58) Tx 871.740 Rx 826.740
Channel 15 (37) Tx 871.110 Rx 826.110
Channel 16 (16) Tx 870.480 Rx 825.480
Cell # 4
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (330) Tx 879.900 Rx 834.900
Channel 2 (309) Tx 879.270 Rx 834.270
Channel 3 (288) Tx 878.640 Rx 833.640
Channel 4 (267) Tx 878.010 Rx 833.010
Channel 5 (246) Tx 877.380 Rx 832.380
Channel 6 (225) Tx 876.750 Rx 831.750
Channel 7 (204) Tx 876.120 Rx 831.120
Channel 8 (183) Tx 875.490 Rx 830.490
Channel 9 (162) Tx 874.860 Rx 829.860
Channel 10 (141) Tx 874.230 Rx 829.230
Channel 11 (120) Tx 873.600 Rx 828.600
Channel 12 (99) Tx 872.970 Rx 827.970
Channel 13 (78) Tx 872.340 Rx 827.340
Channel 14 (57) Tx 871.710 Rx 826.710
Channel 15 (36) Tx 871.080 Rx 826.080
Channel 16 (15) Tx 870.450 Rx 825.450
Cell # 5
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (329) Tx 879.870 Rx 834.870
Channel 2 (308) Tx 879.240 Rx 834.240
Channel 3 (287) Tx 878.610 Rx 833.610
Channel 4 (266) Tx 877.980 Rx 832.980
Channel 5 (245) Tx 877.350 Rx 832.350
Channel 6 (224) Tx 876.720 Rx 831.720
Channel 7 (203) Tx 876.090 Rx 831.090
Channel 8 (182) Tx 875.460 Rx 830.460
Channel 9 (161) Tx 874.830 Rx 829.830
Channel 10 (140) Tx 874.200 Rx 829.200
Channel 11 (119) Tx 873.570 Rx 828.570
Channel 12 (98) Tx 872.940 Rx 827.940
Channel 13 (77) Tx 872.310 Rx 827.310
Channel 14 (56) Tx 871.680 Rx 826.680
Channel 15 (35) Tx 871.050 Rx 826.050
Channel 16 (14) Tx 870.420 Rx 825.420
Cell # 6
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (328) Tx 879.840 Rx 834.840
Channel 2 (307) Tx 879.210 Rx 834.210
Channel 3 (286) Tx 878.580 Rx 833.580
Channel 4 (265) Tx 877.950 Rx 832.950
Channel 5 (244) Tx 877.320 Rx 832.320
Channel 6 (223) Tx 876.690 Rx 831.690
Channel 7 (202) Tx 876.060 Rx 831.060
Channel 8 (181) Tx 875.430 Rx 830.430
Channel 9 (160) Tx 874.800 Rx 829.800
Channel 10 (139) Tx 874.170 Rx 829.170
Channel 11 (118) Tx 873.540 Rx 828.540
Channel 12 (97) Tx 872.910 Rx 827.910
Channel 13 (76) Tx 872.280 Rx 827.280
Channel 14 (55) Tx 871.650 Rx 826.650
Channel 15 (34) Tx 871.020 Rx 826.020
Channel 16 (13) Tx 870.390 Rx 825.390
Cell # 7
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (327) Tx 879.810 Rx 834.810
Channel 2 (306) Tx 879.180 Rx 834.180
Channel 3 (285) Tx 878.550 Rx 833.550
Channel 4 (264) Tx 877.920 Rx 832.920
Channel 5 (243) Tx 877.290 Rx 832.290
Channel 6 (222) Tx 876.660 Rx 831.660
Channel 7 (201) Tx 876.030 Rx 831.030
Channel 8 (180) Tx 875.400 Rx 830.400
Channel 9 (159) Tx 874.770 Rx 829.770
Channel 10 (138) Tx 874.140 Rx 829.140
Channel 11 (117) Tx 873.510 Rx 828.510
Channel 12 (96) Tx 872.880 Rx 827.880
Channel 13 (75) Tx 872.250 Rx 827.250
Channel 14 (54) Tx 871.620 Rx 826.620
Channel 15 (33) Tx 870.990 Rx 825.990
Channel 16 (12) Tx 870.360 Rx 825.360
Cell # 8
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (326) Tx 879.780 Rx 834.780
Channel 2 (305) Tx 879.150 Rx 834.150
Channel 3 (284) Tx 878.520 Rx 833.520
Channel 4 (263) Tx 877.890 Rx 832.890
Channel 5 (242) Tx 877.260 Rx 832.260
Channel 6 (221) Tx 876.630 Rx 831.630
Channel 7 (200) Tx 876.000 Rx 831.000
Channel 8 (179) Tx 875.370 Rx 830.370
Channel 9 (158) Tx 874.740 Rx 829.740
Channel 10 (137) Tx 874.110 Rx 829.110
Channel 11 (116) Tx 873.480 Rx 828.480
Channel 12 (95) Tx 872.850 Rx 827.850
Channel 13 (74) Tx 872.220 Rx 827.220
Channel 14 (53) Tx 871.590 Rx 826.590
Channel 15 (32) Tx 870.960 Rx 825.960
Channel 16 (11) Tx 870.330 Rx 825.330
Cell # 9
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (325) Tx 879.750 Rx 834.750
Channel 2 (304) Tx 879.120 Rx 834.120
Channel 3 (283) Tx 878.490 Rx 833.490
Channel 4 (262) Tx 877.860 Rx 832.860
Channel 5 (241) Tx 877.230 Rx 832.230
Channel 6 (220) Tx 876.600 Rx 831.600
Channel 7 (199) Tx 875.970 Rx 830.970
Channel 8 (178) Tx 875.340 Rx 830.340
Channel 9 (157) Tx 874.710 Rx 829.710
Channel 10 (136) Tx 874.080 Rx 829.080
Channel 11 (115) Tx 873.450 Rx 828.450
Channel 12 (94) Tx 872.820 Rx 827.820
Channel 13 (73) Tx 872.190 Rx 827.190
Channel 14 (52) Tx 871.560 Rx 826.560
Channel 15 (31) Tx 870.930 Rx 825.930
Channel 16 (10) Tx 870.300 Rx 825.300
Cell # 10
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (324) Tx 879.720 Rx 834.720
Channel 2 (303) Tx 879.090 Rx 834.090
Channel 3 (282) Tx 878.460 Rx 833.460
Channel 4 (261) Tx 877.830 Rx 832.830
Channel 5 (240) Tx 877.200 Rx 832.200
Channel 6 (219) Tx 876.570 Rx 831.570
Channel 7 (198) Tx 875.940 Rx 830.940
Channel 8 (177) Tx 875.310 Rx 830.310
Channel 9 (156) Tx 874.680 Rx 829.680
Channel 10 (135) Tx 874.050 Rx 829.050
Channel 11 (114) Tx 873.420 Rx 828.420
Channel 12 (93) Tx 872.790 Rx 827.790
Channel 13 (72) Tx 872.160 Rx 827.160
Channel 14 (51) Tx 871.530 Rx 826.530
Channel 15 (30) Tx 870.900 Rx 825.900
Channel 16 (9) Tx 870.270 Rx 825.270
Cell # 11
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (323) Tx 879.690 Rx 834.690
Channel 2 (302) Tx 879.060 Rx 834.060
Channel 3 (281) Tx 878.430 Rx 833.430
Channel 4 (260) Tx 877.800 Rx 832.800
Channel 5 (239) Tx 877.170 Rx 832.170
Channel 6 (218) Tx 876.540 Rx 831.540
Channel 7 (197) Tx 875.910 Rx 830.910
Channel 8 (176) Tx 875.280 Rx 830.280
Channel 9 (155) Tx 874.650 Rx 829.650
Channel 10 (134) Tx 874.020 Rx 829.020
Channel 11 (113) Tx 873.390 Rx 828.390
Channel 12 (92) Tx 872.760 Rx 827.760
Channel 13 (71) Tx 872.130 Rx 827.130
Channel 14 (50) Tx 871.500 Rx 826.500
Channel 15 (29) Tx 870.870 Rx 825.870
Channel 16 (8) Tx 870.240 Rx 825.240
Cell # 12
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (322) Tx 879.660 Rx 834.660
Channel 2 (301) Tx 879.030 Rx 834.030
Channel 3 (280) Tx 878.400 Rx 833.400
Channel 4 (259) Tx 877.770 Rx 832.770
Channel 5 (238) Tx 877.140 Rx 832.140
Channel 6 (217) Tx 876.510 Rx 831.510
Channel 7 (196) Tx 875.880 Rx 830.880
Channel 8 (175) Tx 875.250 Rx 830.250
Channel 9 (154) Tx 874.620 Rx 829.620
Channel 10 (133) Tx 873.990 Rx 828.990
Channel 11 (112) Tx 873.360 Rx 828.360
Channel 12 (91) Tx 872.730 Rx 827.730
Channel 13 (70) Tx 872.100 Rx 827.100
Channel 14 (49) Tx 871.470 Rx 826.470
Channel 15 (28) Tx 870.840 Rx 825.840
Channel 16 (7) Tx 870.210 Rx 825.210
Cell # 13
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (321) Tx 879.630 Rx 834.630
Channel 2 (300) Tx 879.000 Rx 834.000
Channel 3 (279) Tx 878.370 Rx 833.370
Channel 4 (258) Tx 877.740 Rx 832.740
Channel 5 (237) Tx 877.110 Rx 832.110
Channel 6 (216) Tx 876.480 Rx 831.480
Channel 7 (195) Tx 875.850 Rx 830.850
Channel 8 (174) Tx 875.220 Rx 830.220
Channel 9 (153) Tx 874.590 Rx 829.590
Channel 10 (132) Tx 873.960 Rx 828.960
Channel 11 (111) Tx 873.330 Rx 828.330
Channel 12 (90) Tx 872.700 Rx 827.700
Channel 13 (69) Tx 872.070 Rx 827.070
Channel 14 (48) Tx 871.440 Rx 826.440
Channel 15 (27) Tx 870.810 Rx 825.810
Channel 16 (6) Tx 870.180 Rx 825.180
Cell # 14
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (320) Tx 879.600 Rx 834.600
Channel 2 (299) Tx 878.970 Rx 833.970
Channel 3 (278) Tx 878.340 Rx 833.340
Channel 4 (257) Tx 877.710 Rx 832.710
Channel 5 (236) Tx 877.080 Rx 832.080
Channel 6 (215) Tx 876.450 Rx 831.450
Channel 7 (194) Tx 875.820 Rx 830.820
Channel 8 (173) Tx 875.190 Rx 830.190
Channel 9 (152) Tx 874.560 Rx 829.560
Channel 10 (131) Tx 873.930 Rx 828.930
Channel 11 (110) Tx 873.300 Rx 828.300
Channel 12 (89) Tx 872.670 Rx 827.670
Channel 13 (68) Tx 872.040 Rx 827.040
Channel 14 (47) Tx 871.410 Rx 826.410
Channel 15 (26) Tx 870.780 Rx 825.780
Channel 16 (5) Tx 870.150 Rx 825.150
Cell # 15
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (319) Tx 879.570 Rx 834.570
Channel 2 (298) Tx 878.940 Rx 833.940
Channel 3 (277) Tx 878.310 Rx 833.310
Channel 4 (256) Tx 877.680 Rx 832.680
Channel 5 (235) Tx 877.050 Rx 832.050
Channel 6 (214) Tx 876.420 Rx 831.420
Channel 7 (193) Tx 875.790 Rx 830.790
Channel 8 (172) Tx 875.160 Rx 830.160
Channel 9 (151) Tx 874.530 Rx 829.530
Channel 10 (130) Tx 873.900 Rx 828.900
Channel 11 (109) Tx 873.270 Rx 828.270
Channel 12 (88) Tx 872.640 Rx 827.640
Channel 13 (67) Tx 872.010 Rx 827.010
Channel 14 (46) Tx 871.380 Rx 826.380
Channel 15 (25) Tx 870.750 Rx 825.750
Channel 16 (4) Tx 870.120 Rx 825.120
Cell # 16
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (318) Tx 879.540 Rx 834.540
Channel 2 (297) Tx 878.910 Rx 833.910
Channel 3 (276) Tx 878.280 Rx 833.280
Channel 4 (255) Tx 877.650 Rx 832.650
Channel 5 (234) Tx 877.020 Rx 832.020
Channel 6 (213) Tx 876.390 Rx 831.390
Channel 7 (192) Tx 875.760 Rx 830.760
Channel 8 (171) Tx 875.130 Rx 830.130
Channel 9 (150) Tx 874.500 Rx 829.500
Channel 10 (129) Tx 873.870 Rx 828.870
Channel 11 (108) Tx 873.240 Rx 828.240
Channel 12 (87) Tx 872.610 Rx 827.610
Channel 13 (66) Tx 871.980 Rx 826.980
Channel 14 (45) Tx 871.350 Rx 826.350
Channel 15 (24) Tx 870.720 Rx 825.720
Channel 16 (3) Tx 870.090 Rx 825.090
Cell # 17
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (317) Tx 879.510 Rx 834.510
Channel 2 (296) Tx 878.880 Rx 833.880
Channel 3 (275) Tx 878.250 Rx 833.250
Channel 4 (254) Tx 877.620 Rx 832.620
Channel 5 (233) Tx 876.990 Rx 831.990
Channel 6 (212) Tx 876.360 Rx 831.360
Channel 7 (191) Tx 875.730 Rx 830.730
Channel 8 (170) Tx 875.100 Rx 830.100
Channel 9 (149) Tx 874.470 Rx 829.470
Channel 10 (128) Tx 873.840 Rx 828.840
Channel 11 (107) Tx 873.210 Rx 828.210
Channel 12 (86) Tx 872.580 Rx 827.580
Channel 13 (65) Tx 871.950 Rx 826.950
Channel 14 (44) Tx 871.320 Rx 826.320
Channel 15 (23) Tx 870.690 Rx 825.690
Channel 16 (2) Tx 870.060 Rx 825.060
Cell # 18
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (316) Tx 879.480 Rx 834.480
Channel 2 (295) Tx 878.850 Rx 833.850
Channel 3 (274) Tx 878.220 Rx 833.220
Channel 4 (253) Tx 877.590 Rx 832.590
Channel 5 (232) Tx 876.960 Rx 831.960
Channel 6 (211) Tx 876.330 Rx 831.330
Channel 7 (190) Tx 875.700 Rx 830.700
Channel 8 (169) Tx 875.070 Rx 830.070
Channel 9 (148) Tx 874.440 Rx 829.440
Channel 10 (127) Tx 873.810 Rx 828.810
Channel 11 (106) Tx 873.180 Rx 828.180
Channel 12 (85) Tx 872.550 Rx 827.550
Channel 13 (64) Tx 871.920 Rx 826.920
Channel 14 (43) Tx 871.290 Rx 826.290
Channel 15 (22) Tx 870.660 Rx 825.660
Channel 16 (1) Tx 870.030 Rx 825.030
Cell # 19
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (315) Tx 879.450 Rx 834.450
Channel 2 (294) Tx 878.820 Rx 833.820
Channel 3 (273) Tx 878.190 Rx 833.190
Channel 4 (252) Tx 877.560 Rx 832.560
Channel 5 (231) Tx 876.930 Rx 831.930
Channel 6 (210) Tx 876.300 Rx 831.300
Channel 7 (189) Tx 875.670 Rx 830.670
Channel 8 (168) Tx 875.040 Rx 830.040
Channel 9 (147) Tx 874.410 Rx 829.410
Channel 10 (126) Tx 873.780 Rx 828.780
Channel 11 (105) Tx 873.150 Rx 828.150
Channel 12 (84) Tx 872.520 Rx 827.520
Channel 13 (63) Tx 871.890 Rx 826.890
Channel 14 (42) Tx 871.260 Rx 826.260
Channel 15 (21) Tx 870.630 Rx 825.630
Cell # 20
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (314) Tx 879.420 Rx 834.420
Channel 2 (293) Tx 878.790 Rx 833.790
Channel 3 (272) Tx 878.160 Rx 833.160
Channel 4 (251) Tx 877.530 Rx 832.530
Channel 5 (230) Tx 876.900 Rx 831.900
Channel 6 (209) Tx 876.270 Rx 831.270
Channel 7 (188) Tx 875.640 Rx 830.640
Channel 8 (167) Tx 875.010 Rx 830.010
Channel 9 (146) Tx 874.380 Rx 829.380
Channel 10 (125) Tx 873.750 Rx 828.750
Channel 11 (104) Tx 873.120 Rx 828.120
Channel 12 (83) Tx 872.490 Rx 827.490
Channel 13 (62) Tx 871.860 Rx 826.860
Channel 14 (41) Tx 871.230 Rx 826.230
Channel 15 (20) Tx 870.600 Rx 825.600
Cell # 21
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (313) Tx 879.390 Rx 834.390
Channel 2 (292) Tx 878.760 Rx 833.760
Channel 3 (271) Tx 878.130 Rx 833.130
Channel 4 (250) Tx 877.500 Rx 832.500
Channel 5 (229) Tx 876.870 Rx 831.870
Channel 6 (208) Tx 876.240 Rx 831.240
Channel 7 (187) Tx 875.610 Rx 830.610
Channel 8 (166) Tx 874.980 Rx 829.980
Channel 9 (145) Tx 874.350 Rx 829.350
Channel 10 (124) Tx 873.720 Rx 828.720
Channel 11 (103) Tx 873.090 Rx 828.090
Channel 12 (82) Tx 872.460 Rx 827.460
Channel 13 (61) Tx 871.830 Rx 826.830
Channel 14 (40) Tx 871.200 Rx 826.200
Channel 15 (19) Tx 870.570 Rx 825.570
**************************************************
Cellular Phone Band B (Channel 1 is Data)
Cell # 1
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (334) Tx 880.020 Rx 835.020
Channel 2 (355) Tx 880.650 Rx 835.650
Channel 3 (376) Tx 881.280 Rx 836.280
Channel 4 (397) Tx 881.910 Rx 836.910
Channel 5 (418) Tx 882.540 Rx 837.540
Channel 6 (439) Tx 883.170 Rx 838.170
Channel 7 (460) Tx 883.800 Rx 838.800
Channel 8 (481) Tx 884.430 Rx 839.430
Channel 9 (502) Tx 885.060 Rx 840.060
Channel 10 (523) Tx 885.690 Rx 840.690
Channel 11 (544) Tx 886.320 Rx 841.320
Channel 12 (565) Tx 886.950 Rx 841.950
Channel 13 (586) Tx 887.580 Rx 842.580
Channel 14 (607) Tx 888.210 Rx 843.210
Channel 15 (628) Tx 888.840 Rx 843.840
Channel 16 (649) Tx 889.470 Rx 844.470
Cell # 2
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (335) Tx 880.050 Rx 835.050
Channel 2 (356) Tx 880.680 Rx 835.680
Channel 3 (377) Tx 881.310 Rx 836.310
Channel 4 (398) Tx 881.940 Rx 836.940
Channel 5 (419) Tx 882.570 Rx 837.570
Channel 6 (440) Tx 883.200 Rx 838.200
Channel 7 (461) Tx 883.830 Rx 838.830
Channel 8 (482) Tx 884.460 Rx 839.460
Channel 9 (503) Tx 885.090 Rx 840.090
Channel 10 (524) Tx 885.720 Rx 840.720
Channel 11 (545) Tx 886.350 Rx 841.350
Channel 12 (566) Tx 886.980 Rx 841.980
Channel 13 (587) Tx 887.610 Rx 842.610
Channel 14 (608) Tx 888.240 Rx 843.240
Channel 15 (629) Tx 888.870 Rx 843.870
Channel 16 (650) Tx 889.500 Rx 844.500
Cell # 3
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (336) Tx 880.080 Rx 835.080
Channel 2 (357) Tx 880.710 Rx 835.710
Channel 3 (378) Tx 881.340 Rx 836.340
Channel 4 (399) Tx 881.970 Rx 836.970
Channel 5 (420) Tx 882.600 Rx 837.600
Channel 6 (441) Tx 883.230 Rx 838.230
Channel 7 (462) Tx 883.860 Rx 838.860
Channel 8 (483) Tx 884.490 Rx 839.490
Channel 9 (504) Tx 885.120 Rx 840.120
Channel 10 (525) Tx 885.750 Rx 840.750
Channel 11 (546) Tx 886.380 Rx 841.380
Channel 12 (567) Tx 887.010 Rx 842.010
Channel 13 (588) Tx 887.640 Rx 842.640
Channel 14 (609) Tx 888.270 Rx 843.270
Channel 15 (630) Tx 888.900 Rx 843.900
Channel 16 (651) Tx 889.530 Rx 844.530
Cell # 4
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (337) Tx 880.110 Rx 835.110
Channel 2 (358) Tx 880.740 Rx 835.740
Channel 3 (379) Tx 881.370 Rx 836.370
Channel 4 (400) Tx 882.000 Rx 837.000
Channel 5 (421) Tx 882.630 Rx 837.630
Channel 6 (442) Tx 883.260 Rx 838.260
Channel 7 (463) Tx 883.890 Rx 838.890
Channel 8 (484) Tx 884.520 Rx 839.520
Channel 9 (505) Tx 885.150 Rx 840.150
Channel 10 (526) Tx 885.780 Rx 840.780
Channel 11 (547) Tx 886.410 Rx 841.410
Channel 12 (568) Tx 887.040 Rx 842.040
Channel 13 (589) Tx 887.670 Rx 842.670
Channel 14 (610) Tx 888.300 Rx 843.300
Channel 15 (631) Tx 888.930 Rx 843.930
Channel 16 (652) Tx 889.560 Rx 844.560
Cell # 5
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (338) Tx 880.140 Rx 835.140
Channel 2 (359) Tx 880.770 Rx 835.770
Channel 3 (380) Tx 881.400 Rx 836.400
Channel 4 (401) Tx 882.030 Rx 837.030
Channel 5 (422) Tx 882.660 Rx 837.660
Channel 6 (443) Tx 883.290 Rx 838.290
Channel 7 (464) Tx 883.920 Rx 838.920
Channel 8 (485) Tx 884.550 Rx 839.550
Channel 9 (506) Tx 885.180 Rx 840.180
Channel 10 (527) Tx 885.810 Rx 840.810
Channel 11 (548) Tx 886.440 Rx 841.440
Channel 12 (569) Tx 887.070 Rx 842.070
Channel 13 (590) Tx 887.700 Rx 842.700
Channel 14 (611) Tx 888.330 Rx 843.330
Channel 15 (632) Tx 888.960 Rx 843.960
Channel 16 (653) Tx 889.590 Rx 844.590
Cell # 6
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (339) Tx 880.170 Rx 835.170
Channel 2 (360) Tx 880.800 Rx 835.800
Channel 3 (381) Tx 881.430 Rx 836.430
Channel 4 (402) Tx 882.060 Rx 837.060
Channel 5 (423) Tx 882.690 Rx 837.690
Channel 6 (444) Tx 883.320 Rx 838.320
Channel 7 (465) Tx 883.950 Rx 838.950
Channel 8 (486) Tx 884.580 Rx 839.580
Channel 9 (507) Tx 885.210 Rx 840.210
Channel 10 (528) Tx 885.840 Rx 840.840
Channel 11 (549) Tx 886.470 Rx 841.470
Channel 12 (570) Tx 887.100 Rx 842.100
Channel 13 (591) Tx 887.730 Rx 842.730
Channel 14 (612) Tx 888.360 Rx 843.360
Channel 15 (633) Tx 888.990 Rx 843.990
Channel 16 (654) Tx 889.620 Rx 844.620
Cell # 7
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (340) Tx 880.200 Rx 835.200
Channel 2 (361) Tx 880.830 Rx 835.830
Channel 3 (382) Tx 881.460 Rx 836.460
Channel 4 (403) Tx 882.090 Rx 837.090
Channel 5 (424) Tx 882.720 Rx 837.720
Channel 6 (445) Tx 883.350 Rx 838.350
Channel 7 (466) Tx 883.980 Rx 838.980
Channel 8 (487) Tx 884.610 Rx 839.610
Channel 9 (508) Tx 885.240 Rx 840.240
Channel 10 (529) Tx 885.870 Rx 840.870
Channel 11 (550) Tx 886.500 Rx 841.500
Channel 12 (571) Tx 887.130 Rx 842.130
Channel 13 (592) Tx 887.760 Rx 842.760
Channel 14 (613) Tx 888.390 Rx 843.390
Channel 15 (634) Tx 889.020 Rx 844.020
Channel 16 (655) Tx 889.650 Rx 844.650
Cell # 8
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (341) Tx 880.230 Rx 835.230
Channel 2 (362) Tx 880.860 Rx 835.860
Channel 3 (383) Tx 881.490 Rx 836.490
Channel 4 (404) Tx 882.120 Rx 837.120
Channel 5 (425) Tx 882.750 Rx 837.750
Channel 6 (446) Tx 883.380 Rx 838.380
Channel 7 (467) Tx 884.010 Rx 839.010
Channel 8 (488) Tx 884.640 Rx 839.640
Channel 9 (509) Tx 885.270 Rx 840.270
Channel 10 (530) Tx 885.900 Rx 840.900
Channel 11 (551) Tx 886.530 Rx 841.530
Channel 12 (572) Tx 887.160 Rx 842.160
Channel 13 (593) Tx 887.790 Rx 842.790
Channel 14 (614) Tx 888.420 Rx 843.420
Channel 15 (635) Tx 889.050 Rx 844.050
Channel 16 (656) Tx 889.680 Rx 844.680
Cell # 9
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (342) Tx 880.260 Rx 835.260
Channel 2 (363) Tx 880.890 Rx 835.890
Channel 3 (384) Tx 881.520 Rx 836.520
Channel 4 (405) Tx 882.150 Rx 837.150
Channel 5 (426) Tx 882.780 Rx 837.780
Channel 6 (447) Tx 883.410 Rx 838.410
Channel 7 (468) Tx 884.040 Rx 839.040
Channel 8 (489) Tx 884.670 Rx 839.670
Channel 9 (510) Tx 885.300 Rx 840.300
Channel 10 (531) Tx 885.930 Rx 840.930
Channel 11 (552) Tx 886.560 Rx 841.560
Channel 12 (573) Tx 887.190 Rx 842.190
Channel 13 (594) Tx 887.820 Rx 842.820
Channel 14 (615) Tx 888.450 Rx 843.450
Channel 15 (636) Tx 889.080 Rx 844.080
Channel 16 (657) Tx 889.710 Rx 844.710
Cell # 10
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (343) Tx 880.290 Rx 835.290
Channel 2 (364) Tx 880.920 Rx 835.920
Channel 3 (385) Tx 881.550 Rx 836.550
Channel 4 (406) Tx 882.180 Rx 837.180
Channel 5 (427) Tx 882.810 Rx 837.810
Channel 6 (448) Tx 883.440 Rx 838.440
Channel 7 (469) Tx 884.070 Rx 839.070
Channel 8 (490) Tx 884.700 Rx 839.700
Channel 9 (511) Tx 885.330 Rx 840.330
Channel 10 (532) Tx 885.960 Rx 840.960
Channel 11 (553) Tx 886.590 Rx 841.590
Channel 12 (574) Tx 887.220 Rx 842.220
Channel 13 (595) Tx 887.850 Rx 842.850
Channel 14 (616) Tx 888.480 Rx 843.480
Channel 15 (637) Tx 889.110 Rx 844.110
Channel 16 (658) Tx 889.740 Rx 844.740
Cell # 11
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (344) Tx 880.320 Rx 835.320
Channel 2 (365) Tx 880.950 Rx 835.950
Channel 3 (386) Tx 881.580 Rx 836.580
Channel 4 (407) Tx 882.210 Rx 837.210
Channel 5 (428) Tx 882.840 Rx 837.840
Channel 6 (449) Tx 883.470 Rx 838.470
Channel 7 (470) Tx 884.100 Rx 839.100
Channel 8 (491) Tx 884.730 Rx 839.730
Channel 9 (512) Tx 885.360 Rx 840.360
Channel 10 (533) Tx 885.990 Rx 840.990
Channel 11 (554) Tx 886.620 Rx 841.620
Channel 12 (575) Tx 887.250 Rx 842.250
Channel 13 (596) Tx 887.880 Rx 842.880
Channel 14 (617) Tx 888.510 Rx 843.510
Channel 15 (638) Tx 889.140 Rx 844.140
Channel 16 (659) Tx 889.770 Rx 844.770
Cell # 12
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (345) Tx 880.350 Rx 835.350
Channel 2 (366) Tx 880.980 Rx 835.980
Channel 3 (387) Tx 881.610 Rx 836.610
Channel 4 (408) Tx 882.240 Rx 837.240
Channel 5 (429) Tx 882.870 Rx 837.870
Channel 6 (450) Tx 883.500 Rx 838.500
Channel 7 (471) Tx 884.130 Rx 839.130
Channel 8 (492) Tx 884.760 Rx 839.760
Channel 9 (513) Tx 885.390 Rx 840.390
Channel 10 (534) Tx 886.020 Rx 841.020
Channel 11 (555) Tx 886.650 Rx 841.650
Channel 12 (576) Tx 887.280 Rx 842.280
Channel 13 (597) Tx 887.910 Rx 842.910
Channel 14 (618) Tx 888.540 Rx 843.540
Channel 15 (639) Tx 889.170 Rx 844.170
Channel 16 (660) Tx 889.800 Rx 844.800
Cell # 13
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (346) Tx 880.380 Rx 835.380
Channel 2 (367) Tx 881.010 Rx 836.010
Channel 3 (388) Tx 881.640 Rx 836.640
Channel 4 (409) Tx 882.270 Rx 837.270
Channel 5 (430) Tx 882.900 Rx 837.900
Channel 6 (451) Tx 883.530 Rx 838.530
Channel 7 (472) Tx 884.160 Rx 839.160
Channel 8 (493) Tx 884.790 Rx 839.790
Channel 9 (514) Tx 885.420 Rx 840.420
Channel 10 (535) Tx 886.050 Rx 841.050
Channel 11 (556) Tx 886.680 Rx 841.680
Channel 12 (577) Tx 887.310 Rx 842.310
Channel 13 (598) Tx 887.940 Rx 842.940
Channel 14 (619) Tx 888.570 Rx 843.570
Channel 15 (640) Tx 889.200 Rx 844.200
Channel 16 (661) Tx 889.830 Rx 844.830
Cell # 14
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (347) Tx 880.410 Rx 835.410
Channel 2 (368) Tx 881.040 Rx 836.040
Channel 3 (389) Tx 881.670 Rx 836.670
Channel 4 (410) Tx 882.300 Rx 837.300
Channel 5 (431) Tx 882.930 Rx 837.930
Channel 6 (452) Tx 883.560 Rx 838.560
Channel 7 (473) Tx 884.190 Rx 839.190
Channel 8 (494) Tx 884.820 Rx 839.820
Channel 9 (515) Tx 885.450 Rx 840.450
Channel 10 (536) Tx 886.080 Rx 841.080
Channel 11 (557) Tx 886.710 Rx 841.710
Channel 12 (578) Tx 887.340 Rx 842.340
Channel 13 (599) Tx 887.970 Rx 842.970
Channel 14 (620) Tx 888.600 Rx 843.600
Channel 15 (641) Tx 889.230 Rx 844.230
Channel 16 (662) Tx 889.860 Rx 844.860
Cell # 15
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (348) Tx 880.440 Rx 835.440
Channel 2 (369) Tx 881.070 Rx 836.070
Channel 3 (390) Tx 881.700 Rx 836.700
Channel 4 (411) Tx 882.330 Rx 837.330
Channel 5 (432) Tx 882.960 Rx 837.960
Channel 6 (453) Tx 883.590 Rx 838.590
Channel 7 (474) Tx 884.220 Rx 839.220
Channel 8 (495) Tx 884.850 Rx 839.850
Channel 9 (516) Tx 885.480 Rx 840.480
Channel 10 (537) Tx 886.110 Rx 841.110
Channel 11 (558) Tx 886.740 Rx 841.740
Channel 12 (579) Tx 887.370 Rx 842.370
Channel 13 (600) Tx 888.000 Rx 843.000
Channel 14 (621) Tx 888.630 Rx 843.630
Channel 15 (642) Tx 889.260 Rx 844.260
Channel 16 (663) Tx 889.890 Rx 844.890
Cell # 16
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (349) Tx 880.470 Rx 835.470
Channel 2 (370) Tx 881.100 Rx 836.100
Channel 3 (391) Tx 881.730 Rx 836.730
Channel 4 (412) Tx 882.360 Rx 837.360
Channel 5 (433) Tx 882.990 Rx 837.990
Channel 6 (454) Tx 883.620 Rx 838.620
Channel 7 (475) Tx 884.250 Rx 839.250
Channel 8 (496) Tx 884.880 Rx 839.880
Channel 9 (517) Tx 885.510 Rx 840.510
Channel 10 (538) Tx 886.140 Rx 841.140
Channel 11 (559) Tx 886.770 Rx 841.770
Channel 12 (580) Tx 887.400 Rx 842.400
Channel 13 (601) Tx 888.030 Rx 843.030
Channel 14 (622) Tx 888.660 Rx 843.660
Channel 15 (643) Tx 889.290 Rx 844.290
Channel 16 (664) Tx 889.920 Rx 844.920
Cell # 17
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (350) Tx 880.500 Rx 835.500
Channel 2 (371) Tx 881.130 Rx 836.130
Channel 3 (392) Tx 881.760 Rx 836.760
Channel 4 (413) Tx 882.390 Rx 837.390
Channel 5 (434) Tx 883.020 Rx 838.020
Channel 6 (455) Tx 883.650 Rx 838.650
Channel 7 (476) Tx 884.280 Rx 839.280
Channel 8 (497) Tx 884.910 Rx 839.910
Channel 9 (518) Tx 885.540 Rx 840.540
Channel 10 (539) Tx 886.170 Rx 841.170
Channel 11 (560) Tx 886.800 Rx 841.800
Channel 12 (581) Tx 887.430 Rx 842.430
Channel 13 (602) Tx 888.060 Rx 843.060
Channel 14 (623) Tx 888.690 Rx 843.690
Channel 15 (644) Tx 889.320 Rx 844.320
Channel 16 (665) Tx 889.950 Rx 844.950
Cell # 18
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (351) Tx 880.530 Rx 835.530
Channel 2 (372) Tx 881.160 Rx 836.160
Channel 3 (393) Tx 881.790 Rx 836.790
Channel 4 (414) Tx 882.420 Rx 837.420
Channel 5 (435) Tx 883.050 Rx 838.050
Channel 6 (456) Tx 883.680 Rx 838.680
Channel 7 (477) Tx 884.310 Rx 839.310
Channel 8 (498) Tx 884.940 Rx 839.940
Channel 9 (519) Tx 885.570 Rx 840.570
Channel 10 (540) Tx 886.200 Rx 841.200
Channel 11 (561) Tx 886.830 Rx 841.830
Channel 12 (582) Tx 887.460 Rx 842.460
Channel 13 (603) Tx 888.090 Rx 843.090
Channel 14 (624) Tx 888.720 Rx 843.720
Channel 15 (645) Tx 889.350 Rx 844.350
Channel 16 (666) Tx 889.980 Rx 844.980
Cell # 19
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (352) Tx 880.560 Rx 835.560
Channel 2 (373) Tx 881.190 Rx 836.190
Channel 3 (394) Tx 881.820 Rx 836.820
Channel 4 (415) Tx 882.450 Rx 837.450
Channel 5 (436) Tx 883.080 Rx 838.080
Channel 6 (457) Tx 883.710 Rx 838.710
Channel 7 (478) Tx 884.340 Rx 839.340
Channel 8 (499) Tx 884.970 Rx 839.970
Channel 9 (520) Tx 885.600 Rx 840.600
Channel 10 (541) Tx 886.230 Rx 841.230
Channel 11 (562) Tx 886.860 Rx 841.860
Channel 12 (583) Tx 887.490 Rx 842.490
Channel 13 (604) Tx 888.120 Rx 843.120
Channel 14 (625) Tx 888.750 Rx 843.750
Channel 15 (646) Tx 889.380 Rx 844.380
Cell # 20
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (353) Tx 880.590 Rx 835.590
Channel 2 (374) Tx 881.220 Rx 836.220
Channel 3 (395) Tx 881.850 Rx 836.850
Channel 4 (416) Tx 882.480 Rx 837.480
Channel 5 (437) Tx 883.110 Rx 838.110
Channel 6 (458) Tx 883.740 Rx 838.740
Channel 7 (479) Tx 884.370 Rx 839.370
Channel 8 (500) Tx 885.000 Rx 840.000
Channel 9 (521) Tx 885.630 Rx 840.630
Channel 10 (542) Tx 886.260 Rx 841.260
Channel 11 (563) Tx 886.890 Rx 841.890
Channel 12 (584) Tx 887.520 Rx 842.520
Channel 13 (605) Tx 888.150 Rx 843.150
Channel 14 (626) Tx 888.780 Rx 843.780
Channel 15 (647) Tx 889.410 Rx 844.410
Cell # 21
--------------------------------------------------
Channel 1 (354) Tx 880.620 Rx 835.620
Channel 2 (375) Tx 881.250 Rx 836.250
Channel 3 (396) Tx 881.880 Rx 836.880
Channel 4 (417) Tx 882.510 Rx 837.510
Channel 5 (438) Tx 883.140 Rx 838.140
Channel 6 (459) Tx 883.770 Rx 838.770
Channel 7 (480) Tx 884.400 Rx 839.400
Channel 8 (501) Tx 885.030 Rx 840.030
Channel 9 (522) Tx 885.660 Rx 840.660
Channel 10 (543) Tx 886.290 Rx 841.290
Channel 11 (564) Tx 886.920 Rx 841.920
Channel 12 (585) Tx 887.550 Rx 842.550
Channel 13 (606) Tx 888.180 Rx 843.180
Channel 14 (627) Tx 888.810 Rx 843.810
Channel 15 (648) Tx 889.440 Rx 844.440
Restoring cellular reception.
Some scanners have been blocked from receiving the cellular band. This
can be corrected. It started out with the Realistic PRO-2004 and the PRO-34,
and went to the PRO-2005. To restore cellular for the 2004, open the radio
and turn it upside down. Carefully remove the cover. Clip one leg of D-513 to
restore cellular frequencies. For the PRO-2005, the procedure is the same,
except you clip one leg of D-502 to restore cellular reception. On the PRO-34
and PRO-37, Cut D11 to add 824-851 and 869-896 MHz bands with 30 kHz spacing
All these are described in great detail in the "Scanner Modification
Handbook" volumes I. and II. by Bill Cheek, both available from Communications
Electronics Inc. (313) 996-8888. They run about $18 apiece.
Pagers:
-------
Pocket pagers and the like operate in the area of 150-160 MHz.
Phone-Patches:
--------------
A phone patch is a way to use a telephone via two-way radio. Basically how
it works is the patch is connected to a repeater and a phone. The patch will
interpret signals from a transceiver to activate itself and call out to the
desired party. This then allows the person with the transceiver to call anyone
from his handheld radio unit. Phone-Patches are usually located on most bands,
as they are simply an attachment to the repeater.
Police, Fire, Ambulance and the like:
-------------------------------------
The easiest way to find these frequencies is to go to Radio Shack and buy
their listing, it runs around $8, and is set up for groups of neighboring
states. Hell, photocopy the pages you want and then return it! But generally
these are located in 450-460 MHz.
Typical Band Usage:
-------------------
The FCC dictates who uses what bands for radio broadcast. Following is a
breakdown of the general distribution of FCC licensing. These are by NO means
set in stone, there are always exceptions.
Abbreviations:
BA Remote Broadcast (Radio & TV)
CA General Mobile (Radio)
CAP Civil Air Patrol
IB Business
IF Forest Products
IM Motion Picture Industry
IP Petroleum Industry
IS Special Industry (Construction, farming, etc.)
IT Telephone Maintenance
IW Power and Water Utilities
IX Manufacturers
IY Relay Press (Newspaper Reporters)
LA Automotive Emergency ( Tow Trucks)
LJ Motor Carriers, Trucks
LR Railroad
LU Motor Carrier, Buses
LX Taxi
MC Maritime Limited Coast (private stations)
MG Maritime Government (Coast Guard)
MP Maritime Public Coast (marine telephone)
MS Maritime Shipboard
PF Fire
PH Highway Maintenance
PL Local Government
PM Medical Services
PO Forestry Conservation
PP Police
PS Special Emergency
RA Mobile Telephone (aircraft)
RC Mobile Telephone (radio common carrier)
RT Mobile Telephone (landline companies)
BIFC Boise Interagency Fire Cache
Govt:
UAF Air Force
UAR Army
UBW Boundary and Water Commission
UCE Evironmental Research Labs
UCF Maritime Fisheries Service
UCG Coast Guard
UCM Maritime Administration
UCO Ocean Survey
UCP National Capitol Police
UCW National Weather Service
UCX Department of Commerce
UEP Environmental Protection Agency
UER Department of Energy
UFA Federal Aviation Administration
UFC Federal Communications Commision
UGC Soil Conservation Service
UGF Forest Service
UGS General Services Administration
UGX Department of Agriculture
UHW Dept. of Health and Human Services
UIB Bonneville Power Administration
UIF Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
UIG Geological Survey
UII Bureau of Indian Affairs
UIL Bureau of Land Management
UIM Bureau of Mines
UIP National Park Service
UIR Bureau of Rclamation
UIS Southwestern Power Administration
UIX Department of the Interior
UNO United Nations
UNS Nasa
UPO Postal Service
USA Misc. Federal Government
USD State Department
USN Navy
UTC Bureau of Customs
UTM Bureau of the Mint
UTR Department of Transportation
UTV Tennessee Valley Authority
UTX Treasury Department
UVA Veterans Administration
UXX Classified
Band Usage:
30-50 MHz:
30.00 - 30.55 USA,UAR,USN,UCG,UAF
30.58 - 31.98 IS,IP,IB,LU,PO
32.00 - 32.99 USA,UAR,USN,UCG,UGX,UAF,UIR
33.02 - 33.98 PS,PH,IS,IB,IP,PF
34.01 - 34.99 UCG,UER,USA,UAR,UAF,USN,UGX,UIP,UIF
35.02 - 35.98 IB,IT,RC,RT,IS,PS
36.01 - 36.99 UIX,UER,USA,UAR,USN,UTR,UCO,IP,UHW,UGF,UGX,UAF
37.02 - 37.98 PP,PL,IW,PH,PS
38.27 - 38.99 USA,USN,UGX,UGF,UAR,UAF,UIX,UTV,UVA
39.02 - 39.98 PP,PL
40.01 - 41.99 UIA,UAR,UIP,UAF,USA,UVA,UER,USN,UIF,UIR,UTV,UIM,IP
UIX,UEP,UCG,UIL,BIFC,UHW,UTX
42.02 - 42.94 PP
42.96 - 43.68 IB,IS,IT,RC,RT,PS
43.70 - 44.60 LU,LJ
44.62 - 46.58 PP,PO,PL,PH,PF,PS
46.61 - 46.99 USA,UIL,BIFC,UAF,UAR,UGX,UGF
47.02 - 49.58 PH,PS,IS,IW,IF,IP
49.61 - 49.99 UIL,UAR,UGC,UAF,UAR,UGX,UGF,USA
150-173 MHz:
150.775 - 151.985 PM,LA,IF,PH,PO,IS,IB
152.075 - 152.840 PM,RC,LX,IF,IB,RT
152.870 - 153.725 IM,IS,IP,IX,IF,IW
153.740 - 156.240 PL,PF,IS,IB,PP,PM,PH
156.255 - 157.450 IP,MC,MS,MG,MP,PM
157.470 - 158.700 LA,LX,IF,IS,IB,RT,IW,IP,IX,IT,RC
158.730 - 159.480 PP,PL,PH,PO,IP
159.495 - 161.565 LR,LJ
161.580 - 162.000 IP,MC,BA,MP
162.025 - 173.987 MISC GOVT AGENCIES
406-512 MHz:
406.125 - 419.975 MISC GOVT AGENCIES
450.050 - 450.925 BA
451.000 - 451.700 IW,IF,IP,IT,IX
451.725 - 452.175 IS,IF,IP,LX
452.200 - 452.950 LX,LJ,LR,LA
452.975 - 453.975 IY,PL,PH,PF,PO,PP
454.000 - 457.600 IPI,RC,RT,RA,BA,IB
458.025 - 467.925 PM,PP,IB,IX,IF,IP,IT,IW,GM
482.000 - 508.987 MISC PUBLIC SAFETY
800 MHz:
Unlike lower bands, the 800 MHz band is allocated on a first-come first-serve
basis. There are two categories for licensing: Public Safety and Industrial.
Sytemsusing one to five channels are conventional. Five channel systems might
use trunking, but all systems with more than five channels must use trunking.
851.0125 - 855.9875 Conventional Systems
856.0125 - 860.9875 Conventional or Trunked
861.0125 - 865.9875 Trunked Systems
866.0000 - 869.9999 Reserved-Satelite
870.0000 - 896.0000 Cellular Telephone
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- -
- -
= Loops Explained =
- -
anonymous
- -
- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
Loops occur in all area codes and consist of two phone numbers. These
numbers are in the same exchange and the last four digits are usually similar.
a typical loop pair might look like 212-555-9990 and 555-9993. There are
usually at least twenty loops in an area code and often all of the loops in an
area code will have identical suffix pairs.
The basic thing about any loop is that the two numbers are connected
together. If I were to call one number and you were to call the other we'd be
connected. It's all a bit eerie at first because most loops do not ring; if
you dial a loop and there is someone on the other end you will be instantly
connected. What will you hear if you dial a loop number and there's no one on
the other end? That depends upon which of the numbers you dial. If you dial
the higher number of the pair you will hear only silence; if you dial the
lower you will hear a 1000 Hz tone. On most loops you can talk to one caller
after another on the other end, very much like any other phone connection. You
may be asking so what? The answer to your question is that loops offer
anonymity. People use this anonymity for many reasons.
We are now to the point of wondering what telco uses loops for. There
have been a number of theories advanced on this topic over the years but few
people have bothered to ask telco. One common theory has been akin to the idea
that the loops are somehow used to "tie up" unused phone lines at the central
office to "keep them out of trouble." (I have always enjoyed the image of two
lonely phone lines tied together to keep them company.)
Loops are used to save time and manpower in testing long distance trunks;
we're not talking about the phone line that connects your phone to the
central office but the trunks that connect central offices and run in length
from a few thousand feet to many miles. When you talk on the phone, your voice
and the caller's voice go in different directions. Once the line gets to
telco premises the signal is divided up into two circuits. One circuit
carries your voice and the other carries your caller's voice. If the signals
were kept on one circuit there would be problems with feedback and echoes.
Trunks may consist of two pairs of two wire circuits or may be radio
frequency carriers on a cable. Trunks have repeaters along the way which
amplify the signal remove echoes and equalize frequencies. Repeaters occur
about every two miles on an "old style" wire trunk line and about every 2000
feet on carrier trunks. Very short trunks may not have a repeater. Repeaters
need to be tested and adjusted occasionally. In the old days a tech would
test a trunk by arranging for someone to be at The other end. He would then
send a 1000 Hz test tone to the other person who would read the volume on a
meter. To complete the test the other tech sends a signal back on the other
leg to the first tech as the phone system grew telco decided to cut down on
manpower by tying two lines together. Thus the loop was born. Trunks are
tied together via a thing called a "zero loss terminator" which connects lines
so there is no change in volume. By the mid fifties, the entire phone system
had been equipped with loops, so a tech at one end could test a trunk alone
by dialing a loop. he dials the other half of the loop with a known good
trunk. Then he reverses the signal path to complete the test.
It wasn't long before some ordinary citizens discovered that loops could
also pass voices, not just tones. Since the lines be longed to telco they
weren't billed for the call. So a few people made free calls to friends but
there was so little of this that its effect on the phone company's income was
negligible. It wasn't until years later in the early seventies that bell was
to put billing circuitry on loop numbers. To avoid giving away their location
most bookies used a cheesebox a device that connects two phone lines together.
Cheeseboxes were installed in a small business, often a small butcher shop or a
grocery. The bookie arranged with the proprietor to have two phones installed
in the shop and would pay a small monthly fee. He then tied the lines together
with his cheesebox and gave one of the numbers to his clientel. Some bookies
Either couldn't afford a cheesebox or couldn't locate one at any price, so they
hit upon using loops.
It was good while it lasted. Gradually however, more and more shady
characters started using loops. The authorities weren't blind to this and
started approaching the telco to do traces on these loops. Eventually the
phone company was spending a lot of time and money on criminal traces and
decided to do something about these loops.
In the late 50's, the phone company started inserting a bandpass filter
that passed only 1000 Hz in the terminator end of its' loops. With this change
it successfully blocked voices.
We're going to see that the solution was only temporary though. The old
style four wire trunks could only handle one call at a time taking up a lot
of wire and space. There had to be a way to cram calls into a smaller space.
By the early 1960's bell had started switching to carrier trunks which put
many calls on a cable. Each signal modulated an AM carrier on a different
frequency. Because AM carriers use radio frequency transmitters and recievers,
they could no longer pass a 1000 Hz tone through the bandpass filter. So a
switch was added to switch it on and off. Normally the filter would be left on.
When a tech wished to test a trunk he would turn the switch on, bypassing the
filter. When he was done he was expected to turn off the switch. If he
forgets a loop will continue to pass voice frequencies until it is switched
off.
Let's look at how loops are used nowadays. If a tech dials up the lower
number he will immediately ge a 1000 Hz tone coming back to him which is
injected at a specific volume known as "Zero db" level. Using his meter he
can gauge if there are any problems on the line. If he needs to do a
complete test at various frequencies he then turns the filter bypass switch
on. Most of this work is done at night when repair people are free from
normal chores.
It turns out there are people using loops for more things than I had
imagined. I have always wondered if spies use loops but i haven't encountered
any yet. When i started looking into loops I was aware that some radio
pirates use loops. Especially in the New York City area you'll often run
into AM and FM pirates on loops late at night.
Some local loop numbers are pretty well known and are passed around high
schools and colleges. When students get bored at night or want to find a
party they call a loop and wait there till someone else calls. It may be
someone they know or a complete stranger, but it's someone to talk to. Then
there are the loop habituates. They regulary meet with their circle of friends
and aquaintances on loops and tend to resent strangers on THEIR loops.
Representatives are quick to point out that loops belong to the phone
company. Anyone else using them is a transgressor. Since Bell is the
aggrieved party it needn't have any qualms about listening to loops nor about
tracing callers. Bell wishes to discourage people from using them and
periodically programs its billing computer to look for loop numbers. Any
customer thus found is sent a card pointing out that these numbers belong to
the telco. With the exception of those stealing services, Bell becomes aware
that some one is calling a loop using a faked credit card number; or Sprint or
MCI will ask for help tracing someone illegally stealing their services to
call a loop. Then it's a matter of waiting for the person to try again and
tracing the call. In these affairs the phone company is very aggressive and
effective in tracking down offenders. Bell has some very well trained people
who are most adept at keeping the offender on the line until a trace is
complete.
==========================
This article is the first of Informatik's T-File classics series,
a group of text files which deserve special notice in the annals
of the computer underground. These articles are among the most
famous text files ever written on hacking, and it is our pleasure
to reprint them for you now.
==========================
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
| The LOD/H Presents |
++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++
\ A Novice's Guide to Hacking- 1989 edition /
\ ========================================= /
\ by /
\ The Mentor /
\ Legion of Doom/Legion of Hackers /
\ /
\ December, 1988 /
\ Merry Christmas Everyone! /
\+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/
**********************************************************************
| The author hereby grants permission to reproduce, redistribute, |
| or include this file in your g-file section, electronic or print |
| newletter, or any other form of transmission that you choose, as |
| long as it is kept intact and whole, with no ommissions, delet- |
| ions, or changes. (C) The Mentor- Phoenix Project Productions |
| 1988,1989 512/441-3088 |
**********************************************************************
Introduction: The State of the Hack
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
After surveying a rather large g-file collection, my attention was drawn to
the fact that there hasn't been a good introductory file written for absolute
beginners since back when Mark Tabas was cranking them out (and almost
*everyone* was a beginner!) The Arts of Hacking and Phreaking have changed
radically since that time, and as the 90's approach, the hack/phreak community
has recovered from the Summer '87 busts (just like it recovered from the Fall
'85 busts, and like it will always recover from attempts to shut it down), and
the progressive media (from Reality Hackers magazine to William Gibson and
Bruce Sterling's cyberpunk fables of hackerdom) is starting to take notice
of us for the first time in recent years in a positive light.
Unfortunately, it has also gotten more dangerous since the early 80's.
Phone cops have more resources, more awareness, and more intelligence that they
exhibited in the past. It is becoming more and more difficult to survive as
a hacker long enough to become skilled in the art. To this end this file
is dedicated. If it can help someone get started, and help them survive
to discover new systems and new information, it will have served it's purpose,
and served as a partial repayment to all the people who helped me out when I
was a beginner.
Contents
~~~~~~~
This file will be divided into four parts:
Part 1: What is Hacking, A Hacker's Code of Ethics, Basic Hacking Safety
Part 2: Packet Switching Networks: Telenet- How it Works, How to Use it,
Outdials, Network Servers, Private PADs
Part 3: Identifying a Computer, How to Hack In, Operating System
Defaults
Part 4: Conclusion- Final Thoughts, Books to Read, Boards to Call,
Acknowledgements
Part One: The Basics
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As long as there have been computers, there have been hackers. In the 50's
at the Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT), students devoted much time
and energy to ingenious exploration of the computers. Rules and the law were
disregarded in their pursuit for the 'hack'. Just as they were enthralled with
their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in
breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge.
To this end, let me contribute my suggestions for guidelines to follow to
ensure that not only you stay out of trouble, but you pursue your craft without
damaging the computers you hack into or the companies who own them.
I. Do not intentionally damage *any* system.
II. Do not alter any system files other than ones needed to ensure your
escape from detection and your future access (Trojan Horses, Altering
Logs, and the like are all necessary to your survival for as long as
possible.)
III. Do not leave your (or anyone else's) real name, real handle, or real
phone number on any system that you access illegally. They *can* and
will track you down from your handle!
IV. Be careful who you share information with. Feds are getting trickier.
Generally, if you don't know their voice phone number, name, and
occupation or haven't spoken with them voice on non-info trading
conversations, be wary.
V. Do not leave your real phone number to anyone you don't know. This
includes logging on boards, no matter how k-rad they seem. If you
don't know the sysop, leave a note telling some trustworthy people
that will validate you.
VI. Do not hack government computers. Yes, there are government systems
that are safe to hack, but they are few and far between. And the
government has inifitely more time and resources to track you down than
a company who has to make a profit and justify expenses.
VII. Don't use codes unless there is *NO* way around it (you don't have a
local telenet or tymnet outdial and can't connect to anything 800...)
You use codes long enough, you will get caught. Period.
VIII. Don't be afraid to be paranoid. Remember, you *are* breaking the law.
It doesn't hurt to store everything encrypted on your hard disk, or
keep your notes buried in the backyard or in the trunk of your car.
You may feel a little funny, but you'll feel a lot funnier when you
when you meet Bruno, your transvestite cellmate who axed his family to
death.
IX. Watch what you post on boards. Most of the really great hackers in the
country post *nothing* about the system they're currently working
except in the broadest sense (I'm working on a UNIX, or a COSMOS, or
something generic. Not "I'm hacking into General Electric's Voice Mail
System" or something inane and revealing like that.)
X. Don't be afraid to ask questions. That's what more experienced hackers
are for. Don't expect *everything* you ask to be answered, though.
There are some things (LMOS, for instance) that a begining hacker
shouldn't mess with. You'll either get caught, or screw it up for
others, or both.
XI. Finally, you have to actually hack. You can hang out on boards all you
want, and you can read all the text files in the world, but until you
actually start doing it, you'll never know what it's all about. There's
no thrill quite the same as getting into your first system (well, ok,
I can think of a couple of bigger thrills, but you get the picture.)
One of the safest places to start your hacking career is on a computer
system belonging to a college. University computers have notoriously lax
security, and are more used to hackers, as every college computer depart-
ment has one or two, so are less likely to press charges if you should
be detected. But the odds of them detecting you and having the personel to
committ to tracking you down are slim as long as you aren't destructive.
If you are already a college student, this is ideal, as you can legally
explore your computer system to your heart's desire, then go out and look
for similar systems that you can penetrate with confidence, as you're already
familar with them.
So if you just want to get your feet wet, call your local college. Many of
them will provide accounts for local residents at a nominal (under $20) charge.
Finally, if you get caught, stay quiet until you get a lawyer. Don't vol-
unteer any information, no matter what kind of 'deals' they offer you.
Nothing is binding unless you make the deal through your lawyer, so you might
as well shut up and wait.
Part Two: Networks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The best place to begin hacking (other than a college) is on one of the
bigger networks such as Telenet. Why? First, there is a wide variety of
computers to choose from, from small Micro-Vaxen to huge Crays. Second, the
networks are fairly well documented. It's easier to find someone who can help
you with a problem off of Telenet than it is to find assistance concerning your
local college computer or high school machine. Third, the networks are safer.
Because of the enormous number of calls that are fielded every day by the big
networks, it is not financially practical to keep track of where every call and
connection are made from. It is also very easy to disguise your location using
the network, which makes your hobby much more secure.
Telenet has more computers hooked to it than any other system in the world
once you consider that from Telenet you have access to Tymnet, ItaPAC, JANET,
DATAPAC, SBDN, PandaNet, THEnet, and a whole host of other networks, all of
which you can connect to from your terminal.
The first step that you need to take is to identify your local dialup port.
This is done by dialing 1-800-424-9494 (1200 7E1) and connecting. It will
spout some garbage at you and then you'll get a prompt saying 'TERMINAL='.
This is your terminal type. If you have vt100 emulation, type it in now. Or
just hit return and it will default to dumb terminal mode.
You'll now get a prompt that looks like a @. From here, type @c mail <cr>
and then it will ask for a Username. Enter 'phones' for the username. When it
asks for a password, enter 'phones' again. From this point, it is menu
driven. Use this to locate your local dialup, and call it back locally. If
you don't have a local dialup, then use whatever means you wish to connect to
one long distance (more on this later.)
When you call your local dialup, you will once again go through the
TERMINAL= stuff, and once again you'll be presented with a @. This prompt lets
you know you are connected to a Telenet PAD. PAD stands for either Packet
Assembler/Disassembler (if you talk to an engineer), or Public Access Device
(if you talk to Telenet's marketing people.) The first description is more
correct.
Telenet works by taking the data you enter in on the PAD you dialed into,
bundling it into a 128 byte chunk (normally... this can be changed), and then
transmitting it at speeds ranging from 9600 to 19,200 baud to another PAD, who
then takes the data and hands it down to whatever computer or system it's
connected to. Basically, the PAD allows two computers that have different baud
rates or communication protocols to communicate with each other over a long
distance. Sometimes you'll notice a time lag in the remote machines response.
This is called PAD Delay, and is to be expected when you're sending data
through several different links.
What do you do with this PAD? You use it to connect to remote computer
systems by typing 'C' for connect and then the Network User Address (NUA) of
the system you want to go to.
An NUA takes the form of 031103130002520
\___/\___/\___/
| | |
| | |____ network address
| |_________ area prefix
|______________ DNIC
This is a summary of DNIC's (taken from Blade Runner's file on ItaPAC)
according to their country and network name.
DNIC Network Name Country DNIC Network Name Country
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
02041 Datanet 1 Netherlands | 03110 Telenet USA
02062 DCS Belgium | 03340 Telepac Mexico
02080 Transpac France | 03400 UDTS-Curacau Curacau
02284 Telepac Switzerland | 04251 Isranet Israel
02322 Datex-P Austria | 04401 DDX-P Japan
02329 Radaus Austria | 04408 Venus-P Japan
02342 PSS UK | 04501 Dacom-Net South Korea
02382 Datapak Denmark | 04542 Intelpak Singapore
02402 Datapak Sweden | 05052 Austpac Australia
02405 Telepak Sweden | 05053 Midas Australia
02442 Finpak Finland | 05252 Telepac Hong Kong
02624 Datex-P West Germany | 05301 Pacnet New Zealand
02704 Luxpac Luxembourg | 06550 Saponet South Africa
02724 Eirpak Ireland | 07240 Interdata Brazil
03020 Datapac Canada | 07241 Renpac Brazil
03028 Infogram Canada | 09000 Dialnet USA
03103 ITT/UDTS USA | 07421 Dompac French Guiana
03106 Tymnet USA |
There are two ways to find interesting addresses to connect to. The first
and easiest way is to obtain a copy of the LOD/H Telenet Directory from the
LOD/H Technical Journal #4 or 2600 Magazine. Jester Sluggo also put out a good
list of non-US addresses in Phrack Inc. Newsletter Issue 21. These files will
tell you the NUA, whether it will accept collect calls or not, what type of
computer system it is (if known) and who it belongs to (also if known.)
The second method of locating interesting addresses is to scan for them
manually. On Telenet, you do not have to enter the 03110 DNIC to connect to a
Telenet host. So if you saw that 031104120006140 had a VAX on it you wanted to
look at, you could type @c 412 614 (0's can be ignored most of the time.)
If this node allows collect billed connections, it will say 412 614
CONNECTED and then you'll possibly get an identifying header or just a
Username: prompt. If it doesn't allow collect connections, it will give you a
message such as 412 614 REFUSED COLLECT CONNECTION with some error codes out to
the right, and return you to the @ prompt.
There are two primary ways to get around the REFUSED COLLECT message. The
first is to use a Network User Id (NUI) to connect. An NUI is a username/pw
combination that acts like a charge account on Telenet. To collect to node
412 614 with NUI junk4248, password 525332, I'd type the following:
@c 412 614,junk4248,525332 <---- the 525332 will *not* be echoed to the
screen. The problem with NUI's is that they're hard to come by unless you're
a good social engineer with a thorough knowledge of Telenet (in which case
you probably aren't reading this section), or you have someone who can
provide you with them.
The second way to connect is to use a private PAD, either through an X.25
PAD or through something like Netlink off of a Prime computer (more on these
two below.)
The prefix in a Telenet NUA oftentimes (not always) refers to the phone Area
Code that the computer is located in (i.e. 713 xxx would be a computer in
Houston, Texas.) If there's a particular area you're interested in, (say,
New York City 914), you could begin by typing @c 914 001 <cr>. If it connects,
you make a note of it and go on to 914 002. You do this until you've found
some interesting systems to play with.
Not all systems are on a simple xxx yyy address. Some go out to four or
five digits (914 2354), and some have decimal or numeric extensions
(422 121A = 422 121.01). You have to play with them, and you never know what
you're going to find. To fully scan out a prefix would take ten million
attempts per prefix. For example, if I want to scan 512 completely, I'd have
to start with 512 00000.00 and go through 512 00000.99, then increment the
address by 1 and try 512 00001.00 through 512 00001.99. A lot of scanning.
There are plenty of neat computers to play with in a 3-digit scan, however,
so don't go berserk with the extensions.
Sometimes you'll attempt to connect and it will just be sitting there after
one or two minutes. In this case, you want to abort the connect attempt by
sending a hard break (this varies with different term programs, on Procomm,
it's ALT-B), and then when you get the @ prompt back, type 'D' for disconnect.
If you connect to a computer and wish to disconnect, you can type <cr> @
<cr> and you it should say TELENET and then give you the @ prompt. From there,
type D to disconnect or CONT to re-connect and continue your session
uninterrupted.
Outdials, Network Servers, and PADs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In addition to computers, an NUA may connect you to several other things.
One of the most useful is the outdial. An outdial is nothing more than a modem
you can get to over telenet- similar to the PC Pursuit concept, except that
these don't have passwords on them most of the time.
When you connect, you will get a message like 'Hayes 1200 baud outdial,
Detroit, MI', or 'VEN-TEL 212 Modem', or possibly 'Session 1234 established
on Modem 5588'. The best way to figure out the commands on these is to
type ? or H or HELP- this will get you all the information that you need to
use one.
Safety tip here- when you are hacking *any* system through a phone dialup,
always use an outdial or a diverter, especially if it is a local phone number
to you. More people get popped hacking on local computers than you can
imagine, Intra-LATA calls are the easiest things in the world to trace inexp-
ensively.
Another nice trick you can do with an outdial is use the redial or macro
function that many of them have. First thing you do when you connect is to
invoke the 'Redial Last Number' facility. This will dial the last number used,
which will be the one the person using it before you typed. Write down the
number, as no one would be calling a number without a computer on it. This
is a good way to find new systems to hack. Also, on a VENTEL modem, type 'D'
for Display and it will display the five numbers stored as macros in the
modem's memory.
There are also different types of servers for remote Local Area Networks
(LAN) that have many machine all over the office or the nation connected to
them. I'll discuss identifying these later in the computer ID section.
And finally, you may connect to something that says 'X.25 Communication
PAD' and then some more stuff, followed by a new @ prompt. This is a PAD
just like the one you are on, except that all attempted connections are billed
to the PAD, allowing you to connect to those nodes who earlier refused collect
connections.
This also has the added bonus of confusing where you are connecting from.
When a packet is transmitted from PAD to PAD, it contains a header that has
the location you're calling from. For instance, when you first connected
to Telenet, it might have said 212 44A CONNECTED if you called from the 212
area code. This means you were calling PAD number 44A in the 212 area.
That 21244A will be sent out in the header of all packets leaving the PAD.
Once you connect to a private PAD, however, all the packets going out
from *it* will have it's address on them, not yours. This can be a valuable
buffer between yourself and detection.
Phone Scanning
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Finally, there's the time-honored method of computer hunting that was made
famous among the non-hacker crowd by that Oh-So-Technically-Accurate movie
Wargames. You pick a three digit phone prefix in your area and dial every
number from 0000 --> 9999 in that prefix, making a note of all the carriers
you find. There is software available to do this for nearly every computer
in the world, so you don't have to do it by hand.
Part Three: I've Found a Computer, Now What?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This next section is applicable universally. It doesn't matter how you
found this computer, it could be through a network, or it could be from
carrier scanning your High School's phone prefix, you've got this prompt
this prompt, what the hell is it?
I'm *NOT* going to attempt to tell you what to do once you're inside of
any of these operating systems. Each one is worth several G-files in its
own right. I'm going to tell you how to identify and recognize certain
OpSystems, how to approach hacking into them, and how to deal with something
that you've never seen before and have know idea what it is.
VMS- The VAX computer is made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
and runs the VMS (Virtual Memory System) operating system.
VMS is characterized by the 'Username:' prompt. It will not tell
you if you've entered a valid username or not, and will disconnect
you after three bad login attempts. It also keeps track of all
failed login attempts and informs the owner of the account next time
s/he logs in how many bad login attempts were made on the account.
It is one of the most secure operating systems around from the
outside, but once you're in there are many things that you can do
to circumvent system security. The VAX also has the best set of
help files in the world. Just type HELP and read to your heart's
content.
Common Accounts/Defaults: [username: password [[,password]] ]
SYSTEM: OPERATOR or MANAGER or SYSTEM or SYSLIB
OPERATOR: OPERATOR
SYSTEST: UETP
SYSMAINT: SYSMAINT or SERVICE or DIGITAL
FIELD: FIELD or SERVICE
GUEST: GUEST or unpassworded
DEMO: DEMO or unpassworded
DECNET: DECNET
DEC-10- An earlier line of DEC computer equipment, running the TOPS-10
operating system. These machines are recognized by their
'.' prompt. The DEC-10/20 series are remarkably hacker-friendly,
allowing you to enter several important commands without ever
logging into the system. Accounts are in the format [xxx,yyy] where
xxx and yyy are integers. You can get a listing of the accounts and
the process names of everyone on the system before logging in with
the command .systat (for SYstem STATus). If you seen an account
that reads [234,1001] BOB JONES, it might be wise to try BOB or
JONES or both for a password on this account. To login, you type
.login xxx,yyy and then type the password when prompted for it.
The system will allow you unlimited tries at an account, and does
not keep records of bad login attempts. It will also inform you
if the UIC you're trying (UIC = User Identification Code, 1,2 for
example) is bad.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
1,2: SYSLIB or OPERATOR or MANAGER
2,7: MAINTAIN
5,30: GAMES
UNIX- There are dozens of different machines out there that run UNIX.
While some might argue it isn't the best operating system in the
world, it is certainly the most widely used. A UNIX system will
usually have a prompt like 'login:' in lower case. UNIX also
will give you unlimited shots at logging in (in most cases), and
there is usually no log kept of bad attempts.
Common Accounts/Defaults: (note that some systems are case
sensitive, so use lower case as a general rule. Also, many times
the accounts will be unpassworded, you'll just drop right in!)
root: root
admin: admin
sysadmin: sysadmin or admin
unix: unix
uucp: uucp
rje: rje
guest: guest
demo: demo
daemon: daemon
sysbin: sysbin
Prime- Prime computer company's mainframe running the Primos operating
system. The are easy to spot, as the greet you with
'Primecon 18.23.05' or the like, depending on the version of the
operating system you run into. There will usually be no prompt
offered, it will just look like it's sitting there. At this point,
type 'login <username>'. If it is a pre-18.00.00 version of Primos,
you can hit a bunch of ^C's for the password and you'll drop in.
Unfortunately, most people are running versions 19+. Primos also
comes with a good set of help files. One of the most useful
features of a Prime on Telenet is a facility called NETLINK. Once
you're inside, type NETLINK and follow the help files. This allows
you to connect to NUA's all over the world using the 'nc' command.
For example, to connect to NUA 026245890040004, you would type
@nc :26245890040004 at the netlink prompt.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
PRIME PRIME or PRIMOS
PRIMOS_CS PRIME or PRIMOS
PRIMENET PRIMENET
SYSTEM SYSTEM or PRIME
NETLINK NETLINK
TEST TEST
GUEST GUEST
GUEST1 GUEST
HP-x000- This system is made by Hewlett-Packard. It is characterized by the
':' prompt. The HP has one of the more complicated login sequences
around- you type 'HELLO SESSION NAME,USERNAME,ACCOUNTNAME,GROUP'.
Fortunately, some of these fields can be left blank in many cases.
Since any and all of these fields can be passworded, this is not
the easiest system to get into, except for the fact that there are
usually some unpassworded accounts around. In general, if the
defaults don't work, you'll have to brute force it using the
common password list (see below.) The HP-x000 runs the MPE operat-
ing system, the prompt for it will be a ':', just like the logon
prompt.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
MGR.TELESUP,PUB User: MGR Acct: HPONLY Grp: PUB
MGR.HPOFFICE,PUB unpassworded
MANAGER.ITF3000,PUB unpassworded
FIELD.SUPPORT,PUB user: FLD, others unpassworded
MAIL.TELESUP,PUB user: MAIL, others unpassworded
MGR.RJE unpassworded
FIELD.HPPl89 ,HPPl87,HPPl89,HPPl96 unpassworded
MGR.TELESUP,PUB,HPONLY,HP3 unpassworded
IRIS- IRIS stands for Interactive Real Time Information System. It orig-
inally ran on PDP-11's, but now runs on many other minis. You can
spot an IRIS by the 'Welcome to "IRIS" R9.1.4 Timesharing' banner,
and the ACCOUNT ID? prompt. IRIS allows unlimited tries at hacking
in, and keeps no logs of bad attempts. I don't know any default
passwords, so just try the common ones from the password database
below.
Common Accounts:
MANAGER
BOSS
SOFTWARE
DEMO
PDP8
PDP11
ACCOUNTING
VM/CMS- The VM/CMS operating system runs in International Business Machines
(IBM) mainframes. When you connect to one of these, you will get
message similar to 'VM/370 ONLINE', and then give you a '.' prompt,
just like TOPS-10 does. To login, you type 'LOGON <username>'.
Common Accounts/Defaults are:
AUTOLOG1: AUTOLOG or AUTOLOG1
CMS: CMS
CMSBATCH: CMS or CMSBATCH
EREP: EREP
MAINT: MAINT or MAINTAIN
OPERATNS: OPERATNS or OPERATOR
OPERATOR: OPERATOR
RSCS: RSCS
SMART: SMART
SNA: SNA
VMTEST: VMTEST
VMUTIL: VMUTIL
VTAM: VTAM
NOS- NOS stands for Networking Operating System, and runs on the Cyber
computer made by Control Data Corporation. NOS identifies itself
quite readily, with a banner of 'WELCOME TO THE NOS SOFTWARE
SYSTEM. COPYRIGHT CONTROL DATA 1978,1987'. The first prompt you
will get will be FAMILY:. Just hit return here. Then you'll get
a USER NAME: prompt. Usernames are typically 7 alpha-numerics
characters long, and are *extremely* site dependent. Operator
accounts begin with a digit, such as 7ETPDOC.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
$SYSTEM unknown
SYSTEMV unknown
Decserver- This is not truly a computer system, but is a network server that
has many different machines available from it. A Decserver will
say 'Enter Username>' when you first connect. This can be anything,
it doesn't matter, it's just an identifier. Type 'c', as this is
the least conspicuous thing to enter. It will then present you
with a 'Local>' prompt. From here, you type 'c <systemname>' to
connect to a system. To get a list of system names, type
'sh services' or 'sh nodes'. If you have any problems, online
help is available with the 'help' command. Be sure and look for
services named 'MODEM' or 'DIAL' or something similar, these are
often outdial modems and can be useful!
GS/1- Another type of network server. Unlike a Decserver, you can't
predict what prompt a GS/1 gateway is going to give you. The
default prompt it 'GS/1>', but this is redifinable by the
system administrator. To test for a GS/1, do a 'sh d'. If that
prints out a large list of defaults (terminal speed, prompt,
parity, etc...), you are on a GS/1. You connect in the same manner
as a Decserver, typing 'c <systemname>'. To find out what systems
are available, do a 'sh n' or a 'sh c'. Another trick is to do a
'sh m', which will sometimes show you a list of macros for logging
onto a system. If there is a macro named VAX, for instance, type
'do VAX'.
The above are the main system types in use today. There are
hundreds of minor variants on the above, but this should be
enough to get you started.
Unresponsive Systems
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Occasionally you will connect to a system that will do nothing but sit
there. This is a frustrating feeling, but a methodical approach to the system
will yield a response if you take your time. The following list will usually
make *something* happen.
1) Change your parity, data length, and stop bits. A system that won't re-
spond at 8N1 may react at 7E1 or 8E2 or 7S2. If you don't have a term
program that will let you set parity to EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK, and NONE,
with data length of 7 or 8, and 1 or 2 stop bits, go out and buy one.
While having a good term program isn't absolutely necessary, it sure is
helpful.
2) Change baud rates. Again, if your term program will let you choose odd
baud rates such as 600 or 1100, you will occasionally be able to penetrate
some very interesting systems, as most systems that depend on a strange
baud rate seem to think that this is all the security they need...
3) Send a series of <cr>'s.
4) Send a hard break followed by a <cr>.
5) Type a series of .'s (periods). The Canadian network Datapac responds
to this.
6) If you're getting garbage, hit an 'i'. Tymnet responds to this, as does
a MultiLink II.
7) Begin sending control characters, starting with ^A --> ^Z.
8) Change terminal emulations. What your vt100 emulation thinks is garbage
may all of a sudden become crystal clear using ADM-5 emulation. This also
relates to how good your term program is.
9) Type LOGIN, HELLO, LOG, ATTACH, CONNECT, START, RUN, BEGIN, LOGON, GO,
JOIN, HELP, and anything else you can think of.
10) If it's a dialin, call the numbers around it and see if a company
answers. If they do, try some social engineering.
Brute Force Hacking
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There will also be many occasions when the default passwords will not work
on an account. At this point, you can either go onto the next system on your
list, or you can try to 'brute-force' your way in by trying a large database
of passwords on that one account. Be careful, though! This works fine on
systems that don't keep track of invalid logins, but on a system like a VMS,
someone is going to have a heart attack if they come back and see '600 Bad
Login Attempts Since Last Session' on their account. There are also some
operating systems that disconnect after 'x' number of invalid login attempts
and refuse to allow any more attempts for one hour, or ten minutes, or some-
times until the next day.
The following list is taken from my own password database plus the data-
base of passwords that was used in the Internet UNIX Worm that was running
around in November of 1988. For a shorter group, try first names, computer
terms, and obvious things like 'secret', 'password', 'open', and the name
of the account. Also try the name of the company that owns the computer
system (if known), the company initials, and things relating to the products
the company makes or deals with.
Password List
=============
aaa daniel jester rascal
academia danny johnny really
ada dave joseph rebecca
adrian deb joshua remote
aerobics debbie judith rick
airplane deborah juggle reagan
albany december julia robot
albatross desperate kathleen robotics
albert develop kermit rolex
alex diet kernel ronald
alexander digital knight rosebud
algebra discovery lambda rosemary
alias disney larry roses
alpha dog lazarus ruben
alphabet drought lee rules
ama duncan leroy ruth
amy easy lewis sal
analog eatme light saxon
anchor edges lisa scheme
andy edwin louis scott
andrea egghead lynne scotty
animal eileen mac secret
answer einstein macintosh sensor
anything elephant mack serenity
arrow elizabeth maggot sex
arthur ellen magic shark
asshole emerald malcolm sharon
athena engine mark shit
atmosphere engineer markus shiva
bacchus enterprise marty shuttle
badass enzyme marvin simon
bailey euclid master simple
banana evelyn maurice singer
bandit extension merlin single
banks fairway mets smile
bass felicia michael smiles
batman fender michelle smooch
beauty fermat mike smother
beaver finite minimum snatch
beethoven flower minsky snoopy
beloved foolproof mogul soap
benz football moose socrates
beowulf format mozart spit
berkeley forsythe nancy spring
berlin fourier napoleon subway
beta fred network success
beverly friend newton summer
bob frighten next super
brenda fun olivia support
brian gabriel oracle surfer
bridget garfield orca suzanne
broadway gauss orwell tangerine
bumbling george osiris tape
cardinal gertrude outlaw target
carmen gibson oxford taylor
carolina ginger pacific telephone
caroline gnu painless temptation
castle golf pam tiger
cat golfer paper toggle
celtics gorgeous password tomato
change graham pat toyota
charles gryphon patricia trivial
charming guest penguin unhappy
charon guitar pete unicorn
chester hacker peter unknown
cigar harmony philip urchin
classic harold phoenix utility
coffee harvey pierre vicky
coke heinlein pizza virginia
collins hello plover warren
comrade help polynomial water
computer herbert praise weenie
condo honey prelude whatnot
condom horse prince whitney
cookie imperial protect will
cooper include pumpkin william
create ingres puppet willie
creation innocuous rabbit winston
creator irishman rachmaninoff wizard
cretin isis rainbow wombat
daemon japan raindrop yosemite
dancer jessica random zap
///////////////////////////////////////
/ /
/ * Summary of FBI Computer Systems * /
/ By Ralph Harvey /
/ /
///////////////////////////////////////
This article is reprinted from Full Disclosure. Capitol Information
Association. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to reprint
this article providing this message is included in its entirety. Full
Disclosure, Box 8275, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107. $15/yr.
The FBI maintains several computer systems. The most common of which is
call NCIC (National Crime Information Computer). NCIC maintains a database of
information about such things as stolen cars, stolen boats, missing persons,
wanted persons, arrest records. It provides quick access to these records by
State, Local and Federal law enforcement agencies. NCIC is directly linked
with the Treasury Department's TECS computer and many State computer systems.
According to William H. Webster, Director of the FBI:
When a police officer stops a car and is uncertain about who he's going to
meet when he gets out, he can plug into this system [NCIC] and in a matter of
a few seconds he can find out whether that person is a fugitive or the
automobile is stolen. Incidentally, we receive almost 400,000 inquires of
this nature each day in the NCIC system.
When an agency determines that a subject is a fugitive, it supplies the FBI
computer with as much of the following information as possible: 1) Name and
case number; 2) Alias; 3) Race; 4) Sex; 5) Height; 6) Weight; 7) Color of
hair; 8) Color of eyes; 9) Description of any identifying scars, marks and
tattoos; 10) Date of birth; 11) Place of birth; 12) Social Security Number;
13) Passport Number; 14) Last known address; 15) Nationality; 16) If a
naturalized U.S. Citizen, date, place, and certificate number; 17)
Occupation; 18) The criminal violation with which subject is charged; 19)
Date of warrant; 21) Type of warrant -- Bench, Magistrate, etc.; 22) Agency
holding warrant; 23) Any information as to whether the subject is considered
dangerous, is known to own or currently possess firearms, has suicidal
tendencies, or has previously escaped custody; 24) Driver's license number,
year of expiration and State issued; 25) License number of vehicle, aircraft
or vessel subject owns or is known to use, include the year and State; 26)
Description of vehicle, aircraft or vessel subject owns or is known to use;
27) Associates of the subject*1; 28) FBI number; 29) Name and telephone of
the person to contact when subject is apprehended.
One of the major problems with the system is that the agency that submits an
entry is responsible for keeping it up to date. Once an entry has been made,
there is little motivation for the originating agency to "waste" its time
keeping it up to date, so many entries become incorrect with the passage of
time.
Another FBI computer system is their Investigative Support Information
System (ISIS). This system is only used to provide support for major
investigations that require the handling of a large volume of complex
information. It is limited to handling a maximum of 20 cases at a time.
The ISIS system was used during the investigation of the murder of Federal
Judge John Wood in San Antonio, Texas. In this case, the FBI entered 300,000
pieces of information, including 6,000 interviews, hotel registration
information from every hotel in the area, etc. The accused, while on trial,
claimed he was several hundred miles away. The FBI cross referenced his name
& known alias with the hotel registration database and got a match. Contact
with the hotel employees resulted in a positive identification and conviction
of the subject.
The FBI has a system called the Organized Crime Information Systems (OCIS)
of which director William Webster is "particularly proud." The system was
started in 1980 in Detroit, Michigan and is one of their most sophisticated
computers. The system is now functions in over 40 locations.
The OCIS system allows agents in different field offices to share and
analyze information collected in each other's areas. This system was used to
identify some of the United States citizens who were released from Cuban
prisons in 1984 that had criminal histories in the United States. An OCIS
link was recently opened in Rome, where it's used to support drug
investigations.
:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:
:$:/ / \ \:$:
:$:/ Dictionary of Phreaker's Terms \:$:
:$: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :$:
:$: :$:
:$: Taken from Various Sources :$:
:$:\ with Special Thanks to Phortune 500 /:$:
:$:\ \ / /:$:
:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:$:
1XB - No.1 Crossbar system. See XBAR for more information.
2600 - A hack/phreak oriented newsletter that periodically was
released and still is being released. See Phile 1.6 for more information on
the magazine and ordering.
4XB - No.4 Crossbar system. See XBAR for more information.
5XB - No.5 Crossbar system. The primary end office switch of Bell
since the 60's and still in limited use. See XBAR for more detail.
700 Services - These services are reserved as an advanced forwarding
system, where the forwarding is advanced to a user-programed location which
could be changed by the user.
800 Exceptional Calling Report - System set up by ESS that will log
any caller that excessively dials 800 numbers or directory assistance. See
ESS for more information.
800 Services - Also known as WATS. These services often contain WATS
extenders which, when used with a code, may be used to call LD. Many LD
companies use these services because they are toll-free to customers. Most
800 extenders are considered dangerous because most have the ability to
trace.
900 Services - Numbers in the 900 SAC usually are used as special
services, such as TV polls and such. These usually are $.50 for the first
minute and $.35 for each additional minute. Dial (900)555-1212 to find out
what the 900 services currently have to offer.
950 - A nationwide access exchange in most areas. Many LD companies
have extenders located somewhere on this exchange; however, all services on
this exchange are considered dangerous due to the fact that they ALL have
the ability to trace. Most 950 services have crystal clear connections.
ACCS - Automated Calling Card Service. The typical 0+NPA+Nxx+xxxx
method of inputting calling cards and then you input the calling card via
touch tones. This would not be possible without ACTS.
ACD - Automatic Call Distributor.
ACD Testing Mode - Automatic Call Distributor Test Mode. This level of
phreaking can be obtained by pressing the "D" key down after calling DA.
This can only be done in areas that have the ACD. The ACD Testing Mode is
characterized by a pulsing dial tone. From here, you can get one side of a
loop by dialing 6, the other side is 7. You may also be able to REMOB a
line. All possibilities of the ACD Test have not been experimented with.
See silver box for more details.
ACTS - Automated Coin Toll Service. This is a computer system that
automates phortress fone service by listening for red box tones and takes
appropriate action. It is this service that is commonly heard saying, "Two
dollars please. Please deposit two dollars for the next three minutes."
Also, if you talk for more than three minutes and then hang up, ACTS will
call back and demand your money. ACTS is also responsible for ACCS.
Alliance - A teleconferencing system that is apart from AT&T which
allows the general public to access and use its conferencing equipment. The
equipment allows group conversations with members participating from
throughout the United States. The fone number to Alliance generally follows
the format of 0-700-456-x00x depending on the location the call originates
from and is not accessible direct by all cities/states.
AMA - Automated Message Accounting. Similar to the CAMA system; see
CAMA for more info.
analog - As used for a word or data transmission, a continuously
varying electrical signal in the shape of a wave.
ANI - Automatic Number Identification - This is the system you can
call, usually a three digit number or one in the 99xx's of your exchange,
and have the originating number you are calling from read to you by a
computer. This is useful if you don't know the number you are calling from,
for finding diverters, and when you are playing around with other fone
equipment like cans or beige boxes. The ANI system is often incorporated
into other fone companies such as Sprint and MCI in order to trace those
big bad phreaks that abuze codez.
ANIF - Automatic Number Identification Failure. When the ANI system of
a particular office fails.
APF - All PINs Fail. This is a security measure which is designed to
frustrate attempts at discovering valid PINs by a hacking method.
aqua box - A box designed to drain the voltage of the FBI lock-in-
trace/trap-trace so you can hang up your fone in an emergency and
phrustrate the Pheds some more. The apparatus is simple, just connect the
two middle wires of a phone wire and plug, which would be the red and green
wires if in the jack, to the cord of some electrical appliance; ie, light
bulb or radio. KEEP THE APPLIANCE OFF. Then, get one of those line
splitters that will let you hook two phone plugs into one jack. Plug the
end of the modified cord into one jack and your fone into the other. THE
APPLIANCE MUST BE OFF! Then, when the Pheds turn their lame tracer on and
you find that you can't hang up, remove your fone from the jack and turn
the appliance ON and keep it ON until you feel safe; it may be awhile. Then
turn it off, plug your fone back in, and start phreaking again. Invented
by: Captain Xerox and The Traveler.
BAUDOT - 45.5 baud. Also known as the Apple Cat Can.
BEF - Band Elimination Filter. A muting system that will mute the 2600
Hz tone which signals hang-up when you hang up.
beige box - An apparatus that is a home-made lineman's handset. It is
a regular fone that has clips where the red and green wires normally
connect to in a fone jack. These clips will attach to the rings and tips
found in many of MA's output devices. These are highly portable and VERY
useful when messing around with cans and other output devices the fone
company has around. Invented by: The Exterminator and The Terminal Man.
BITNET - Nationwide system for colleges and schools which accesses a
large base of education-oriented information. Access ports are always via
mainframe.
bit stream - Refers to a continuous series of bits, binary digits,
being transmitted on a transmission line.
black box - The infamous box that allows the calling party to not be
billed for the call placed. We won't go in depth right now, most plans can
be found on many phreak oriented BBS's. The telco can detect black boxes if
they suspect one on the line. Also, these will not work under ESS.
bleeper boxes - The United Kingdom's own version of the blue box,
modified to work with the UK's fone system. Based on the same principles.
However, they use two sets of frequencies, foreword and backwards.
Blotto box - This box supposedly shorts every fone out in the
immediate area, and I don't doubt it. It should kill every fone in the
immediate area, until the voltage reaches the fone company, and the fone
company filters it. I won't cover this one in this issue, cuz it is
dangerous, and phreaks shouldn't destroy MA's equipment, just phuck it up.
Look for this on your phavorite BBS or ask your phavorite phreak for info
if you really are serious about seriously phucking some fones in some area.
blue box - An old piece of equipment that emulated a true operator
placing calls, and operators get calls for free. The blue box seizes an
open trunk by blasting a 2600 Hz tone through the line after dialing a
party that is local or in the 800 NPA so calls will be local or free for
the blue boxer. Then, when the blue boxer has seized a trunk, the boxer may
then, within the next 10-15 seconds, dial another fone number via MF tones.
These MF tones must be preceded by a KP tone and followed with a ST tone.
All of these tones are standardized by Bell. The tones as well as the inter-
digit intervals are around 75ms. It may vary with the equipment used since
ESS can handle higher speeds and doesn't need inter-digit intervals. There
are many uses to a blue box, and we will not cover any more here. See your
local phreak or phreak oriented BBS for in depth info concerning blue boxes
and blue boxing. Incidentally, blue boxes are not considered safe anymore
because ESS detects "foreign" tones, such as the 2600 Hz tone, but this
detection may be delayed by mixing pink noise of above 3000 Hz with the
2600 Hz tone. To hang up, the 2600 Hz tone is played again. Also, all blue
boxes are green boxes because MF "2" corresponds to the Coin Collect tone
on the green box, and the "KP" tone corresponds to the Coin Return tone on
the green box. See green box for more information. Blue boxing is
IMPOSSIBLE under the new CCIS system slowly being integrated into the Bell
system.
blue box tones - The MF tones generated by the blue box in order to
place calls, emulating a true operator. These dual tones must be entered
during the 10-15 second period after you have seized a trunk with the 2600
Hz tone.
700: 1 : 2 : 4 : 7 : 11 : KP= Key Pulse
Parallel Frequencies 900: ** : 3 : 5 : 8 : 12 : ST= STop
2= Coin Collect 1100: ** : ** : 6 : 9 : KP : KP2= Key Pulse 2
KP= Coin Return 1300: ** : ** : ** : 10 :KP2 : **= None
(green box tones) 1500: ** : ** : ** : ** : ST :
: 900:1100:1300:1500:1700: 75ms pulse/pause
BLV - Busy Line Verification. Allows a TSPS operator to process a
customer's request for a confirmation of a repeatedly busy line. This
service is used in conjunction with emergency break-ins.
BNS - Billed Number Screening.
break period - Time when the circuit during pulse dialing is left
open. In the US, this period is 40ms; foreign nations may use 33ms break
periods.
break ratio - The interval pulse dialing breaks and makes the loop
when dialing. The US standard is 10 pulses per second. When the circuit is
opened, it is called the break interval. When the circuit is closed, it is
called the make interval. In the US, there is a 60ms make period and a 40ms
break period. This is often referred to as a 60% make interval. Many
foreign nations have a 67% make interval.
bridge - I don't really understand this one, but these are important
phreak toys. I'll cover them more in the next issue of TPH.
British Post Office - The United Kingdom's equivalent to Ma Bell.
busy box - Box that will cause the fone to be busy, without taking it
OFF-HOOK. Just get a piece of fone wire with a plug on the end, cut it off
so there is a plug and about two inches of fone line. Then, strip the wire
so the two middle wires, the tip and the ring, are exposed. Then, wrap the
ring and the tip together, tape with electrical tape, and plug into the
fone jack. The fone will be busy until the box is removed.
cans - Cans are those big silver boxes on top of or around the
telephone poles. When opened, the lines can be manipulated with a beige box
or whatever phun you have in mind.
calling card - Another form of the LD service used by many major LD
companies that composes of the customers fone number and a PIN number. The
most important thing to know when questioned about calling cards are the
area code and the city where the calling card customer originated from.
CAMA - Centralized Automatic Message Accounting. System that records
the numbers called by fones and other LD systems. The recording can be used
as evidence in court.
CC - Calling Card.
CC - Credit Card.
CCIS - Common Channel Inter-office Signaling. New method being
incorporated under Bell that will send all the signaling information over
separate data lines. Blue boxing is IMPOSSIBLE under this system.
CCITT - The initials of the name in French of the International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. At CCITT representatives of
telecommunications authorities, operators of public networks and other
interested bodies meet to agree on standards needed for international
intermarrying of telecommunications services.
CCS - Calling Card Service.
CCSS - Common Channel Signalling System. A system whereby all
signalling for a number of voice paths are carried over one common channel,
instead of within each individual channel.
CDA - Coin Detection and Announcement.
CF - Coin First. A type of fortress fone that wants your money before
you receive a dial tone.
Channel - A means of one-way transmission or a UCA path for electrical
transmission between two or more points without common carrier, provided
terminal equipment. Also called a circuit, line, link, path, or facility.
cheese box - Another type of box which, when coupled with call
forwarding services, will allow one to place free fone calls. The safety of
this box is unknown. See references for information concerning text philes
on this box.
clear box - Piece of equipment that compromises of a telephone pickup
coil and a small amp. This works on the principal that all receivers are
also weak transmitters. So, you amplify your signal on PP fortress fones
and spare yourself some change.
CN/A - Customer Name And Address. Systems where authorized Bell
employees can find out the name and address of any customer in the Bell
System. All fone numbers are listed on file, including unlisted numbers.
Some CN/A services ask for ID#'s when you make a request. To use, call the
CN/A office during normal business hours, and say that you are so and so
from a certain business or office, related to customers or something like
that, and you need the customer's name and address at (NPA)Nxx-xxxx. That
should work. The operators to these services usually know more than DA
operators do and are also susceptible to "social engineering." It is
possible to bullshit a CN/A operator for the NON PUB DA number and policy
changes in the CN/A system.
CO Code - Central Office code which is also the Nxx code. See Nxx for
more details. Sometimes known as the local end office.
conference calls - To have multiple lines inter-connected in order to
have many people talking in the same conversation on the fone at once. See
Alliance and switch crashing for more information.
credit operator - Same as TSPS operator. The operator you get when you
dial "0" on your fone and phortress fones. See TSPS for more information.
CSDC - Circuit Switched Digital Capability. Another USDN service that
has no ISDN counterpart.
DA - Directory Assistance. See directory assistance.
DAO - Directory Assistance Operator. See directory assistance.
data communications - In telefone company terminology, data
communications refers to an end-to-end transmission of any kind of
information other than sound, including voice, or video. Data sources may
be either digital or analog.
data rate - The rate at which a channel carries data, measured in bits
per second, bit/s, also known as "data signalling rate."
data signalling rate - Same as "data rate." See data rate.
DCO-CS - Digital Central Office-Carrier Switch.
DDD - Direct Distance Dialed.
Dial-It Services - See 900 Services.
digital - A method to represent information to be discrete or
individually distinct signals, such as bits, as opposed to a continuously
variable analog signal.
digital transmission - A mode of transmission in which all information
to be transmitted is first converted to digital form and then transmitted
as a serial stream of pulses. Any signal, voice, data, television, can be
converted to digital form.
Dimension 2000 - Another LD service located at (800)848-9000.
directory assistance - Operator that you get when you call 411 or
NPA-555-1212. This call will cost $.50 per call. These won't know where you
are calling from, unless you annoy them, and do not have access to unlisted
numbers. There are also directory assistance operators for the deaf that
transfer BAUDOT. You can call these and have interesting conversations. The
fone number is 800-855-1155, are free, and use standard Telex abbreviations
such as GA for Go Ahead. These are nicer than normal operators, and are
often subject to "social engineering" skills (bullshitting). Other
operators also have access to their own directory assistance at
KP+NPA+131+ST.
diverter - This is a nice phreak tool. What a diverter is is a type of
call forwarding system done externally, apart from the fone company, which
is a piece of hardware that will foreword the call to somewhere else. These
can be found on many 24 hour plumbers, doctors, etc. When you call, you
will often hear a click and then ringing, or a ring, then a click, then
another ring, the second ring often sounds different from the first. Then,
the other side picks the fone up and you ask about their company or
something stupid, but DO NOT ANNOY them. Then eventually, let them hang up,
DO NOT HANG UP YOURSELF. Wait for the dial tone, then dial ANI. If the
number ANI reads is different from the one you are calling from, then you
have a diverter. Call anywhere you want, for all calls will be billed to
the diverter. Also, if someone uses a tracer on you, then they trace the
diverter and you are safe. Diverters can, however, hang up on you after a
period of time; some companies make diverters that can be set to clear the
line after a set period of time, or click every once in a while, which is
super annoying, but it will still work. Diverters are usually safer than LD
extenders, but there are no guarantees. Diverters can also be accessed via
phortress fones. Dial the credit operator and ask for the AT&T CREDIT
OPERATOR. They will put on some lame recording that is pretty long. Don't
say anything and the recording will hang up. LET IT HANG UP, DO NOT HANG
UP. Then the line will clear and you will get a dial tone. Place any call
you want with the following format: 9+1+NPA+Nxx+xxxx, or for local calls,
just 9+Nxx+xxxx. I'd advise that you call ANI first as a local call to make
sure you have a diverter.
DLS - Dial Line Service.
DNR - Also known as pen register. See pen register.
DOV - Data-Over-Voice.
DSI - Data Subscriber Interface. Unit in the LADT system that will
concentrate data from 123 subscribers to a 56k or a 9.6k bit-per-second
trunk to a packet network.
DT - Dial tone.
DTF - Dial Tone First. This is a type of fortress fone that gives you
a dial tone first.
DTI - Digital Trunk Interface.
DTMF - Dual-Tone-Multi-Frequency, the generic term for the touch tone.
These include 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 as well as A,B,C,D. See silver box for
more details.
DVM - Data Voice Multiplexor. A system that squeezes more out of a
transmission medium and allows a customer to transmit voice and data
simultaneously to more than one receiver over the existing telefone line.
emergency break-in - Name given to the art of "breaking" into a busy
number which will usually result in becoming a third party in the call
taking place.
end office - Any class 5 switching office in North America.
end-to-end signalling - A mode of network operation in which the
originating central office, or station, retains control and signals
directly to each successive central office, or PBX, as trunks are added to
the connection.
ESS - Electronic Switching System. "The phreak's nightmare come true."
With ESS, EVERY SINGLE digit you dial is recorded, even mistakes. The
system records who you call, when you call, how long you talked, and, in
some cases, what you talked about. ESS is programed to make a list of
people who make excessive 800 calls or directory assistance. This is called
the "800 Exceptional Calling Report." ESS can be programed to print out
logs of who called certain numbers, such as a bookie, a known communist, a
BBS, etc. ESS is a series of programs working together; these programs can
be very easily changed to do whatever the fone company wants ESS to do.
With ESS, tracing is done in MILLISECONDS and will pick up any "foreign"
tones on the line, such as 2600 Hz. Bell predicts the whole country will be
on ESS by 1990! You can identify an ESS office by the functions, such as
dialing 911 for help, fortress fones with DT first, special services such
as call forwarding, speed dialing, call waiting, etc., and ANI on LD calls.
Also, black boxes and Infinity transmitters will NOT work under ESS.
extender - A fone line that serves as a middleman for a fone call,
such as the 800 or 950 extenders. These systems usually require a multi-
digit code and have some sort of ANI to trace suspicious calls with.
facsimile - A system for the transmission of images. The image is
scanned at the transmitter, reconstructed at the receiving station, and
duplicated on some form of paper. Also known as a FAX.
FAX - See facsimile for details.
FiRM - A large cracking group who is slowly taking the place of PTL and
the endangered cracking groups at the time of this writing.
fortress phone - Today's modern, armor plated, pay fone. These may be
the older, 3 coin/coin first fones or the newer, 1 coin/DT first fones.
There are also others, see CF, DTF, and PP. Most phortresses can be found
in the 9xxx or 98xx series of your local Nxx.
gateway city - See ISC.
Gestapo - The telefone company's security force. These nasties are the
ones that stake out misused phortresses as well as go after those bad
phreaks that might be phucking with the fone system.
green base - A type of output device used by the fone company. Usually
light green in color and stick up a few feet from the ground. See output
device for more information.
green box - Equipment that will emulate the Coin Collect, Coin Return,
and Ringback tones. This means that if you call someone with a fortress
fone and they have a green box, by activating it, your money will be
returned. The tones are, in hertz, Coin Collect=700+1100, Coin
Return=1100+1700, and Ringback=700+1700. However, before these tones are
sent, the MF detectors at the CO must be alerted, this can be done by
sending a 900+1500 Hz or single 2600 Hz wink of 90ms followed by a 60ms
gap, and then the appropriate signal for at least 900ms.
gold box - This box will trace calls, tell if the call is being
traced, and can change a trace.
grey box - Also known as a silver box. See silver box.
group chief - The name of the highest ranking official in any fone
office. Ask to speak to these if an operator is giving you trouble.
high-speed data - A rate of data transfer ranging upward from 10,000
bits per second.
H/M - Hotel/Motel.
ICH - International Call Handling. Used for overseas calls.
ICVT - InComing Verification Trunk.
IDA - Integrated Digital Access. The United Kingdom's equivalent of
ISDN.
IDDD - International Direct Distance Dialing - The ability to place
international calls direct without processing through a station. Usually,
one would have to place the call through a 011, station, or a 01, operator
assisted, type of setup.
IDN - Integrated Digital Networks. Networks which provide digital
access and transmission, in both circuit switched and packet modes.
in-band - The method of sending signaling information along with the
conversion using tones to represent digits.
INS - Information Network System. Japan's equivalent of ISDN.
Intercept - The intercept operator is the one you get connected to
when there are not enough recordings available to tell you that the number
has been disconnected or changed. These usually ask what number you are
calling and are the lowest form of the operator.
intermediate point - Any class 4X switching office in North America.
Also known as an RSU.
international dialing - In order to call across country borders, one
must use the format PREFIX + COUNTRY CODE + NATION #. The prefix in North
America is usually 011 for station-to-station calls or 01 for operator-
assisted calls. If you have IDDD, you don't need to place this prefix in.
INTT - Incoming No Test Trunks.
INWARD - An operator that assists your local TSPS '0' operator in
connecting calls. These won't question you as long as the call is within
their service area. The operator can ONLY be reached by other operators or
a blue box. The blue box number is KP+NPA+121+ST for the INWARD operator
that will help you connect to any calls in that area ONLY.
INWATS - Inward Wide Area Telecommunications Service. These are the
800 numbers we are all familiar with. These are set up in bands; 6 total.
Band 6 is the largest, and you can call band 6 INWATS from anywhere in the
US except the state where the call is terminated. This is also why some
companies have a separate 800 number for their state. Band 5 includes the
48 contiguous states. All the way down to band 1, which only includes the
states contiguous to that one. Understand? That means more people can reach
a band 6 INWATS as compared to the people that can access a band 1 INWATS.
IOCC - International Overseas Completion Centre. A system which must
be dialed in order to re-route fone calls to countries inaccessible via
dialing direct. To route a call via IOCC with a blue box, pad the country
code to the RIGHT with zeroes until it is 3 digits. Then KP+160 is dialed,
plus the padded country code, plus ST.
IPM - Interruptions Per Minute. The number of times a certain tone
sounds during a minute.
ISC - Inter-Nation Switching Centers. Most outgoing calls from a
certain numbering system will be routed through these "gateway cities" in
order to reach a foreign country.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. ISDN is a planned
hierarchy of digital switching and transmission systems. Synchronized so
that all digital elements speak the same "language" at the same speed, the
ISDN would provide voice, data, and video in a unified manner.
ITT - This is another large LD service. The extenders owned by this
company are usually considered dangerous. The format is
ACC-ESS#,(NPA)Nxx-xxxx,1234567.
KP - Key Pulse. Tone that must be generated before inputting a fone
number using a blue box. This tone is, in hertz, 1100+1700.
KP2 - Key Pulse 2. Tone that is used by the CCITT SYSTEM 5 for special
international calling. This tone is, in hertz, 1300+1700.
LADT - Local Area Data Transport. LADT is a method by which customers
will send and receive digital data over existing customer loop wiring. Dial-
Up LADT will let customers use their lines for occasional data services;
direct access LADT will transmit simultaneous voice and data traffic on the
same line.
LAN - Local Area Network.
LAPB - Link Access Protocol Balanced.
LD - Long Distance
Leave Word And Call Back - Another new type of operator.
local loop - When a loop is connected between you and your CO. This
occurs when you pick the fone up or have a fone OFF-HOOK.
loop - A pair or group of fone lines. When people call these lines,
they can talk to each other. Loops consist of two or more numbers, they
usually are grouped close together somewhere in the Nxx-99xx portions of
your exchange. The lower number in a loop is the tone side of the loop, or
the singing switch. The higher number is always silent. The tone disappears
on the lower # when someone dials the other side of the loop. If you are
the higher #, you will have to listen to the clicks to see if someone
dialed into the loop. There also are such things as Non-Supervised loops,
where the call is toll-free to the caller. Most loops will be muted or have
annoying clicks at connection, but otherwise, you might find these useful
goodies scanning the 99xx's in your exchange. Some loops allow multi-user
capability; thus, many people can talk to each other at the same time, a
conference of sorts. Since loops are genuine test functions for the telco
during the day, most phreaks scan and use them at night.
MA - Ma Bell, the Bell Telesys Company. Telco, etc. See Ma Bell for
more information.
Ma Bell - The telephone company. The Bell Telesys Phone Company. The
company you phreak and hack with. The company that doesn't like you too
much. The company you often phuck with, and sometimes phuck up. The company
that can phuck u up if u aren't careful.
make period - The time when, during pulse dialing, the circuit is
closed. In the US, this period is 60ms; however, foreign nations may use a
67ms make period. Make periods are also referred to in percentages, so a
60ms make period would be 60%, a 67ms as 67%.
marine verify - Another type of operator.
MCI - Yet another LD service that owns many dial-ups in most areas.
However, the codes from various areas may not be interchangeable. Not much
is known about MCI; however, MCI probably has some sophisticated anti-
phreak equipment. The format is ACC-ESS#,12345,(NPA)Nxx-xxxx.
MCI Execunet - The calling card equivalent of the regular MCI LD
service, but the codes are longer and interchangeable. For the local access
port near you, call (800)555-1212. The format for the port will be
ACC-ESS#,1234567,(NPA)Nxx-xxxx.
Metrofone - Owned by Western Union. A very popular system among fone
phreaks. Call Metrofone's operator and ask for the local access number at
(800)325-1403. The format is ACC-ESS#,CODE,(NPA)Nxx-xxxx. Metrofone is
alleged to place trap codes on phreak BBS's.
MF - Multi-Frequency. These are the operator and blue box tones. An MF
tone consists of two tones from a set of six master tones which are
combined to produce 12 separate tones. These are NOT the same as touch
tones. See blue box tones for frequencies.
mobile - A type of operator.
NAP/PA - North American Pirate/Phreak Association. A large group of bbs
boards which include a lot of pirates/phreakers. I'm not quite sure where the
group will go from here.
NON PUB DA - A reverse type of CN/A bureau. You tell the service the
name and the locality, they will supply the fone number. However, they will
ask for you name, supervisor's name, etc. Use your social engineering
skills here (aka, bullshitting skills). You also can get detailed billing
information from these bureaus.
NPA - Numbering Plan Area. The area code of a certain city/state. For
example, on the number (111)222-3333, the NPA would be 111. Area codes
never cross state boundaries sans the 800, 700, 900, and special exchanges.
Nxx - The exchange or prefix of the area to be dialed. For example of
the number (111)222-3333, the Nxx would be 222.
OGVT - OutGoing Verification Trunk.
OFF-HOOK - To be on-line, to have the switchhook down. To have a
closed connection. At this point, you also have a local loop.
ON-HOOK - To be off-line, to have the switchhook up. To have an open
connection.
ONI - Operator Number Identification. Identifies calling numbers when
an office is not equipped with CAMA, the calling number is not
automatically recorded by CAMA, or has equipment failures, such as ANIF.
OPCR - Operator Actions Program. Standard TBOC or equivalent "0"
operator.
OPEN - Northern Telecom's Open Protocol Enhanced Networks World
Program.
OSI - Open System Interconnection. Form of telecommunication
architechture which will probobly fail to SNA.
OST - Originating Station Treatment.
OTC - Operating Telefone Company.
out-of-band - Type of signaling which sends all of the signaling and
supervisory informations, such as ON and OFF HOOK, over separate data
links.
output device - Any type of interface such as cans, terminal sets,
remote switching centers, bridging heads, etc., where the fone lines of the
immediate area are relayed to before going to the fone company. These often
are those cases painted light green and stand up from the ground. Most of
these can be opened with a 7/16 hex driver, turning the security bolt(s)
1/8 of an inch counter-clockwise, and opening. Terminals on the inside
might be labeled "T" for tip and "R" for ring. Otherwise, the ring side is
usually on the right and the tip side is on the left.
OUTWATS - Outward Wide Area Telecommunications Service. These are WATS
that are used to make outgoing calls ONLY.
Paper Clip Method - This method of phreaking was illustrated in the
movie War Games. What a phortress fone does to make sure money is in a fone
is send an electrical pulse to notify the fone that a coin has been
deposited, for the first coin only. However, by simply grounding the
positive end of the microphone, enough current and voltage is deferred to
the ground to simulate the first quarter in the coin box. An easy way to
accomplish this is to connect the center of the mouthpiece to the coin box,
touch tone pad, or anything that looks like metal with a piece of wire. A
most convenient piece of wire is a bend out of a paper clip. Then you can
send red box tones through the line and get free fone calls! Also, telco
modified fones may require you to push the clip harder against the
mouthpiece, or connect the mouthpiece to the earpiece. If pressing harder
against the mouthpiece becomes a problem, pins may be an easier solution.
PBX - Private Branch eXchange. A private switchboard used by some big
companies that allow access to the OUTWATS line by dialing a 8 or a 9
after inputting a code.
PCM - Pulse Code-Modulated trunks.
PC Pursuit - A computer oriented LD system, comparable to Telenet,
which offers low access rates to 2400 baud users. Hacking on this system is
virtually impossible due to the new password format.
pen register - A device that the fone company puts on your line if
they suspect you are fraudulently using your fone. This will record EVERY
SINGLE digit/rotary pulse you enter into the fone as well as other
pertinent information, which may include a bit of tapping. Also known as
DNR.
Phortune 500 - An elite group of users currently paving the way for
better quality in their trade.
PHRACK - Another phreak/hack oriented newsletter. See reference
section, phile 1.6 for more information.
PHUN - Phreakers and Hackers Underground Network. They also release a
newsletter that is up to #4 at the time of this writing. See phile 1.6 for
more information on finding this phile.
PIN - Personal Identification Number - The last four digits on a
calling card that adds to the security of calling cards.
plant tests - test numbers which include ANI, ringback, touch tone
tests, and other tests the telco uses.
Post Office Engineers - The United Kingdom's fone workers.
PP - Dial Post-Pay Service. On phortress fones, you are prompted to
pay for the call after the called party answers. You can use a clear box to
get around this.
PPS - Pulses Per Second.
printmeter - The United Kingdom's equivalent of a pen register. See
pen register for more info.
PTE - Packet Transport Equipment.
PTL - One of the bigger cracking groups of all time. However, the group
has been dying off and only has a few nodes as of this writing.
PTS - Position and Trunk Scanner.
PTT - Postal Telephone Telegraph.
pulse - See rotary phones.
purple box - This one would be nice. Free calls to anywhere via blue
boxing, become an operator via blue box, conference calling, disconnect
fone line(s), tap fones, detect traces, intercept directory assistance
calls. Has all red box tones. This one may not be available under ESS.
rainbow box - An ultimate box. You can become an operator. You get
free calls, blue box. You can set up conference calls. You can forcefully
disconnect lines. You can tap lines. You can detect traces, change traces,
and trace as well. All incoming calls are free. You can intercept directory
assistance. You have a generator for all MF tones. You can mute and redial.
You have all the red-box tones. This is an awesome box. However, it does
not exist under ESS.
RAO - Revenue Accounting Office. The three digit code that sometimes
replaces the NPA of some calling cards.
RBOC - Regional Bell Operating Company.
red box - Equipment that will emulate the red box tone generated for
coin recognition in all phortress fones.
red box tones - Tones that tell the phortress fone how much money was
inserted in the fone to make the required call. In one slot fones, these
are beeps in pulses; the pulse is a 2200+1700 Hz tone. For quarters, 5 beep
tones at 12-17 PPS, for dimes it is 2 beep tones at 5-8.5 PPS, and a nickel
causes 1 beep tone at 5-8.5 PPS. For three slot fones, the tones are
different. Instead of beeps, they are straight dual tones. For a nickel, it
is one bell at 1050-1100 Hz, two bells for a dime, and one gong at 800 Hz
for a quarter. When using red box tones, you must insert at least one
nickel before playing the tones, cuz a ground test takes place to make sure
some money has been inserted. The ground test may be fooled by the Paper
Clip Method. Also, it has been known that TSPS can detect certain red box
tones, and will record all data on AMA or CAMA of fraudulent activity.
regional center - Any class 1 switching office in North America.
REMOB - Method of tapping into lines by entering a code and the 7
digit number you want to monitor, from ACD Test Mode. A possibility of this
may be mass conferencing.
ring - The red wire found in fone jacks and most fone equipment. The
ring also is less positive than the tip. When looking at a fone plug on the
end of typical 4 wire fone line from the top, let's say the top is the side
with the hook, the ring will be the middle-right wire. Remember, the ring
is red, and to the right. The three "R's" revived!
ring-around-the-rosy - 9 connections in tandem which would cause an
endless loop connection and has never occurred in fone history.
ringback - A testing number that the fone company uses to have your
fone ring back after you hang up. You usually input the three digit
ringback number and then the last four digits to the fone number you are
calling from.
ring trip - The CO process involved with stopping the AC ringing
signal when a fone goes OFF-HOOK.
rotary phone - The dial or pulse phone that works by hooking and un-
hooking the fone rapidly in secession that is directly related to the
number you dialed. These will not work if another phone with the same
number is off-hook at the time of dialing.
Rout & Rate - Yet another type of operator; assists your TSPS operator
with rates and routings. This once can be reached at KP+800+141+1212+ST.
RPE - Remote Peripheral Equipment.
RQS - The Rate Quote System. This is the TSPS operator's rate/quote
system. This is a method your '0' operator gets info without dialing the
rate and route operator. The number is KP+009+ST.
RSU - Remote Switching Unit. The class 4X office that can have an
unattended exchange attached to it.
RTA - Remote Trunk Arrangement.
SAC - Special Area Code. Separate listing of area codes, usually for
special services such as TWX's, WATS, or DIAL-IT services.
SCC - Specialized Common Carriers. Common Nxx numbers that are
specialized for a certain purpose. An example is the 950 exchange.
sectional center - Any class 2 switching office in North America.
service monitoring - This is the technical name of phone tapping.
SF - Supervision Control Frequency. The 2600 Hz tone which seizes any
open trunk, which can be blue boxed off of.
short-haul - Also known as a local call.
signalling - The process by which a caller or equipment on the
transmitting end of a line in: forms a particular party or equipment at the
receiving end that a message is to be communicated. Signalling is also the
supervisory information which lets the caller know the called know the
called party is ready to talk, the line is busy, or the called party has
hung up.
silver box - Equipment that will allow you to emulate the DTMF tones
A,B,C,D. The MF tones are, in hertz, A=697+1633, B=770+1633, C=852+1633,
D=941+1633. These allow special functions from regular fones, such as ACD
Testing Mode.
Skyline - Service owned by IBM, Comsat, and AEtna. It has a local
access number in the 950 exchange. The fone number is 950-1088. The code is
either a 6 or 8 digit number. This company is alleged to be VERY dangerous.
SNA - System Network Architechture, by IBM. A possible future standard
of architechture only competed by OSI.
SOST - Special Operator Service Treatment. These include calls which
must be transferred to a SOST switchboard before they can be processed;
services such as conferences, appointments, mobile, etc.
SPC - Stored Program Control. Form of switching the US has heavily
invested in.
Sprint - One of the first LD services, also known as SPC. Sprint owns
many extender services and is not considered safe. It is common knowledge
that Sprint has declared war on fone phreakers.
SSAS - Station Signaling and Announcement System. System on most
fortress fones that will prompt caller for money after the number, usually
LD numbers, has been dialed, or the balance due before the call will be
allowed to connect.
stacking tandems - The art of busying out all trunks between two
points. This one is very amusing.
STart - Pulse that is transmitted after the KP+NPA+Nxx+xxxx through
operator or blue boxed calls. This pulse is, in hertz, 1500+1700.
station # - The last four digits in any seven digit fone number.
STD - Subscriber Trunk Dialing. Mechanism in the United Kingdom which
takes a call from the local lines and legimately elevates it to a trunk or
international level.
step crashing - Method of using a rotary fone to break into a busy
line. Example, you use a rotary fone to dial Nxx-xxx8 and you get a busy
signal. Hang up and dial Nxx-xxx7 and in between the last pulse of your
rotary dial and before the fone would begin to ring, you can flash your
switchhook extremely fast. If you do it right, you will hear an enormous
"CLICK" and all of a sudden, you will cut into your party's conversation.
STPS - Signal Transfer PointS. Associated with various switching
machines and the new CCIS system.
switchhook - The button on your fone that, when depressed, hangs the
fone up. These can be used to emulate rotary dial fones if used correctly.
SxS - Step-By-Step. Also known as the Strowger Switch or the two-
motion switch. This is the switching equipment Bell began using in 1918.
However, because of its limitations, such as no direct use of DTMF and
maintenance problems, the fone company has been upgrading since. You can
identify SxS switching offices by lack of DTMF or pulsing digits after
dialing DTMF, if you go near the CO it will sound like a typewriter testing
factory, lack of speed calling, lack of special services like call
forwarding and call waiting, and fortress fones want your money first,
before the dial tone.
TAP - The "official" phone phreak's newsletter. Previously YIPL.
T&C - Time and Charge.
tapping - To listen in to a phone call taking place. The fone company
calls this "service monitoring."
TASI - Time Assignment Speech Interpolation. This is used on satellite
trunks, and basically allows more than one person to use a trunk by putting
them on while the other person isn't talking.
Telenet - A computer-oriented system of relay stations which relay
computer calls to LD numbers. Telenet has a vast array of access ports
accessible at certain baud rates.
Tel-Tec - Another LD company that usually give out a weak connection.
The format is (800)323-3026,123456,(NPA)Nxx-xxxx.
Tel-Tex - A subsidiary of Tel-Tec, but is only used in Texas. The
number is *800)432-2071 and the format is the same as above.
terminal - A point where information may enter or leave a
communication network. Also, any device that is capable of sending and/or
receiving data over a communication channel.
tip - The green wire found in fone jacks and most fone equipment. The
tip is the more positive wire compared to the ring. When looking at a fone
plug from the top, lets say the hook side is the top, the tip will be the
middle wire on the left.
toll center - Any class 4 switching office located in North America.
toll point - Any class 4P switching office in North America.
Toll LIB - Reverse CN/A bureau. See NON PUB DA for more info.
touch tone phone - A phone that uses the DTMF system to place calls.
touch tone test - This is another test number the fone company uses.
You dial the ringback number and have the fone ring back. Then, when you
pick it up, you will hear a tone. Press your touch-tone digits 1-0. If they
are correct, the fone will beep twice.
trace - Something you don't want any fone company to do to you. This
is when the fone company you are phucking with flips a switch and they find
the number you are calling from. Sometimes the fone company will use ANI or
trap and trace methods to locate you. Then the local Gestapo home in and
terminate the caller if discovered.
trap and trace - A method used by the FBI and some step offices that
forces a voltage through the line and traces simultaneously, which mean
that you can't hang up unless the Pheds do, and pray you aren't calling
from your own house. Trap and trace is also known as the lock-in-trace.
trap codes - Working codes owned by the LD company, not a customer,
that, when used, will send a "trouble card" to Ma Bell, no matter what
company the card is coming from, and ESS will immediately trace the call.
Trap codes have been in use for some time now, and it is considered safer
to self-hack codes opposed to leeching them off of BBS's, since some LD
companies post these codes on phreak oriented BBS's.
Travelnet - Service owned by GM that uses WATS as well as local access
numbers. Travelnet also accepts voice validation for its LD codes.
TSPS - Traffic Service Position System. Operator that usually is the
one that obtains billing information for Calling Card or 3rd number calls,
identifies called customer on person-to-person calls, obtains acceptance of
charges on collect calls, or identifies calling numbers. These operators
have an ANI board and are the most dangerous type of operator.
TWX - Telex II consisting of 5 teletypewriter area codes. These are
owned by Western Union. These may be reached via another TWX machine
running at 110 baud. You can send TWX messages via Easylink (800)325-4122.
USDN - United States Digital Network. The US's version of the ISDN
network.
videotext - Generic term for a class of two-way, interactive data
distribution systems with output typically handled as in teletext systems
and input typically accepted through the telephone or public data network.
WATS - Wide Area Telecommunications Service. These can be IN or OUT,
see the appropriate sections.
WATS Extender - These are the LD companies everyone hacks and phreaks
off of in the 800 NPA. Remember, INWATS + OUTWATS = WATS Extender.
white box - This is a portable DTMF keypad.
XBAR - Crossbar. Crossbar is another type of switching equipment the
fone company uses in some areas. There are three major types of Crossbar
systems called No.1 Crossbar (1XB), No.4 Crossbar (4XB), and No.5 Crossbar
(5XB). 5XB has been the primary end office switch of MA since the 60's and
is still in wide use. There is also Crossbar Tandem (XBT) used for toll-
switching.
XBT - Crossbar Tandem. Used for toll-switching. See XBAR.
YIPL - The classic "official" phreak's magazine. Now TAP.
/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/
-/- -/-
/-/ *> TID-BYTES <* /-/
-/- -/-
/-/ by the Informatik Staff /-/
-/- -/-
/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/
/* Unix Fake Mail */
Most good Unix hackers should already know this, but to the up and coming,
we feel it important to include this simple, but powerful trick.
Telnet to port 25 of the receiving site by 'telnet host.com 25'
Once connected, it may or may not require you to type 'helo' [sic]
If it doesn't don't.
type 'mail from: ' and then your imaginary sender:
ex. 'mail from: satan@hell.org' or 'mail from: root@white.house.gob', or some
sort, depending of course on your purpose.
after you get a sender OK, specify the user to receive the mail:
type 'rcpt to: ' and then the appropriate username.
next, type 'data' and hit enter. This will start entering the data field of
your letter. Enter as follows:
From: satan@hell.org (Lord of the Underworld)
To: schmuck@anywhere.edu
Subject: Your sinning
Status: R
Your terrible sinning has sparked my interests, we are currently accepting
applications for head daemon, 5th level of hell. Please include a photo.
Thanks...
Satan
.
The '.' on a line by itself ends the input. Note, that the From, To, Subject,
and Status lines should be included for the mail headers to make sense of it.
Of course there is the obvious message of:
From: root
To: loser
Subject: your account
Status: R
Your password is too old, please change it to 'hackme1'. Thanks
/* Walgreen's Store Pricing Code */
Ever curious how much stores mark up their goods on you? Well it is quite easy
to tell at Walgreen's. On each price tag, you will see a group of letters, in
this example say, "ARB". These letters are the key to the stores purchase
price. The letters correspond to the positions in the code "BRUSH CLEAN".
Here is how it works: BRUSH CLEAN
12345 67890
Simply replace the letters with their appropriate digit, in our example (ARB)
it would be 9-2-1, in other words, $9.21 Now if they want you to pay $60.00
for the item, you know you are getting ripped!
/* Bar Swindles */
Here are a of fast-one that you can pull in a bar environment:
Challenge someone to "Do as I do" wager.
Each of you takes a drink.
You make a gesture with the glass, as "toasting."
Your opponent toasts also.
You drink your drink. Your opponent drinks his drink.
You salute with the glass again. Your opponent does likewise.
You spit a mouthful back in your drink. Chances are your opponent has already
swallowed. Take the money and run!
/* Interesting Catalogs */
Send for these way-cool publications:
Paladin Press
PO Box 1307
Boulder, CO 80306
"Publishers of the Action Library." Books on lockpicking, wiretapping,
smuggling, assassintaion, guerrilla warfare, and related subjects. Send $2.00
Loompanics
PO Box 1197
Port Townsend, WA 98368
"The Greatest Book Catalog In the World"-outlaw publishers who also sell outlaw
books... including some by our military. "No more secrets, no more excuses, no
more limits." A few of their catagories: Underground economy. Tax avoidance.
Fake IDs. Police science. Con games. Self defense. Revenge. Guns. Bombs.
Guerrilla warfare. Self-sufficiency. Alternate Energy. Life extension.
Drugs. Heresey. Forbidden philosophis. Human pleasure. Send $2 for a HUGE
catalog that is a reading experience unto itself!!
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)%( )%(
(%) > Hot Flashes < (%)
)%( )%(
(%) The Underground News Report (%)
)%( )%(
(%) Edited by: the Informatik Staff (%)
)%( )%(
(%) October 1991 (%)
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Teenage Hacker Emulates Hess
----------------------------
[Summary from Computer Weekly, 8th August 1991.]
A 16 year old schoolboy named Jamie Moulding has been cautioned by plainclothed
police after hacking into a military computer and trying to sell secrets to the
USSR. He claims to have read the Ministry of Defense personnel and payroll
files. One computer he entered held details of a British Army tank control
system. Moulding first incorporated details of the system into his own
simulation package, and then phoned the Soviet Union's London embassy to try to
sell the information. Next day two policemen turned up at his home and spoke
to his parents. Moulding's telephone bills were unwittingly paid by his
school. He wrote an autodialer program and an automatic hack program which
"planted a command which led to a display of passwords". DEC denied that its
systems had been hacked. The police officers were unavailable for comment.
Phone Card Scam Cheats Beaumont Residents
-----------------------------------------
[Houston Chronicle, Sept. 28, 1991]
Several residents have been cheated out of hundreds of dollars by con
artists who call, posing as police or phone company employees, and ask for the
residents' telephone credit card numbers. Most of the victims are elderly and
are eager to cooperate, since they are promised that they will be reimbursed
for any long-distance calls.
About eight Beaumont residents received extremely high phone bills last
month, including one that totaled $1,395, after giving their calling card
numbers to the California based con artists, Southwestern Bell spokesman Frank
Merriman said. Merriman said the caller identifies himself as a law
enforcement officer or a telephone company employee who needs the resident's
calling card number to catch a credit card theif or an employee suspected of
misconduct.
A Beaumont physician, who was not identified, told authorities he gave his
number to a man who posed as an FBI agent. The physician later received
long-distance bills totaling $1,395 that included calls to Iran, Puerto Rico,
Hong Kong, Belgium, and China.
The doctor said the man who called him said they had arrested a man in
Atlanta who had 19 cards, including his. "He said he has to really arrest this
guy, because he's ripping off the public, and that he needs my help." the
doctor said.
The calls have been traced to a pay phone in Los Angeles, he said.
Customers should never give their calling card numbers to anyone over the
phone, Merriman said. Southwestern Bell will adjust the charges if the company
can prove the customer did not make the calls, he said, but such scams end up
costing customers. "It's like shoplifting," he said. "It's a cost, and
sombody has to incur it."
Security Comes To The Free Software Foundation
----------------------------------------------
[Summary from an article in the Boston Globe, Aug 6, 1991.]
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has been forced to institute security
(password) control because "vandals who were able to enter the foundation's
system anonymously were not only deleting and trashing files there, but were
also entering Internet ... and doing damage in other systems as well."...
Michael Bushnell, a programmer at the Free Software Foundation, said the
changes are making systems more inconvenient to use and creating an
international network that cannot be used without an operator putting himself
under surveillance.
"There's not a big sharp impact because, over time, so many networks
already created security barriers," Bushnell said. Extension of these
restrictions..." is kind of like when the last critical-of-the-government
newspaper is shut down. After it's gone a while, people notice a difference.
An estimated 1,000 to 2,00 persons gained access ... and staff members say they
will try to preserve this somehow." "I feel ashamed not having an open
system," says [Richard] Stallman, "I feel ashamed having a system that treats
everyone as vandals when in fact very few were... Every time I think about this
I want to cry."
Miser Held in Record Social Security Fraud
------------------------------------------
[Extracted from the article in from the ClariNet news service.]
Robert L. Chesney is facing trial in the single biggest Social Security
fraud case in U.S. history. He is accused of receiving retirement and
disability checks under at least 29 names. Federal agents found 15 boxes and
three steamer trunks full of birth certificates, bank statements, Social
Security cards and over 200 CA DMV id cards, each with Chesney's picture and a
different name. Chesney allegedly gleaned biographical date about public
personalities from the library. Pretending to be those people, Chesney would
write to their home counties, give their birth dates and other information and
ask for copies of their birth certificates. He then took the documents to the
DMV and obtained the ID cards with which he applied for the Social Security
benefits.
SWBT's Responds to the Supreme Court's White Pages Ruling
---------------------------------------------------------
[By SWBT Media Relations staff]
The following article discusses Southwestern Bell's response to the
recent Supreme Court ruling that White Pages Directory Listings generally are
not protected by Federal copyright law.
Media Relations Report
----------------------
Subject: White Pages Listings Generally Not Protected By Copyright Law, Supreme
Court Rules
Contact: George Stenitzer
White pages directory listings generally are not protected by federal
copyright law, the Supreme Court ruled today. The court said that white pages
listings are facts that lack the originality required to have copyright
protection, although directories as compilations may be copyrighted.
The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Feist Publications Inc. versus
Rural Telephone Service Co. Feist publishes wide area directories in parts of
Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. When Rural, a small Kansas telephone cooperative
refused to license its white pages directory to Feist, Feist extracted listings
from Rural's directory without permission. The Supreme Court held that Rural's
listings were not entitled to copyright protection, and that Feist did not
violate copyright laws by using the listings. This ruling reversed earlier
decisions by the District Court and Court of Appeals, and expressly rejected
earlier cases holding that directory listings could be copyrighted.
Today's ruling means that other firms may use published white pages
listings without violating copyright laws. Southwestern Bell Telephone has
licensed the use of its white pages listings to directory publishers in both
paper and magnetic formats. SWBT's policy is not to license listings to direct
marketing firms but today's ruling suggests that direct marketing companies may
use published listings without a license. Southwestern Bell Yellow Pages does
not license its yellow pages listings.
SWBT's licensing of published white pages listings in a paper format
represents about $250,000 in annual revenues; these revenues may be affected by
the ruling. However, today's ruling does not give other firms free access to
SWBT's yet-to-be-published listings, to listings in magnetic form, or to the
white pages database itself.
If queried, Southwestern Bell will respond as follows:
"Of course, we don't think it's fair that other firms can copy our published
listings without paying for them."
"Most of our white pages listing customers, however, are seeking updated
listings in magnetic tape form, not the right to copy listings from directories
that have already been published. Our white pages databases are updated
continuously, and the Supreme Court did not deal with the unpublished data
contained in telephone company databases"
Queries will be handled by SWBT's Sherry Smith.
Returns for Senders: (US Postal Service handling of forwardings)
----------------------------------------------------------------
[From the July/August issue of the Common Cause Magazine]
The U.S. Postal Service - the butt of so many complaints about inefficient
service -- is on its toes in one way the average mail recipient might not
appreciate. The same system that enables the Postal Service to forward your
mail to a new address also alerts scads of direct marketers -- from the folks
at your favorite mail-order company to those pesky tricksters who say they have
a special gift waiting if only you'll call to your new whereabouts. The system
seems to work for better and for worse. For better: You get the mail you want
and the Postal Service saves time and money by not delivering mail to the wrong
address. For worse: Junk mailers you never wanted to hear from discover your
new address and waste no time making use of it.
Postal officials insist that they share change-of-address information only
with those who already have your old address. Thanks to the large-scale
selling and renting of customer lists among direct mail marketers, some
companies that never knew you existed will have your particulars. The Postal
Service forwards about 2.3 billion pieces of mail a year for the 40 million
Americans who move annually, at a cost of some $1 billion, says Bob Krause,
director of the Postal Service's National Change of Address (NCOA) system.
Meanwhile 19 companies, including some of the largest direct-marketing
list management firms, pay the Postal Service an annual fee of roughly $48,000
to receive computerized NCOA updates every two weeks. These "licensees" then
provide the updated information to their customers, who pay for address changes
for consumers already on their mailing lists.
The Post Office places great importance on keeping address-correction
information secure, Krause says, and the licensees must follow strict
guidelines on what they can do with it. They may not use the information to
develop mailing lists. But direct marketers who properly obtain the
information from the Post Office or its licensees can make it available to
others with impunity. Ann Zeller, vice president for information and special
projects of the Direct Marketing Association, concedes that firms can buy
names from a direct mailer who has a consumer's new address.
Evan Hendricks, editor of the Washington-based Privacy Times newsletter,
is "very suspicious" of the system. Without realizing it, individuals who
complete change-of-address cards are permanently giving away their addresses to
anyone who asks for them," he says, and that should be clearly explained on the
card.
Of course a change-of-address card is only one of many methods direct
mailers have for learning a person's new address. Those who would sell you
their wares also mine motor vehicle records, voter rolls, magazine subscription
bases, home purchase records and other sources.
There is a way out. Individuals who want their names removed from various
mailing lists can contact the New York-based Direct Marketing Association,
which runs a name and address "suppression" service. But, Krause notes, "If
you buy something at your new address from any direct marketer, your name will
be on a number of lists within weeks."
Inmate, working for TWA, steals credit card numbers
---------------------------------------------------
[From September 8, 1991 `Los Angeles Times']
Carl Simmons, a 20-year-old California Youth Authority inmate, working as
a TWA telephone reservation agent, stole dozens of customer credit card numbers
and used them for thousands of dollars of personal charges. He is now serving
two years in state prison for the thefts.
TWA has used CYA inmates in a special program since 1986. The story says
the program "has been touted as a way to help young criminals learn a trade and
repay their debt to society. It has raised more than $500,000 for victims'
restitution and the cost of incarceration. And the program's 213 graduates,
many of whom now work at airlines and travel agencies, are one-tenth as likely
to commit new crimes as nongraduates, CYA officials said."
CYA has tightened security, including more frequent searching of rooms and
occasional strip-searches. Inmates have always been forbidden from taking pen
and paper into the computer room, and now not even instruction manuals can be
taken out. But Simmons and another inmate said that won't stop inmates from
stealing card numbers or illegally charging airline tickets.
Fred Mills of the CYA says, "There's always going to be an exception, but
99.9 times out of a hundred in a program you're not going to get that. For
every person we can keep out of the institution for a year, that's saving the
state about $31,000. That's the thing we have to look at and balance."
One victim, New Hampshire businessman Phillip Parker, said, "I don't want
to begrudge someone a chance to make it back into a productive life, but giving
them a chance where there's a significant amount of potential for financial
fraud or risk -- maybe there's other things that would make more sense."
TWA says it will now re-evaluate the program.
Network Security Lacking at Major Stock Exchanges
-------------------------------------------------
[From Network World, Sep. 16, 1991]
"The General Accounting Office (GAO) found a total of 68 computer and
network security and control problems at five of the nation's six major
exchanges during reviews it conducted this past year for the Securities and
Exchange Commissions. The lack of adequate controls at the five stock markets
could impair their ability to maintain continuous service, protect critical
computer equipment and operations, and process correct information." The worst
three in terms of numbers of problems were the Midwest (24), Pacific (18), and
Philadelphia (18) exchanges, which were all faulted for their inadequate risk
analysis. The biggest problems were in the areas of contingency planning and
disaster recovery. The NY and American stock exchanges came off relatively
well.
Computer Security Breach at Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant
-------------------------------------------------------------
[Associated Press, 9/16/91]
Security lapses at the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant included the
storage of top-secret bomb designs for a week on a VAX accessible from the
public phone network. In other instances, workers transferred classified
working materials from secure computers to lower security ones, including PCs,
because they were tired of constant changes in the secure systems and wanted to
work on familiar systems.
Head of DOE operations at Rocky Flats Bob Nelson said that the agency
started last year a $37M program to correct security problems, following the
recommendations of outside security experts.
Nelson also said that the unclassified VAX was used by employees working
from home, but that if someone tries to break in "bells and whistles go off"
According to other documents obtained by the AP, other DOE computers had been
found to be vulnerable to break-ins.
Virus Halted Government Computers in South China
------------------------------------------------
HONG KONG, Sept 16 (AFP) - A spate of computer virus attacks put computers
in more than 90 Chinese governmental departments out of order, prompting the
authorities to have all software checked by police, a official Chinese news
agency reported here Monday. More than 20 kinds of the rogue disruptive
programs hit more than 75 percent of the offices' computers in southern China's
Guangdong province, the Hong Kong China News Service said. The provincial
public security bureau had ordered all government units not to use software
from unknown origin or software which had not been inspected by the bureau. In
addition, units or individuals were banned from engaging in the study of
computer viruses, or to hold training courses on them. The new regulations
forbid the sale of software capable of neutralizing the viruses. The report
said the public security bureau had set up a testing department for all
software against the computer viruses.
AT&T Phone Failure Downs Three New York Airports For Four Hours
---------------------------------------------------------------
[N.Y. Times, Sep 18, 1991.]
Operations at all three New York airports ground to a standstill from 5pm
until 9pm yesterday [Sep 17, 1991] when an AT&T internal power failure at a
Manhattan 4-ESS switching center knocked out long distance calls in and out of
the city. Neighboring commercial power was unaffected. The 4-ESS system is
used to route calls between AT&T's long-distance network and the local
companies. The air traffic control centers use a network of radio towers
linked by phone lines.
Although the precise origin of Tuesday's problems remained unclear, the
extent of the difficulties provided yet another example of how dependent
today's telephone networks are on a few pieces of equipment. In recent years,
AT&T and other companies have gone to great lengths to emphasize the back-up
capacity and redundancy of their systems. Yet the long-distance carrier was
unable to reroute all traffic to other gateways for several hours after the
problems first became apparent. Calls were redirected to the two remaining
gateways, but those could not handle that much increased traffic.
Midwest Stock Exchange Reaps Millions Due to Accounting Glitch
--------------------------------------------------------------
[Summary from Chicago Tribune Business Section, 9-20-91]
The Chicago Tribune reports that leaders of the Midwest Stock Exchange had
discovered a 13-year-old accounting glitch which enabled a subsidiary to
wrongfully reap millions of dollars in interest payments which should have gone
to broker-dealers. While the exact amount of money received by the subsidiary
due to the error was not disclosed, the chairman of the exchange said that he
estimated that over the last twelve months, the firm received around 1.8
million dollars.
The accounting error, due partly to human error and partly the fault of
computers, apparently dates back to about 1978. At that time, the exchange and
two of its subsidiaries, Midwest Clearing Corp. and Midwest Securities Trust
Co., altered the way certain broker-dealer transactions were handled. Clearing
Corp. instituted a change, largely computerized, ordering broker-dealers to
wire money to it for the sale of securities before the securities were received
by Securities Trust Company.
By depositing these funds in short-term, government-backed securities,
sometimes overnight but also for longer periods, Clearing Corp. generated for
itself interest payments which should have gone to the broker-dealers. This is
referred to as "playing the float." When the clearing system is working
properly, the securities and proceeds are transmitted through the system
simultaneously, thus eliminating such a float.
The Midwest Stock Exchange insists that they are taking the situation very
seriously, and plan to pay the money back. Some exchange members are concerned
that the money used for the refund will come in the form of higher exchange
rates, putting the exchange at a serious competitive disadvantage.
SWBT sends off first 'cross-country' ISDN call
----------------------------------------------
[This Week, by Southwestern Bell Telephone]
The nation's first "cross-country" public network ISDN was placed last
week, courtesy of SWBT. The historic first call was the result of a two-year
joint effort among SWBT, BellSouth Corp., US Sprint and Bellcore. SWBT's
Advanced Technology Lab originated the call, which used US Sprint's digital
facilities in Burlingame, Calif. The call terminated at a BellSouth switch in
Atlanta, Ga.
Using an ISDN video application, SWBT's trial director Ken Goodgold
was able to see and talk to BellSouth's David Collins. "With this test,
the geographic limits of ISDN-based services were stretched from a few
miles to cross-country," Goodgold says. "We began with protocol testing
and service verification, two key parts of the process," Goodgold says.
"That required an extremely complex series of technical tests. The
Advanced Technology Lab staff worked for months performing the tests
leading up to the first successful call."
Last week's test call was significant from a marketing perspective as
well as a technical one. That's because it demonstrated the economic
benifits of using ISDN for video information. "The cost of a long distance
call is approximately the same, whether it's a voice transmission using a
regular phone line or a video transmission using ISDN," Goodgold says.
"That means a big reduction in cost to arrange a videoconference."
US Sprint joined the test because ISDN has evolved beyond the local
stage, says Terry Kero, the carrier's director of InfoCom Systems
Development Labs. "After today, it will be technically possible to make an
ISDN call across the country just as it is possible today to make a regular
long distance call," Kero says.
Computer Hacker Cited
---------------------
[Houston Chronicle Sept. 25, 1991]
WASHINGTON--A Colorado computer hacker has been charged with breaking into
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's computer system seven times
last year, the Justice Department said.
Richard Wittman, 24, of Aurora, Colo., allegedly "altered, damaged and
destroyed information" in the space agency's computer system twice, the
department said.
He was charged with illegally gaining access to the NASA computer system
and to its computers at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.,
and the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. If convicted on all
charges, he faces a maximum penalty of 15 years in prison and a $1 million
fine.
/* End; Volume I, Issue 001 */
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