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429 lines
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[1]Current Cites (Digital Library SunSITE)
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Volume 12, no. 4, April 2001
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Edited by [2]Roy Tennant
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The Library, University of California, Berkeley, 94720
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ISSN: 1060-2356 -
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http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CurrentCites/2001/cc01.12.4.html
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Contributors: [3]Charles W. Bailey, Jr., [4]Margaret Gross, [5]Shirl
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Kennedy, [6]Leo Robert Klein, [7]Eric Lease Morgan, [8]Roy Tennant
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Issue Spotlight: Freeing the Research Literature
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This topic isn't new, but when Science, Nature, and Scientific
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American all weigh in on the same topic, you get the sense that
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something big is afoot. And there is. A number of scientists and
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researchers are as mad as hell and they're not going to take it
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anymore. What are they not going to take? It's probably best to go to
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the [9]Public Library of Science site and find out for yourself. But
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in a nutshell, they no longer want to give away their intellectual
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content to publishers and have publishers lock it up for perpetuity
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except for those who pay to access it. They're calling for their
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published work to be freely available six months after publication.
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Read on to find out more.
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Butler, Declan, editor. [10]"Future E-Access to the Primary
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Literature" [11]Nature (April 27, 2001).
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(http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/). - This Nature "web
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debate" and the recent attention of Science and Scientific American on
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this same topic (see other cites in this issue), means that major
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scientific publications are waking up to the fact that there is a
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revolution in their midst. Faculty and researchers are no longer
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complacent with what one researcher has termed the "Faustian bargain"
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of giving up copyright in an effort to obtain tenure. Neither are they
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complacent about the amount of money libraries are being charged to
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buy back their intellectual effort. I have no idea where the chips may
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fall, but fall they must, and discussions such as these can only serve
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to shed light on the possibilities for change and the positions of the
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antagonists. Be forewarned, this debate has many contributions, from
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many different perspectives. You could easily spend a day or more
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reading, sifting, and thinking about what the future may hold for
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scholarly communication. - [12]RT
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Karow, Julia. [13]"Publish Free or Perish" [14]Scientific American
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(April 23, 2001)
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(http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/042301publish/). - Karow pens
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a readable and interesting overview of the controversy surrounding the
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[15]Public Library of Science open letter calling for publishers to
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make scientific journal articles freely available six months after
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publication. Read this before diving into the debates in Science and
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Nature on this issue, and you'll have a good introduction to the
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players and the issue. - [16]RT
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Richard J. Roberts, et. al. [17]"Information Access : Building A
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'GenBank' of the Published Literature" [18]Science 291(5512, Issue 23)
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(Mar 2001): 2318-2319
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(http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2318a) and The
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Editors [Science]. [19]"Science's Response : Is a Government Archive
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the Best Option?" [20]Science 291(5512, Issue 23) (Mar 2001):
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2318-2319 (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2318b).
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- The first piece is a group of scientists calling for free and open
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access to scientific literature six months after publication, and for
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the centralization of this material in a common repository. This is
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not just a small group of scientists calling for this, but as of this
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writing over 15,000. The "movement" to free the scientific literature
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is called the [21]Public Library of Science. To enforce their call for
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change, they suggest a boycott of journals that do not comply. The
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boycott, scheduled to begin September 2001, would not just include
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article contributions, but also editing or reviewing for such a
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publication as well as personal subscriptions. In the second cited
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piece, the editors of Science suggest a somewhat different strategy to
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achieve some of the same ends. Rather than having all scientific
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publishers submit their content to a central repository, the Science
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editors favor a distributed model, where publishers retain their
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content but it can be searched at a central location. The editors also
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predictably raise economic questions and other concerns. Meanwhile,
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they plan on making the research reports and articles of Science
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freely available after a year (not the six months advocated by Roberts
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and his colleagues), on their own web site, not in a central
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repository. It will be interesting to see what happens come September,
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but this is a war of unknown duration and it has only just begun. -
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[22]LRK and [23]RT
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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Anderson, Kent, John Sack, Lisa Krauss, and Lori O'Keefe.
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[24]"Publishing Online-Only Peer-Reviewed Biomedical Literature: Three
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Years of Citation, Author Perception, and Usage Experience." [25]The
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Journal of Electronic Publishing 6(3) (March 2001)
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(http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/06-03/anderson.html). - Back in 1997,
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an online-only section of [26]Pediatrics, the journal of the American
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Academy of Pediatrics, was established and made available at no cost
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on the Internet. In this research study, Anderson and his coauthors
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analyze Web use statistics, citation data, and author perceptions to
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gauge how well the online-only section of the journal stacks up
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against the print section for the period 1997-1999. On the negative
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side, the results show that the online-only section faces an uphill
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battle when it comes to author perceptions (e.g., they see it as a
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"second-tier" publication), online-only articles get fewer citations
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compared with their print counterparts, and they are not cited any
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more quickly than print articles. On the positive side, online-only
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articles were included in authors' resumes, tenure committees accepted
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them, they were indexed like print articles, their Web use was higher
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than electronic copies of print articles, their Web use over time
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decayed in the same way as print articles, and it was significantly
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cheaper to publish them. - [27]CB
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Berkman, Eric. [28]"When Bad Things Happen to Good Ideas" [29]Darwin
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(April 2001)
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(http://www.darwinmag.com/read/040101/badthings_content.html). -
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Coincidence? Irony? It seems like the phrase "knowledge management"
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started its ascent into the realm of corporate buzz just about the
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same time many companies were downsizing and/or eliminating their
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libraries. This article provides some insight into how these phenomena
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might be related. As the author explains, by way of cruising the
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exhibit floor and commenting on products being hawked at the
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KMWorld2000 trade show, "In many cases KM devolved into a purely
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technical process, resulting in expensive software implementations
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sitting unused by oblivious, fearful or resentful employees."
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Executives watching this happen have become increasingly wary of the
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whole KM concept, perceiving it as overhyped and/or "a total bust."
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The article goes on to describe the evolution of knowledge management
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as a discipline, and suggests that one big reason it has failed to
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perform as anticipated is because IT departments have been put in
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charge, resulting in a technical rather than a user-oriented focus. -
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[30]SK
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Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila. [31]"The Semantic
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Web" [32]Scientific American 284(5) (May 2001):35-43
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(http://www.scientificamerican.com/2001/0501issue/0501berners-lee.html
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). - Imagine the following reference question. "I met a person at ALA.
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Their last name was Cook, but I don't remember their first name. I do
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remember they worked for an ARL library and their son attends my alma
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mater, Bethany College. What is Cook's email address?" In order to
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answer this question with the given information you would need to know
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the email address of all the Cooks at ARL libraries who also have a
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son at Bethany College. According to Berners-Lee, the Semantic Web
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would be able to answer such a question. "The Semantic Web will bring
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structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an
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environment where software agents roaming form page to page can
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readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users." It sounds like
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science fiction, but through the use of ontologies -- a document or
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file that formally defines the relationship between terms --
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interconnections can programmatically be made between Web pages and
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conclusions can be drawn. These ontologies are implemented in the
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[33]Resource Discovery Framework (RDF). For me, the process is similar
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to library work. First we collect data and information. Second, we
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classify the it using our own ontologies and make the materials
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available to users. Finally, we access a particular piece of this
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information and find similar pieces through the use of the
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classification scheme. The key is a thorough classification system and
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its implementation. The Semantic Web is a proposal for this sort of
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implementation on a much wider scale. It is not really cataloging the
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Web. Rather, it is describing items on the Web using a uniform syntax
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(RDF) and a variety of classification schemes agreed upon by discrete
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populations (ontologies). This article is a good read; it provides an
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interesting spin about the Web for librarians and librarianship. -
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[34]ELM
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Broughton, Kelly. [35]"Our Experiment in Online, Real-Time Reference"
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[36]Computers in Libraries 21(4) (April 2001)
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(http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/apr01/broughton.htm). - A report from
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the front lines, this article describes the system used and what it's
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like to be expected to respond right now, without the benefit of
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face-to-face signals. At [37]Bowling Green State University, where the
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author is a reference coordinator, they chose [38]HumanClick to begin
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their experiment with online chat reference. A major problem was
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system incompatibility for users on Macs; a major benefit was a
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feature HumanClick added recently which allows the reference staff to
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briefly "can" messages and draw upon prepared responses (only when
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appropriate, of course, but it must be tempting to abuse this
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feature). Also, the author liked the ability to send chatters the
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appropriate web pages so they can be seen as they would in a reference
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session at the library. The fact that this was all free was very
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attractive, but after HumanClick announced fees, they shopped around
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and bought the [39]Virtual Reference Desk package, and will come
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online with it any time now. A good case study for library
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organizations kicking this idea around. - JR
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Chapman, Stephen. "Content Follows Form: Preservation via Systems
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Design" Microform & Imaging Review 30(1) (2001). - One day recently I
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was listening to my local public radio station, and heard an
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"interview" (love-fest is actually more like what it was), with
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Nicholson Baker -- a library gadfly who, among other things, protested
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the destruction of card catalogs as if they were vast treasure trove
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of unrecoverable information. Now he has moved on, and is presently
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attacking the practice of replacing decaying newsprint with
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preservation microfilm. His new book Double Fold: Libraries and the
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Assault on Paper apparently reads like a who-dunit, complete with
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theories of conspiracy and evil intent. I say "apparently" beause I
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haven't yet brought myself to buy it, and thereby sending royalties in
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his direction. But I digress. The reason I bore you with this
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(although stay tuned, Baker's book may be reviewed in a future issue
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of Current Cites) is that Chapman's article landed on my desk the next
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day and seemed to be a near-perfect antidote to Baker's polemic. In
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his usual thoughtful and learned style, Chapman investigates territory
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that few have seen, let alone explored. He discusses the differences
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between the artifact and the intellectual content the artifact holds,
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and the impact on preservation decisions. He asserts that decisions on
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what constitutes object integrity should be based on functional
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characteristics as opposed to physical attributes. So much so, that
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"it must be acceptable for an 'authentic' copy to have an entirely
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different look and feel from the source item." Going even further,
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Chapman makes a reasoned statement that must surely drive Nicholson
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Baker up the wall, "If the goal of preservation is persistent utility,
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then functionality rather than aesthetics should drive system design."
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- [40]RT
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Fishman, Stephen. [41]The Public Domain: How to Find Copyright-Free
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Writings, Music, Art & More. Berkeley, CA: [42]Nolo, 2001. ISBN
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0-87337-433-9. - If you have tried to obtain the rights to digitize a
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currently copyrighted work, you can easily understand why so many
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digitization projects focus on public domain works instead. Forget
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about the knotty technical problems involved in creating digital
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libraries; the really tough problems involve intellectual property
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rights issues. So, it should be easy to identify public domain
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materials to avoid these problems, right? Well, maybe not. How about a
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photograph of a drawing? The photograph may be in the public domain,
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but the drawing may not be. What happens if a work is in the public
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domain in the U.S., but not in another country? Was the copyright of a
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foreign work that had been in the public domain in the U.S. prior to
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1996 restored by the GATT treaty? What you need to sort out these
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issues is a book, written by an knowledgeable attorney, that provides
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detailed background information about the public domain and discusses
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specific problems associated with different types of materials (e.g.,
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artworks, architectural documents, choreographic works, databases,
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films, maps, sheet music, sound recordings, television programs,
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photographs, software, and written works). Stephen Fishman has written
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such a book, and, like other Nolo publications, you don't need to have
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a law degree to understand it. - [43]CB
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Guevin, Carole. [44]"Visual Architecture: The Rule Of Three."
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[45]Digital Web Magazine (April 10, 2001)
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(http://www.digital-web.com/features/feature_2001-4.shtml). - Been
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burned by numbers lately? Are all the "rules" of Ten or Seven or Three
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starting to add up to numeric overload? If so, don't let this prevent
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you from having a look at [46]Visual Architecture : The Rule of Three
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by Montreal-based designer, Carole Guevin, which appeared recently in
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[47]Digital Web. This short yet effectively illustrated article
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focuses on how meaning is conveyed through visual representation and
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through the arrangement of objects in print or on a web page. The
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author notes that as users rely more on scanning rather than on
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thoroughly reading a page to ascertain its value, the visual cues
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provided by designers become proportionally more important. - [48]LRK
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Katz, Richard N. [49]"Archimedes' Lever and Collaboration : An
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Interview with Ira Fuchs" [50]EDUCAUSEreview 36(2) (March/April 2001):
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16-20 (http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0120.pdf). - Most
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people have a pretty good idea about why they're in higher education
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but for those plagued by doubts or for those who just need something
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convenient to point the in-laws to, help is on the way in the form of
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this interview. The interview gives Fuchs, vice president for Research
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IT at the Mellon Foundation, an opportunity to discuss his views on
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the current and future role of information technology in higher
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education. Fuchs argues that the ability to openly collaborate and to
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share information is one of the chief strengths of not-for-profit
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institutions and that these institutions can use this strength as a
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lever like Archimedes of yore to "move the earth". - [51]LRK
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Marsan, Carol Duffy. [52]"Faster 'Net Growth Rate Raises Fears About
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Routers" [53]NetworkWorldFusion (April 2, 2001)
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(http://www.nwfusion.com/news/2001/0402routing.html). - Geek pundits
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periodically fret about the demise of the Internet; every so often, we
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read somewhere that the whole works is going to implode, a victim of
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its own staggering growth rate. This article directs your attention to
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"an obscure statistic that indicates the 'Net is growing -- in size
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and complexity -- at a faster rate than today's routers can handle."
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That statistic is the number of entries in the Internet backbone's
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routing table; routing table size and traffic is a key indicator of
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overall Internet health. Over the past six months, "the size of the
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routing table and traffic in it exploded," and the necessity for
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frequent updates by network managers has created infrastructure
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instability. Much of this activity upsurge can be attributed to
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"multihoming on corporate networks" -- where a single Internet server
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may be connected to two or more ISPs "for improved reliability and
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redundancy." And this means...? Large companies may need to up their
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spending for more powerful network gear. Routing information may be
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much slower to propagate across the Internet. And ultimately, the
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Internet Engineering Task Force may have to hammer out a new routing
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framework. - [54]SK
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Thelwall, M. [55]The Responsiveness of Search Engine Indexes
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[56]Cybermetrics 5(1). paper 1 (2001)
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(http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v5i1p1.html)
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([57]HTML) and
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(http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v5i1p1.pdf)
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([58]PDF). - Cybermetics (ISSN1137-5019) is subtitled: International
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Journal of Scientometrics, Informetrics, and Bibliometrics. This
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web-only journal is "devoted to the study of the quantitative analysis
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of scholarly and scientific communications." As such, commonplace
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topics such as the strengths and weaknesses of search engines are
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given scholarly treatment and are subject to review before
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publication. Given that search engines are a significant tool in
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mining the web for information, it is important to understand how
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search engines select the URLs for inclusion in their respective
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databases. There are three primary methods: 1. yield of URLs from
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crawling the web; 2. extraction of links from authoritative web pages
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(i.e., whom do they link to); and 3. the submission of URLs by website
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owners. Most search engines employ one or several of the above
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techniques. However, another important method is the examination of
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the quality, reliability and quantity of sites that link to a given
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site. This article details an experiment undertaken to determine
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whether the quantity of links to a site will affect the likelihood of
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its inclusion in search engine databases. The methodology employed to
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obtain data is described. The search engines selected for the
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comparison are Alta Vista, HotBot (uses Inktomi spider), and Yahoo
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(switched from Inktomi spider to Google). Google follows links to
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sites that it spiders, and is thus fairly responsive to the existence
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of new sites. However, the algorithms used by most search engines to
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add and/or delete sites are proprietary secrets. The author concludes
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that because of varying spider algorithms, no one search engine is all
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inclusive. In order to retrieve the most comprehensive resource yield,
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several search engines must be consulted. Furthermore, due to the lack
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of knowledge about proprietary indexing criteria, it is a good idea to
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manually submit new site URLs to multiple search engines. - [59]MG
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United States General Accounting Office. [60]Electronic Dissemination
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of Government Publications (GAO-01-428) March, 2001
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(http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01428.pdf). - This GAO report
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represents the latest government efforts to deal with a basic problem:
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the fragmentation of the federal government publication system which
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formerly functioned as a comprehensive method for getting government
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information to the public, but since the rise of digitization has been
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beset with a loss of control over how publications are disseminated.
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The advantages of online access to public documents are obvious, but
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serious questions remain about archiving and the accessibility of
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print versions for the unwired. Unfortunately, the GAO report is less
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about electronic dissemination than it is about bureaucratic
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reorganization; specifically, the proposal to transfer responsibility
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for the Depository Library Program from the Government Printing Office
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to the Library of Congress. This isn't just negligible administrivia,
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though, because reading this report and particularly its appendices
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gives the status of the depository system and the current state of
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debate. And now that I've whetted your appetite for more government
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information policy, check out the U.S. National Commission on
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Libraries and Information Science report, [61]"A Comprehensive
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Assessment of Public Information Dissemination,"
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(http://www.nclis.gov/govt/assess/assess.html) which creates a much
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bigger context for the many factors involved. - JR
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_________________________________________________________________
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Current Cites 12(4) (April 2001) ISSN: 1060-2356
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Copyright <20> 2001 by the Regents of the University of California All
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rights reserved.
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Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computerized bulletin
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board/conference systems, individual scholars, and libraries.
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Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collections at no
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cost. This message must appear on copied material. All commercial use
|
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requires permission from the editor. All product names are trademarks
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or registered trade marks of their respective holders. Mention of a
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product in this publication does not necessarily imply endorsement of
|
||
the product. To subscribe to the Current Cites distribution list, send
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the message "sub cites [your name]" to
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[62]listserv@library.berkeley.edu, replacing "[your name]" with your
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name. To unsubscribe, send the message "unsub cites" to the same
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address.
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References
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||
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1. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/imagemap/cc
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2. http://escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/
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3. http://info.lib.uh.edu/cwb/bailey.htm
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||
4. http://www.cam.org/~mgross/mgross.htm
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||
5. http://web.tampabay.rr.com/hooboy/
|
||
6. http://patachon.com/
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||
7. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/staff/morgan/
|
||
8. http://escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/
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||
9. http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/
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||
10. http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/
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||
11. http://www.nature.com/
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||
12. http://escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/
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13. http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/042301publish/
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14. http://www.sciam.com/
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||
15. http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/
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16. http://escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/
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17. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2318a
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18. http://www.sciencemag.org/
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19. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2318b
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20. http://www.sciencemag.org/
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21. http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/
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41. http://www.nolo.com/product/publ/summary_publ.html?t=02590008203202000SubcategoryID*82
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55. http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v5i1p1.html
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63. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Admin/copyright.html
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64. http://escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/
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65. mailto:manager@sunsite.berkeley.edu
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