658 lines
32 KiB
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658 lines
32 KiB
Plaintext
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Computer underground Digest Wed Sep 17, 1997 Volume 9 : Issue 69
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ISSN 1004-042X
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Editor: Jim Thomas (cudigest@sun.soci.niu.edu)
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News Editor: Gordon Meyer (gmeyer@sun.soci.niu.edu)
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Archivist: Brendan Kehoe
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Shadow Master: Stanton McCandlish
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Shadow-Archivists: Dan Carosone / Paul Southworth
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Ralph Sims / Jyrki Kuoppala
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Ian Dickinson
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Field Agent Extraordinaire: David Smith
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Cu Digest Homepage: http://www.soci.niu.edu/~cudigest
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CONTENTS, #9.69 (Wed, Sep 17, 1997)
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File 1--Intro to CuD Special Issue on Net Education
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File 2--A Celebration of the Potential of the Net
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File 3--The Vacuity of Information
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File 4--Alternative News Revolution (oNline Christian Mag reprint)
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File 5--NII Award
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File 6--New Free Educational Sites
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File 7-- Multiculturalism without People
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File 8--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 7 May, 1997)
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CuD ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL, AND SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION APPEARS IN
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THE CONCLUDING FILE AT THE END OF EACH ISSUE.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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Date: Thu, 18 Sep 97 22:26 CDT
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From: Cu Digest <TK0JUT2@MVS.CSO.NIU.EDU>
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Subject: File 1--Intro to CuD Special Issue on Net Education
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Computer-enhanced processes of education and learning promise "new
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and improved" forms of delivering knowledge to students, and
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technology is often seen as a possible supplement for, even
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alternative means of, teaching. The question becomes whether this
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technology will ultimately enhance education or whether it poses
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more dangers than it is worth. Technology undoubtedly can produce
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new ways of formulating knowledge and also new locate, retrieve,
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and process information. But, can the promise of a
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computer-generated pedagogical revolution be realized? Or, are the
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promises just another brand of "snake oil" in which the dangers
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outweigh any realistic curative power?
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The emergence of online universities range from fly-by-night
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operations to sophisticated consortiums, including the ten-state
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Western University, and many states are exploring
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computer-mediated educational projects as alternatives to
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classrooms. In Illinois, for example, a task force of the Illinois
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Board of Higher Education has formed a task force whose mandate
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includes examination of delivering interactive technology-based
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distance learning beyond the conventional classroom setting.
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A month ago, we indicated that we would run a few special issues
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on the Net and education-related issues. We have a variety of
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bits, blurbs, commentaries and general info that we'll run over
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the next month or two. We will try to include everything from
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short announcements to conferences and full-length articles from
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as many perspectives as possible.
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Some of the issues in this "Education and the Net" series might
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strike some as out of the general range of normal CuD topics.
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But, the emergence of the Net as a teaching aid, and the growing
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of some states to pursue distance learning in "virtual classrooms"
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makes this a critically important issue.
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Is a virtual classroom possible? Can learning occur without
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face-to-face contact? Is there a difference between "Net learning"
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and "Net education?" Can the Net replace conventional classrooms?
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Will virtual classrooms be driven by fiscal concerns and, in a
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sort of Gresham's law, drive out the more expensive face-to-face
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pedagogy? Does synchronous audio-visual/interactive software
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provide the same benefits as face-to-face learning? These and
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other questions will be addressed each month for the next few
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months.
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We hope that those with experience in or opinions about "virtual
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education" will periodically respond to some of the issues raised.
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------------------------------
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Date: Sun, 20 Jul 1997 21:09:30 -0500
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From: Johnny C Dystar <dystar@juno.com>
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Subject: File 2--A Celebration of the Potential of the Net
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Since it's dawn in 1992, the famed Internet has always been used
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for one purpose and one purpose only: information. The Net has
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always been seen as a highway laid with silicon. Netizens are
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road warriors. Their will based on the faith that there will
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always be something to learn; their vehicles, powered by
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electricity, called computers. They drive on the Information
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SuperHighway and on backroads, called "networks". Some have
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roamed these roads forever, and their skills have sharpened by
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this. Some have come to be wizards in the enlightened realm of
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darkness called Cyberspace, the uncharted territory between man
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and machine. The world will never be the same as it was when the
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invention of the Internet was constructed. In the course of but
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a few years, the world communicated through and with the greatest
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construction man has made since the telephone. The Net was made
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known, and mankind smiled at the possibilities. And they had
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every right to...
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With this issue, we celebrate the Internet, and the possibilities
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it holds, and has achieved. We celebrate a future, a
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relationship, and a connection, with our mechanical
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counter-parts, our greatest non-living friends, the machines.
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------------------------------
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Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 15:33:17 EDT
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From: Steve Talbott <stevet@ora.com>
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Subject: File 3--The Vacuity of Information
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Source - NetFuture Issue #54 July 30, 1997
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--------------------------------------------------
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Editor: Stephen L. Talbott (stevet@oreilly.com)
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On the Web: http://www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/
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You may redistribute this newsletter for noncommercial purposes.
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The Vacuity of Information
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--------------------------
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According to David Shenk, author of *Data Smog: Surviving the
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Information Glut*,
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For many businesses, the irony is that the cheaper information
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becomes, the more expensive it is to deal with.
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Yes, although I'm not so sure about the irony. If "information"
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is precisely articulable, if it is measurable as so many bits
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stored in a database, if it is easily transmissible -- in other
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words, if it fits the criteria for information according to the
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prevalent rhetoric -- then it follows in a straightforward way
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that any preoccupation with information will penalize our pursuit
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of whatever is important.
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Why? Because the precision, the measurability, and the
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transmissibility all stand in a kind of opposition to depth of
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meaning and significance. This trade-off is clearly demonstrable
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through an examination of the basic act of communication (see, for
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example, my discussion in
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http://www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/fdnc/ch23.html), yet it
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remains the great, ignored truth at the heart of the Information
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Age. We have, of course, almost made a cliche of the slogan,
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"information is not wisdom." But until we vividly recognize the
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actual *opposition* between the two terms -- and learn to live
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creatively within this opposition -- the effort to reconceive
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society in terms of information and its flows will prove extremely
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corrosive of everything that matters.
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------------------------------
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Date: Fri, 12 Sep 1997 23:28:59 -0400
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From: Tom Truex <sleddog@k-line.org>
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Subject: File 4--Alternative News Revolution (oNline Christian Mag reprint)
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((CuD MODERATORS' NOTE: Assigning current events to students
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raises the question of whose news and how that news is reported.
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The Internet provides considerable potential for alternative
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news sources, but inexperienced teachers might not know how to
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sort out the nuggets from the trash)).
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SOURCE: oNline Christian eMagazine
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1. Request to be put on the mailing list by sending email to
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sleddog@k-line.org
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3. World Wide Web: http://www.interpoint.net/~sleddog
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4. FidoNet (1:369/155), FREQ, using the magic word, "EMAG."
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===============================================================
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EDITORIAL: Alternative News Revolution
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===============================================================
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A specter is haunting cyber-space. The specter of alternative
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news.
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I suppose that I wouldn't be informing anyone of anything{2} if
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I announced that there is a lot of good information available in
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cyberspace. Vice President Gore pronounced as much several
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years ago. Which pretty much makes the concept official.
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There's even real news in cyberspace. But the real spine
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jolting, heart stopping, mind numbingly incredible fact of the
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matter is that the traditional method of delivery of news as we
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know it--at least in the USA--may not be the best, most
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effective or ACCURATE way to gather one's news!{3} This
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observation, if you buy it, is doubly shocking in the USA where
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the news media shares a role in our society on par with the
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importance of the three "official" Constitutional branches of
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government.{4}
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Alternative news sources have been around as long as humans have
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existed. In a primitive form, sitting on the front porch and
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gossiping with the neighbors is "alternative news." Or standing
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around the water cooler at work. But to get one's story told in
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the mainstream news is another matter. By "mainstream" news, I
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mean TV, radio, newspapers and magazines with glossy pages.
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That is, the way that we have obtained most of our news for the
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the second half of the 20th Century. In order for a story to be
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published in the mainstream news, the story has to be something
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that the mainstream media wants to publish. And what the
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mainstream media wants to publish is the best story with which
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to package the advertising. So the "traditional" or
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"mainstream" media is also the "commercial" media. Certainly,
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big, expensive, high-tech news organizations have to be
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profitable if they are going to be free of government financing
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(read: "government control"). But the mainstream media--what
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we used to call the "free press"--is not quite free. It is
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mostly free from government control, but still quite dependant
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on commercial market forces. That is, advertising. What pushes
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sales in advertising? That which is sexual, lurid, unusual,
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outlandish, trendy. Especially sexual. What shows up in the
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commercial news? Same thing. But none of this is to say that
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commercial news is evil, or unreliable. Given a choice between
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the government, or the soft drink, beer, and automotive
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companies steering the direction of the news, I'll pick the
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latter every time. Certainly, incrementally, the mainstream
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commercial news is pretty accurate. Yes, there was really a
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murder downtown last night. And, yes, there really were three
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unrelated murders in different neighborhoods last week. And, in
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fact, some people did get knocked off around town every week for
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as long as I remember. Welcome to the big city in the US of A.
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Each cops and killer news story is accurate (to some extent)
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when taken alone. But the commercial news is not really
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accurate when taken in the aggregate. To focus on the lurid and
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unsavory is to distort what the "news" is really about. IMHO,
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of course. So if a former football player kills his wife{5},
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the commercial news can't be pried off the story with an
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oversized crowbar. Or if a well known fashion designer gets
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killed--another uproar. And all of the time and effort expended
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on such news--that is, the unseemly packaging for beer and soft
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drink commercials--crowds out what might have been called news
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in a former time.
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Commercial news is probably what the public wants to hear. If
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it wasn't, then the marketing whiz bangs would steer the news to
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what the consumers (eh, that's "audience") wants to hear. I
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could argue that the public needs REAL news--not the blood and
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guts parade of horrors that passes as the evening news. But
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it's a funny fact that apparently the public does NOT need any
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such thing. The world seems to function just fine with the
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majority of its' population blithely just along for the ride.
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In fact, I find no fault with the commercial news doing what it
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is intended to do. Sell a product. Having said all of this, in
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all fairness to commercial news, if you look in the right place
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at the right time, you may stumble across a piece or two of real
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news in the mainstream commercial news. An unavoidable
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by-product of the commercial packaging, I suppose.
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Advances in modern electronic communication--particularly the
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popularization of communications via personal computers--have
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added a totally new dimension to the distribution of news. It
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is a a dimension that is largely overlooked and wildly
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under-reported by (you guessed it) the mainstream commercial
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media!
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Internet Newsgroups, FidoNet Echo's{6} and computer mailing
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lists are particularly valuable sources of alternative news.
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Without getting bogged down in a discussion of the how the
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technology works,{7} suffice it to say that these formats permit
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the news "source" to log onto a host computer, such as an
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Internet service provider or a BBS and post messages/text
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files. The message can be most anything, including front line,
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on the edge, cutting news. Any other computer user, anywhere
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else in the world can log on to another computer and read the
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message. So far, we have the recipe for a mad, chaotic cyber
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shouting match. But, notwithstanding the needle in the haystack
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image, a lot of good, alternative news gets transmitted this
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way. The problem is sorting out the valuable news from the
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crackpots and porno advertisers. Some perfectly respectable
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sounding distribution channels--Newsgroups, Usenet or
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FidoNet--seem to have have nothing but advertisements for
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Internet sites where you can find pictures of nude
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cheerleaders.{8} However, if there's a moderator, and a way to
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enforce the banishment of kooks and creeps, then you may still
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be able to sift through the junk for some good stuff. Of
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course, depending on the moderator, you may have a sage guide to
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the far corners of alternative cyber news. Or you might just
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inject another kook or crackpot into the mix.
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Now the astute reader{9} will ask how I can say that commercial
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news is inaccurate because in the aggregate it distorts the
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importance of things; and still suggest that alternative news is
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any better when in the aggregate, it is vastly more untamed and
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difficult to gather in a usable form. So it is here that I must
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admit that it is only in certain areas that alternative news
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really excels. You have to know which mailing lists to
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subscribe to; and which Internet newsgroups; and which FidoNet
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echoes to visit. And you have to accept that only certain types
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of news are really well reported. Large, national or global
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matters are well reported in alternative news channels.{10}
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Telecommunication, social and political issues are extremely
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well reported. As well as thousands of other topics from the
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esoteric to the downright inane. For the most part, alternative
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news on these topics can be found which is just as accurate{11},
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more timely, and more detailed than what you will find in
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traditional commercial news channels. And once you locate the
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appropriate alternate news channels, you can forevermore have
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the news delivered right to your very own e-mailbox.
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Good quality mailing lists are easy to find and subscriptions
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are usually free. If there is a mailing list that charges a
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fee, I'd be suspicious. Mailing lists may be a steady stream of
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information--like a traditional wire service--or a periodically
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published newsletter or eMagazine. Internet Newsgroup
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discussion areas are offered, at least in the USA, as part of
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the basic package from most any Internet Service provider
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(ISP). And for the frugal folks among our readers, FidoNet is
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free, if you have a local subscribing BBS.
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You might guess from the title of this publication--oNline
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Christian eMagazine--that the alternative news sources that I
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personally subscribe to tend to be pretty conservative. But
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regardless of your religious persuasion, political point of
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view, nationality or orientation, some news sources that you
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might think are too preachy are in fact pretty good sources of
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alternative news. Missionary groups have been known to travel
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the world in search of troubled spots, political uprisings,
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social turmoil, famines, natural disasters and the like. A lot
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of these folks are part time reporters and like to send e-mail
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by the bushel. Another source of alternative news by the ton
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are the academic-type egg heads. They love to send out
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newsletters, when they're not too busy torturing
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undergraduates. Also, a newsletter is easier than getting
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published in a real academic journal. I could give you a list
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of my favorite alternative news sources. But that would take
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the sport of the whole endeavor for you. Just look around.
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To paraphrase that fellow, Karl somebody: Cyber citizens of all
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nations Unite! You have nothing to lose but silly commercials
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and lurid mainstream pseudo-news. You have a world to gain.
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---------
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FOOTNOTES
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{2} Or, no one of nothing. So to speak.
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{3} Whew. Stop to draw breath, after incredibly long run-on sentence.
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{4} Brief trivia point for our non-USA readers: the three
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constitutional branches of government in the USA are the [1]
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legislative (Congress), [2] executive (the President), and [3]
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judicial (courts). Some would argue that Bill Gates should be ranked
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ahead of one or more of these three. I'm just reporting it as they
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used to teach it in Civics class.
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{5} Hypothetically speaking, of course. Any similarity between the
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examples cited herein and real people or events is purely coincidental.
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{6} FidoNet is a world wide network of computer bulletin boards
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(BBS's). The reference applied to FidoNet should also include the
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dozens of other BBS networks that use the same or similar technology.
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{7} Meaning: I don't understand it very well myself.
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{8} In the first place, I'm not looking for nudie pictures on the
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Internet And if I was, how could I be sure that they were real
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cheerleaders?
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{9} Most people who read this publication, that is.
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{10} Local issues are pretty much a hit and miss proposition in
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alternative news channels. The chances are more likely than not
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that you'll still have to sift through the classified ads and
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department store sale notices in your local newspaper to get any
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decent local news.
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{11} Always a matter of opinion, of course.
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copyright, Tom Truex, 1997. All rights reserved. c/o K_Line
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Christian Online, Davie, FL. Permission granted to copy for
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non-commercial purposes.
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------------------------------
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Date: Sat, 28 Jun 1997 06:35:27 -0700 (PDT)
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From: Barry Kort <kort@well.com>
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Subject: File 5--NII Award
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MicroMUSE / MuseNet Receives 1996 NII Award
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MicroMUSE / MuseNet (Multi-User Science Education Network) has
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won recognition from the National Information Insfrastructure (NII).
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The judges for the prestigious NII Awards have singled out
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MicroMUSE / MuseNet for a Certificate of Merit in the 1996
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competition, for path-breaking innovation in children's education on
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the Internet. "The Certificate of Merit is awarded to projects that
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have distinguished themselves in a particular area, or have accomplished
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something extraordinary overall," said Jeannine Parker, Director of the
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Awards Competition.
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"MicroMUSE / MuseNet has been recognized by our Judges as an
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exceptional project," Parker said. "In awarding the Certificate of
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Merit, they made the following comment about your entry: An
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extraordinary example of corporations partnering with schools and
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providing value to both parties."
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The Citation reads: "The NII Awards recognize extraordinary
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achievement in a new era of communication and knowledge and offer
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a compelling vision of what is possible when human creativity
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embraces network technology. The Awards program helps people
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learn from models of excellence and achieve new heights of
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prosperity, community, and health in an increasingly connected
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world."
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Parker wrote in a letter to Barry Kort, Founding Director of
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MicroMUSE / MuseNet, "We are extremely grateful for your
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participation in our program, and very proud of your contribution.
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You are truly a champion of cyberspace."
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NII has expanded its reach for 1997 and is now known as Global
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Information Infrastructure (GII). Sponsored by a uniquely powerful
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community of private and public sector leaders, the Awards have been
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highlighted on CNN and showcased at the historic Presidents' Summit
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for America's Future. USA Today calls the Awards "prestigious -- a
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cross between the Oscars and the Baldrige Awards." Vice President Al
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Gore calls the Awards program "an innovation that is important to our
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future."
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"I am honored that the 1996 NII Awards Program has selected
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MicroMUSE / MuseNet for a Certificate of Merit in the Children
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Award category for Pioneering Innovation in Children's Educational
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Computer Networking," said Kort. "MicroMUSE / MuseNet
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continues to demonstrate the value of Educational Community
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Building on the Internet, and the power of Discovery Learning to turn
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young people on to the joys of collaboration and project-based
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learning.
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"I hope that our example and our model of online learning
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communities will continue to inspire other pioneers to further bring the
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fruits of innovation to the children of the world, and to empower them
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to become life-long learners and life-long contributors to the advance
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of knowledge, the advance of civilization, and the advance of peace
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and world harmony," he said.
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-----------------------------------------------
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For more information about the Awards, see The GII Home Page at
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http://www.gii.com.
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Read the complete text of the Certificate of Merit and accompanying
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Cover Letter at http://www.musenet.org/~bkort/nii.award.html.
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------------------------------
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Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 16:22:56 -0400 (EDT)
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From: Kevin Keil <webmaster@innerbody.com>
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Subject: File 6--New Free Educational Sites
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Just a brief note to let you know about two new educational sites
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that are interactive and intended for non-technical audiences. I
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thought you might be interested in these new programs. Human
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Anatomy On-line covers the subject of the anatomy and Automotive
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Learning On-line covers the subject of automobiles. They include
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hundreds of graphics, educational information and animations.
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These two programs are free to the Internet community. This is a
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great resource that delivers educational material for
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schoolchildren to adults. I hope that you will find them to be of
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high quality and educational.
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Thank you for your time.
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Human Anatomy On-line is located at http://www.innerbody.com
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Automotive Learning On-line is located at http://www.innerauto.com
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------------------------------
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Date: Wed, 18 Jun 1997 18:22:12 EDT
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From: Steve Talbott <stevet@ora.com>
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Subject: File 7-- Multiculturalism without People
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Source: NETFUTURE, Issue #51, June 18, 1997
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-------------------------------------------------
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*** Multiculturalism without People (113 lines)
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From Lowell Monke <lm7846s@acad.drake.edu>
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Letter from Des Moines
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June 15, 1997
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There is a flip side to the use of the 'Net for multicultural education,
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which I discussed in NF #49. It has to do with the the way the 'Net
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affects students' and teachers' attitudes toward other cultures that exist
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in their own communities.
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For a variety of reasons, Des Moines has become a popular destination for
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refugees and immigrants from all over the world. The ESL (English as a
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Second Language) program has exploded in the district, and Central Campus
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is the first stop for most high schoolers trying to learn English.
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(Central Campus isn't a school in itself; we provide special services to
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all of the five district high schools.) Even though our program is a
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revolving door moving students to their high schools full-time as quickly
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as possible, there are constantly around 200 ESL students attending
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Central Campus.
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One day a couple of years ago, I happened to be standing outside my room
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just down the hall from the doors opening into a Gifted and Talented
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Language Arts room and an adjacent ESL room, when the bell rang to end
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classes. I watched the two groups of students emerge from their rooms,
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walk side-by-side the twenty feet out the narrow corridor which spills
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into the hallway, turn the same direction and walk to their lockers, which
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were directly opposite each other in the hall. From the time the doors
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opened to the time the halls were cleared, I never saw anyone from one
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class talk to a person in the other class. Indeed, to the Language Arts
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students the ESL students seemed more like obstacles to navigate around
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than interesting people to engage.
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I don't blame the students for this, and I don't want to paint them as
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callous snobs. They were merely doing what all students do in a large
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school: associating with their friends, letting the mass of humanity flow
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by. But what really caught my attention was that among the students
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emerging from the Language Arts class were most of the students from a
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global telecommunications project I was running at the time -- one that
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centered around a multicultural theme. Here we had been exchanging ideas
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|
about cultures with students on the other side of the planet for months,
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and it had never dawned on these students to merely turn their heads 90
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degrees and talk to students from Bosnia, Somalia, the Sudan, Russia,
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Mexico, the Czech Republic, and half a dozen other nations. The
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disassociation unnerved me. What does it mean when a group of students
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are eager (these were all volunteers) to relate to students all over the
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world via the 'Net, but show no interest at all in talking face-to-face
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with young people who grew up in some of those very same places?
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As I said, the students have some excuse. It's difficult in the best of
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circumstances for young people to initiate new relationships. With ESL
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students, language is an additional hurdle. But that's where the
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teacher's responsibility comes in. Far more important than the students'
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oversight was my negligence. So the question can be reframed to ask what
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does it mean when teachers like myself don't even think about bringing
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these two groups of students together, but instead look to the 'Net to
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fling disembodied text all around the world at people whom our students
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will likely never meet, and then claim that we have increased our
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students' multicultural "awareness"?
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I don't know whether it should make me feel better that I found only one
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teacher (who teaches world history) who has invited these new immigrants
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to talk with his students. In my own son's third grade class there are
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two Bosnian students, two students whose parents came from Southeast Asia,
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and one whose parents came from India. None of those students, nor their
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parents, ever got to share with the class their knowledge of their
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homelands, their customs, their reasons for coming here. Yet we are, as I
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have said, spending millions of dollars to get computers into the
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elementary classrooms right now, in part so that our sons and daughters
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can get involved with the neat multicultural activities on the Internet.
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A minister once told me about the Missionary Syndrome. This is when
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members of a congregation are willing to empty their pockets to aid the
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unknown hapless people who live at least 1000 miles away, but won't lift a
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|
finger to help the down-and-outs in their own community (who they know all
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|
too well). There seems to be something of the Missionary Syndrome in our
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passion to connect our students with people on the other side of the
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world. For some reason we are willing to settle for, even get excited
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|
about, bits of writing from long distance, while turning our backs on the
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stories and insights of students who are literally within arm's reach.
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|
It's hard to believe it is the human dimensions of communication that
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|
drive this kind of activity. I think for most of us it is our infatuation
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|
with the exotic opportunities afforded by the technology, its awesome
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|
ability to compress space and time, that drives multicultural (and most
|
|
other educational) activities on the 'Net.
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|
But we ought to recognize that it is also the school structure that
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|
contributes to this easy willingness to seek out abstract relationships
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|
rather than in-the-flesh ones. We teachers suffer from the same
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|
reluctance as our students: working with other teachers is often
|
|
frustrating. After all, we have been trained to be loners or, at best,
|
|
collaborators within our departments. The curriculum pigeon-holes all of
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|
us so that cutting across it takes enormous energy and creativity -- and
|
|
not a little willingness to battle bureaucrats. We have all gotten used
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|
to relying on standardized texts and all the inert material resources that
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|
come with them. People just aren't convenient enough, reliable enough,
|
|
controllable enough, or full of the objective information we have come to
|
|
treasure. Add to this mix a machine that you can turn on and off at will
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|
and it's pretty easy for the teacher to turn a blind eye on the
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|
educational opportunities that exist right outside the classroom door.
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All of the conditions I've just mentioned are regularly used as arguments
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|
for getting students on the 'Net. It allows for collaboration; cuts across
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|
the curriculum; and can be customized to suit the teacher and student.
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|
But as the little vignettes I've just related illustrate, the comfortable
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|
escape the 'Net provides from a regimented system may very well defeat the
|
|
very purpose we try to use it for. The 'Net provides the form, but lacks
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|
the rich content -- the real human, flesh-and-blood relational content,
|
|
with all the messy issues that we and our students are forced to deal with
|
|
-- which is the true essence of multicultural education. Or of any
|
|
education at all, for that matter.
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|
|
----------
|
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|
|
NETFUTURE on the Web: http://www.ora.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/
|
|
You may redistribute this newsletter for noncommercial purposes.
|
|
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Date: Thu, 7 May 1997 22:51:01 CST
|
|
From: CuD Moderators <cudigest@sun.soci.niu.edu>
|
|
Subject: File 8--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 7 May, 1997)
|
|
|
|
Cu-Digest is a weekly electronic journal/newsletter. Subscriptions are
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available at no cost electronically.
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CuD is available as a Usenet newsgroup: comp.society.cu-digest
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|
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Or, to subscribe, send post with this in the "Subject:: line:
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SUBSCRIBE CU-DIGEST
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or U.S. mail at: Jim Thomas, Department of Sociology, NIU, DeKalb, IL
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To UNSUB, send a one-line message: UNSUB CU-DIGEST
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Issues of CuD can also be found in the Usenet comp.society.cu-digest
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The most recent issues of CuD can be obtained from the
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COMPUTER UNDERGROUND DIGEST is an open forum dedicated to sharing
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------------------------------
|
|
|
|
End of Computer Underground Digest #9.02
|
|
************************************
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