537 lines
24 KiB
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537 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
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Date: Thu, 3 Feb 1994 23:18:56 -0500 (EST)
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From: Nancy Ammerman <emoryu1!phoenix.Princeton.EDU!nancyamm>
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To: Jackie Ammerman <emory!emoryu1!awwe!root@phoenix.Princeton.EDU>
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Message-Id: <Pine.3.89.9402032339.P3501-0100000@flagstaff.Princeton.EDU>
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Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
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Appendix A: THE LINGO
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As has any community, the Net has developed its own language.
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What follows is a glossary of some of the more common phrases you'll
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likely run into. But it's only a small subset of net.speak. You an find
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a more complete listing in "The New Hacker's Dictionary," compiled by
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Eric Raymond (MIT Press). Raymond's work is based on an online reference
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known as "The Jargon File," which you can get through anonymous ftp from
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ftp.gnu.mit.ai.mit as jarg300.txt.gz in the pub/gnu directory (see
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chapter 7 for information on how to un-compress a .gz file).
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ASCII Has two meanings. ASCII is a universal computer code
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for English letters and characters. Computers store
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all information as binary numbers. In ASCII, the
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letter "A" is stored as 01000001, whether the computer
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is made by IBM, Apple or Commodore. ASCII also refers
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to a method, or protocol, for copying files from one
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computer to another over a network, in which neither
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computer checks for any errors that might have been
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caused by static or other problems.
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ANSI Computers use several different methods for deciding
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how to put information on your screen and how your
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keyboard interacts with the screen. ANSI is one of
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these "terminal emulation" methods. Although most
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popular on PC-based bulletin-board systems, it can also
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be found on some Net sites. To use it properly, you
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will first have to turn it on, or enable it, in your
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communications software.
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ARPANet A predecessor of the Internet. Started in 1969 with
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funds from the Defense Department's Advanced Projects
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Research Agency.
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backbone A high-speed network that connects several powerful
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computers. In the U.S., the backbone of the Internet is
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often considered the NSFNet, a government funded link
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between a handful of supercomputer sites across the
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country.
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Baud The speed at which modems transfer data. One baud is
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roughly equal to one bit per second. It takes eight
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bits to make up one letter or character. Modems rarely
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transfer data at exactly the same speed as their listed
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baud rate because of static or computer problems. More
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expensive modems use systems, such as Microcom Network
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Protocol (MNP), which can correct for these errors or
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which "compress" data to speed up transmission.
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BITNet Another, academically oriented, international computer
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network, which uses a different set of computer
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instructions to move data. It is easily accessible to
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Internet users through e-mail, and provides a large
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number of conferences and databases. Its name comes from
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"Because It's Time." "
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Bounce What your e-mail does when it cannot get to its
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recipient -- it bounces back to you -- unless it goes
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off into the ether, never to be found again.
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Command line On Unix host systems, this is where you tell the
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machine what you want it to do, by entering commands.
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Communications A program that tells a modem how to work.
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software
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Daemon An otherwise harmless Unix program that normally works
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out of sight of the user. On the Internet, you'll most
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likely encounter it only when your e-mail is not
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delivered to your recipient -- you'll get back your
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original message plus an ugly message from a "mailer
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daemon.
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Distribution A way to limit where your Usenet postings go. Handy for
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such things as "for sale" messages or discussions of
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regional politics.
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Domain The last part of an Internet address, such as "news.com."
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Dot When you want to impress the net veterans you meet at
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parties, say "dot" instead of "period," for example: "My
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address is john at site dot domain dot com."
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Dot file A file on a Unix public-access system
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that alters the way you or your messages interact with
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that system. For example, your .login file contains
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various parameters for such things as the text editor you
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get when you send a message. When you do an ls command,
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these files do not appear in the directory listing; do ls
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-a to list them.
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Down When a public-access site runs into technical trouble,
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and you can no longer gain access to it, it's down.
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Download Copy a file from a host system to your computer. There
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are several different methods, or protocols, for
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downloading files, most of which periodically check the
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file as it is being copied to ensure no information is
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inadvertently destroyed or damaged during the process.
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Some, such as XMODEM, only let you download one file at
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a time. Others, such as batch-YMODEM and ZMODEM, let
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you type in the names of several files at once, which
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are then automatically downloaded.
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EMACS A standard Unix text editor preferred by Unix types
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that beginners tend to hate.
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E-mail Electronic mail -- a way to send a private message to
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somebody else on the Net. Used as both noun and verb.
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Emoticon See smiley.
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F2F Face to Face. When you actually meet those people you
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been corresponding with/flaming.
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FAQ Frequently Asked Questions. A compilation of answers to
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these. Many Usenet newsgroups have these files, which
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are posted once a month or so for beginners.
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Film at 11 One reaction to an overwrought argument: "Imminent death
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of the Net predicted. Film at 11."
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Finger An Internet program that lets you get some bit of
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information about another user, provided they have first
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created a .plan file.
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Flame Online yelling and/or ranting directed at somebody else.
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Often results in flame wars, which occasionally turn into
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holy wars (see).
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Followup A Usenet posting that is a response to an earlier
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message.
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Foo/foobar A sort of online algebraic place holder, for example: "If
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you want to know when another site is run by a for-
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profit company, look for an address in the form of
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foo@foobar.com."
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Fortune cookie An inane/witty/profund comment that can be found around
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the net.
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Freeware Software that doesn't cost anything.
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FTP File-transfer Protocol. A system for transferring files
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across the Net.
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Get a life What to say to somebody who has, perhaps, been spending a
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wee bit too much time in front of a computer.
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GIF Graphic Interchange Format. A format developed in the
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mid-1980s by CompuServe for use in photo-quality graphics
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images. Now commonly used everywhere online.
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GNU Gnu's Not Unix. A project of the Free Software
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Foundation to write a free version of the Unix operating
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system.
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Hacker On the Net, unlike among the general public, this is not
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a bad person; it is simply somebody who enjoys stretching
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hardware and software to their limits, seeing just what
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they can get their computers to do. What many people
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call hackers, net.denizens refer to as crackers.
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Handshake Two modems trying to connect first do this to agree on
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how to transfer data.
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Hang When a modem fails to hang up.
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Holy war Arguments that involve certain basic tenets of faith,
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about which one cannot disagree without setting one of
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these off. For example: IBM PCs are inherently superior to
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Macintoshes.
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Host system A public-access site; provides Net access to people
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outside the research and government community.
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IMHO In My Humble Opinion.
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Internet A worldwide system for linking smaller computer
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networks together. Networks connected through the
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Internet use a particular set of communications
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standards to communicate, known as TCP/IP.
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Killfile A file that lets you filter Usenet postings to some
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extent, by excluding messages on certain topics or from
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certain people.
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Log on/log in Connect to a host system or public-access site.
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Log off Disconnect from a host system.
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Lurk Read messages in a Usenet newsgroup without ever saying
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anything.
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Mailing list Essentially a conference in which messages are delivered
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right to your mailbox, instead of to a Usenet newsgroup.
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You get on these by sending a message to a specific e-
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mail address, which is often that of a computer that
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automates the process.
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MOTSS Members of the Same Sex. Gays and Lesbians online.
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Originally an acronym used in the 1980 federal census.
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Net.god One who has been online since the beginning, who knows
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all and who has done it all.
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Net.personality Somebody sufficiently opinionated/flaky/with plenty of
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time on his hands to regularly post in dozens of
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different Usenet newsgroups, whose presence is known to
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thousands of people.
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Net.police Derogatory term for those who would impose their
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standards on other users of the Net. Often used in
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vigorous flame wars (in which it occasionally mutates to
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net.nazis).
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Netiquette A set of common-sense guidelines for not annoying others.
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Network A communications system that links two or more
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computers. It can be as simple as a cable strung
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between two computers a few feet apart or as complex
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as hundreds of thousands of computers around the world
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linked through fiber optic cables, phone lines and
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satellites.
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Newbie Somebody new to the Net. Sometimes used derogatorily by
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net.veterans who have forgotten that, they, too, were
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once newbies who did not innately know the answer to
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everything. "Clueless newbie" is always derogatory.
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Newsgroup A Usenet conference.
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NIC Network Information Center. As close as an Internet-
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style network gets to a hub; it's usually where you'll
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find information about that particular network.
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NSA line eater The more aware/paranoid Net users believe that the
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National Security Agency has a super-powerful computer
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assigned to reading everything posted on the Net. They
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will jokingly (?) refer to this line eater in their
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postings. Goes back to the early days of the Net when
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the bottom lines of messages would sometimes disappear
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for no apparent reason.
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NSF National Science Foundation. Funds the NSFNet, a
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high-speed network that once formed the backbone of the
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Internet in the U.S.
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Offline When your computer is not connected to a host system
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or the Net, you are offline.
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Online When your computer is connected to an online service,
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bulletin-board system or public-access site.
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Ping A program that can trace the route a message takes from
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your site to another site.
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.plan file A file that lists anything you want others on the Net to
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know about you. You place it in your home directory on
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your public-access site. Then, anybody who fingers (see)
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you, will get to see this file.
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Post To compose a message for a Usenet newsgroup and then send
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it out for others to see.
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Postmaster The person to contact at a particular site to ask for
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information about the site or complain about one of
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his/her user's behavior.
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Protocol The method used to transfer a file between a host
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system and your computer. There are several types,
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such as Kermit, YMODEM and ZMODEM.
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Prompt When the host system asks you to do something and
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waits for you to respond. For example, if you see
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"login:" it means type your user name.
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README files Files found on FTP sites that explain what is in a given
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FTP directory or which provide other useful information
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(such as how to use FTP).
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Real Soon Now A vague term used to describe when something will
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actually happen.
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RFC Request for Comments. A series of documents that
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describe various technical aspects of the Internet.
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ROTFL Rolling on the Floor Laughing. How to respond to a
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particularly funny comment.
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ROT13 A simple way to encode bad jokes, movie reviews that give
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away the ending, pornography, etc. Essentially, each
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letter in a message is replace by the letter 13 spaces
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away from it in the alphabet. There are online decoders
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to read these; nn and rn have them built in.
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RTFM Read the, uh, you know, Manual. Often used in flames
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against people who ask computer-related questions that
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could be easily answered with a few minutes with a
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manual. More politely: RTM.
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Screen capture A part of your communications software that
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opens a file on your computer and saves to it whatever
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scrolls past on the screen while connected to a host
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system.
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Server A computer that can distribute information or files
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automatically in response to specifically worded e-mail
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requests.
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Shareware Software that is freely available on the Net. If you
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like and use the software, you should send in the fee
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requested by the author, whose name and address will be
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found in a file distributed with the software.
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.sig file Sometimes, .signature file. A file that, when placed in
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your home directory on your public-access site, will
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automatically be appended to every Usenet posting you
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write.
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.sig quote A profound/witty/quizzical/whatever quote that you
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include in your .sig file.
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Signal-to-noise The amount of useful information to be found in a given
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ratio Usenet newsgroup. Often used derogatorily, for example:
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"the signal-to-noise ratio in this newsgroup is pretty low."
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SIMTEL20 The White Sands Missile Range used to maintain a giant
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collection of free and low-cost software of all kinds,
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which was "mirrored" to numerous other ftp sites on the
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Net. In the fall of 1993, the Air Force decided it had
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better things to do than maintain a free software library
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and shut it down. But you'll still see references to
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the collection, known as SIMTEL20, around the Net.
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Snail mail Mail that comes through a slot in your front door or a
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box mounted outside your house.
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Sysadmin The system administrator; the person who runs a host
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system or public-access site.
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TANSTAAFL There Ain't No Such Thing as a Free Lunch.
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TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The
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particular system for transferring information over a
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computer network that is at the heart of the Internet.
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Telnet A program that lets you connect to other computers on
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the Internet.
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Terminal There are several methods for determining how your
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emulation keystrokes and screen interact with a public-access
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site's operating system. Most communications programs
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offer a choice of "emulations" that let you mimic the
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keyboard that would normally be attached directly to
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the host-system computer.
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UUCP Unix-to-Unix CoPy. A method for transferring Usenet
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postings and e-mail that requires far fewer net resources
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than TCP/IP, but which can result in considerably slower
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transfer times.
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Upload Copy a file from your computer to a host system.
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User name On most host systems, the first time you connect you
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are asked to supply a one-word user name. This can be
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any combination of letters and numbers.
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VT100 Another terminal-emulation system. Supported by many
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communications program, it is the most common one in
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use on the Net. VT102 is a newer version.
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Appendix B: ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION INFORMATION
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The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a membership organization that
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was founded in July of 1990 to ensure that the principles embodied in the
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Constitution and the Bill of Rights are protected as new communications
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technologies emerge.
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From the beginning, EFF has worked to shape our nation's communications
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infrastructure and the policies that govern it in order to maintain and
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enhance First Amendment, privacy and other democratic values. We believe
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that our overriding public goal must be the creation of Electronic
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Democracy, so our work focuses on the establishment of:
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o new laws that protect citizens' basic Constitutional rights as they
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use new communications technologies,
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o a policy of common carriage requirements for all network providers
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so that all speech, no matter how controversial, will be carried without
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discrimination,
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o a National Public Network where voice, data and video services are
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accessible to all citizens on an equitable and affordable basis, and
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o a diversity of communities that enable all citizens to have a voice
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in the information age.
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Join us!
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I wish to become a member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. I enclose:
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$__________ Regular membership -- $40
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$__________ Student membership -- $20
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Special Contribution
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I wish to make a tax-deductible donation in the amount of $__________ to
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further support the activities of EFF and to broaden participation in the
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organization.
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Documents Available in Hard Copy Form
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The following documents are available free of charge from the Electronic
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Frontier Foundation. Please indicate any of the documents you wish to
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receive.
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___ Open Platform Proposal - EFF's proposal for a national
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telecommunications infrastructure. 12 pages. July, 1992
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___ An Analysis of the FBI Digital Telephony Proposal - Response of
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EFF-organized coalition to the FBI's digital telephony proposal of Fall,
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1992. 8 pages. September, 1992.
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___ Building the Open Road: The NREN and the National Public Network - A
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discussion of the National Research and Education Network as a prototype
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for a National Public Network. 20 pages. May, 1992.
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___ Innovative Services Delivered Now: ISDN Applications at Home, School,
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the Workplace and Beyond - A compilation of ISDN applications currently in
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use. 29 pages. January, 1993.
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___ Decrypting the Puzzle Palace - John Perry Barlow's argument for strong
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encryption and the need for an end to U.S. policies preventing its
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development and use. 13 pages. May, 1992.
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___ Crime and Puzzlement - John Perry Barlow's piece on the founding of
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the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the world of hackers, crackers and
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those accused of computer crimes. 24 pages. June, 1990.
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___ Networks & Policy - A quarterly newsletter detailing EFF's activities
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and achievements.
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Your Contact Information:
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Name: __________________________________________________________
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Organization: ____________________________________________________
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Address: ________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________
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Phone: (____) _______________ FAX: (____) _______________ (optional)
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E-mail address: ___________________________________________________
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Payment Method
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___ Enclosed is a check payable to the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
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___ Please charge my:
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___ MasterCard ___ Visa ___ American Express
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Card Number: ___________________________________________
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Expiration Date: _________________________________________
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Signature: ______________________________________________
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Privacy Policy
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EFF occasionally shares our mailing list with other organizations promoting
|
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similar goals. However, we respect an individual's right to privacy and
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will not distribute your name without explicit permission.
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___ I grant permission for the EFF to distribute my name and contact
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information to organizations sharing similar goals.
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Print out and mail to:
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Membership Coordinator
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Electronic Frontier Foundation
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1001 G Street, N.W.
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Suite 950 East
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Washington, DC 20001
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202/347-5400 voice
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202/393-5509 fax
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The Electronic Frontier Foundation is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization
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supported by contributions from individual members, corporations and
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private foundations. Donations are tax-deductible.
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Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253
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