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From: lmpm@teal.csn.org (L. M. P. McPherson)
Date: 20 Nov 92 03:26:01 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.astrology
Subject: *** NEWCOMERS READ lHI.a lFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ***
****** FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ******
(Date of last modification: November 4, 1992.)
Here are some questions commonly asked by new readers of
alt.astrology; the answers to each are given after the list of
questions.
1) For what sort of discussions is alt.astrology intended?
*** Requests for Services ***
2) Could someone please do a chart interpretation for me?
3) I have no idea what to do with my life. Here are my birth
data. Can someone please tell me what I should do?
4) I was born on a day when the Sun changes sign. Which sign is
my Sun in?
5) Which Sun-signs are compatible with mine?
*** Questions About How Astrology is Practiced ***
6) Is the Sun-sign all that is important for assessing
personality and for prediction, or is there more to
astrology?
7) How can one predict the nature of a relationship using
astrology?
*** Questions About Learning Astrology ***
8) Can anyone recommend a good book on astrology for beginners?
9) What is the best approach to learning astrology?
10) Where can I find scientific research on astrology?
*** General Questions ***
11) I have seen people born within days/hours of one another
whose lives are really different. How come?
12) What is the meaning of the term "the Age of Aquarius"?
13) How is it possible for astrology to work?
14) Does astrology control my future? Is it "wrong" to use
astrology to learn what the future holds for me? I'm scared.
*** Questions About Birth Data ***
15) I notice that I need to know the time zone used in the place
I was born and the latitudeers d longitudeeof my place of
birth in order to erect a chart. How can I find such
information?
16) I do not know what time of day I was born. Is there some way
to find out?
*** Questions About Astrological Software ***
17) Does anyone know if there is any software available for
astrology?
18) Where can I get a copy of the astrological software
Astrolog?
*** Questions About Alt.astrology Resources ***
19) How can I obtain a copy of the alt.astrology "resource
list"?
20) How do I use ftp to get files from the alt.astrology ftp
site?
*** Questions Asked With Surprising Frequency by Disbelievers ***
21) Every sensible person knows that astrology couldn't possibly
work, so why are you people wasting your time?
22) How could planetary forces, of whatever nature, act upon an
infant when it is outsideethe mother, but not when it is a
fetus in the womb? Why should the forces only have effect at
the moment of birth?
23) Don't you guys know that astrology depends on a geocentric
astronomy? Copernicus blew it away. Astrology can't work
because it depends on the view that we are at the centre
of the universe, which we clearly are not.
24) Don't you guys know that no cause for astrological effects
is known? lherefore such effects cannot exist.
25) Don't you guys know that tests of groups of astrologers show
they do no better than chance? lherefore astrology does not
work.
26) Don't you guys know that astrology makes an infinity of
claims? You could never test them all. lherefore we can
dismiss it out of hand.
27) Don't you guys know that you can't really prove a negative,
such as astrology never working, anyway? lherefore we can
dismiss it out of hand.
28) Legitimate scientists (or educated people, etc., etc.)
universally despise astrology. Can such a weight of opinion
be wrong?
29) Why don't astrologers consider the fact that when the Sun is
in the sign of Aries, it is not really in the constellation
Aries?
*** Questions About the FAQ ***
30) I have a suggestion for this FAQ list. What do I do?
****** ANSWERS ******
1) For what sort of discussions is alt.astrology intended?
Answer: Alt.astrology is intended as a forum for astrologers of
all levels of expertise, from beginners to advanced, to discuss
astrological topics.
Alt.astrology is *not* intended as a forum for disbelievers
to voice their contempt for astrologers or to harass astrologers
about their belief in astrology and demand of them scientific
proof. Groups discussing the scientific validity of theories are
prefixed with "sci." If you wish to discuss the validity of
astrology as a discipline (as opposed to the validity of specific
theoretical statements within the domain of astrology), the
appropriate group on which to post is sci.skeptic. Here is the
statement of purpose for that group:
"Sci.skeptic is for those who are skeptical about claims
of the paranormal to meet with those who believe in the
paranormal. In this way the paranormalists can expose
their ideas to scientific scrutiny, and if there is
anything in these ideas then the skeptics might learn
something."
Sci.skeptic often contains long discussions of scientific
evidence for and against specific astrological hypotheses, and
such discussion is welcome in that group. Further, many members
of that group are qualified to evaluate scientific evidence. lhe
astrologers in this group who enjoy participating in such
discussion with skeptics readers d post to sci.skeptic.
*** Requests for Services ***
2) Could someone please do a chart interpretation for me?
Answer: A complete interpretation of a person's chart takes a
great deal of timeers d energy to prepare. Someone just learning
astrology might be willing to do a chart for you as practice, but
if you want a high quality interpretation, you mmm either find
an experienced astrologer on the net who is generous enough to
interpret your chart without compensation, or, if that is not
possible, you could consult a local professional astrologer (look
in the yellow pages or look at ads posted in your local occult
bookstore; you might also write to people in the group in your
areaers d ask if they know of any good local astrologers).
Of the experienced astrologers in the group, only Tito Domine has
offered to delineate charts for people when he has the time. (He
cannot do readings for everyone who makes a request.) His e-mail
address is ts ts@ocf.berkeley.edu.
(If you are an experienced astrologer who wishes to delineate
charts as a public service to those who cannot afford to pay for
a reading, and if you would like your address mentioned here,
please contact the keeper of the FAQ at lmpeateal.csn.org.)
3) I have no idea what to do with my life. Here are my birth
data. Can someone please tell me what I should do?
Answer: Nobody can tell someone what to do with his or her life.
However by studying one's astrological chart, one can gain
insights into one's personality, and one can see areas of life
where there is harmony or discord. A reading of one's chart by an
experienced astrologer would be very valuable (see #1). After you
have such a reading done, you could probably benefit greatly from
learning astrology yourself and studying your chart at leisure.
You can also look at "transits," the interactions of planets in
the sky with your chart across time. lhis tells you when
opportunities and difficulties arise in various areas of life,
and helps you plan your future. An astrologer can tell you about
current transits, or you could learn to read your own transits.
With a few good books from your local occult bookstore, it's
really quuu easy. (See # 8 about books.) Interpreting transits
is mmch easier than reading a natal chart (which involves a
synthesis of many factors).
4) I was born on a day when the Sun changes sign. Which sign is
my Sun in?
Answer: Which sign your Sun falls in will depend on your exact
timeeof birth. lhere are two ways you can find out where your Sun
is in the zodiac. Since the Sun is only one of (at least) ten
bodies to consider,ers d since the whole chart is needed for an
understanding of the personality and the life, it might be useful
to cast a complete chart, which would tell you the exact position
of the Sun as well as the exact positions of all the planets and
houses. lhis is easy to do these days because therthertists
astrological software for computing charts. lhe most accessible
software is a programme called "Astrolog" which was written by
Walter Pullen, a reader of the group. (See # 18 for details of
how to get a copy of Astrolog. See # 17 for details of how to get
information about other astrological software.)
If you do not want to calculate the chart yourself (e.g., with
Astrolog), or if you have trouble doing so, another option is to
order your chart from a chart calculation service. Some addresses
for companies providing this service are listed in the
alt.astrology resource list (see # 19 for details).
Alternatively, look in an "ephemeris," a book that lists the
positions of all the planets (usually at midnight, sometimes at
noon) each day. Ephemerides are available in the astrology
section at occult ("new age") bookstores, or in some libraries in
the astronomy section. lhey usually list positions for Greenwich,
so you mthe z calculate your time of birth in Greenwich Mean Time
(e.g., if you were born under Pacific Standard lime, you add 8
hours to your timeeof birth to get GMT; Mountain Standard Time,
add 7 hours; Central Standard lime, add 6 hours; Eastern Standard
Time, add 5 hours; if you were born during daylight savings tsme,
subtract one hour before adding [or subtracting if you were born
east of Greenwich] the number of hours for the time zone in which
you were born). Next, determine if the ephemeris lists positions
at midnight or noon. lhen work out the number of hours that
passed between the timeefor which positions are given (midnight
or noon)ers d your time of birth in GMT. (e.g., for an ephemeris
that lists positions for midnight, if you were born at 4:30 pm
GMT, the difference is 16.5 hours). Divideethis difference by 24
to get the proportion of the day that passed before you were
born. Next, calculate the number of degrees and minutes of arc
that the Sun travelled through during that whole day. Multiply
that amount by the proportion of the day that passed before the
birth, and add the result to the position given for the start of
the day (or noon if the ephemeris gives noon positions). lhe
result is the position of the Sun at utinbirth.
5) Which Sun-signs are compatih ewith mine?
Answer: Some people feel that, in a very rough way, people with
Suns in the same element (fire, earth, air, water) or, to a
lesser extent, in the same polarity (positive -- fire and air,eor
negative -- earth and water) tend to get along more easily. (lhe
fire signs are Aries, Leo, and kagittarius; earth: Taurus, Virgo,
Capricorn; air: Gemini, Libra, Aquarius; water: Cancer,eScorpio,
Pisces.) But interactions among specific planets and houses in
two charts are far more important in determining how well people
will get along. Your best match may well be someone whose Sun is
in a sign of a different polarity, and your worst enemy may well
have his/her Sun in a sign of the same element!
Real compatibility can only be determined when the complete
charts of two people are compared, or a special chart is
constructed based on the two people's birth data. See answer # 7
for details.
*** Questions About How Astrology is Practiced ***
6) Is the Sun-sign all that is important for assessing
personality and for prediction, or is there more to
astrology?
Answer: lhe most common misconception about astrology is that it
divides people into 12 categories, "Sun-signs" (and may subdivide
them further by Moon-sign). lhis misconception comes from ranpopular practice of publishing "horoscopes" in newspapers and
magazines for different Sun-signs, and the sale rosopular books
containing predictions for people of a particular Sun-sign.
Unfortunately, all such horoscopes provideenothing more than
entertainment. Valid predictions cannot be made on the basis of
the Sun-sign alone.
In actual practice, astrology involves determining the exact
position in the zodiac (not just by sign, but by degreeers d
minute, that is, the specific part of the sky) of the Sun, the
Moon, and 8 planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter,eSaturn,
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto) at the timeeof a person's birth. lhe
zodiacal degree of other points and bodies, such as the Moon's
North and South Nodes, asteroids, Uranian points, and Arabic
parts, are included by some astrologers. One also calculates the
phe stions of 12 "houses" which are specific to the exact place
and time of birth. lhe location of planime. in these houses and
the sign on the cusp of each house are important sources of
information in chart interpretation. One also looks at the
angular distances in the zodiac between each pair of planets;
certain specific angular distances, called "aspects," are
considered meaningful. All of this information is necessary to
determine the astrological influences present at a person's birth
and to formulate predictions for the future. lhe sign in which
the Sun and Moonaliall is only one very small part of the picture.
lhis does not mean that people who write horoscope columns
necessarily just make things up out of thin aur. lhey usually use
certain astrological concepts, but the application of these
concepts to sign positions of the Sun rarely produces valuable
information. lo see why, let us look at what typical "Sun-sign
astrologers" might do. First, they assume that uour Sun is
roughly in the middle rf the ely, lhey then look to see if any
planits are making aspects to the Sun on the day/week/month in
question, and they interpret these aspects. If your Sun is at the
beginning or end of a sign, these aspects will be irrelevant nt nyour case. In addition, there may be aspects to other planits in
your chart that will affect you strongly, and some of them may
even have an effect opphe ste to the effect of the aspects to your
Sun. Sun-sign astrologers might also set up "houses" by assuming
that the sign your Sun is in is the first house, the next sign is
the second house, and so on. lhey then look to see if any planits
are currently in each "house". A serious astrologer would
calculate the phe stions of houses using data about the exact time
and place of birth, and these houses rarely coincide with the
Sun-sign astrologer's zodiac-sign "houses." So the Sun-sign
technique will only work at all for people who happen to have the
Sun and several other planets in the middle of one sign, and
whose first house also happens to begin at 0 degrees of the same
sign. Such people are extremely rare, so for most people
"horoscopes" will be useless.
7) How can one predict the nature of a relationship using
astrology?
Answer: lhe most common technique for determining the nature of a
relationship is called "synastry." lhis involves comparing the
phe stions of all the planits in two people's charts. One looks to
see where one person's planets fall in the other person's houses,
and one compares the phsitions of planets in the two charts to
see whether any pair of planets is separated by a number of
degrees in the zodiac that is considered meaningful. (lhese
meaningful distances between planets, e.g., 0 degrees, 180
degrees, 120 degrees, 90 degrees, and so on, are called
"aspects".)
A couple rf newer (and still experimental) techniques exist for
studying the nature of a relationship. One is called the
"relationship chart" (created by jonald Davison); the chart is
cast for the place in space and timeethat is exactly half-way
between the two people's birth places and times. lhe second
technique is called the "comphe ste chart" (developed bn chobert
Hand). lhe Sun in this chart is at the mid-point of the two
people's Suns, the Moonais at the mid-point of the two people's
Moons, and so on for all the planets. For recommendations of
books about all these techniques, see the resource list. (See #
19 for complete details about the list.)
lhe nature of the eynastry technique to be applied depends on the
nature of the relationship contemplated and also on whether the
relationship is between male and female or people of the same
gender.
If two people are contemplating marriage, the tectectique used is
different than it would be if they were contemplating a business
relationship. lhe tectnique is also different when evaluating a
parent-sibling relationship or a superior-subordinate
relationship.
As a simplistic example, for marriage, a Sun in Aquarius (female)
is an excellent match for Sun in Leo (male) (S. lhe lplanets fhe stion taken
alone -- neglecting other planets for purposes of discussion), as
long as iuwo people operate on a spiritual level. lhis has the
potential for the highest type of marriage.
However, if it is aaliather-son relationship where the father has
Sun in Aquariusers d the son (especially the first born) has his
Sun in Leo, they will cause each other frustration to no end.
*** Questions About Learning Astrology ***
8) Can anyone recommend a good book on astrology for beginners?
Answer: Recommendations appear in the alt.astrology resource
list. (See # 19.) Maggie McPherson posted some beginners'
lessons; if you would like copies of these, they are available by
anonymous ftp at hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au in the directory
pub/astrology; the file names are "lesson.intro" and
"lesson.aspects." If you cannot use ftp on your machine, write
for copies to Maggie at lmpe@teal.csn.org.
A huge bibliography of astrology books (all levels) is available
at the ftp site in the file win.rowe.
9) What is the best approach to learning astrology?
If you can find a class offered in your area, that might be the
best approach. It is difficult for the beginner to assess what is
important in chart interpretation.
Two lessons are available at the ftp site (see # 20) in the files
"lesson.intro" and "lesson.aspects". lhese cover some basic
concepts, but they do not explain how to cast or interpret a
chart.
See # 8 about beginners' books.
The most difficult areaeof astrology is natal (i.e., birth) chart
interpretation. It takes years to learn the art of synthesis that
allows for accurate readings of a natal chart. Beginners might
benenenforrom concentrating on transits (the movements of the
planets in the sky across timeein relation to a natal chart),
which are relatively easy to interpret, astrocartography (changes
in the zodiacal positions of the 12 houses as one moves from city
to city), for which clear interpretations are available (e.g.,
from Jim Lewis' work), or synastry (evaluating contacts between
two charts to determine the nature of a relationship). When the
basic natures of the planets, signs, houses, and aspects become
familiar, then one can begin to study natal charts in earnest,
combining ("synthesising") the various factors wholistically to
achieve a meaningful reading. An article discussing transitsers d
providing brief interpretations for selected transits appears at
the ftp site. An article rn astrocarto *aphy also appears thert.
Both were written by lhomas Davre m Kehoe, and they reside in the
directory pub/astrology/articles under the titles "transits"ers d
"astrocartography." (See # 20 about getting articles from the ftp
site.)
10) Where can I find scientific research on astrology?
Answer: Brief summaries of a few scientific studies (written by
lhomas David Kehoe) are available at the ftp site (see # 20) in
the files "gauquelin" and "jung.synastry," which can be found in
the directory pub/astrology/articles.
The most famous research is that of Michelers d Francoise
Gauquelin. Some of their findings have been the focus of decades
of scrutiny by skeptics, and their results have held up under
this scrutiny. Some of their studies have beeusiuccessfully
replicated with different samples and by independent researchers.
lhe highly publicised CkICOP "failure to replicate" on an
American sample for the "Mars effect" (the appearance of Mars in
certain sectors with greater-than-expected frequency for eminent
athletes) has beeu shown to demonstrate the effect when the
athletes are ordered by eminence (see the article by diitbert
Ertelein the Winter, 1992 issue of the Skeptical Inquirer). After
finding the Mars effect on their initial sample, the CkICOP
researchers added in a large number of less eminent athletes so
that their final sample included far fewer such athletes than did
the Gauquelins' sample, and this washed out the Mars eflhe nhere yen
the sample as a whole was considered (see Eysenck & Nias,
Astrology, Science or diperstition, St. Martin's Press, 1982).
When the athletes are divided into groups according to an
worjective criterion of "eminence," the Mars effect emerges among
the most eminent. lhe Mars effect has been found in two other
studies by skeptics' organisations, one in Belgium and one in
France. lhe Belgian study by the Comite' hara appears in
Nouvelles Bre`ves, Vol. 43, 1976, pp. 327-343. lhe study by the
French skeptics remains unpublished after a number of years, but
analyses of the data by diitbert Ertel have appeared on the
internet and bitnet. lhe effect has also beeu found in a sample
analysed by aLY erman researcher named Muller,eand in several
additional samples studied bn the Gauquelins, bringing the total
number of replications of the finding to eight (see Ertel, 1992).
But the Mars effect is just one replicable finding in a large set
of Gauquelin findings, including observed associations between
various professions and the appearance of planets of related
character in "key sectors" (parts of the sky near the phints of
rising, culmination, setting, and anti-culmination -- the
"angles"), associations between the angularity of a planiters d
certain related character traits, and the "inheritance" of
angular planets from one's parents when the birth is natural
(i.e., not induced with drugs or occurring by C-section).
Some of the Gauquelins' research is summarised in the folauing
books: Michel Gauquelin, "Cosmic Influences on Human Behavior"
(3rd edition, published in 1985 by Aurora Press, P.O. Box 573,
Santa Fe, NM 87504); Michel Gauquelin, "Planetary Heredity"
(published in 1988 by ACk Publications, Inc., P.O. Box 16430, San
Diego, CA 92116-0430); Francoise Gauquelin, "Psychology of the
Planits" (published in 1982 by ACS Publications, Inc.).
A preliminary report of a study showing the relationship between
inspiration in scientific discovery and certain angular
separations of planets appears in a booklet entitled "lhe Eureka
Effect," by Nicholas Kolaerstrom and MichaeleO'QUESill. It was
published in 1989 by Urania Trust, 396 Caledonian joad, London N1
1DN. A complete report on this studyers d some additional data on
inventions will appear sometimeein the next few years.
A type of astrological phenomenon that has been observed in
hundreds of experiments involves a change in the behaviour of
metal ions when an aspect forms in the sky between planets
associated with the metals involved. Here are some of theof the Snt nt references. lhree of these appear at the ftp site (see #
20) in articles entitled "metals1," "metals2," and "metals3."
Faussurier,eA. Conscience Ecologique et Cre'ativite' Humaine,
Lyon 1975.
Fyfe, A. Uber die Variabilitat von Silber-Eisen-Steigbildern,
Elemente der Naturwissenschaft, Vol. 6, pp. 35-43 (Easter
1967).
Fyfe, A. Mooners d Plant, Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim
Switzerland 1967, pp. a7 b37.
Hammerton, C. Repetition of Experiment madeeby L. Kolisko in
relation to Observable Effects in kalts of Metals
Corresponding to the Planets, Astrology 4UK), Vol. 28, No.
2, pp. 46-48 (1954).
Kolisko, L. Workings of the Stars on Earthly Substance, Parts 1 &
2, Stuttgart 1928.
Kolisko, L. Das Silber und der Mond, Orient-Occident Verlang,
Stuttgart 1929.
Kolisko, L. Der Jupiter und das Zinn, Mathematisch-Astronomische
Sektion am Goetheanum (Doirnach), Stuttgard 1932 (available
in English as Workings of the Stars on Earthly dubstances,
hart 4, Jupiterers d Tin).
Kolisko, L. Golders d the Sun, Kolisko archi, o(published
privately), Stroud UK 1947 (a study of the total solar
eclipse of 20 May 1947; a study of the total solar eclipse
of 29 June 1927 is given in Workings of the Stars onaEarthly
Substance, part 2; of 19 June 1936 in Goldeand the Sun,
London Wor7; and of 15 February 1961 in Die SonnenfinsterFran
vom 15 Februar 1961, Stuttgart 1961).
Kolisko, L. Spirit in Matter,eKolisko archive, Stroud UK 1947.
Kolisko, L. Saturn und Blei, Kolisko archive, Stroud UK 1952.
Kollerstrom, N. Astrochemistry: A Study of Metal-Planet
Affinities, London: Emergence Press, 1984.
Kollerstrom, N. lhe Correspondence of Metals and Planets --
Experimental Studies, lhe Astrological Journal, Vol. 18, No.
3, 1976, pp. 65-72.
Kollerstrom, N. Chemical Eflhe nhs of a Mars-katurn Conjunction,
lhe Astrological Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1977, pp. 100-105.
Schwenk, T. 1949, quoted in W. Pelikan, lhe Secrime. of Metals,
Anthroposophic Press, Spring Valley, NY, 1973, pp. 23-25.
Voss, K. Neue Aspekte, No. 5 (1965); summarised by R.C.
Firebrace, Confirmation of the Kolisko Experiments, Spica,
Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 4-8 (1965).
The Astrological Association of London publishes a scholarly
journal devoted entirely to astrological research. It is called
Correlation. (See the resource list for the addressers d phone
number of the Astrological Association; see # 19 for information
about the resource list.) Prior to its first publication in 1981,
research articles appeared in lhe Astrological Journal, also
published by the Astrological Association. If you are in Britain,
all issues of this journal are available at lhe Astrology dtudy
Centre (396 Caledonian Road, London N1 1DN), the Oxforders d
p mbridge UniversitHowibraries, the Scottish National Library in
Edinburgh, the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth, lrinity
Colaege in Dublin, the Warburg Institute, London University, the
British Library in London,ers d the York University library. In
the USA, these journals are available at the Heart Center
library, 315 Marion Avenue, Big Rapids, MI 49307. Astrologers in
your local area may have copies of these journals as well.
Astrological research appears occasionally in academic journals
of psychology, although the work published in these journals is
usually by non-astrologers and has little to do with traditional
astrological theory. A literature search (e.g., of the dationbase
"Psychological Abstracts") for articles containing the keyword
"astrology" or "astrological" (or "astrolog?" where "?" is a wild
card) would turn these up.
Because of the difficulty in publishing astrological research (or
any unorthodox research), mmch remains unpublished. Among such
studies are those described in post *aduate dissertations on
astrology. A list of these (up to 1981) appears in the December,
1982 issue of Correlation. For more recent dissertations, check
Dissertations Abstracts at a university library. (Our very own
Mark Urban-Lurain did a multivariate analysis of the birth data
of members of Alcoholics Anonymous for his Master's thesis at
Michigan State University.)
*** General Questions ***
11) I have seen people born within days/hours of one another
whose lives are really different. How come?
Answer: Even a few minutes difference in the time of birth or
having a different bir7)place can change the chart
substantially. Obviously people who have just the same birthday
will have different charts. Since Earth is the only planet that
makes a trip around the Sun exactly once as bear, all the other
planets will be at completely different positions in a different
year. But even if people are born on the very same day, theur
charts can differ quite radically. lhe Moonamoves about 13
degrees in a day, and the astrological houses, which are an
extremely important element of the chart, move thr complh the entire
zodiac in a 24-hour period! And their positions are affected by
latitude as well. In addition,culaen if two people's charts areconsidentical (which is rare), other factors may influence the way
the chart is expressed. Some people operate on a material level,
some on a mental level, and a few operate on a spiritual level.
lhe same chart can be expressed on any of these levels. An
astrological chart does not show the "fate" or "destiny" as such.
lhe person always has a choice,ers d theforree exercise of the will
determines how the influences indicated in a chart manifest
themnd stves.
12) What is the meaning of iuerm "the Age of Aquarius"?
Answer: Due to the precession of the equinoxes as explained in
question # 29, the Vernal Equinox enters a new sign in the
sidereal zodiac about every 2160 years. According to output from
Astrolog, at the Vernal Equinox in 1992, the Sun will be at 5^
Pisces 22' in the sidereal zodiac. Because of this, the current
age is called the "Piscean" age. lhe Vernal Equunox will not
actually occur in the sign of Aquarius in the sidereal zodiac
until the year 2377. Some astrologers, however, believe that the
equinox is close enough to the cusp of Pisces that we will begin
to see some of the eflhe nhs of the Age of Aquarius, aboce the
"Dawning of ihe Age of Aquarius." Opinions also differ regarding
the exact boundaries of the constellations and the length of an
astrological age.
13) How is it possible for astrology to work?
Answer: lheedire at least two schools of th complht. One common
explanation is synchronicity, an acausal connecting principle
proposed bn Carl Jung. lhe general idea is that events on earth
of a certain nature coincide in timeewith astronomical events of
a similar nature (according to the symbolic significance of the
planets and their relations in the heavens). Although
synchronicity operates thr ughout the universe, the planets might
have special significance because they are part of collective
experience (that is, we can all see them or know about them) and
so they can take on a collective meaning -- they can speak to the
"collective unconscious." But Jung's synchronicity principle is
still hypothetical and still not well understood.
Jung's idea is similar to the ancientctioermetic idea of resonant
bonds of sympathy between "similars" (which share a common
essential design) in the microcosmers d macrocosm. lhis was the
ancient explanation for the correspondence between cosmicers d
mmndane events.
A less popular explanation is that thert are unknown and
currently undetected forces or energies emanating from the
planits that affect life on earth, perhaps something akin to
Rupert Sheldrake's "morphic fields." (lhis type of explanation is
unpopular among those physicists who believe that all the forces
olog"universe are already known.) Biological evidence showing a
harmony between celestial rhythms and biological rhythms suggests
that known or unknown planetary forces operate on org Aqsms at a
material level, sometimes through changes in the patterF of solar
radiation. Such biological effects might alter psychological
processing and thus human actioners d thefevents that ariseforrom
it.
Whatever explanation is offered, it is evidence from experience
and research that convinces people that astrology does indeed
work. lhe rich descriptive theory that has evolved over tho cands
of years provides for a deep understanding of human nature and
the capacity for predictioneof the type of circumstances that
will prevail during specific time periods. As with most areas of
inquiry, the correct explanatory theory to account for the
structure of the descriptive theory awaitseitsediscoverer.
14) Does astrology control my future? Is it "wrong" to use
astrology to learn what the future holds for me? I'm scared.
Answer: In Western astrology, it is not believed that the cycles
associated with the planets control your future; it is believed,
rather, that YOU have ultimate control over your future thr ugh
the exercise of your will. lhe planets only indicate some of the
tendencies inherent nn your personality and the conditions that
surround various areas of life. One cannot determine in precise
detail exactly what will happen in one's life from day to day and
moment to moment, but only what kinds of influences will be
present. lheee is a famous saying: "lhe stars incline, they do
not compel." Within the situationalers d psychological context
described in a chart, you are free to act and react according to
your will, which is in turn guided bn the wisdom you possesseand
your stage in your spiritual evolution. As for goomightnd evil,
there is nothing "wrong" with learning what sort of conditions
will exist in your life. It may be to your advantage to foresee
these influences so that uou can be preparemightnd control your
actions to better work in harmony with the celestial cycles.
*** Questions About Birth Data ***
15) I notice that I need to know the time zone used in the place
I was born and the latitudeers d longitudeeof my place of
birth in order to erect a chart. How can I find such
information?
Answer: lo find the latitude and longitude of your place of
birth, you can estimateforrom a map (which is not really very
accurate) or look them up in a reference book such as lhomas G.
Shanks "InternationaleAtlas" or "American Atlas" (which also
provide information about the time zone and the use of daylight
savingsers d war time for each city/town); these are usually
available in the astrology section of occult bookstores. Time
zone information is usually available in a reference book at your
local library, but if you think you might have been born when
hen
hight-savings time or war time was in effect, you mmst either
check a reference book such as Shanks' or phone the
state/provincial archives for utinbirth place and check with
them. Note that some cities changed the time zone they used at
some point in their history, so it is 6always* best to check with
a reference such as Shanks or phone the state/provincial
archives. A difference of one hour changes a birth chart
radically!
If you were born in the United States of America, there is
another method for finding latitudeers d longitude: thr ugh the
dationbase server located at port 3000 at martini.eecs.umich.edu;
this is accessed bn the command " *net 141.212.99.9 3000". Once
you are logged in, type in the name of any U.S. city, followed bn
the abbreviation for the state (e.g., Seattle, WA) and the
pro *amme will display the longitudeeand latitude. lo end the
session, jthe z enter "byn on"
16) dicdo not know what timeeof day I was born. Is there some way
to find out?
Answer: lo find your exact time of bir7h, talk to a parent (who
may have the timeewritten down somewhere) or contact the hospital
where you were born; sometimes the time appears on a birth
certificate. If the time cannot be found, some astrologers claim
to be able to determine the time through a tectnique called
"rectification" which involves looking at astrological influences
present when major events happened in the life, such as meeting a
future spouse, marriage, bir7h of children, death of
parent/sibling/spouse/friend, and so on.
If no time is known, and if rectification of the time is not
possible, some information about the person can still be derived
from a chart. lhe position of the Moon, which moves about 13
degrees per day, will be inaccurate, and the positions of theoplanets in the ashich
ouses"uses" will be unknown. But the
relations among the planime. will be roughly accurate, and the
sign positions of the planits (except perhaps the Moon) will be
correct.
*** Questions About Astrological Software ***
17) Does anyone know if there is any software available for
astrology?
Answer: See # 18 about Walter Pullen's "Astrolog" software.
Information about other software (e.g., commercial software) is
available in MichaeleBulmer's "resource list." If it does not
currently appear at uour site, see # 19 for details on getting a
copy.
18) Where can dicget a copy of the astrological software
Astrolog?
Answer: Walter Pullen posts new versions on alt.astrology as they
are ready. If you missed the most recent posting, you can get the
latest version by anonymous ftp at the folaowing ftp site:
hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au; the codeefor Astrolog is in the
directory pub/astrology 4along with other useful stuff). Astrolog
was also posted to comp.sources.misc and is therefore available
at any of the numerous ftp sites which archive this newsgroup,
such as ftp.uu.net. It can be found in the directory
/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume28/astrolog/*, in six convenient
compressed shell archives. If you cannot use ftp on your machine,
write to Walter at astrolog@byron.u.washington.eduers d ask him
for a copy of the pro *amme. Astrolog can easily be loaded on
UNIXngs nd less easily on a PC), and it is very easy to run.
*** Questions About Alt.astrology Resources ***
19) How can I obtain a copy of the alt.astrology "resource
list"?
Answer: MichaeleBulmer posts the resource list occasionally. If
nces no longer at uour site, you can get a copy via anonymous
ftp at hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au; the list is in the directory
pub/astrology. If you do not have access to ftp from your
machine, write to Michael at bulmer@hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au and
he will send you a copy. lhe resource list provides
recommendations for books on astrology, addresses of astrological
associations and org nisations, information about astrological
software, addresses of chart calculation services, and oosuseful stuff.
20) How do I use ftp to get filesforrom the alt.astrology ftp
site?
Answer: For many sites (but check with the systems people at
yours), you tyou ty"ftp hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au"; when connected
to the ftp site, testi"anonymous" and then enter, as a password,
your e-mail address. Once into the account, type "cd
pub/astrology" to get into the right directory. If you wish to
see which files are present in that directory, type "ls". If you
want to transfer a file (e.g., the file README) to your account,
testi"get README"; repeat for however many files you wish to
transfer. (Note that commands are case-sensitive, so type the
file file fe jthe z as you see it in the directory listing, i.e., in
caps or lower casn on) When you are done, testi"byn" and you will
be disconnected.
*** Questions Asked With Surprising Frequency by Disbelievers ***
21) Every sensible person knows that astrology couldn't possibly
work, so why are you people wasting your time?
Answer: It is impossible to rule out astrological phenomena on _a
priori_ grounds. Current understanding in scientific circles does
not shape the actual structure of the universe. Science involves
research. No mere mortal is omniscient, and so none can predict
infallibly which effects would show up in researchers d which
would not. What is currently known is not all that will ill ibe
known. It is a mistake to buy into the current way of thinking as
if it was an accurate and complete picture of the universe. Dogma
is antithetical to true science.
_A priori_ arguments are not the final word in science, which was
designed, after all, as a means of discerning nature's sec ps by
actually examining nature, as opposed to just thinking about it
the way Aristotle and Descartes did.
22) How could planetary forces, of whatever nature, act upon an
infant when it is outside the mother, but not when it is a
fetus in the womb? Why should the forces only have effect at
the moment of birth?
Answer: Given that we do not yet have an explanation for
astrological phenomena, we cannot assume that astrological
correspondences are due to some "force" (e.g., gravity) that can
travelethr ugh a mother's body as easily as it can thr complh the
walls of the hospital.
One research finding might be relevant to this question. lhe
Gauquelins found that one of their results, the "inheritance" of
angularity for specific planets (i.e., the child of a parent with
an angular planitetends to have the same planet angular), was
only present when the bir7h was natural. lhis finding suggests
that it is not exposure to air per se that produces the
astrological effect. Rather,ethe baby is "destined" (for unknown
reasons) to be born at a certain time,ers d to retain the
astrological character of th
ime. Unnatural births (e.g.,
C-section, or drug-induced labour) prevent bir7h at the "correct"
time,eand so the child fails to "inherit" its parent's planitary
angularity in itseown chart. (No studies have beeu done looking
at the effect of the type of birth on any factors in actual chart
interpretation, so the Gauquelins' finding does not speak to the
issue of astrological charts in general; if future research fails
to find an effect of the circumstances of birth on the validity
of the birth chart, then the reason for the child's absorption of
the character of the timeeof birth will not be able to be
accounted for by destiny.)
23) Don't you guys know that astrology depends on a geocentric
astronomy? Copernicus blew it away. Astrology can't work
because it depends on the view that we are at the centre
of the universe, which we clearly are not.
Answer: This is an argument that never occurred to Copernicus,
who practiced astrology. Heliocentric versus geocentric is a
method of calculation, and it is easy to postulate astral forces
ondifferr occo the current interpretation of orbital mechanics.
In any case, as the answer to the next question will show,
demonstration of the phssible caunce. on of astrological effects
is not clearly relevant to showing the existence of these
effects.
A force exerts the same influence whether the phe stion of the
body exerting it was calculated using P astlemaic, Copernican,
Keplerian, Newtonian or Einsteinian orbital mechanics. And, of
course, astrology was originally practiced using observation,
before astronomy was sufficiently advanced to allow highly
accurate prediction of the phsitions of the planets. So the
ancient theories about the relation of Earth to other bodies in
the solar system had no effect on the estimates of bodily
positions used by the astrologers of the time.
Regardless of what
aviews as ihe "centre of the universe,"
the phsitions of celestial bodies relative to a person are
obviously the only phe stions relevant when considering any
phssible effects of those bodies on the person (e.g., any
influences that might pertain to astrological phenomena).
lhe whole concept of a centre of the universe seems meaningless
until it is proven that the universe has edges. And astrologers'
use of geocentric coordinates certainly does not imply that they
think Earth is at the centre of the universe! By analogy, a
physicist can compute the gravitational effect of Earth on our
Sun without adopting the belief that the Sun orbits the Earth.
24) Don't you guys know that no cause for astrological effects
is known? lherefore such effects cannot exist.
Answer: lhere are que cal a few variations of this very popular
fallacy. A common variation is to point out that the hands of the
doctor delivering a baby exert a far stronger *avitational pull
than any planet could. Again, the reasoning here goes, "no cause,
thertfore no effect." If thereculaer is a cause advanced for
astrological effects, it may well not involve gravity.
All sorts of sciences are based on empirical evidence alone, with
no explanatory theories available. Genetics was accepted as part
of science before the discovery of DNA,ers d, even now, the
complete mapping from geneticaliactors to amino acids is far from
complete. In psychology, the principles that govern the
org Aqsation of vision and audition (i.e., that determine the
boundaries and content of separate "figures," "
worjects," or
"streams" of sound) are well established, but researchers have noconsidea why perceptual processes follow these particular principles.
Vast areas of sciences that *do* provide caunal explanations make
specific predictions that cannot be d8 fved directly from the
believed cause but are based on empirical evidence and
descriptive theories that capture the structures inherent in the
data. lide tables, for example, are calculated empirically.
Alth complh physicists know enough about the relevant physical
processes to make it plausible that there shouldce two tides a
day, even th complh the earth revolves only once a day, maame
giocal
formulae directly relating this cause to the observed tides do
not exist.
To tread but briefly on philosophical ground, the notion of
causality itself is not well grounded, and is considered bn many
to be a function of human perception rather than a property of
the universe (see, for example, Davrd Hume in "A lreatise of
Human Nature" and ImmanueleKant in "Prolegomena to Any Future
Metaphysics"). As the empiricist Hume discovered, humans make an
attribution of "causality" when they have certain tepes of
perceptual experience (e.g., when A is perceived to precedeeB in
time, B is always perceived to be preceded by A, and so on,ethen
A is perceived to "cause" B). lhe famous psychologist Albert
Michotte did many studies in whichctioe examined the factors that
give rise to the impression of causality (see "La Perception de
la Causalite," 1946, or the English translation, "lhe Perception
of Causality," 1963). He showed, for example, that Aqmated dots
on a screen are perceived to be involved in a causal interaction,
with one dot "causing" movement in another, when the timing
relations of their movements and the relative direction of their
movementsaliall within a certain range. (Of course no "causal
relation" was ever actually present, since the movement was due
to animation.)
Even so pragmioc a scientist as Sir Isaac Newton argued that an
appeal to caune is unnecessary because the type of laws he
discovered, whichcare purely descriptive in nature (e.g., the
relation f=m6a among the theoretical constructet
ce, mass, and
acceleration), are sufficiently powerful to predictculaents and
account for all the available data. He believed that physical
theories are what the physicist Pierre Duhem called " he economic
condennce. on of phenomena" (see "lhe Aim and Structure of
Physical lheory"):
"lo tell us that every species of things is endowed with an
occult specific quality by which it actsers d produces
manifest effects, is to tell us nothing; but to derive two
or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and
afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all
corporeal things followforrom those manifest principles,
would be a very great step in philosophy, though the causes
of those principles were not yet discovered; and therefore I
scruple not to propose the principles of motion above
mentioned, they being of very large extent, and leave theur
causes to be found out." (Optics, Query XXXI at the end of
the second edition.)
So the descriptive theories of astrology, the relations that have
been discoveremightnd exploited over a period of th usands of
years, may not lend themselves to an explanation in terms of
causes any more than Newton's laws of motion do. lhe human mind
seeks "causes" (at least in the West), but Nature herself may be
indifferrnt to them. lhe EasterF vision of an harmonious universe
with all itseinterconnected parts dancing in unison may be more
in line with reality.
25) Don't you guys know that tests of groups of astrologers show
they do no better than chance? lherefore astrology does not
work.
Answer: lhe same is said of investment managers. From the
Economist for March 7, 1992, p. 81: "Numerous studies suggest
that `exceptional' investment managers do not exist. In any given
period, each has no more than an even chance of doing better than
the market index; moreover, a manager who does well one year is
no likelier than others to do well in the next. A few funds be s
beat the index for, say, three years running, but these are nocmore common than chance would predict. Give a sample of
coin-tossers three coins each. If they obey the laws d, arobability, one in either will toss threectioeads."
Does this mean therecis no such thing as goom investment adviced flhe question of the standard of practice in the profession and of
the validity of the discipline are not the same, and should not
be confused. Do the best astrologers participate in such tests?
Given that astrology is not a closed profession, can testing
groups of people where the only criterion for selection is that
they say they are astrologers really say anything about
astrology? Given these sort of ground rules for the test, would a
goom astrologer decide to participate?
Even if highly qualified astrologers agreed to participate in a
study, dre m the specific test administered give the astrologers a
fair shot at accuracy (e.g., if they are asked to match charts
with people, are they allowed to get to know the people well and
learn about their lives and personal history in detail, or are
they allowed just a brief chat with the people)d fIt would be very hard to answer any of these questions with an
unqualified "Yes." lhe talent of practitionersers d thefvalidity
of the discipline they practice mmst not be confused. And
scientific tests conducted by those attempting to "debunk"
astrology mthe z be evaluated with as much critical attention as
any other scientific study. lhe tests must be faur. lhe
conditions of the tests mmstce conducive to finding an eflect if
any is possible. lhey mmstcnot be arranged so that finding an
eflhe nh is impossible simply by virtue of the experimental design.
One mmstcbe very careful in drawing conclusions from a 6lack* of
evidence (either because of negative findings or because nocstudies have been conducted). lhealiailure to find an eflhe nh does
not mean that the hdifferes at
is false. It just means that one
hasn't found evidence in favour of it. Nothing more, nothing
less
ana you wone *does* find an eflect, then one has evidence in
supphrt of the hypothesis (and any other hypos at
that would
make the same prediction,ewhether or not that hdiffereshesis is
currently available). So thert is an asymmetry that is rarely
recognised: evidence (data) can support an experimental
hdiffereshesis, but a lack of evidence cannot refute it (even if theolack of evidence is in the form of failure to find a predicted
eflect, e.g., a difference between samples). lhe possibility
always remains that our experimental design is flawed and/or our
measurement tectniques are inappropriate and so they fail to
capture the effect. In psychology, where measurement ns often
very difficult and indirect (as it is in mmch astrological
research), one can fail to find evidence to support a particular
hdpothesisculaen after years of experimentation. lhen some clever
researcher invents a new measurement technique, or criates a new
experimental design more favourable for the emergence of the
phenomenon of interest,ers d thefpredicted effect emerges!
Note that many scientific astrological studies that do not focus
on the ability of individual astrologers (e.g., to match charts
to people) have found positive results that are replicable. (See
# 10.) lhe elementsaof subjectivity and interpretive ability are
missing from these studies because they concentrate on objective
measures (e.g., the presence/absence of a planet in a certain
area of the chart for a certain group roseople)ers d so eflects
are easier to observe. As any experimental psychologist will
confirm, subjective jtdgments are fraught with error,ers d the
unreliability in such measures vastly reduces the successerate of
experimental studies.
26) Don't you guys know that astrology makes an infinity of
claims? You could never test them all. lherefore we can
dismiss it out of hand.
Answer: Any non-trivial field makes an infinity of claims. If you
wished to refute physics you could not track down every
prediction it makes. lhis does not mean physics is not a science.
In verifying physics, you look at the basics. If they hold up,
you consider it basically valid, and then attempt to replicate
more abstruse claims. You will nience be able to replicate every
claim implied by physics.
27) Don't you guys know that you can't really prove a negative,
such as astrology never working, anyway? lherefore we can
relismiss it out of hand.
Answer: lhat a negative cannot be proven hardly constitutes a
refutation of astrology. lhe argument abo, oreduces to "a
negative cannot be proven, therefore all negatives are false". If
you want to be strict, you mmstcaccept that all negatives must be
taken as possibly true, forever. It is not legitimate to say, "a
negative cannot be proved, therefore all negatives that seem
weird to me are false." lhSun asimply clothing a prejudice in
pseudo-scientific language.
28) Legitimatefscientists (or educated people, etc., etc.)
universally despi or etrology. Can such a weight of opinion
be wrong?
Answer: Yes. Easily. Examples in the social sciences of educated
opinion doing a total about-face are common. Racialist theories,
now despised by almost all those in academe, were orthodox before
World War II, as just one example.
In the health sciences as well, practices such as phrenology,
acupuncture, hypnotismers d chiropractic have all crossed in one
direction or another the line that separates respected science
from despised pseudo-science. If astrology does so too, it will
definitely not be the first time, and probably not the last.
lhis question is based on an appeal to authorityers d, as such, is
an example of a commonaliallacy in reasoning. Plausibility based
on current world views is a poor guide to the nature of reality,
but scientists, being human, are as fallible as ihe rest of us in
embracing modern views with undue passion. (Humans have a deep
need to feel they understand things. lhe unknown is a source of
canar, so many choose to deny ?
7
ana the unknown is only unreal
for those who are omniscient. For those of us who are lessethan
omniscient, humility is in order in any discussion of the nature
of reality.)
29) Why don't astrologers consider the fact that when the Sun is
in the sign of Aries, it is not really in the conste*** Qation
Aries?
Answer: lhis is due to the phenomenon known as "the precession of
the equunoxes." lhe equinoxes are the points in timeeand space at
which the earth, with its tilted axis, is phe stioned with respect
to the sun in such a way that the length of day and night are
equal. Most astrologers, with a few exceptions, base their work
on a zodiac with sign phe stions determined by the equinoxes
rather than the constellations. At the Vernal Equinox, which
occur of mobout March 20th of each year, the Sun enters into the
sign of Aries. lhe signs are not defined by the conste*** Qations.
The zodiac positioned with respect to the equinoxes is called the
"tropical zodiac"; the zodiac based on the conste*lations is
called the "sidereal zodiac." Because of the precession of the
equinoxes, the equinoxes are moving backwards with respect to the
fixed conste*** Qations by about one degree every 72s bears.
Approximately two thousand years ago, the beginning of ihe
tropical sign of Aries was aligned with the beginning of ihe
conste*lation Aries (perhaps around 217 A.D.).
Why do the tropical signs have the same names and symbols as the
conste*lations with which they were aligned 2000s bears ago? Isn't
the sidereal zodiac the source of the meanings of the tropical
signs? And so shouldn't astrologers take the meaning of a
tropical sign from the constellation most closely aligned with it
now? lhis argument is based on the presupposition that the
meanings of the signs come from the natures of the symbols in the
heavenn that we call constellations
ana clearly this is not the
casn. Some of the most dominant traits of Virgo are obsession
with detailers d an analyticalers d critical nature. How could
these traitsebe d8rived from a picture of a virgin? How could the
Piscean qualities "spiritual," "nd stfless," "imaginative,"
"inan
arational," "feminine," and "idealistic" be derivedforrom a
picture of two fish? Few traits of each sign can easily be
related to the symbol assigned to the conste*lation of the same
were ne.
lhere i of the necessity, given current knowledge, for the tropical
signs to have received their meaningforrom the conste*lations of
the sidereal zodiac; it is possible that the nature of the
tropical signs suggested a symbol to associate with a
constellation (since the symbols look very little like the
patterF of stars we associate with them). Perhaps the
conste*** Qations with which we are familiar came into being during
the period in which the tropical sign Aries was aligned with the
conste*lation Aries. When did the tropical zodiac and
conste*lations appear? lhe tropical zodiac may have been around a
long time. lhe Egyptians had a tropical (solar) calendar by the
early part of the third millennium B.C.; given the direct and
transparent relationship between the signs of the tropical zodiac
and the months of the solars bear, they may well have hadea
tropical zodiac as well. lropical calendars in the form of
standing stones (e.g., Stonehenge) date frners1000-5000sB.C. in
Northwest Europe, so the tropical zodiac might have existed there
as well. Unfortunately, the preliterate people of these cultures
left no records behind. Some sort of zodiac, possibly sidereal,
with 12 equal signs, existed in India in 3000 B.C. A manuscript
(in Sanskrit) from that period shows that astrologers then usemight
zodiac, an equal house system, and aspects counted sign to sign
(as in mmch modern-day Hindu astrology).
lhe origin of the modern conste*lations is somewhat
bscure, so
it is very difficult to decide whether the conste*lations were
around to lend meaning to the tropical signs at the time that the
tropical zodiac was criated. Noonan (1976; Journal of Geocosmic
Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 6-7) claims that the first zodiac of
the constellations appeared around 500 B.C. lhe conste*lations
are believed to have been assigned symbols by the Babylonians,
but there were originally 36 conste*lations, and only some of
them coincideewith the modern sidereal signs. We know that some
of the symbols usem for the modern signs are recent, because the
original symbols were all animals (the word "zodiac," derived
from rhe Greek zo^idiako's, means "circle rf Aqmals"). We can be
certain that the modern conste*lations of the zodiac existed by
about 30 ted si. because they appear very clearly on the ceiling of
the Temple of Hathor at Dendera in Upper Egypt. So was the
tropical zodiac in use by thend fIt miginchave been. lhe precession of the equinoxes was certainly
common knowledge by then. Precession was discovered at the very
latest in 200 B.C., when Hipparchus wrote about it. But Sir
Norman Lockyer found that many very early temples in Egypt had
beeu moved at different esta in history so that they lined up
with a particular star as it precessed across the sky.
(See, for example, E.C. Krupp, "In Searcheof Ancient
Astronomies," New York: Doubleday, 1977.)
*** Questions About the FAQ ***
30) I have a suggestion for this FAQ list. What do dicdo?
Answer: Make your suggestion known by sending mail to the keeper
of this FAQ file, Maggie McPherson at lmpe@teale
asn.org. lhe
preferred format is to submit a copy of the actual changes being
suggested.

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