114 lines
4.7 KiB
Plaintext
114 lines
4.7 KiB
Plaintext
********************
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Basic Unix Use
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By Lord Lawless
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Phortune 500
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Board of Directors
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********************
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March 8, 1987
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-------------
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This file is basically a brief introduction and overview for the beginning
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hacker to the Unix operating system. All information contained herein is
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accurate to the extent of my knowledge. This file is intended for inform-
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ational purposes only and the author (Lord Lawless) is in NO way responsible
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for the use of this file for purposes other than the aforementioned.
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Part I: What is Unix?
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----------------------
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Unix is an operating system, so designated because it allows a user to
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interface with a computer in a way that is (hopefully) easy for the user to
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learn and use. Unix can be known by other forms, PC-Unix, Xenix, etc., but
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they all basically are the same (with slight differences this file won't go
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into) and use the same commands. Unix is a wonderfully simple to use OS once
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you begin, and while this file will help you I recommend that you find a Unix
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system somewhere and wander around on it to help yourself to learn. To put
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this more formally:
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The UNIX system is a set of programs that include a time-sharing
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operating system and a set of utility programs. The operating
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system has two basic parts:
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1) The kernel is the program in the UNIX operating system
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that is responsible for most operating system functions. It
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schedules and manages all the work done by the computer and
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maintains the file system. It is always running, and is
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invisible to users.
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2) The shell is the UNIX operating system program responsible
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for handling all interaction between users and the computer.
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It includes a powerful command language called "shell language"*.
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The utility programs (usually called UNIX commands) are executed
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through the shell, and allow users to communicate with each other,
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to edit and manipulate files, to write and execute programs in
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several programming languages, and many other things.
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Part II: Recognizing a Unix system
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-------------------------------------
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When you connect to a Unix system you will see a message usually like
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"AT&T Unix: Unauthorized use will be Prosecuted!" or just "Unix System V" or
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the like. At the least you will see a prompt saying "login:". At this point,
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if possible, make sure that you are in lowercase, because if the computer det-
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ects that you are typing in uppercase everything you read after will be in
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uppercase with lowercase denoted by a \ in front of the word. This is because
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Unix is case sensitive, so be careful, reading lowercase is much easier than
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reading all uppercase and slashes. Ok, so here you are at the Unix "login:"
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prompt.
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Part III: Logging on
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---------------------
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At this point you must enter your login, and then, if the account (
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never more than 14 characters) has one, the password. Now, all Unix systems
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have default accounts, and unless set by the Root System Operator no passwords.
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This has been the means of infiltration by many the Unix hacker. There are two
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types of accounts in a Unix, the "super user" and the "user". The super user
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has access to almost everything (or everything depending on the system) and the
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user basically has access to the files he owns and what he can sometimes read.
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The default super user accounts on a unix are:
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ROOT
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MAKEFSYS
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MOUNTFSYS
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UMOUNTFSYS
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CHECKFSYS
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and sometimes
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ADMIN
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SYSADMIN.
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For passwords to these try things like SYSTEM, SYSMAN, SYSADMIN, ADMINISTRATOR,
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OPERATOR, SYSOP, etc.
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The default user-level accounts are:
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LP
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DAEMON
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TROUBLE
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NUUCP
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UUCP
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RJE
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ADM
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SYSADM
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SYNC
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BIN
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(Note: These accounts should be entered in lower case , I merely wrote them
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in upper case for easier reference.)
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After being on Unix's, I have also seen the following common accounts:
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USER
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UNIX
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GAMES
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GUEST
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STUDENT -on school run Unix's.
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The maximum length of a password is 11 characters.
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After doing all this you should, with luck, be in!
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If you couldn't hack anything out, try typing "WHO" at the login: prompt, it
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may list all the user accounts and you can try them until you find one without
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a password.
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Part IV: You're in!!!
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----------------------
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Congratulate yourself, the hardest part of Unix "hacking" is over. Ok,
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now that you're in you'll see a prompt which will probably look like "$" for a
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user account or "#" if you got lucky and got a super user account.
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(Quick note, to stop a unix process in action try typing ctrl-d or control
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backspace, these are the end of file/St |