7912 lines
277 KiB
Plaintext
7912 lines
277 KiB
Plaintext
Svalbard
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(territory of Norway)
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Geography
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Total area: 62,049 km2; land area: 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen
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and Bjornoya (Bear Island)
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 3,587 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway,
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not recognized by USSR;
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Territorial sea: 4 nm
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Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Norway
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and USSR
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Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
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cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north
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coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
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Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered;
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west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts
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Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
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0% forest and woodland; 100% other; there are no trees and the only bushes are
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crowberry and cloudberry
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Environment: great calving glaciers descend to the sea
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Note: located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
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Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet
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People
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Population: 3,942 (July 1990), growth rate NA% (1990); about one-third of
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the population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on
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Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Soviet areas (Barentsburg and Pyramiden
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on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research station
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Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
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Ethnic divisions: 64% Russian, 35% Norwegian, 1% other (1981)
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Language: Russian, Norwegian
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Literacy: NA%
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Labor force: NA
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Organized labor: none
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Government
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Long-form name: none
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Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo,
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through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty
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(9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
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Capital: Longyearbyen
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957);
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Head of Government Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA)
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Flag: the flag of Norway is used
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Economy
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Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By
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treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights
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to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,
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Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies
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still mining are Norwegian and Soviet. Each company mines about half a million
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tons of coal annually. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company
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towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the
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Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and
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provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal,
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polar bear, fox, and walrus.
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Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
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11,420 kWh per capita (1989)
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Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner);
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1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
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Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--6.5405 (January
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1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986),
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8.5972 (1985)
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Communications
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Ports: limited facilities--Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay
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Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
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none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations;
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stations--1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV
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Defense Forces
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Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
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.pa
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Swaziland
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Geography
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Total area: 17,360 km2; land area: 17,200 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
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Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km
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Coastline: none--landlocked
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Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate
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Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
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Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric
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power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits
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Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 67% meadows and pastures;
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6% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 2% irrigated
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Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
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Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
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People
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Population: 778,525 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
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Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 55 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6.0 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Swazi(s); adjective--Swazi
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Ethnic divisions: 97% African, 3% European
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Religion: 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs
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Language: English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in
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English
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Literacy: 67.9%
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Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture;
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about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with 36% agriculture and
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forestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction,
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21% other; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)
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Organized labor: about 10% of wage earners
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Government
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Long-form name: Kingdom of Swaziland
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Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth
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Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)
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Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini,
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Shiselweni
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Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK)
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Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on
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12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not
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been formally presented to the people
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Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts,
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Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted
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compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)
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Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Libandla) is advisory
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and consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or
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House of Assembly
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Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed MFANYANA (since 12 July
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1989)
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Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on
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13 October 1978
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Suffrage: none
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Elections: no direct elections
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Communists: no Communist party
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Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
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IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African Customs
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Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA;
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Chancery at 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
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telephone (202) 362-6683;
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US--Ambassador (vacant), Deputy Chief of Mission Armajane KARAER;
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Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane (mailing address
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is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone 22281 through 22285
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Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
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the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and
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white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels,
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all placed horizontally
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Economy
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Overview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies
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much of the labor force and contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which
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includes a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another 25% of GDP.
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Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits
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were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos.
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Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency.
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Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland
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is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 90% of its imports
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and to which it sends about one-third of its exports.
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GNP: $539 million, per capita $750; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1989 est.)
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Unemployment rate: NA%
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Budget: revenues $255 million; expenditures $253 million,
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including capital expenditures of $NA million (FY91 est.)
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Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., 1988);
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commodities--sugar, asbestos, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit,
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soft drink concentrates;
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partners--South Africa, UK, US
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Imports: $386 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--motor vehicles,
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machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, foodstuffs;
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partners--South Africa, US, UK
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External debt: $275 million (December 1987)
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Industrial production: growth rate 24% (1986)
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Electricity: 50,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced,
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170 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar
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Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and over 60% of labor force;
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mostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops--sugarcane, citrus fruit,
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cotton, pineapples; other crops and livestock--corn, sorghum, peanuts,
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cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain
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Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $132 million; Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $468 million
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Currency: lilangeni (plural--emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents
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Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
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2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985);
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note--the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand
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Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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Communications
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Railroads: 297 km plus 71 km disused, 1.067-meter gauge, single track
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Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or
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stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
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Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways;
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none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
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none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines
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and low-capacity radio relay links; 15,400 telephones; stations--6 AM, 6 FM,
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10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
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Defense Forces
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Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,537; 96,239 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures: NA
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.pa
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Sweden
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Geography
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Total area: 449,960 km2; land area: 411,620 km2
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Comparative area: slightly larger than California
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Land boundaries: 2,193 km total; Finland 536 km, Norway 1,657 km
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Coastline: 3,218 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
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Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool,
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partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
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Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
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Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber,
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uranium, hydropower potential
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Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
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64% forest and woodland; 27% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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Environment: water pollution; acid rain
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Note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking
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Baltic and North Seas
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People
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Population: 8,526,452 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
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Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 81 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Swede(s); adjective--Swedish
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Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority;
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about 12% foreign born or first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes,
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Norwegians, Greeks, Turks)
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Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
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Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
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speak native languages
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Literacy: 99%
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Labor force: 4,531,000 (1988); 32.8% private services, 30.0%
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government services, 22.0% mining and manufacturing, 5.9% construction,
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5.0% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.9% electricity, gas, and
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waterworks (1986)
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Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985 est.)
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Government
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Long-form name: Kingdom of Sweden
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Type: constitutional monarchy
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Capital: Stockholm
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Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural);
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Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan,
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Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan,
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Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan,
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Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan,
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Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan,
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Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan,
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Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan
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Independence: 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established
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Constitution: 1 January 1975
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Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts
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compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June
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Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Riksdag)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973);
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Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the
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King (born 14 July 1977);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Ingvar CARLSSON (since 12 March 1986);
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Deputy Prime Minister Kjell-Olof FELDT (since NA March 1986)
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Political parties and leaders: Moderate (conservative), Carl
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Bildt; Center, Olof Johansson; Liberal People's Party, Bengt Westerberg; Social
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Democratic, Ingvar Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars Werner; Swedish
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Communist Party (SKP), Rune Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf
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Hagel; Green Party, no formal leader
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Suffrage: universal at age 18
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Elections:
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Parliament--last held 18 September 1988 (next to be held
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September 1991);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(349 total) Social Democratic 156, Moderate (conservative) 66,
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Liberals 44, Center 42, Communists 21, Greens 20
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Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the major Communist party, is reported to
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have roughly 17,800 members; in the 1988 election, the VPK attracted 5.8%
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of the vote
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Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT,
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IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development
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Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IPU,
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ISO, ITU, IWC--International, Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
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Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at
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Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
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telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish Consulates General in Chicago,
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Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York;
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US--Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101,
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S-115 27 Stockholm; telephone <20>46<34> (8) 7835300
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Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
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vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the
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Dannebrog (Danish flag)
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Economy
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Overview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during
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World War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable
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standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and
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extensive welfare benefits. It has essentially full employment,
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a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
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communications, and a skilled and intelligent labor force. Timber,
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hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy
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that is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms
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account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering
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sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. As the 1990s open,
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however, Sweden faces serious economic problems: long waits for
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adequate housing, the decay of the work ethic, and a loss of
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competitive edge in international markets.
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GDP: $132.7 billion, per capita $15,700; real growth rate 2.1%
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(1989 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (September 1989)
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Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1989)
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Budget: revenues $58.0 billion; expenditures $57.9 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)
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Exports: $52.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
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commodities--machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp
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and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and
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petroleum products; partners--EC 52.1%, (FRG 12.1%, UK 11.2%,
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Denmark 6.8%), US 9.8%, Norway 9.3%
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Imports: $48.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
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commodities--machinery, petroleum and petroleum products,
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chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing;
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partners--EC 55.8% (FRG 21.2%, UK 8.6%, Denmark 6.6%),
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US 7.5%, Norway 6.0%
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External debt: $17.9 billion (1988)
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Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)
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|
||
Electricity: 39,716,000 kW capacity; 200,315 million kWh produced,
|
||
23,840 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
|
||
telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods,
|
||
motor vehicles
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products
|
||
accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops--grains, sugar beets, potatoes;
|
||
100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Swedish krona (plural--kronor);
|
||
1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1--6.1798 (January 1990),
|
||
6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987), 7.1236 (1986), 8.6039 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)--10,819 km
|
||
1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double
|
||
track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately
|
||
owned railways--511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified);
|
||
371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km
|
||
unimproved earth)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 84 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo,
|
||
Stockholm; numerous secondary and minor ports
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 173 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,856,217
|
||
GRT/2,215,659 DWT; includes 9 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 42
|
||
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 27 petroleum,
|
||
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 25 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5
|
||
combination ore/oil, 6 specialized tanker, 12 bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 65 major transports
|
||
|
||
Airports: 259 total, 256 usable; 138 with permanent-surface
|
||
runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international
|
||
facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 56 (320 relays) FM,
|
||
110 (925 relays) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; communication satellite
|
||
earth stations operating in the INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT
|
||
systems
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,133,101; 1,865,526 fit for military
|
||
service; 56,632 reach military age (19) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $4.5 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Switzerland
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 41,290 km2; land area: 39,770 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km,
|
||
Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, FRG 334 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy
|
||
winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a
|
||
central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
||
26% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: dominated by Alps
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 6,742,461 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 83 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective--Swiss
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: total population--65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian,
|
||
1% Romansch, 6% other; Swiss nationals--74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian,
|
||
1% Romansch, 1% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish
|
||
|
||
Language: total population--65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1%
|
||
Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals--74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
|
||
Romansch, 1% other
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 3,220,000; 841,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian;
|
||
42% services, 39% industry and crafts, 11% government, 7% agriculture and
|
||
forestry, 1% other (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Swiss Confederation
|
||
|
||
Type: federal republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Bern
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular--canton in French;
|
||
cantoni, singular--cantone in Italian; kantone, singular--kanton in German);
|
||
Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve,
|
||
Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden,
|
||
Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri,
|
||
Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 August 1291
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 29 May 1874
|
||
|
||
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial
|
||
review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general
|
||
obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation,
|
||
1 August (1291)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Federal Council
|
||
(German--Bundesrat, French--Conseil Federal)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German--Bundesversammlung,
|
||
French--Assemblee Federale) consists of an upper council or Council of
|
||
States (German--Standerat, French--Conseil des Etats) and and a lower council
|
||
or National Council (German--Nationalrat, French--Conseil National)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Arnold KOLLER
|
||
(1990 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President Flavio
|
||
COTTI (term runs concurrently with that of president)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut
|
||
Hubacher, chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno Hunziker, president;
|
||
Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Eva Segmuller-Weber, president;
|
||
Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans Uhlmann, president; Workers' Party (PdA),
|
||
Armand Magnin, secretary general; National Action Party (NA), Hans Zwicky,
|
||
chairman; Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz Jaeger, president; Republican
|
||
Movement (Rep), Dr. James Schworzenboch, Franz Baumgartner, leaders; Liberal
|
||
Party (LPS), Gilbert Coutau, president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max
|
||
Dunki, president; Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH),
|
||
Georg Degen, secretary; Federation of Ecology Parties (GP), Laurent
|
||
Rebeaud, president; Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio,
|
||
secretary
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Council of State--last held throughout 1987 (next to be
|
||
held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(46 total) CVP 19, FDP 14, SPS 5, SVP 4, others 4;
|
||
|
||
National Council--last held 18 October 1987 (next to be
|
||
held October 1991);
|
||
results--FDP 22.9%, CVP 20.0%, SPS 18.4%, SVP 11.0%, GP 4.8%, others
|
||
22.9%;
|
||
seats--(200 total) FDP 51, CVP 42, SPS 41, SVP 25, GP 9, others 32
|
||
|
||
Communists: 4,500 members (est.)
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
|
||
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
|
||
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent observer status at
|
||
the UN
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at
|
||
2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900;
|
||
there are Swiss Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
||
New York, and San Francisco;
|
||
US--Ambassador Joseph B. GUILDENHORN; Embassy at
|
||
Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; telephone <20>41<34> (31) 437011;
|
||
there is a Branch Office of the Embassy in Geneva and a
|
||
Consulate General in Zurich
|
||
|
||
Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that
|
||
does not extend to the edges of the flag
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Switzerland's economic success is matched in few, if any,
|
||
other nations. Per capita output, general living standards, education
|
||
and science, health care, and diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Inflation
|
||
remains low because of sound government policy and harmonious
|
||
labor-management relations. Unemployment is negligible, a marked
|
||
contrast to the larger economies of Western Europe. This economic
|
||
stability helps promote the important banking and tourist sectors. Since
|
||
World War II, Switzerland's economy has adjusted smoothly to the great
|
||
changes in output and trade patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust
|
||
to the challenges of the 1990s, in particular, the further economic
|
||
integration of Western Europe and the amazingly rapid changes in East
|
||
European political/economic prospects.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $119.5 billion, per capita $17,800; real growth rate 3.0%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 0.5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $17.0 billion; expenditures $16.8 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $51.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
||
equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles
|
||
and clothing;
|
||
partners--Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $57.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--agricultural
|
||
products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles,
|
||
construction materials;
|
||
partners--Europe 79% (EC 72%, other 7%), US 5%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced,
|
||
8,930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient;
|
||
food shortages--fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains,
|
||
eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $2.5 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural--francs, franken, or
|
||
franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or
|
||
centesimi
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1--1.5150
|
||
(January 1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986),
|
||
2.4571 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned
|
||
and 2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the government network consists
|
||
of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow
|
||
gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment
|
||
network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
|
||
1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge track, 100% electrified
|
||
|
||
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and
|
||
1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,506 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen
|
||
to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes
|
||
|
||
Ports: Basel (river port)
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 215,851
|
||
GRT/365,131 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker,
|
||
3 specialized liquid cargo, 8 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 72 total, 70 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast
|
||
services; 5,808,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, 36 (400 relays) FM,
|
||
145 (1,250 relays) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating
|
||
in the INTELSAT (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,800,211; 1,550,662 fit for military
|
||
service; 44,154 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $1.2 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Syria
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 185,180 km2; land area: 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2
|
||
of Israeli-occupied territory)
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km,
|
||
Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 193 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 35 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights
|
||
is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq
|
||
over Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by
|
||
Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
|
||
Syria, Turkey, and the USSR
|
||
|
||
Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild,
|
||
rainy winters (December to February) along coast
|
||
|
||
Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain;
|
||
mountains in west
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores,
|
||
asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum
|
||
|
||
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
|
||
3% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: there are 35 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied
|
||
Golan Heights
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 12,483,440 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990);
|
||
in addition, there are 13,500 Druze and 10,500 Jewish settlers in the
|
||
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Syrian(s); adjective--Syrian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects;
|
||
10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish communities in Damascus,
|
||
Al Qamishli, and Aleppo
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic,
|
||
Circassian; French widely understood
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 49%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,400,000; 36% miscellaneous and government services,
|
||
32% agriculture, 32% industry and construction); majority unskilled;
|
||
shortage of skilled labor (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Syrian Arab Republic
|
||
|
||
Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963
|
||
|
||
Capital: Damascus
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat,
|
||
singular--muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah,
|
||
Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda, Dara, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,
|
||
Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Madinat Dimashq, Tartus
|
||
|
||
Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under
|
||
French administration); formerly United Arab Republic
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 13 March 1973
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious
|
||
courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, three vice presidents, prime minister,
|
||
three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Council (Majlis ash Shaab)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial
|
||
Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-ASSAD (since 22 February
|
||
1971); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Dr. Rifat al-ASSAD, and
|
||
Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987);
|
||
Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist
|
||
Resurrectionist (Bath) Party; the Progressive National Front is dominated by
|
||
Bathists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist
|
||
Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian
|
||
Communist Party (SCP)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 10-11 February 1985 (next to be held February
|
||
1992);
|
||
results--President Hafiz al-Assad was reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
People's Council--last held 10-11 February 1986 (next to be
|
||
held 22 May 1990);
|
||
results--Bath 66%, ASU 5%, SCP 5%, Socialist Unionist Movement 4%,
|
||
ASP 2%, independents 18%;
|
||
seats--(195 total) Bath 129, Communist 9, ASU 9, Socialiist Unionist
|
||
Movement 8, ASP 5, independents 35; the People's Council will have
|
||
250 seats total in the 22 May 1990 election
|
||
|
||
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: non-Bath parties have little
|
||
effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; greatest threat to
|
||
Assad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious
|
||
leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
|
||
|
||
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Walid Mu'allim;
|
||
Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
||
232-6313;
|
||
US--Ambassador Edward P. DJEREJIAN; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh,
|
||
Al Mansur Street No.2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus);
|
||
telephone <20>963<36> (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two
|
||
small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
|
||
similar to the flags of the YAR which has one star and Iraq which has three
|
||
stars (in a horizontal line centered in the white band)--all green and
|
||
five-pointed; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
|
||
centered in the white band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Syria's rigidly structured Bathist economy is turning out
|
||
roughly the same amount of goods in 1989 as in 1983, when the population
|
||
was 20% smaller. Economic difficulties are attributable, in part, to severe
|
||
drought in several recent years, costly but unsuccessful attempts to match
|
||
Israel's military strength, a falloff in Arab aid, and insufficient foreign
|
||
exchange earnings to buy needed inputs for industry and agriculture. Socialist
|
||
policy, embodied in a thicket of bureaucratic regulations, in many instances
|
||
has driven away or pushed underground the mercantile and entrepreneurial spirit
|
||
for which Syrian businessmen have long been famous. Two bright spots: a sizable
|
||
number of villagers have benefited from land redistribution, electrification,
|
||
and other rural development programs; and a recent find of light crude oil
|
||
has enabled Syria to cut back its substantial imports of light crude. A
|
||
long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by
|
||
Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed toward the end
|
||
of the 1990s.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $18.5 billion, per capita $1,540; real growth rate - 2%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital
|
||
expenditures of $1.92 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
textiles, fruits and vegetables, phosphates;
|
||
partners--Italy, Romania, USSR, US, Iran, France
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
machinery, base metals, foodstuffs and beverages;
|
||
partners--Iran, FRG, USSR, France, GDR, Libya, US
|
||
|
||
External debt: $5.3 billion in hard currency (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,867,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,
|
||
phosphate rock mining, petroleum
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all
|
||
major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown on rainfed land
|
||
causing wide swings in yields; animal products--beef, lamb, eggs, poultry,
|
||
milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion; OPEC
|
||
bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$3.3 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Syrian pound (plural--pounds);
|
||
1 Syrian pound (LS) = 100 piasters
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (LS) per US$1--11.2250 (fixed rate since
|
||
1987), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 2,241 km total; 1,930 km standard gauge, 311 km
|
||
1.050-meter narrow gauge; note--the Tartus-Latakia line is nearly
|
||
complete
|
||
|
||
Highways: 27,000 km total; 21,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed
|
||
stone, 3,000 km improved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little economic importance
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products
|
||
|
||
Ports: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,938 GRT/72,220
|
||
DWT; includes 16 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 97 total, 94 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant
|
||
improvement; 512,600 telephones; stations--9 AM, 1 FM, 40 TV; satellite earth
|
||
stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station, with 1 Intersputnik station
|
||
under construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq,
|
||
Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,712,360; 1,520,798 fit for military
|
||
service; 144,791 reach military age (19) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tanzania
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi
|
||
475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,424 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa;
|
||
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be
|
||
indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
||
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
||
|
||
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
|
||
|
||
Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates,
|
||
iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
|
||
|
||
Land use: 5% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
|
||
47% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent
|
||
droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 25,970,843 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Tanzanian(s); adjective--Tanzanian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: mainland--99% native African consisting of well over 100
|
||
tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
|
||
|
||
Religion: mainland--33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs;
|
||
Zanzibar--almost all Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language of
|
||
commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and
|
||
generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most
|
||
people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in
|
||
Swahili
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 79%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
|
||
commerce (1986 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: United Republic of Tanzania
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred
|
||
to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in the 1990s
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma,
|
||
Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza,
|
||
Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora,
|
||
Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West,
|
||
Ziwa Magharibi
|
||
|
||
Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from
|
||
UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent
|
||
19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964
|
||
to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United
|
||
Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains
|
||
subject to provisions of the union Constitution)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
||
acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
||
jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of
|
||
the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--First Vice President and Prime Minister Joseph Sinde
|
||
WARIOBA (since 6 November 1985)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Chama Cha Mapinduzi
|
||
(CCM or Revolutionary Party), Julius Nyerere, party chairman
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
|
||
October 1990);
|
||
results--Ali Hassan Mwinyi was elected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
|
||
October 1990);
|
||
results--CCM is the only party;
|
||
seats--(244 total, 168 elected) CCM 168
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
||
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
||
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama
|
||
NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
||
telephone (202) 939-6125;
|
||
US--Ambassador Edmond DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off
|
||
Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123,
|
||
Dar es Salaam); telephone <20>255<35> (51) 37501 through 37504
|
||
|
||
Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower
|
||
hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower
|
||
triangle is blue
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
|
||
economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 40% of
|
||
GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
|
||
accounts for about 10% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural
|
||
products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in
|
||
mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and
|
||
financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank and
|
||
the International Monetary Fund have increased the availability of
|
||
imports and provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated
|
||
economic infrastructure.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $235; real growth rate 4.5%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 29% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $568 million; expenditures $835 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $230 million (FY89)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--coffee, cotton,
|
||
sisal, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, tea, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum,
|
||
cloves (Zanzibar);
|
||
partners--FRG, UK, US, Netherlands, Japan
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities--manufactured
|
||
goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
|
||
foodstuffs;
|
||
partners--FRG, UK, US, Iran, Japan, Italy
|
||
|
||
External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced,
|
||
35 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes,
|
||
sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles,
|
||
wood products, fertilizer
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic
|
||
conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash
|
||
crops--coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
|
||
chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops--corn,
|
||
wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle,
|
||
sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $387 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.5 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$607 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural--shillings);
|
||
1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--192.901 (January
|
||
1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260 (1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472
|
||
(1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter
|
||
gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km
|
||
1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade
|
||
|
||
Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed
|
||
stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
|
||
|
||
Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza
|
||
on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,174 GRT/39,186
|
||
DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum,
|
||
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 103 total, 92 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and
|
||
troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations--12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force includes Army, Navy, and Air
|
||
Force; paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,351,192; 3,087,501 fit for military
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1985)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Thailand
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 514,000 km2; land area: 511,770 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km,
|
||
Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 3,219 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: boundary dispute with Laos
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon
|
||
(mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to
|
||
mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
|
||
|
||
Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber,
|
||
lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite
|
||
|
||
Land use: 34% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
||
30% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area
|
||
|
||
Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and
|
||
Singapore
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 55,115,683 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective--Thai
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% other
|
||
|
||
Language: Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and
|
||
regional dialects
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 82%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 26,000,000; 73% agriculture, 11% industry and commerce,
|
||
10% services, 6% government (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 300,000 union members (1986)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Kingdom of Thailand
|
||
|
||
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Bangkok
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural);
|
||
Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai,
|
||
Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi,
|
||
Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,
|
||
Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,
|
||
Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat,
|
||
Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,
|
||
Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae,
|
||
Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et,
|
||
Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun,
|
||
Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak,
|
||
Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala,
|
||
Yasothon
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 22 December 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
|
||
Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Ratha Satha) consists of
|
||
an upper house or Senate (Woothi Satha) and a lower house or House of
|
||
Representatives (Satha Poothan)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarn Dika)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ (since 9 June 1946);
|
||
Heir Apparent Crown Prince VAJIRALONGKORN (born 28 July 1952);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government Prime Minister Maj. Gen. CHATCHAI CHUNHAWAN
|
||
(since 9 August 1988); Deputy Prime Minister CHUAN LIKPHAI
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), Social Action
|
||
Party (SAP), Thai Nation Party (TNP), People's Party (Ratsadon),
|
||
People's Party (Prachachon), Thai Citizens Party (TCP),
|
||
United Democracy Party, Solidarity Party, Thai People's Party,
|
||
Mass Party, Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Representatives--last held 24 July 1988 (next to be held
|
||
within 90 days of July 1992);
|
||
results--TNP 27%, SAP 15%, DP 13%, TCP 9%, others 36%;
|
||
seats--(357 total) TNP 96, Solidarity 62, SAP 54, DP 48, TCP 31,
|
||
People's Party (Ratsadon) 21, People's Party (Prachachon) 17,
|
||
Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma) 14, United Democracy Party 5,
|
||
Mass Party 5, others 4
|
||
|
||
Communists: illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members (est.);
|
||
armed Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total 300 to 500 (est.)
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing
|
||
Countries, CCC, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
|
||
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador VITTHYA VEJJAJIVA; Embassy at
|
||
2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200;
|
||
there are Thai Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador Daniel O'DONAHUE; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
|
||
(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96346); telephone <20>66<36> (2) 252-5040; there
|
||
is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in Songkhla and Udorn
|
||
|
||
Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width),
|
||
white, and red
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries
|
||
in Asia, enjoyed its second straight exceptionally prosperous year in
|
||
1989. Real output again rose about 11%. The increasingly sophisticated
|
||
manufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, and
|
||
agriculture grew by 4.0% because of improved weather. The trade deficit
|
||
of $5.2 billion was more than offset by earnings from tourism
|
||
($3.9 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows. The government has
|
||
followed a fairly sound fiscal and monetary policy, aided by increased
|
||
tax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1989 the government
|
||
approved new projects--roads, ports, electric power,
|
||
communications--needed to refurbish the now overtaxed infrastructure.
|
||
Although growth in 1990-91 must necessarily fall below the 1988-89 pace,
|
||
Thailand's immediate economic outlook is good, assuming the continuation
|
||
of prudent government policies in the context of a
|
||
private-sector-oriented development strategy.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $64.5 billion, per capita $1,160; real growth rate 10.8% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 6% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $9.7 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (FY89)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $19.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--textiles
|
||
12%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, jewelry 6%,
|
||
manufactured gas, corn, tin;
|
||
partners--US 18%, Japan 14%, Singapore 9%, Netherlands, Malaysia,
|
||
Hong Kong, China (1988)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery and
|
||
parts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical
|
||
appliances;
|
||
partners--Japan 26%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, FRG, Malaysia, UK (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $18.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 12.5% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 7,100,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
500 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles
|
||
and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light
|
||
manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated
|
||
circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and
|
||
third-largest tin producer
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GNP and 73% of labor force; leading
|
||
producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops--rubber, corn,
|
||
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish
|
||
catch of 2.2 million tons (1987)
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin,
|
||
particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug
|
||
market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and
|
||
shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has
|
||
been affected by eradication efforts, but unusually good weather
|
||
boosted output in 1989
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $828 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.0 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: baht (plural--baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1--25.726 (January 1990), 25.699 (1989),
|
||
25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface,
|
||
11,386 km under development
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
|
||
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable
|
||
by shallow-draft native craft
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 122 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 483,688
|
||
GRT/730,750 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 70 cargo, 8 container,
|
||
27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 chemical
|
||
tanker, 3 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 combination bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to
|
||
government activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network;
|
||
739,500 telephones (1987); stations--over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in
|
||
government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine
|
||
Corps), Royal Thai Air Force; paramilitary forces include Border Patrol Police,
|
||
Thahan Phran (irregular soldiers), Village Defense Forces
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,617,486; 9,543,119 fit for military
|
||
service; 610,410 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GNP, or $1.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Togo
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km,
|
||
Ghana 877 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 56 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 30 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
||
|
||
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
|
||
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
|
||
|
||
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north
|
||
during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 3,674,355 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 57 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Togolese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and
|
||
Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
|
||
|
||
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African
|
||
languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 40.7%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; 78% agriculture, 22% industry; about 88,600 wage earners,
|
||
evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working
|
||
age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese
|
||
Workers
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Togo
|
||
|
||
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
|
||
|
||
Capital: Lome
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,
|
||
singular--circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs),
|
||
Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari),
|
||
Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah),
|
||
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou),
|
||
Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo,
|
||
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note--the 21 units may now be called
|
||
prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture) and reported name
|
||
changes for individual units are included in parenthesis
|
||
|
||
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French
|
||
administration, formerly French Togo)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980
|
||
|
||
Legal system: French-based court system
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court
|
||
(Cour Supreme)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Gnassingbe
|
||
EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Rally of the Togolese
|
||
People (RPT), President Eyadema
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993);
|
||
results--Gen. Eyadema was reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995);
|
||
results--RPT is the only party;
|
||
seats--(77 total) RPT 77
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
|
||
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at
|
||
2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212
|
||
or 4213;
|
||
US--Ambassador Rush W. TAYLOR, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and
|
||
Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome);
|
||
telephone <20>228<32> 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-36-09
|
||
|
||
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating
|
||
with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
|
||
hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Togo is one of the least developed countries in the world with a
|
||
per capita GDP of about $400. The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence
|
||
agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 80%
|
||
of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton,
|
||
which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is
|
||
self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial
|
||
sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate
|
||
exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $1.35 billion, per capita $405; real growth rate 4.1% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1987 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $354 million; expenditures $399 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $102 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--phosphates,
|
||
cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;
|
||
partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $369 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--food, fuels,
|
||
durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods;
|
||
partners--EC 69%, Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 4%, other 10% (1985)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 117,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced,
|
||
45 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement,
|
||
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops--yams,
|
||
cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $121 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.6 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$46 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
||
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
|
||
per US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
||
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: none
|
||
|
||
Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,809 GRT/72,289
|
||
DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
||
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines
|
||
supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM,
|
||
3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
|
||
1 SYMPHONIE
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 767,949; 403,546 fit for military service;
|
||
no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tokelau
|
||
(territory of New Zealand)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 101 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: negligible
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
|
||
|
||
Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
||
Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 1,700 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Tokelauan(s); adjective--Tokelauan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa
|
||
|
||
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian Church, 30% Roman Catholic; on
|
||
Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman
|
||
Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian
|
||
Church predominant
|
||
|
||
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: territory of New Zealand
|
||
|
||
Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
|
||
as amended in 1970
|
||
|
||
Legal system: British and local statutes
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
|
||
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign
|
||
Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Administrator Neil WALTER; Official Secretary
|
||
M. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: NA
|
||
|
||
Elections: NA
|
||
|
||
Communists: probably none
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)
|
||
|
||
Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources
|
||
greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the
|
||
subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain
|
||
public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP.
|
||
The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps,
|
||
souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from
|
||
relatives in New Zealand.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983); commodities--stamps, copra,
|
||
handicrafts; partners--NZ
|
||
|
||
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
building materials, fuel; partners--NZ
|
||
|
||
External debt: none
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
|
||
175 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work,
|
||
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops--breadfruit,
|
||
papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $21 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January 1990),
|
||
1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
||
|
||
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tonga
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 419 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: no specific limits;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
|
||
May), cool season (May to December)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
|
||
formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
|
||
|
||
Land use: 25% arable land; 55% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 12% forest and woodland; 2% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to
|
||
cyclones (October to April); deforestation
|
||
|
||
Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about
|
||
two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 101,313 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Tongan(s); adjective--Tongan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans
|
||
|
||
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents
|
||
|
||
Language: Tongan, English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: none
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Kingdom of Tonga
|
||
|
||
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Nukualofa
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu,
|
||
Vavau
|
||
|
||
Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
||
Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (since
|
||
16 December 1965)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females
|
||
over 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Legislative Assembly--last held 14-15 February 1990
|
||
(next to be held NA February 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote NA;
|
||
seats--(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist
|
||
|
||
Communists: none known
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, FAO, ESCAP, GATT (de facto),
|
||
IFAD, ITU, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa
|
||
TUITA resides in London;
|
||
US--the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited
|
||
to Tonga and makes periodic visits
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
|
||
hoist-side corner
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about
|
||
70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and
|
||
vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The
|
||
country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand.
|
||
The manufacturing sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary
|
||
source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on
|
||
sizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6%
|
||
(FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.2% (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $54.8 million; expenditures $56.2 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $16.9 million (FY88 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., FY88 est.);
|
||
commodities--coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro,
|
||
vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;
|
||
partners--NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $60.1 million (c.i.f., FY88 est.); commodities--food
|
||
products, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
|
||
chemicals, building materials;
|
||
partners--NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $31.8 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced,
|
||
80 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: tourism, fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production;
|
||
vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $15 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $220 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: pa'anga (plural--pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1--1.23 (FY89 est.), 1.37 (FY88),
|
||
1.51 (FY87), 1.43 (FY86), 1.30 (FY85)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed
|
||
roads usable only in dry weather
|
||
|
||
Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,249 GRT/50,116
|
||
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radio receivers; no TV sets;
|
||
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Land Force, Maritime Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Trinidad and Tobago
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 362 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: maritime boundary with Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 14% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 44% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 4% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
||
|
||
Note: located 11 km from Venezuela
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 1,344,639 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective--Trinidadian,
|
||
Tobagonian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1%
|
||
Chinese, 1% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0%
|
||
Muslim, 21.7% unknown
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 98%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 463,900; 18.1% construction and utilities;
|
||
14.8% manufacturing, mining, and quarrying; 10.9% agriculture;
|
||
56.2% other (1985 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|
||
|
||
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Port-of-Spain
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**;
|
||
Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David,
|
||
Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
|
||
|
||
Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 31 August 1976
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
||
acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
||
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since
|
||
18 December 1986)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR),
|
||
A. N. R. Robinson; People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick Manning;
|
||
United National Congress, Basdeo Panday; Movement for Social
|
||
Transformation (MOTION), David Abdullah
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Representatives--last held 15 December 1986 (next to be
|
||
held by December 1991);
|
||
results--NAR 66%, PNM 32%, others 2%;
|
||
seats--(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3
|
||
|
||
Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and
|
||
Tobago Peace Council, James Millette
|
||
|
||
Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC),
|
||
radical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace
|
||
Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad
|
||
and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress,
|
||
moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor
|
||
federation
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
||
IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development
|
||
Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC--International
|
||
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery
|
||
at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone
|
||
(202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West,
|
||
Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain);
|
||
telephone <20>809<30> 622-6372 or 6376, 6176
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has been in
|
||
decline since 1982. During the first half of the 1980s, the petroleum sector
|
||
accounted for nearly 80% of export earnings, 40% of government revenues,
|
||
and almost 25% of GDP. In recent years, however, the economy has suffered
|
||
because of the sharp fall in the price of oil. The government, in response to
|
||
the revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the
|
||
unemployment rate to 22% in 1988. Agriculture employs only about 11% of
|
||
the labor force and produces less than 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it
|
||
has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The
|
||
government currently seeks to diversify its export base.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $3.75 billion, per capita $3,070; real growth rate - 2.0% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.0% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 22% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $430 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--includes
|
||
reexports--petroleum and petroleum products 70%, fertilizer, chemicals
|
||
15%, steel products, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1987);
|
||
partners--US 61%, EC 15%, CARICOM 9%, Latin America 7%, Canada 3%
|
||
(1986)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--raw materials
|
||
41%, capital goods 30%, consumer goods 29% (1986);
|
||
partners--US 42%, EC 21%, Japan 10%, Canada 6%, Latin America 6%,
|
||
CARICOM 4% (1986)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.02 billion (December 1987)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,350 million kWh produced,
|
||
2,700 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement,
|
||
beverage, cotton textiles
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP and 4% of labor force;
|
||
highly subsidized sector; major crops--cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane
|
||
acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables;
|
||
must import large share of food needs
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $370 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $437 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1--4.2500
|
||
(January 1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986),
|
||
2.4500 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando
|
||
|
||
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000
|
||
km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric
|
||
scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones;
|
||
stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police
|
||
Service
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 343,292; 248,674 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $59 million (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tromelin Island
|
||
(French possession)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 3.7 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical
|
||
|
||
Terrain: sandy
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other--scattered bushes
|
||
|
||
Environment: wildlife sanctuary
|
||
|
||
Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in
|
||
the Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: uninhabited
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
|
||
Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: no economic activity
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Airports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m
|
||
|
||
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: important meteorological station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tunisia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,148 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
|
||
summers; desert in south
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south
|
||
merges into the Sahara
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc,
|
||
salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 20% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
||
4% forest and woodland; 47% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only
|
||
144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 8,095,492 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Tunisian(s); adjective--Tunisian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish
|
||
|
||
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Jewish
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 62% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,250,000; 32% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor
|
||
force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of
|
||
Constitutional Democratic Party
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note--may be changed to Tunisian
|
||
Republic
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Tunis
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat,
|
||
singular--wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn,
|
||
Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah,
|
||
Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis,
|
||
Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis,
|
||
Zaghwan
|
||
|
||
Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 1 June 1959
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some
|
||
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI
|
||
(since 7 November 1987);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
|
||
1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party
|
||
(RCD), President Ben Ali (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic
|
||
Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal,
|
||
including the Communist Party
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 20
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994);
|
||
results--Gen. Zine el Abidine Ben Aliwas reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 2 April 1989
|
||
(next to be held April 1994);
|
||
results--RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, others 2.4%
|
||
seats--(141 total) RCD 141
|
||
|
||
Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students
|
||
|
||
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
|
||
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
||
ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat
|
||
Council, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdelaziz HAMZAOUI; Chancery at
|
||
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850;
|
||
US--Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at
|
||
144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone <20>216<31> (1) 782-566
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
|
||
encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional
|
||
symbols of Islam
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, and
|
||
tourism for continued growth. Two successive drought-induced crop
|
||
failures have strained the government's budget and increased
|
||
unemployment. The current account fell from a $23 million surplus in
|
||
1988 to a $390 million deficit in 1989. Despite its foreign payments
|
||
problems, Tunis appears committed to its IMF-supported structural
|
||
adjustment program. Nonetheless, the government may have to slow its
|
||
implementation to head off labor unrest. The increasing foreign
|
||
debt--$7.6 billion at yearend 1989--is also a key problem. Tunis
|
||
probably will seek debt relief in 1990.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $8.7 billion, per capita $1,105; real growth rate 3.1% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $0.8 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
||
commodities--hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and
|
||
chemicals; partners--EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR
|
||
|
||
Imports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--industrial
|
||
goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods;
|
||
partners--EC 68%, US 7%, Canada, Japan, USSR, China, Saudi Arabia,
|
||
Algeria
|
||
|
||
External debt: $7.6 billion (December 1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced,
|
||
530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore),
|
||
textiles, footwear, food, beverages
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output
|
||
subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export
|
||
crops--olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products--grain, sugar
|
||
beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food;
|
||
fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1986)
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $694 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.6 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$410 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Tunisian dinar (plural--dinars);
|
||
1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1--0.9055 (January 1990),
|
||
0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987), 0.7940 (1986), 0.8345 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 2,154 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter standard gauge;
|
||
1,689 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and
|
||
unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,172 GRT/218,970
|
||
DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker,
|
||
1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 30 total, 28 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities
|
||
consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers
|
||
are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones;
|
||
stations--18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--1
|
||
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial
|
||
cable to Algeria; radio relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,997,197; 1,149,141 fit for military
|
||
service; 88,368 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.7% of GDP, or $235 million (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Turkey
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km,
|
||
Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 7,200 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: in Black Sea only--to the maritime
|
||
boundary agreed upon with the USSR;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 6 nm (12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
|
||
|
||
Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with
|
||
Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing
|
||
dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans
|
||
for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
|
||
Syria, Turkey, and the USSR
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
|
||
harsher in interior
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau
|
||
(Anatolia)
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate,
|
||
sulphur, iron ore
|
||
|
||
Land use: 30% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 12% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major
|
||
river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus,
|
||
Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and
|
||
Norway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 56,704,327 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Turk(s); adjective--Turkish
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and
|
||
Jewish)
|
||
|
||
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 70%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 18,800,000; 56% agriculture, 30% services, 14% industry;
|
||
about 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Turkey
|
||
|
||
Type: republican parliamentary democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Ankara
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 67 provinces (iller, singular--il); Adana,
|
||
Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir,
|
||
Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
|
||
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
|
||
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta,
|
||
Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirklareli,
|
||
Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus,
|
||
Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas,
|
||
Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat,
|
||
Zonguldak; note--there may be four new provinces named Aksaray, Bayburt,
|
||
Karaman, and Kirikkale
|
||
|
||
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 7 November 1982
|
||
|
||
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
|
||
29 October (1923)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister,
|
||
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet
|
||
Meclisi)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Yildirim AKBULUT (since 9 November
|
||
1989); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BOZER (since 31 March 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Motherland Party (ANAP), Yildirim
|
||
Akbulut; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal Inonu; Correct Way
|
||
Party (CWP), Suleyman Demirel; Democratic Left Party (DLP), Bulent
|
||
Ecevit; Prosperity Party (RP), Necmettin Erbakan; National Work Party (MCP),
|
||
Alpaslan Turkes; Reform Democratic Party (IDP), Aykut Edibali
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Grand National Assembly--last held 29 November 1987
|
||
(next to be held November 1992);
|
||
results--ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, CWP 19%, others 20%;
|
||
seats--(450 total) ANAP 283, SHP 81, CWP 56, independents 26, vacant 4
|
||
|
||
Communists: strength and support negligible
|
||
|
||
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC (associate member),
|
||
ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank,
|
||
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU,
|
||
NATO, OECD, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at
|
||
1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200;
|
||
there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
||
and New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard,
|
||
Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 09254--0001);
|
||
telephone <20>90<39> (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in
|
||
Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward
|
||
the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered on the hoist side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue
|
||
to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since
|
||
the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6%
|
||
annually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector,
|
||
employing about 60% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and
|
||
contributing about 25% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not
|
||
solved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates
|
||
remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties
|
||
for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally
|
||
controlled to a free market economy. The government has launched a
|
||
multimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which
|
||
includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to
|
||
generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned
|
||
tapping of huge quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the
|
||
downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $75 billion, per capita $1,350; real growth rate 1.8% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 68.8% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 15.8% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $14.5 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $2.08 billion (FY88 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--industrial
|
||
products 70%, crops and livestock products 25%;
|
||
partners--FRG 18.4%, Iraq 8.5%, Italy 8.2%, US 6.5%, UK 4.9%,
|
||
Iran 4.7%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $14.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude oil,
|
||
machinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics,
|
||
rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals; partners--FRG 14.3%,
|
||
US 10.6%, Iraq 10.0%, Italy 7.0%, France 5.8%, UK 5.2%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $36.3 billion (November 1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 7.4% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 14,064,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
720 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
|
||
copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of population;
|
||
products--tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit,
|
||
variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate
|
||
products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy
|
||
cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.2 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$4.5 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Turkish lira (plural--liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--2,314.7 (November 1989),
|
||
1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified
|
||
|
||
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or
|
||
crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products;
|
||
708 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 327 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,972,465
|
||
GRT/5,087,620 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger,
|
||
1 passenger-cargo, 193 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 35 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 4 combination ore/oil,
|
||
1 specialized tanker, 55 bulk, 4 combination bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft (1985)
|
||
|
||
Airports: 119 total, 112 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio
|
||
relay network; 3,100,000 telephones; stations--15 AM; 45 (60 repeaters) FM;
|
||
61 (476 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating in the
|
||
INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine telephone cable
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Coast Guard
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,413,944; 8,813,430 fit for military
|
||
service; 597,547 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 3.9% of GDP, or $2.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
||
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 389 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and
|
||
relatively dry
|
||
|
||
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
|
||
|
||
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
||
forest and woodland; 98% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
|
||
|
||
Note: located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North
|
||
Atlantic Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 9,761 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: majority of African descent
|
||
|
||
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God,
|
||
Seventh-Day Adventist
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
|
||
some subsistence agriculture
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial Trade Union
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
||
|
||
Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a
|
||
Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number
|
||
adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented
|
||
by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March
|
||
1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Movement (PDM),
|
||
Oswald Skippings; Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan Malcolm and
|
||
Norman Saunders; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel Missick
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Legislative Council--last held on 3 March 1988
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--PDM 60%, PNP 30%, others 10%;
|
||
seats--(20 total, 13 elected) PDM 11, PNP 2
|
||
|
||
Communists: none
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, the
|
||
interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by
|
||
the UK;
|
||
US--none
|
||
|
||
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
||
the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
|
||
is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore
|
||
banking. Subsistence farming--corn and beans--exists only on the Caicos
|
||
Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be
|
||
imported.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth rate NA% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84); commodities--lobster, dried
|
||
and fresh conch, conch shells; partners--US, UK
|
||
|
||
Imports: $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
drink, tobacco, clothing; partners--US, UK
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,160 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans;
|
||
fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $92.8 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
|
||
|
||
Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
|
||
|
||
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd.
|
||
(cargo service)
|
||
|
||
Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones;
|
||
stations--3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
||
.pa
|
||
Tuvalu
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 26 km2; land area: 26 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 24 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
|
||
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
||
forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: severe tropical storms are rare
|
||
|
||
Note: located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 9,136 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Tuvaluans(s); adjective--Tuvaluan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
|
||
|
||
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protestant
|
||
|
||
Language: Tuvaluan, English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: less than 50%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: none
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Funafuti
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 1 October 1978
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: High Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Governor General Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October
|
||
1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Parliament--last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by
|
||
September 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote NA;
|
||
seats--(12 total)
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); US--none
|
||
|
||
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;
|
||
the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
|
||
five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with
|
||
poor-quality soil. The country has a small economy, no known mineral resources,
|
||
and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic
|
||
activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a
|
||
tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and
|
||
coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually
|
||
from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New
|
||
Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $2.59 million; expenditures $3.6 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (1983 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); commodities--copra;
|
||
partners--Fiji, Australia, NZ
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); commodities--food,
|
||
animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods; partners--Fiji,
|
||
Australia, NZ
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced,
|
||
350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: fishing, tourism, copra
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: coconuts, copra
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $84 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per
|
||
US$1--1.2784 (January 1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987),
|
||
1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: NA
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 8 km gravel
|
||
|
||
Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043
|
||
GRT/450 DWT
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones;
|
||
4,000 radio receivers; 108 telephones
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: NA
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Uganda
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 236,040 km2; land area: 199,710 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan
|
||
435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December
|
||
to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 23% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
|
||
30% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 17,960,262 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Ugandan(s); adjective--Ugandan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab
|
||
|
||
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protestant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous
|
||
beliefs
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu
|
||
and Nilotic languages
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 57.3%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 4,500,000 (est.); 94% subsistence activities, 6% wage earners
|
||
(est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Uganda
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Kampala
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern,
|
||
Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western
|
||
|
||
Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 8 September 1967, suspended following coup of 27 July 1985;
|
||
in process of constitutional revision
|
||
|
||
Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common
|
||
law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
|
||
Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
|
||
29 January 1986);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since
|
||
30 January 1986); First Deputy Prime Minister Eriya KATEGAYA (since NA)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Resistance
|
||
Movement (NRM); note--the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), Ugandan
|
||
People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and Conservative Party
|
||
(CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political activities
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
National Resistance Council--last held 11-28 February 1989
|
||
(next to be held after January 1995);
|
||
results--NRM is the only party;
|
||
seats--(278 total, 210 indirectly elected) NRM 210
|
||
|
||
Other political parties or pressure groups: Uganda People's Democratic
|
||
Movement (UPDM), Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM),
|
||
Holy Spirit Movement (HSM)
|
||
|
||
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
||
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
||
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
||
WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI;
|
||
5909 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through
|
||
7102; US--Ambassador John A. BURROUGHS, Jr.; Embassy at British High
|
||
Commission Building, Obote Avenue, Kampala (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
||
7007, Kampala); telephone <20>256<35> (41) 259791
|
||
|
||
Flag: six equal horizonal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black,
|
||
yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts
|
||
a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
|
||
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
|
||
cobalt. For most of the past 15 years the economy has been devastated by
|
||
political instability, mismanagement, and civil war, keeping Uganda poor
|
||
with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels
|
||
of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the
|
||
most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work
|
||
force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounted for 97% of export
|
||
revenues in 1988. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and
|
||
stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer
|
||
prices on export crops, increasing petroleum prices, and
|
||
improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at
|
||
dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting
|
||
production and export earnings.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $4.9 billion, per capita $300 (1988); real growth rate 6.1% (1989
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 72% (FY89)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $272 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coffee 97%,
|
||
cotton, tea; partners--US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $626 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum
|
||
products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food;
|
||
partners--Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $1.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 25.1% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 312 million kWh produced,
|
||
18 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 57% of GDP and 83% of labor force; cash
|
||
crops--coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops--cassava, potatoes, corn,
|
||
millet, pulses; livestock products--beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;
|
||
self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $123 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$140 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Ugandan shilling (plural--shillings);
|
||
1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1--370 (December 1989),
|
||
223.09 (1989), 106.14 (1988), 42.84 (1987), 14.00 (1986), 6.72 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
||
and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George,
|
||
Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at
|
||
Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
1,697 GRT
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 39 total, 30 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
||
runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay and radio communications
|
||
stations; 61,600 telephones; stations--10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite earth
|
||
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: National Resistance Army (NRA)
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,836,921; about 2,084,813 fit for
|
||
military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (1985)
|
||
.pa
|
||
United Arab Emirates
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 83,600 km2; land area: 83,600 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km,
|
||
Qatar 20 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,448 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant
|
||
line
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: boundary with Qatar is in dispute; no defined boundary with
|
||
Saudi Arabia; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line
|
||
in far north; claims three islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran
|
||
(Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg
|
||
or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb)
|
||
|
||
Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
|
||
|
||
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand
|
||
dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil and natural gas
|
||
|
||
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
|
||
pastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural
|
||
freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location along southern approaches to
|
||
Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 2,253,624 (July 1990), growth rate 6.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 33 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Emirian(s), adjective--Emirian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 19% Emirian, 23% other Arab, 50% South Asian
|
||
(fluctuating), 8% other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians); less
|
||
than 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982)
|
||
|
||
Religion: 96% Muslim (16% Shia); 4% Christian, Hindu, and other
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and English widely spoken in major
|
||
cities; Hindi, Urdu
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 68%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.); 85% industry and commerce,
|
||
5% agriculture, 5% services, 5% government; 80% of labor force is foreign
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE
|
||
|
||
Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central
|
||
government and other powers reserved to member shaykhdoms
|
||
|
||
Capital: Abu Dhabi
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah);
|
||
Abu Zaby, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy,
|
||
Ras al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
|
||
|
||
Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and
|
||
in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers,
|
||
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi
|
||
(since 2 December 1971); Vice President Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
|
||
of Dubayy (since 2 December 1971;
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
|
||
of Dubayy (Prime Minister since 30 April 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Maktum bin
|
||
Rashid al MAKTUM (since 2 December 1971)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: none
|
||
|
||
Elections: none
|
||
|
||
Communists: NA
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine
|
||
groups are active
|
||
|
||
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
|
||
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdullah bin Zayed
|
||
AL-NAHAYYAN; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
||
Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500;
|
||
US--Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street,
|
||
Abu Dhabi (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone <20>971<37> (2)
|
||
336691; there is a US Consulate General in Dubai
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a
|
||
thicker vertical red band on the hoist side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's higher
|
||
levels of income per capita. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the
|
||
fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
|
||
1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound
|
||
transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a
|
||
modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production,
|
||
crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $23.3 billion, per capita $11,680; real growth rate - 2.1% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5-6% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NEGL (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $4.0 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--crude oil
|
||
75%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates; partners--US, EC, Japan
|
||
|
||
Imports: $8.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--food,
|
||
consumer and capital goods; partners--EC, Japan, US
|
||
|
||
External debt: $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 9.3% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 5,590,000 kW capacity; 15,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
7,090 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction
|
||
materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 1% of GNP and 5% of labor force; cash
|
||
crop--dates; food products--vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy,
|
||
fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed
|
||
countries (1979-89)
|
||
|
||
Currency: Emirian dirham (plural--dirhams);
|
||
1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1--3.6710 (fixed rate)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded
|
||
earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas
|
||
liquids
|
||
|
||
Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina Jabal Ali,
|
||
Mina Khalid, Mina Rashid, Mina Saqr,
|
||
Mina Zayid
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 728,332
|
||
GRT/1,181,566 DWT; includes 14 cargo, 7 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
20 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 40 total, 34 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
|
||
runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key
|
||
centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; stations--8 AM, 3 FM,
|
||
12 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;
|
||
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central Military Command, Federal
|
||
Police Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 904,690; 498,082 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $1.59 billion (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
United Kingdom
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 244,820 km2; land area: 241,590 km2; includes Rockall
|
||
and Shetland Islands
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: Ireland 360 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 12,429 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation or in
|
||
accordance with agreed upon boundaries;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: maritime boundary with Ireland; Northern Ireland question
|
||
with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland
|
||
Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the
|
||
South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in
|
||
British Indian Ocean Territory; Hong Kong is scheduled to become a
|
||
Special Administrative Region of China in 1997; Rockall continental shelf
|
||
dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have
|
||
signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in
|
||
Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over
|
||
the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains
|
||
in east and southeast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin,
|
||
limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica
|
||
|
||
Land use: 29% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 48% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 9% forest and woodland; 14% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: pollution control measures improving air, water quality;
|
||
because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from
|
||
tidal waters
|
||
|
||
Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from
|
||
France
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 57,365,665 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective--British
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh,
|
||
1.8% Ulster, 2.8% West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million
|
||
Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 410,000 Jewish
|
||
|
||
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form
|
||
of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 28,120,000; 53.3% services, 23.6% manufacturing and
|
||
construction, 10.8% self-employed, 6.8% government, 1.0% agriculture (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 37% of labor force (1987)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
|
||
abbreviated UK
|
||
|
||
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: London
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties,
|
||
26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas
|
||
|
||
England--39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire,
|
||
Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon,
|
||
Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater
|
||
Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of
|
||
Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton,
|
||
Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South
|
||
Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*,
|
||
West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire
|
||
|
||
Northern Ireland--26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena,
|
||
Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine,
|
||
Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn,
|
||
Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down,
|
||
Omagh, Strabane
|
||
|
||
Scotland--9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and
|
||
Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde,
|
||
Tayside, Western Isles*
|
||
|
||
Wales--8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys,
|
||
South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established
|
||
|
||
Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
||
|
||
Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
|
||
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
|
||
Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
|
||
of China in 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands,
|
||
St. Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
|
||
Caicos Islands
|
||
|
||
Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental
|
||
influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
||
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
||
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
|
||
House of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: House of Lords
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
||
Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979);
|
||
Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labour,
|
||
Neil Kinnock; Social Democratic, David Owen (disbanded 3 June 1990);
|
||
Social and Liberal Democratic Party, Jeremy (Paddy) Ashdown; Communist,
|
||
Nina Temple; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Thomas;
|
||
Ulster Unionist, James Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
|
||
Democratic and Labour, John Hume; Provisional Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams;
|
||
Alliance/Northern Ireland
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Commons--last held 11 June 1987 (next to be held
|
||
by June 1992);
|
||
results--Conservative 43%, Labour 32%, Social and Liberal Democratic
|
||
Party 23%, others 2%;
|
||
seats--(650 total) Conservative 376, Labour 228, Social and Liberal
|
||
Democratic Party 18, Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland) 9,
|
||
Social Democratic Party 4, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru
|
||
(Welsh Nationalist) 3, Ulster Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland) 3,
|
||
Social Democratic and Labour (Northern Ireland) 3,
|
||
Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland) 1,
|
||
Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) 1
|
||
|
||
Communists: 15,961
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation
|
||
of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
|
||
ESCAP, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
|
||
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
|
||
IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
|
||
Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir Antony ACLAND; Chancery at
|
||
3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340;
|
||
there are British Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland,
|
||
Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas,
|
||
Miami, and Seattle;
|
||
US--Ambassador Henry E. CATTO; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square,
|
||
London, W.1A1AE, (mailing address is Box 40, FPO New York 09509);
|
||
telephone <20>44<34> (01) 499-9000; there are US Consulates General in Belfast
|
||
and Edinburgh
|
||
|
||
Flag: blue with the red cross of St. George (patron saint of England)
|
||
edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of St. Patrick (patron
|
||
saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of
|
||
St. Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
|
||
the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a
|
||
number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and
|
||
financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in
|
||
Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture
|
||
of social welfare programs and government ownership. Over the last decade
|
||
the Thatcher government has halted the expansion of welfare measures and
|
||
has promoted extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector.
|
||
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European
|
||
standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor
|
||
force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing
|
||
about 24% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an
|
||
energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves;
|
||
primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest
|
||
shares of any industrial nation. Following the recession of 1979-81, the
|
||
economy has enjoyed the longest period of continuous economic growth it
|
||
has had during the last 30 years. During the period 1982-89 real GDP grew
|
||
by about 25%, while the inflation rate of 14% was nearly halved. Between
|
||
1986 and 1989 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%. As a major trading
|
||
nation, the UK will continue to be greatly affected by: world boom or
|
||
recession; swings in the international oil market; productivity trends in
|
||
domestic industry; and the terms on which the economic integration of
|
||
Europe proceeds.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $818.0 billion, per capita $14,300; real growth rate 2.3%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.8% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 6.4% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $348.7 billion; expenditures $327.8 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $42.0 billion (FY89)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $151.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--manufactured
|
||
goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment;
|
||
partners--EC 50.4% (FRG 11.7%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 6.8%), US 13.0%,
|
||
Communist countries 2.3%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $189.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--manufactured
|
||
goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods;
|
||
partners--EC 52.5% (FRG 16.6%, France 8.8%, Netherlands 7.8%), US 10.2%,
|
||
Communist countries 2.1%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $15.7 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 98,000,000 kW capacity; 361,990 million kWh produced,
|
||
6,350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, metals, food
|
||
processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing, other
|
||
consumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum, coal
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GNP and 1% of labor force; highly
|
||
mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products
|
||
produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of
|
||
665,000 metric tons (1987)
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $18.9 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: British pound or pound sterling (plural--pounds);
|
||
1 British pound (L) = 100 pence
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$1--0.6055 (January 1990),
|
||
0.6099 (1989) 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: Great Britain--16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates
|
||
16,629 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km
|
||
double or multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and
|
||
narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways
|
||
(NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
|
||
|
||
Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
|
||
(including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland,
|
||
23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km;
|
||
Port Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,993 km refined
|
||
products; 12,800 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool,
|
||
Dover, Sullom Voe, Southampton
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 285 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
6,174,142GRT/9,024,090 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 22 short-sea
|
||
passenger, 44 cargo, 44 container, 21 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
9 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier,
|
||
78 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
|
||
5 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 45 bulk,
|
||
1 combination bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 522 total, 379 usable; 245 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 132 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system;
|
||
30,200,000 telephones; excellent countrywide broadcast systems;
|
||
stations--223 AM, 165 (396 relays) FM, 205 (3,210 relays) TV; 38 coaxial
|
||
submarine cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in
|
||
INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT
|
||
systems
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Army, Royal Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,462,993; 12,180,580 fit for military
|
||
service; no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 4.3% of GDP, or $35 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
United States
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 9,372,610 km2; land area: 9,166,600 km2; includes only
|
||
the 50 states and District of Colombia
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about four-tenths the size of USSR; about one-third
|
||
the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly
|
||
larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times
|
||
the size of Western Europe
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 12,248.1 km total; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km
|
||
with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 19,924 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: not specified;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada; US Naval Base at
|
||
Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US
|
||
abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa
|
||
Island; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
|
||
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
|
||
|
||
Climate: mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic
|
||
(Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind
|
||
|
||
Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains
|
||
in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic
|
||
topography in Hawaii
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium,
|
||
bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc,
|
||
crude oil, natural gas, timber
|
||
|
||
Land use: 20% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 26% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 29% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality;
|
||
acid rain; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of
|
||
sparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes,
|
||
and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in
|
||
northern Alaska is a major impediment to development
|
||
|
||
Note: world's fourth-largest country (after USSR, Canada, and China)
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 250,410,000 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--American(s); adjective--American
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 12% black, 3% other (1985)
|
||
|
||
Religion: Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%, Lutheran 8%,
|
||
Presbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant 13%), Roman Catholic 25%,
|
||
Jewish 2%, other 5%; none 7%
|
||
|
||
Language: predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 125,557,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed);
|
||
civilian labor force 123,869,000 (1989)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 16,960,000 members; 16.4% of labor force (1989)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: United States of America; abbreviated US or USA
|
||
|
||
Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition
|
||
|
||
Capital: Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska,
|
||
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,
|
||
District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
|
||
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
|
||
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire,
|
||
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
|
||
Oregon, Pennyslvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee,
|
||
Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
|
||
|
||
Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789
|
||
|
||
Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island;
|
||
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island,
|
||
Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island. Since 18 July 1947, the
|
||
US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently
|
||
entered into a new political relationship with three of the four political
|
||
units. The Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth associated with the US
|
||
(effective 3 November 1986). Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with
|
||
the US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has
|
||
not been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the
|
||
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The Federated States of Micronesia
|
||
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986).
|
||
The Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with
|
||
the US (effective 21 October 1986).
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
|
||
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
|
||
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH
|
||
(since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since
|
||
20 January 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Lee Atwater,
|
||
national committee chairman and Jeanie Austin, co-chairman;
|
||
Democratic Party, Ronald H. Brown, national committee chairman;
|
||
several other groups or parties of minor political significance
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 8 November 1988
|
||
(next to be held 3 November 1992);
|
||
results--George Bush (Republican Party) 53.37%,
|
||
Michael Dukakis (Democratic Party) 45.67%, others 0.96%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 8 November 1988
|
||
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
||
results--Democratic Party 52.1%, Republican Party 46.2%, others 1.7%;
|
||
seats--(100 total) Democratic Party 55, Republican Party 45;
|
||
|
||
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988
|
||
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
||
results--Democratic Party 53.2%, Republican Party 45.3%, others 1.5%;
|
||
seats--(435 total) Democratic Party 259, Republican Party 174, vacant 2
|
||
|
||
Communists: Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall,
|
||
general secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack Barnes,
|
||
national secretary
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CCC, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, ESCAP, GATT,
|
||
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
||
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission,
|
||
IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU,
|
||
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: US Representative to the UN,
|
||
Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 United Nations Plaza,
|
||
New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4444
|
||
|
||
Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
|
||
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
|
||
corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset
|
||
horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five
|
||
stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13
|
||
original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis
|
||
for a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The US has the most powerful and diversified economy in
|
||
the world, with a per capita GNP of over $21,000, the largest among the
|
||
major industrial nations. In 1989 the economy entered its eighth
|
||
successive year of growth, the longest in peacetime history. The
|
||
expansion has featured continued moderation in wage and consumer price
|
||
increases, an unemployment rate of 5.2%, (the lowest in 10 years), and an
|
||
inflation rate of 4.8%. On the negative side, the US enters the 1990s
|
||
with massive budget and trade deficits, huge and rapidly rising medical
|
||
costs, and inadequate investment in industrial capacity and economic
|
||
infrastructure.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $5,233.3 billion, per capita $21,082; real growth rate 2.9%
|
||
(1989)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 5.2% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $976 billion; expenditures $1,137 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $322.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--capital goods,
|
||
automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods,
|
||
agricultural products; partners--Canada 22.9%, Japan 11.8% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $440.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude and
|
||
partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial
|
||
raw materials, food and beverages; partners--Japan 19.6% , Canada 19.1%
|
||
(1988)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $532 billion (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 776,550,000 kW capacity; 2,958,300 million kWh produced,
|
||
11,920 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified;
|
||
petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals,
|
||
electronics, food processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 2.8% of labor force;
|
||
favorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock
|
||
production; world's second-largest producer and number-one exporter of
|
||
grain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 5.7 million metric tons
|
||
(1987)
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic
|
||
consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons
|
||
or about 25% of the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program
|
||
aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $90.5 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: United States dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$--0.6055 (January
|
||
1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
|
||
0.7714 (1985);
|
||
|
||
Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$--1.1885 (February 1990),
|
||
1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987), 1.3895 (1986);
|
||
|
||
French francs (F) per US$--5.695 (February 1990), 5.9569 (1988),
|
||
6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985);
|
||
|
||
Italian lire (Lit) per US$--1,244.8 (February 1990),
|
||
1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);
|
||
|
||
Japanese yen (Y) per US$--145.55 (February 1990), 128.15 (1988),
|
||
144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985);
|
||
|
||
FRG deutsche marks (DM) per US$--1.6775 (February 1990),
|
||
1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715 (1986), 2.9440 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 270,312 km
|
||
|
||
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive
|
||
of the Great Lakes (est.)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 275,800 km petroleum, 305,300 km natural gas (1985)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Cleveland,
|
||
Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,
|
||
Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia,
|
||
Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle,
|
||
Tampa, Wilmington
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 373 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA
|
||
GRT/NA DWT); includes 2 passenger-cargo, 37 cargo, 22 bulk,
|
||
165 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 10 liquefied gas, 124
|
||
intermodal; in addition there are 248 government-owned vessels
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 3,297 commercial multiengine transport aircraft, including
|
||
2,989 jet, 231 turboprop, 77 piston (1985)
|
||
|
||
Airports: 15,422 in operation (1981)
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 telephones; stations--4,892 AM, 5,200 FM
|
||
(including 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including
|
||
796 commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable);
|
||
495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite earth
|
||
stations--45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine
|
||
Corps), Department of the Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: 2,247,000 total; 781,000 Army;
|
||
599,000 Air Force; 793,000 Navy (includes 200,000 Marine Corps) (1988)
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 5.8% of GNP, or $302.8 billion (1989)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Uruguay
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 176,220 km2; land area: 173,620 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington State
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 660 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted
|
||
beyond 12 nm)
|
||
|
||
Disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two
|
||
short sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la
|
||
Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the
|
||
Rio Quarai and the Uruguay)
|
||
|
||
Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals
|
||
|
||
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 78% meadows and pastures;
|
||
4% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 3,036,660 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Uruguayan(s); adjective--Uruguayan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo, 4% black
|
||
|
||
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends
|
||
church regularly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing or other
|
||
|
||
Language: Spanish
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 94%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,300,000; 25% government, 19% manufacturing,
|
||
11% agriculture, 12% commerce, 12% utilities, construction, transport, and
|
||
communications, 21% other services (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers'
|
||
Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor Federation
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Montevideo
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
|
||
singular--departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno,
|
||
Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro,
|
||
Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
|
||
|
||
Independence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended
|
||
27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory
|
||
ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers
|
||
(cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
|
||
chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
||
(Camera del Diputados)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Luis Alberto
|
||
LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo AGUIRRE (since
|
||
1 March 1990)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Roberto
|
||
Rubio; Colorado Party; Broad Front Coalition, Liber Seregni includes
|
||
Communist Party led by Jaime Perez and National Liberation Movement
|
||
(MLN) or Tupamaros led by Eleuterio Fernandez Huidobro; New Space
|
||
Coalition consists of the Party of the Government of the People (PGP)
|
||
led by Hugo Batalla, Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Civic Union
|
||
led by Humberto Ciganda
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
|
||
results--Luis Lacalle (Blanco) 37%, Jorge Batlle (Colorado)
|
||
29%, Liber Seregni (Broad Front) 20%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
|
||
results--Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%;
|
||
seats--(30 total) Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2;
|
||
|
||
Chamber of Deputies--last held NA November 1989 (next to be held
|
||
November 1994);
|
||
results--Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, others 1%;
|
||
seats--(99 total) number of seats by party NA
|
||
|
||
Communists: 50,000
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Juan Podesta PINON; Chancery
|
||
at 1918 F Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313
|
||
through 1316; there are Uruguayan Consulates General in Los Angeles,
|
||
Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in New Orleans;
|
||
US--Ambassador Malcolm R. WILKEY; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo
|
||
(mailing address is APO Miami 34035); telephone <20>598<39> (2) 40-90-51
|
||
|
||
Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating
|
||
with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow
|
||
sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately
|
||
triangular and wavy
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of
|
||
1981-84. In 1986 real GDP grew by 6.6% and in 1987 by 4.9%. The recovery
|
||
was led by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture
|
||
alone contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and
|
||
generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock,
|
||
particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In
|
||
1988, despite healthy exports and an improved current account, domestic
|
||
growth slowed because of government concentration on the external sector,
|
||
adverse weather conditions, and prolonged strikes. High inflation rates
|
||
of about 80%, a large domestic debt, and frequent strikes remain major economic
|
||
problems for the government.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $8.8 billion, per capita $2,950; real growth rate 1% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 9.0% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $165 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--hides and
|
||
leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%;
|
||
partners--Brazil 17%, US 15%, FRG 10%, Argentina 10% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--fuels and
|
||
lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial
|
||
chemicals; partners--Brazil 24%, Argentina 14%, US 8%, FRG 8% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $6 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.9% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,950,000 kW capacity; 4,330 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,450 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear,
|
||
leather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing; wheat,
|
||
rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $263 million;
|
||
Communist countries (1970-88), $69 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: new Uruguayan peso (plural--pesos);
|
||
1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1--832.62
|
||
(January 1990), 605.62 (1989), 359.44 (1988), 226.67 (1987), 151.99 (1986),
|
||
101.43 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge and government owned
|
||
|
||
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km
|
||
earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
|
||
|
||
Ports: Montevideo, Punta del Este
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 65,212 GRT/116,613
|
||
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
||
1 container
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 92 total, 87 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo;
|
||
new nationwide radio relay network; 337,000 telephones; stations--99 AM, no FM,
|
||
26 TV, 9 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 711,700; 580,898 fit for military service;
|
||
no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1986)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Vanuatu
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 14,760 km2; land area: 14,760 km2; includes more
|
||
than 80 islands
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 2,528 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 1% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 1%
|
||
forest and woodland; 91% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April);
|
||
volcanism causes minor earthquakes
|
||
|
||
Note: located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
||
Ocean about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 165,006 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 36 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 5.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Vanuatuan(s); adjective--Vanuatuan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 94% indigenous Melanesian, 4% French, remainder
|
||
Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
|
||
|
||
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
|
||
|
||
Language: English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or
|
||
Bichelama)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 10-20% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 7 registered trade unions--largest include Oil and Gas
|
||
Workers' Union, Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Vanuatu
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Port-Vila
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo,
|
||
Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo,
|
||
Shepherd, Tafea
|
||
|
||
Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 30 July 1980
|
||
|
||
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and
|
||
British systems
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
||
(cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note--the National Council of
|
||
Chiefs advises on matters of custom and land
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Father Walter Hadye LINI (since
|
||
30 July 1980); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanua'aku Pati),
|
||
Walter Lini; Union of Moderate Parties, Maxine Carlot;
|
||
Melanesian Progressive Party, Barak Sope
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Parliament--last held 30 November 1987 (next to be held NA);
|
||
byelections were held NA December 1988 to fill vacancies resulting from
|
||
the expulsion of opposition members for boycotting sessions;
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(46 total) National Party 26, Union of Moderate Parties 19,
|
||
independent 1
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
|
||
IMF, ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Vanuatu does not have a mission in
|
||
Washington;
|
||
US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
|
||
|
||
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a
|
||
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a
|
||
black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
|
||
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
|
||
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
|
||
namele leaves, all in yellow
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming that
|
||
provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the
|
||
other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has
|
||
no known petroleum deposits. A small light-industry sector caters to the local
|
||
market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $120 million, per capita $820; real growth rate 0.7% (1987 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $80.1 million; expenditures $86.6 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $27.1 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--copra 37%,
|
||
cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%; partners--Netherlands 34%, France
|
||
27%, Japan 17%, Belgium 4%, New Caledonia 3%, Singapore 2% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $58 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--machines and
|
||
vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, raw materials and
|
||
fuels 11%, chemicals 6%;
|
||
partners--Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 5% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $57 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 20 million kWh produced,
|
||
125 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: food and fish freezing, forestry processing, meat canning
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: export crops--copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; subsistence
|
||
crops--copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $541 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: vatu (plural--vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1--107.17 (January 1990), 116.04 (1989),
|
||
104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987), 106.08 (1986), 106.03 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: none
|
||
|
||
Highways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads
|
||
|
||
Ports: Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 885,668
|
||
GRT/1,473,443 DWT; includes 26 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 5 container,
|
||
2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 21 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--a flag
|
||
of convenience registry
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 33 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones;
|
||
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: a paramilitary force is responsible for internal and external
|
||
security; no military forces
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Vatican City
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 0.438 km2; land area: 0.438 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: 3.2 km with Italy
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with
|
||
hot, dry summers (May to September)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: low hill
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: none
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
|
||
forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: urban
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state;
|
||
outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo
|
||
(the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 774 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities
|
||
|
||
Religion: Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other languages
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 100%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: about 1,500; Vatican City employees divided into three
|
||
categories--executives, office workers, and salaried employees
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: State of the Vatican City; note--the Vatican City is the
|
||
physical seat of the Holy See which is the central government of the Roman
|
||
Catholic Church
|
||
|
||
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
|
||
|
||
Capital: Vatican City
|
||
|
||
Independence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II),
|
||
22 October (1978); note--Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: pope
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Pontifical Commission
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: none; normally handled by Italy
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol
|
||
WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Pope--last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of
|
||
the current pope);
|
||
results--Karol Wojtyla was elected for life by the College of Cardinals
|
||
|
||
Communists: NA
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence
|
||
exercised by church officers)
|
||
|
||
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, UPU,
|
||
WIPO, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Pio LAGHI;
|
||
3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121;
|
||
US--Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli,
|
||
Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794);
|
||
telephone <20>396<39> 639-0558
|
||
|
||
Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed
|
||
keys of St. Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is supported financially by contributions (known as
|
||
Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage
|
||
stamps, tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of
|
||
publications.
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $57 million; expenditures $113.7 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 5,000 kW standby capacity (1989); power supplied by Italy
|
||
|
||
Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and
|
||
staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities
|
||
|
||
Currency: Vatican lira (plural--lire);
|
||
1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1--1,262.5 (January 1990),
|
||
1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);
|
||
note--the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome
|
||
station of St. Peter's)
|
||
|
||
Highways: none; all city streets
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic
|
||
telephone exchange; no communications satellite systems
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are
|
||
posted at entrances to the Vatican City
|
||
.pa
|
||
Venezuela
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km,
|
||
Guyana 743 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 2,800 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 15 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claims Essequibo area of Guyana; maritime boundary disputes with
|
||
Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and with Trinidad and Tobago in the
|
||
Gulf of Paria
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
||
|
||
Terrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest;
|
||
central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other
|
||
minerals, hydropower, diamonds
|
||
|
||
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and pastures;
|
||
39% forest and woodland; 37% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic
|
||
droughts; increasing industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo
|
||
|
||
Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 19,698,104 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Venezuelan(s); adjective--Venezuelan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% black, 2% Indian
|
||
|
||
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant
|
||
|
||
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000
|
||
Amerindians in the remote interior
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 85.6%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 5,800,000; 56% services, 28% industry, 16% agriculture (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Venezuela
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Caracas
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 20 states (estados, singular--estado),
|
||
2 territories* (territorios, singular--territorio), 1 federal district**
|
||
(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence*** (dependencia federal);
|
||
Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes,
|
||
Delta Amacuro*, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon,
|
||
Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre,
|
||
Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia; note--the federal dependence consists of
|
||
11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
|
||
|
||
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 23 January 1961
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative
|
||
acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
||
consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
|
||
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos Andres
|
||
PEREZ (since 2 February 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI),
|
||
Eduardo Fernandez, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD),
|
||
Gonzalo Barrios, president, and Humberto Celli, secretary general;
|
||
Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, president, and
|
||
Freddy Munoz, secretary general
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18, though poorly enforced
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held
|
||
December 1993);
|
||
results--Carlos Andres Perez (AD) 53%,
|
||
Eduardo Fernandez (COPEI) 40%, others 7%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 4 December 1988
|
||
(next to be held December 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, others 4;
|
||
|
||
Chamber of Deputies--last held 4 December 1988
|
||
(next to be held December 1993);
|
||
results--AD 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, others 14.6%;
|
||
seats--(201 total) AD 97, COPEI 67, MAS 18, others 19
|
||
|
||
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative
|
||
business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers, the Democratic
|
||
Action-dominated labor organization
|
||
|
||
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA,
|
||
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
|
||
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA,
|
||
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI
|
||
Bottaro; Chancery at 2445 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
||
telephone (202) 797-3800; there are Venezuelan Consulates General in
|
||
Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
|
||
Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
||
US--Ambassador-designate Eric JAVITS; Embassy at Avenida Francisco
|
||
de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address
|
||
is P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO Miami 34037);
|
||
telephone <20>58<35> (2) 284-6111 or 7111; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the
|
||
coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white
|
||
five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted
|
||
for 17% of GDP, 52% of central government revenues, and 81% of export
|
||
earnings in 1988. President Perez introduced an economic readjustment
|
||
program when he assumed office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and
|
||
price supports, a free market exchange rate, and market-linked interest
|
||
rates have thrown the economy into confusion, causing about an 8%
|
||
decline in GDP.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $52.0 billion, per capita $2,700; real growth rate - 8.1%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80.7% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 7.0% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $8.4 billion; expenditures $8.6 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $5.9 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--petroleum
|
||
81%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures;
|
||
partners--US 50.3%, FRG 5.3%, Japan 4.1% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment;
|
||
partners--US 44%, FRG 8.5%, Japan 6%, Italy 5%, Brazil 4.4% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $33.6 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 3.7%, excluding oil (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 19,110,000 kW capacity; 54,516 million kWh produced,
|
||
2,830 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food
|
||
processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 15% of labor force;
|
||
products--corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef,
|
||
pork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca for the
|
||
international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities
|
||
of cocaine and marijuana do transit the country
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million;
|
||
Communist countries (1970-88), $10 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: bolivar (plural--bolivares);
|
||
1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1--43.42 (January 1990),
|
||
34.6815 (1989), 14.5000 (fixed rate 1987-88), 8.0833 (1986),
|
||
7.5000 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single
|
||
track, government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned
|
||
|
||
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km
|
||
earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept
|
||
oceangoing vessels
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined products;
|
||
4,010 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello,
|
||
Puerto Ordaz
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 997,458
|
||
GRT/1,615,155 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 28 cargo,
|
||
2 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
||
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 11 bulk, 1 vehicle carrier,
|
||
1 combination bulk, 1 combination ore/oil
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 306 total, 278 usable; 134 with permanent-surface
|
||
runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
92 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones;
|
||
stations--181 AM, no FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
|
||
satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (Navy, Marines, Coast Guard),
|
||
Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard)
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,073,913; 3,680,176 fit for military
|
||
service; 211,269 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1.1% of GDP, or $570 million (1990 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Vietnam
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 329,560 km2; land area: 325,360
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km,
|
||
Laos 1,555 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with
|
||
Cambodia are in dispute; maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined;
|
||
occupied Cambodia on 25 December 1978; sporadic border clashes with
|
||
China; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
|
||
Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan; maritime boundary dispute with China
|
||
in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by
|
||
Vietnam and Taiwan
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
|
||
(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands;
|
||
hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate,
|
||
offshore oil deposits, forests
|
||
|
||
Land use: 22% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
||
40% forest and woodland; 35% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive
|
||
flooding
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 66,170,889 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Vietnamese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Vietnamese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic
|
||
minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes
|
||
|
||
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs,
|
||
Islamic, Protestant
|
||
|
||
Language: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal
|
||
languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 78%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 35,000,000 (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are
|
||
members of the Vietnam Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV
|
||
|
||
Type: Communist state
|
||
|
||
Capital: Hanoi
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 37 provinces (tinh, singular and plural),
|
||
3 municipalities* (thanh pho, singular and plural); An Giang,
|
||
Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Tri Thien, Cao Bang, Cuu Long, Dac Lac, Dong Nai,
|
||
Dong Thap, Gia Lai-Cong Tum, Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam Ninh,
|
||
Ha Noi*, Ha Son Binh, Ha Tuyen, Hau Giang, Hoang Lien Son, Ho Chi Minh*,
|
||
Kien Giang, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Long An, Minh Hai, Nghe Tinh,
|
||
Nghia Binh, Phu Khanh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ninh, Song Be, Son La,
|
||
Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thuan Hai, Tien Giang, Vinh Pu,
|
||
Vung Tau-Con Dao; note--diacritical marks are not included; the number
|
||
of provinces may have been changed with the elimination of
|
||
Binh Tri Thien, Nghia Binh, and Phu Khanh and the addition of Binh Dinh,
|
||
Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Ngai, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien
|
||
|
||
Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 18 December 1980
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: chairman of the Council of State, Council of State,
|
||
chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc Hoi)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Chairman of the Council of State Vo Chi CONG (since
|
||
18 June 1987);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Do MUOI
|
||
(since 22 June 1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party-- Vietnam Communist Party
|
||
(VCP), Nguyen Van Linh
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
National Assembly--last held 19 April 1987
|
||
(next to be held April 1992);
|
||
results--VCP is the only party;
|
||
seats--(496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496
|
||
|
||
Communists: nearly 2 million
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC,
|
||
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong
|
||
Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: This is a centrally planned, developing economy with
|
||
extensive government ownership and control of productive facilities.
|
||
The economy is primarily agricultural, employing about 65% of the labor
|
||
force and accounting for almost half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop;
|
||
substantial amounts of maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are
|
||
also grown. The government permits sale of surplus grain on the open
|
||
market. Most of the mineral resources are located in the north,
|
||
including coal, which is an important export item. Following the
|
||
end of the war in 1975, heavy handed government measures undermined
|
||
efforts at an efficient merger of the agricultural resources of the
|
||
south and the industrial resources of the north. The economy remains
|
||
heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received assistance from
|
||
Communist countries, Sweden, and UN agencies. Inflation, although down
|
||
from recent triple-digit levels, is still a major weakness, and per
|
||
capita output is among the world's lowest. Since early 1989 the
|
||
government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more
|
||
economic activity over to the private sector.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $14.2 billion, per capita $215; real growth rate 8% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $4.3 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $528 million (1987 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--agricultural and
|
||
handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe,
|
||
Japan, Singapore
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton,
|
||
fertilizer, grain; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore
|
||
|
||
External debt: $16 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,465,000 kW capacity; 6,730 million kWh produced,
|
||
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining,
|
||
cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up
|
||
50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas)
|
||
and animal products other 50%; not self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish
|
||
catch of 900,000 metric tons (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion;
|
||
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
||
$2.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist
|
||
countries (1970-88), $10.9 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: new dong (plural--new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1--4,000 (March 1990),
|
||
900 (1988), 225 (1987), 18 (1986), 12 (1985); note--1985-89 figures
|
||
are end of year
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter
|
||
standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Highways: about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km bituminous, 48,700 km gravel or
|
||
improved earth, 26,900 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 150 km, refined products
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable
|
||
at all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft
|
||
|
||
Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,123 GRT/432,152
|
||
DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 55 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
|
||
1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 8 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 1 bulk; note--Vietnam owns 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
|
||
totaling 111,028 DWT under the registry of Panama and Malta
|
||
|
||
Civil air: controlled by military
|
||
|
||
Airports: 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10
|
||
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones in Ho Chi Minh City (1984);
|
||
stations--16 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers;
|
||
at least 2 satellite earth stations, including 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,707,629; 10,030,563 fit for military
|
||
service; 787,444 reach military age (17) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 19.4% of GNP (1986 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Virgin Islands
|
||
(territory of the US)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 352 km2; land area: 349 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 188 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low
|
||
humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf
|
||
|
||
Land use: 15% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 26% meadows and pastures;
|
||
6% forest and woodland; 47% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe
|
||
droughts, floods, earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources
|
||
|
||
Note: important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of
|
||
Puerto Rico, along the Anegada Passage--a key shipping lane for the Panama
|
||
Canal; St. Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the
|
||
Caribbean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 99,200 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 20 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Virgin Islander(s); adjective--Virgin Islander
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 74% West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29%
|
||
born elsewhere in the West Indies), 13% US mainland, 5% Puerto Rican, 8% other;
|
||
80% black, 15% white, 5% other; 14% of Hispanic origin
|
||
|
||
Religion: 42% Baptist, 34% Roman Catholic, 17% Episcopalian, 7% other
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 90%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 45,000 (1987)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 90% of the government labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Virgin Islands of the United States
|
||
|
||
Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by
|
||
the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
|
||
Interior
|
||
|
||
Capital: Charlotte Amalie
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (territory of the US)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 serves as the
|
||
constitution
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on US
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Senate
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000,
|
||
felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial
|
||
Court handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic,
|
||
misdemeanors, and traffic cases
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George
|
||
BUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander FARRELLY
|
||
(since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn Stapleton;
|
||
Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin Brown; Republican Party,
|
||
Charlotte-Poole Davis
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens,
|
||
but do not vote in US presidential elections
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Governor--last held NA 1986 (next to be held NA 1990);
|
||
results--Alexander Farrelly (Democratic Party) defeated
|
||
Adelbert Bryan (ICM);
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(15 total) number of seats by party NA;
|
||
|
||
US House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988
|
||
(next to be held 6 November 1990);
|
||
results--the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
|
||
|
||
Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the
|
||
large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding
|
||
an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed
|
||
shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for
|
||
more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists
|
||
of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants.
|
||
The agricultural sector is small with most food imported. International
|
||
business and financial services are a small but growing component of the
|
||
economy. The world's largest petroleum refinery is at St. Croix.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $1.03 billion, per capita $9,030; real growth rate NA% (1985)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $315 million; expenditures $322 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); commodities--refined
|
||
petroleum products; partners--US, Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985); commodities--crude oil,
|
||
foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials; partners--US, Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 12%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 341,000 kW capacity; 507 million kWh produced,
|
||
4,650 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: tourism, government service, petroleum refining, watch
|
||
assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum,
|
||
Senepol cattle
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $33.5 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 856 km total
|
||
|
||
Ports: St. Croix--Christiansted, Frederiksted; St. Thomas--Long Bay,
|
||
Crown Bay, Red Hook; St. John--Cruz Bay
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m; international airports on St. Thomas and St. Croix
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 44,280 telephones; stations--4 AM, 6 FM, 3 TV;
|
||
modern system using fiber optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and
|
||
satellite facilities; 90,000 radio receivers; 56,000 television sets
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
||
.pa
|
||
Wake Island
|
||
(territory of the US)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 19.3 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical
|
||
|
||
Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano;
|
||
central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation
|
||
less than four meters
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: none
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
||
Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana
|
||
Islands; emergency landing location for transpacific flights
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 195 (January 1990); no indigenous inhabitants;
|
||
temporary population consists of 11 US Air Force personnel,
|
||
27 US civilians, and 151 Thai contractors
|
||
|
||
Note: population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during
|
||
the Vietnam conflict
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force
|
||
(under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972
|
||
|
||
Flag: the US flag is used
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US
|
||
military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and
|
||
manufactured goods must be imported.
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Ports: none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore
|
||
anchorages for large ships
|
||
|
||
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,987 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: underwater cables to Guam and through Midway
|
||
to Honolulu; AFRTS radio and television service provided by satellite;
|
||
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
||
|
||
Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only
|
||
by US military and some commercial cargo planes
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
|
||
.pa
|
||
Wallis and Futuna
|
||
(overseas territory of France)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 274 km2; land area: 274 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 129 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool,
|
||
dry season (May to October)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: negligible
|
||
|
||
Land use: 5% arable land; 20% permanent crops;
|
||
0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 75% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: both island groups have fringing reefs
|
||
|
||
Note: located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean
|
||
about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 14,910 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 70 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna
|
||
Islanders; adjective--Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
|
||
|
||
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
|
||
|
||
Type: overseas territory of France
|
||
|
||
Capital: Mata-Utu
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (overseas territory of France)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: French
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: French president, high administrator; note--there are
|
||
three traditional kings with limited powers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
||
(Assemblee Territoriale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French
|
||
law by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings
|
||
administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND
|
||
(since 21 May 1981);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Chief Administrator Roger DUMEC
|
||
(since 15 July 1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR);
|
||
Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise
|
||
(UDF)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Territorial Assembly--last held 15 March 1987
|
||
(next to be held March 1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(20 total) RPR 7, UDF coalition 7, UPL 6;
|
||
|
||
French Senate--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(1 total) party of the representative is NA;
|
||
|
||
French National Assembly--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(1 total) RPR 1
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France, local
|
||
interests are represented in the US by France
|
||
|
||
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is limited to subsistence agriculture.
|
||
The majority of the labor force earns its livelihood from agriculture,
|
||
raising livestock, and fishing, with the rest employed by the government sector.
|
||
Exports are negligible. The Territory has to import food, fuel, and construction
|
||
materials, and is dependent on budgetary support from France to meet recurring
|
||
expenses. The economy also benefits from cash remittances from expatriate
|
||
workers.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $6.7 million, per capita $484; real growth rate NA% (est. 1985)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
||
$NA
|
||
|
||
Exports: $NA; commodities--copra; partners--NA
|
||
|
||
Imports: $3.4 million (c.i.f., 1977); commodities--largely
|
||
foodstuffs and some equipment associated with development programs;
|
||
partners--France, Australia, New Zealand
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced,
|
||
70 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of
|
||
yams, taro, bananas
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $118 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs);
|
||
1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per
|
||
US$1--104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
|
||
125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
|
||
franc
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: NA
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 100 km on Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), 16 km sealed;
|
||
20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna (Futuna Island)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: none
|
||
|
||
Ports: Mata-Utu, Leava
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 225 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
||
.pa
|
||
West Bank
|
||
Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with
|
||
Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
|
||
Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President
|
||
Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West
|
||
Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace
|
||
treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned
|
||
parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the
|
||
respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy
|
||
that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be
|
||
determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the
|
||
area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967
|
||
Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations envisaged in the
|
||
framework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between
|
||
Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status
|
||
and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of
|
||
Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West
|
||
Bank.
|
||
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 5,860 km2; land area: 5,640 km2; includes West Bank,
|
||
East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, and the northwest
|
||
quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km;
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude,
|
||
warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but
|
||
barren in east
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: negligible
|
||
|
||
Land use: 27% arable land, 0% permanent crops, 32% meadows and pastures,
|
||
1% forest and woodland, 40% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal
|
||
aquifers
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; there are 173 Jewish settlements in the West Bank
|
||
and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 1,058,122 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990);
|
||
in addition, there are 70,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and
|
||
110,000 in East Jerusalem (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 68 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: NA
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 88% Palestinian Arab and other, 12% Jewish
|
||
|
||
Religion: 80% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8% Christian
|
||
and other
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers--29.8% small industry,
|
||
commerce, and business, 24.2% construction, 22.4% agriculture, 23.6% service
|
||
and other (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Note: The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities
|
||
and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the
|
||
West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.
|
||
These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed.
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli
|
||
military occupation and the effects of the Palestinian uprising. Industries
|
||
using advanced technology or requiring sizable financial resources have been
|
||
discouraged by a lack of financial resources and Israeli policy. Capital
|
||
investment has largely gone into residential housing, not into productive assets
|
||
that could compete with Israeli industry. A major share of GNP is derived from
|
||
remittances of workers employed in Israel and neighboring Gulf states. Israeli
|
||
reprisals against Palestinian unrest in the West Bank since 1987 have pushed
|
||
unemployment up and lowered living standards.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $1.0 billion, per capita $1,000; real growth rate - 15% (1988
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $47.4 million; expenditures $45.7 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (FY86)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--NA;
|
||
partners--Jordan, Israel
|
||
|
||
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--NA;
|
||
partners--Jordan, Israel
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: power supplied by Israel
|
||
|
||
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement,
|
||
textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis
|
||
have established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and
|
||
industrial centers
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef,
|
||
and dairy products
|
||
|
||
Aid: none
|
||
|
||
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural--shekels) and Jordanian dinar
|
||
(plural--dinars); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian
|
||
dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--1.9450 (January
|
||
1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5992 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788
|
||
(1985); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.6557 (January 1990), 0.5704 (1989),
|
||
0.3715 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: small indigenous road network, Israelis developing east-west
|
||
axial highways
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded;
|
||
stations--no AM, no FM, no TV
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: NA
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Western Sahara
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 266,000 km2; land area: 266,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km,
|
||
Morocco 443 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,110 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is
|
||
unresolved and guerrilla fighting continues in the area
|
||
|
||
Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents
|
||
produce fog and heavy dew
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or
|
||
sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
|
||
|
||
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 81% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during
|
||
winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely
|
||
restricting visibility; sparse water and arable land
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 191,707 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 23 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 177 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 39 years male, 41 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective--Saharan, Moroccan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
|
||
|
||
Religion: Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 20% among Moroccans, 5% among Saharans (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
|
||
territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the
|
||
Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro); territory partitioned between
|
||
Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern
|
||
two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all
|
||
claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector
|
||
shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the
|
||
Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla
|
||
activities continue to the present
|
||
|
||
Capital: none
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco)
|
||
|
||
Leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources
|
||
and having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of just a few hundred
|
||
dollars. Fishing and phosphate mining are the principal industries and
|
||
sources of income. Most of the food for the urban population must be
|
||
imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the
|
||
Moroccan Government.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
||
$NA
|
||
|
||
Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.);
|
||
commodities--phosphates 62%; partners--Morocco claims and
|
||
administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall
|
||
Moroccan accounts
|
||
|
||
Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.); commodities--fuel for
|
||
fishing fleet, foodstuffs; partners--Morocco claims and administers
|
||
Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced,
|
||
425 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: phosphate, fishing, handicrafts
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years;
|
||
fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential;
|
||
camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
|
||
largely for the garrison forces
|
||
|
||
Aid: NA
|
||
|
||
Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural--dirhams);
|
||
1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--8.093 (January 1990),
|
||
8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: NA
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and
|
||
unimproved earth roads and tracks
|
||
|
||
Ports: El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla
|
||
|
||
Airports: 16 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system
|
||
by radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
||
stations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 2 TV
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: NA
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Western Samoa
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 2,860 km2; land area: 2,850 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 403 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season
|
||
(May to October)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged
|
||
mountains in interior
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 19% arable land; 24% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 47% forest and woodland; 10% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism
|
||
|
||
Note: located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
|
||
Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 186,031 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Western Samoan(s); adjective--Western Samoan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 7% Euronesians (persons of European
|
||
and Polynesian blood), 0.4% Europeans
|
||
|
||
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the
|
||
London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist,
|
||
Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)
|
||
|
||
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 90%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 37,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1983 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: Public Service Association (PSA)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Independent State of Western Samoa
|
||
|
||
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief
|
||
|
||
Capital: Apia
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 11 districts; Aana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua,
|
||
Faasaleleaga, Gagaemauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupaitea, Tuamasaga,
|
||
Vaa-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered
|
||
by New Zealand)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 1 January 1962
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial
|
||
review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 1 June
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State
|
||
from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April
|
||
1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP),
|
||
Tofilau Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), Tupua
|
||
Tamasese Efi, chairman
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: there are two electoral rolls--the matai (head of family)
|
||
roll and the individuals roll; about 12,000 persons are on the matai roll,
|
||
hold matai titles, and elect 45 members of the Legislative Assembly; about
|
||
1,600 persons are on the individuals roll, lack traditional matai ties, and
|
||
elect two members of the Legislative Assembly by universal adult suffrage
|
||
at the age of NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Legislative Assembly--last held 26 February 1988
|
||
(next to be held by February 1991);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(47 total) HRPP 25, SNDP 22
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
|
||
IFAD, IFC, IMF, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, WHO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe
|
||
WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at the Western Samoan Mission to the UN,
|
||
820 2nd Avenue, New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6196;
|
||
US--the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing
|
||
five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, contributes
|
||
50% to GDP, and is the source of 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings
|
||
comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends
|
||
on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports about
|
||
five times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important
|
||
growth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $112 million, per capita $615; real growth rate 0.2%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%; shortage of skilled labor
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $54 million; expenditures $54 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $28 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $9.9 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coconut oil
|
||
and cream 42%, taro 19%, cocoa 14%, copra, timber;
|
||
partners--NZ 30%, EC 24%, Australia 21%, American Samoa 7%,
|
||
US 9% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $51.8 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--intermediate
|
||
goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%; partners--New Zealand 31%,
|
||
Australia 20%, Japan 15%, Fiji 15%, US 5%, EC 4% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $75 million (December 1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
|
||
190 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $16 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $261
|
||
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: tala (plural--tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1--2.2857 (January 1990), 2.2686
|
||
(1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987), 2.2351 (1986), 2.2437 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel,
|
||
crushed stone, or earth
|
||
|
||
Ports: Apia
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,930 GRT/34,135
|
||
DWT; includes 2 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radio receivers;
|
||
stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: NA
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
World
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 510,072,000 km2; 361,132,000 km2 (70.8%) is water and
|
||
148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) is land
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 442,000 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 359,000 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: generally 24 nm, but varies from 4 nm to 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: generally 200 nm, but some are 200 meters
|
||
in depth;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: most are 200 nm, but varies from
|
||
12 nm to 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm, only Madagascar claims 150 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: generally 12 nm, but varies from 3 nm to 200 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: 13 international land boundary disputes--Argentina-Uruguay,
|
||
Bangladesh-India, Brazil-Paraguay, Brazil-Uruguay, Cambodia-Vietnam,
|
||
China-India, China-USSR, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras,
|
||
French Guiana-Suriname, Guyana-Suriname, Guyana-Venezuela, Qatar-UAE
|
||
|
||
Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow
|
||
temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
|
||
|
||
Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest
|
||
elevation is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth
|
||
is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: the oceans represent the last major frontier for the
|
||
discovery and development of natural resources
|
||
|
||
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 24% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes 1.6% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones),
|
||
natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions),
|
||
industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances),
|
||
loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
|
||
wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 5,316,644,000 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 77% men; 66% women (1980)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,939,000,000 (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Administrative divisions: 248 nations, dependent areas, and other
|
||
entities
|
||
|
||
Legal system: varies among each of the entities; 162 are parties to the
|
||
United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: there are 159 members of the UN
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: In 1989 the World economy grew at an estimated 3.0%,
|
||
somewhat lower than the estimated 3.4% for 1988. The technologically advanced
|
||
areas--North America, Japan, and Western Europe--together account for
|
||
65% of the gross world product (GWP) of $20.3 trillion; these developed
|
||
areas grew in the aggregate at 3.5%. In contrast, the Communist (Second
|
||
World) countries typically grew at between 0% and 2%, accounting for 23% of GWP.
|
||
Experience in the developing countries continued mixed, with the newly
|
||
industrializing countries generally maintaining their rapid growth, and many
|
||
others struggling with debt, inflation, and inadequate investment. The year
|
||
1989 ended with remarkable political upheavals in the Communist
|
||
countries, which presumably will dislocate economic production still further.
|
||
The addition of nearly 100 million people a year to an already overcrowded
|
||
globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, desertification,
|
||
underemployment, and poverty throughout the 1990s.
|
||
|
||
GWP (gross world product): $20.3 trillion, per capita $3,870; real growth
|
||
rate 3.0% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5%, developed countries; 100%,
|
||
developing countries with wide variations (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Exports: $2,694 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--NA;
|
||
partners--in value, about 70% of exports from industrial countries
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2,750 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--NA;
|
||
partners--in value, about 75% of imports by the industrial countries
|
||
|
||
External debt: $1,008 billion for less developed countries (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,838,680,000 kW capacity; 11,222,029 million kWh produced,
|
||
2,140 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: chemicals, energy, machinery, electronics, metals, mining,
|
||
textiles, food processing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: cereals (wheat, maize, rice), sugar, livestock products,
|
||
tropical crops, fruit, vegetables, fish
|
||
|
||
Aid: NA
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Ports: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe,
|
||
Marseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of
|
||
technology
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: 29.15 million persons in the defense forces
|
||
of the World (1987)
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 5.4% of GWP, or $1.1 trillion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Yemen Arab Republic
|
||
<EFBFBD>Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen<65>
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 195,000 km2; land area: 195,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,209 km total; Saudi Arabia 628 km, PDRY 581 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 523 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: sections of the boundary with PDRY are indefinite or
|
||
undefined; undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia
|
||
|
||
Climate: desert; hot and humid along coast; temperate in central
|
||
mountains; harsh desert in east
|
||
|
||
Terrain: narrow coastal plain (Tihama); western mountains; flat
|
||
dissected plain in center sloping into desert interior of Arabian Peninsula
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal,
|
||
nickel, and copper; fertile soil
|
||
|
||
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 36% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 8% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer;
|
||
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: controls northern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red Sea
|
||
and Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 7,160,981 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 129 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 49 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Yemeni(s); adjective--Yemeni
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
|
||
|
||
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia)
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 15% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture and herding, 30% expatriate laborers
|
||
(est.)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Yemen Arab Republic; abbreviated YAR
|
||
|
||
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974
|
||
|
||
Capital: Sanaa
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 11 governorates (muhafazat,
|
||
singular--muhafazah); Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf,
|
||
Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hajjah, Ibb, Marib, Sadah, Sana,
|
||
Taizz
|
||
|
||
Independence: November 1918 (from Ottoman Empire)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 28 December 1970, suspended 19 June 1974
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26 September (1962)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
|
||
four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Consultative Assembly
|
||
(Majlis ash-Shura)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: State Security Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Col. Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 18 July
|
||
1978); Vice President (vacant);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI
|
||
(since 12 November 1983, previously prime minister from 1975-1980 and
|
||
co-Vice President from October 1980 to November 1983)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: no legal political parties; in 1983
|
||
President Salih started the General People's Congress, which is designed
|
||
to function as the country's sole political party
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Consultative Assembly--last held 5 July 1988 (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote NA;
|
||
seats--(159 total, 128 elected)
|
||
|
||
Communists: small number
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups,
|
||
Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions--pro-Iraqi Bathists,
|
||
Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) supported by the PDRY
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohsin A. al-AINI; Chancery at
|
||
Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
||
telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is a Yemeni Consulate General in
|
||
Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco;
|
||
US--Ambassador Charles F. DUNBAR; Embassy at address NA, Sanaa (mailing
|
||
address is P. O. Box 1088, Sanaa); telephone <20>967<36> (2) 271950 through 271958
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
|
||
large green five-pointed star centered in the white band; similar to the flags
|
||
of Iraq, which has three stars, and Syria, which has two stars--all green and
|
||
five-pointed in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to
|
||
the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The low level of domestic industry and agriculture make North
|
||
Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade
|
||
deficits are made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and foreign
|
||
aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, the YAR is now a major importer.
|
||
Land once used for export crops--cotton, fruit, and vegetables--has been turned
|
||
over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis that has no
|
||
significant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987
|
||
and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $5.5 billion, per capita $820; real growth rate 19.7% (1988
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.9% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 13% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $1.32 billion; expenditures $2.18 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $588 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $853 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--crude oil,
|
||
cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables; partners--US 41%, PDRY 14%, Japan 12%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles and
|
||
other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
|
||
other foodstuffs, and cement; partners--Italy 10%, Saudi Arabia 9%,
|
||
US 9.3%, Japan 9%, UK 8% (1985)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $3.5 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 415,000 kW capacity; 500 million kWh produced,
|
||
70 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: crude oil production, small-scale production of cotton
|
||
textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; small
|
||
aluminum products factory; cement
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm
|
||
products--grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee,
|
||
cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $354 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$248 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Yemeni riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1--9.7600 (January 1990),
|
||
9.7600 (1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987), 9.6392 (1986), 7.3633 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 4,500 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 500 km crushed stone and
|
||
gravel, 2,000 km earth, sand, and light gravel (est.)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 424 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Al Hudaydah, Al Mukha, Salif, Ras al Katib
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
|
||
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,679 GRT/40,640 DWT
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 19 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: system poor but improving; new radio relay and cable
|
||
networks; 50,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, no FM, 17 TV; satellite earth
|
||
stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
|
||
tropospheric scatter to PDRY; radio relay to PDRY, Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,289,217; 734,403 fit for military
|
||
service; 79,609 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $358 million (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of
|
||
<EFBFBD>Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen<65>
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 332,970 km2; land area: 332,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,699 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 830 km,
|
||
YAR 581 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,383 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: sections of boundary with YAR indefinite or undefined;
|
||
Administrative Line with Oman; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia
|
||
|
||
Climate: desert; extraordinarily hot and dry
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy coastal
|
||
plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead)
|
||
|
||
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 27% meadows and pastures;
|
||
7% forest and woodland; 65% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing;
|
||
soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: controls southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking
|
||
Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 2,585,484 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Yemeni(s); adjective--Yemeni
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
|
||
|
||
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 25%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 477,000; 45.2% agriculture, 21.2% services,
|
||
13.4% construction, 10.6% industry, 9.6% commerce and other (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 348,200; the General Confederation of Workers of the
|
||
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen has 35,000 members
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen; abbreviated PDRY
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Aden
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 6 governorates (muhafazat,
|
||
singular--muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Mahrah, Hadramawt, Lahij,
|
||
Shabwah
|
||
|
||
Independence: 30 November 1967 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 31 October 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English
|
||
common law (for commercial matters)
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 14 October
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
|
||
Council of Ministers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme People's Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Federal High Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Haydar Abu Bakr al-ATTAS
|
||
(since 8 February 1986);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)
|
||
Dr. Yasin Said NUMAN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
|
||
Salih Abu Bakr bin HUSAYNUN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
|
||
Salih Munassir al-SIYAYLI (since 8 February 1986)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Yemeni Socialist Party
|
||
(YSP) is a coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Supreme People's Council--last held 28-30 October 1986
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--YSP is the only party;
|
||
seats--(111 total) YSP or YSP approved 111
|
||
|
||
Communists: NA
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
||
|
||
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none; the UK acts as the protecting
|
||
power for the US in the PDRY
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
|
||
light blue, isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red
|
||
five-pointed star
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The PDRY is one of the poorest Arab countries, with a
|
||
per capita GNP of about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely
|
||
dispersed population, and an arid climate make economic development
|
||
difficult. The economy has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3%
|
||
since the mid-1970s. The economy is organized along socialist lines,
|
||
dominated by the public sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a
|
||
lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production
|
||
decisions, investment allocation, and import choices.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $1.2 billion, per capita $495; real growth rate 5.2% (1988
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $429 million; expenditures $976 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $402 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $82.2 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--cotton,
|
||
hides, skins, dried and salted fish; partners--Japan, YAR, Singapore
|
||
|
||
Imports: $598.0 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--grain,
|
||
consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals; partners--USSR,
|
||
Australia, UK
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.25 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced,
|
||
240 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum refinery (operates on imported crude oil); fish
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 13% of GNP and 45% of labor force;
|
||
products--grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock;
|
||
fish and honey major exports; most food imported
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $4.5 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $241 million;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $279 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$2.2 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Yemeni dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1--0.3454 (fixed rate)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 11,000 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 9,000 km natural
|
||
surface (est.)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Aden, Al Khalf, Nishtun
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 42 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, radio relay, multiconductor
|
||
cable, and radio communications stations; 15,000 telephones (est.);
|
||
stations--1 AM, no FM, 5 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
|
||
1 Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT; radio relay and tropospheric scatter to YAR
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Militia, People's Police
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 544,190; 307,005 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Yugoslavia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km,
|
||
Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania
|
||
546 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria
|
||
and Greece
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy
|
||
winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography;
|
||
plain in north
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony,
|
||
chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel,
|
||
uranium
|
||
|
||
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
|
||
36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes
|
||
|
||
Note: controls the most important land routes from
|
||
central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 23,841,608 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7%
|
||
Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9%
|
||
other (1981 census)
|
||
|
||
Religion: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim,
|
||
1% Protestant, 10% other
|
||
|
||
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official);
|
||
Albanian, Hungarian
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 90.5%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 9,600,000; 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing;
|
||
about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 6,200,000 members in the Confederation of Trade Unions of
|
||
Yugoslavia (SSJ)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
|
||
abbreviated SFRY
|
||
|
||
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
|
||
|
||
Capital: Belgrade
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke
|
||
republike, singular--socijalisticka republika); Bosna I Hercegovina,
|
||
Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija; note--there are two
|
||
autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina)
|
||
named Kosovo and Vojvodina within Srbija
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established
|
||
from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire,
|
||
and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 21 February 1974
|
||
|
||
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of
|
||
Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president of the Collective State Presidency,
|
||
vice president of the Collective State Presidency, Collective State Presidency,
|
||
president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal
|
||
Executive Council, Federal Executive Council
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Savezna Skupstina)
|
||
consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces
|
||
and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State President of the Collective State Presidency
|
||
Borisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
|
||
Vice President of the Collective State Presidency--Stipe SUVAR (from
|
||
Hrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991); note--the offices of
|
||
president and vice president rotate annually among members of the
|
||
Collective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the
|
||
presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the
|
||
longest without filling the position (the current sequence is
|
||
Srbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i
|
||
Hercegovina, and Slovenija);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council
|
||
Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal
|
||
Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
|
||
Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL
|
||
(since 16 March 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: there are about 90 political
|
||
parties operating country-wide including the League of Communists
|
||
of Yugoslavia (LCY)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections: direct national elections probably will be held in
|
||
late 1990
|
||
|
||
Communists: 2,079,013 party members (1988)
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People
|
||
of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization; Confederation of
|
||
Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia,
|
||
Federation of Veterans' Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)
|
||
|
||
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain
|
||
commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
|
||
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities),
|
||
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at
|
||
2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566;
|
||
there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York,
|
||
Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;
|
||
US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade;
|
||
telephone <20>38<33> (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a
|
||
large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all
|
||
three bands
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist
|
||
command economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that
|
||
the rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not
|
||
accommodate. A prominent feature of the reforms was the establishment
|
||
of workers' self-management councils in all large plants, which were to
|
||
select managers, stimulate production, and divide the proceeds. The
|
||
general result of these reforms has been rampant wage-price inflation,
|
||
substantial rundown of capital plant, consumer shortages, and a still
|
||
larger income gap between the poorer southern regions and the relatively
|
||
affluent northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89 the
|
||
beleaguered central government has been reforming the reforms, trying
|
||
to create an open market economy with still considerable state
|
||
ownership of major industrial plants. These reforms have been moving
|
||
forward with the advice and support of the International Monetary Fund
|
||
through a series of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is
|
||
to be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal austerity,
|
||
ultimately leading to a stable dinar. However, strikes in major plants,
|
||
hyperinflation, and interregional political jousting have held back
|
||
progress. According to US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely
|
||
combination of genuine privatization, massive Western economic
|
||
investment and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate - 1.0%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,700% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--raw materials
|
||
and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%;
|
||
partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--raw materials
|
||
and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%;
|
||
partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $17.0 billion, medium and long term (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 1% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,650 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals,
|
||
textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles,
|
||
building materials
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and large
|
||
combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers;
|
||
occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less
|
||
developed countries (1966-88)
|
||
|
||
Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars);
|
||
1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia
|
||
began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--118,568
|
||
(January 1990), 28,764 (1989), 2,523 (1988), 737 (1987), 379 (1986),
|
||
270 (1985); note--as of February 1990 the new dinar is linked to the
|
||
FRG deutsche mark at the rate of 7 new dinars per 1 deustche mark
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 9,270 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge)
|
||
including 926 km double track, 3,771 km electrified (1987)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 120,747 km total; 71,315 km asphalt, concrete, stone block;
|
||
34,299 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 15,133 km earth
|
||
(1987)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined
|
||
products
|
||
|
||
Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 270 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,608,705
|
||
GRT/5,809,219 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 131 cargo,
|
||
3 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction
|
||
large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical
|
||
tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 73 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia
|
||
owns 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,614 GRT/353,224 DWT under the
|
||
registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus
|
||
|
||
Civil air: NA major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 184 total, 184 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3.659 m; 22 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m;
|
||
20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--199 AM, 87 FM, 50 TV; 4,107,846 TV sets;
|
||
4,700,000 radio receivers; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and
|
||
Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,135,628; 4,970,420 fit for military
|
||
service; 188,028 reach military age (19) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 14.8 trillion dinars, 4.6% of national income (1989
|
||
est.); note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the
|
||
official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
||
.pa
|
||
Zaire
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 2,345,410 km2; land area: 2,267,600 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km,
|
||
Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km,
|
||
Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 37 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer
|
||
be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
||
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo
|
||
River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and
|
||
drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of
|
||
Equator--wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of
|
||
Equator--wet season November to March, dry season April to October
|
||
|
||
Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem
|
||
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium,
|
||
bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential
|
||
|
||
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
|
||
78% forest and woodland; 15% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: dense tropical rainforest in central river basin and eastern
|
||
highlands; periodic droughts in south
|
||
|
||
Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land is only outlet to
|
||
South Atlantic Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 36,589,468 (July 1990), growth rate 3.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 103 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 55 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Zairian(s); adjective--Zairian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu;
|
||
four largest tribes--Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande
|
||
(Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
|
||
|
||
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim,
|
||
10% other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
|
||
|
||
Language: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 55% males, 37% females
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 15,000,000; 75% agriculture, 13% industry, 12% services;
|
||
13% wage earners (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: National Union of Workers of Zaire (UNTZA) is the only
|
||
trade union
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Zaire
|
||
|
||
Type: republic with a strong presidential system
|
||
|
||
Capital: Kinshasa
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular--region)
|
||
and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire,
|
||
Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Kivu, Shaba; note--there
|
||
may now be 10 regions with the elimination of Kivu and addition of
|
||
Maniema, Nord-Kivu, and Sud-Kivu
|
||
|
||
Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo,
|
||
then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic),
|
||
24 November (1965)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Legislative Council
|
||
(Conseil Legislatif National)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa
|
||
Za Banga (since 24 November 1965);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister LUNDA Bululu (since 25 April
|
||
1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Popular Movement of the
|
||
Revolution (MPR)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held July 1991);
|
||
results--President Mobutu was reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Legislative Council--last held 6 September 1987
|
||
(next to be held September 1992);
|
||
results--MPR is the only party;
|
||
seats--(210 total) MPR 210
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
|
||
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant),
|
||
Charge d'Affaires MUKENDI Tambo a Kabila;
|
||
Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009;
|
||
telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691;
|
||
US-- Ambassador William C. HARROP; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs,
|
||
Kinshasa (mailing address is APO New York 09662); telephone <20>243<34> (12) 25881
|
||
through 25886; there is a US Consulate General in Lubumbashi
|
||
|
||
Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm
|
||
holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the
|
||
hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: In 1988, in spite of large mineral resources and one of the most
|
||
developed and diversified economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Zaire had
|
||
a GDP per capita of $195, one of the lowest on the continent. Agriculture,
|
||
a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates
|
||
under 30% of GDP. The main impetus for economic development has been the
|
||
extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about
|
||
one-third of GDP and two-thirds of total export earnings. During the period
|
||
1983-88 the economy experienced slow growth, high inflation, a rising foreign
|
||
debt, and a drop in foreign exchange earnings. Recent increases in foreign
|
||
prices for copper--a key export earner--and other minerals offer some hope of
|
||
reversing the economic decline. Zaire is the world's largest producer of
|
||
diamonds.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $6.5 billion, per capita $195; real growth rate 2.8% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 82% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $856 million; expenditures $2.3 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $655 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--copper 37%,
|
||
coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil; partners--US, Belgium,
|
||
France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--consumer goods,
|
||
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels;
|
||
partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK
|
||
|
||
External debt: $8.6 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,574,000 kW capacity; 5,550 million kWh produced,
|
||
160 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including
|
||
textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement,
|
||
diamonds
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food
|
||
crops--cassava, bananas, root crops, corn
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic
|
||
consumption
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $998 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.0 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$263 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: zaire (plural--zaire); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1--465.000 (January 1989),
|
||
381.445 (1989), 187.070 (1988), 112.403 (1987), 59.625 (1986), 49.873 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km
|
||
electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km
|
||
0.600-meter gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,550 km bituminous, 46,450 km gravel and
|
||
improved earth; remainder unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and
|
||
unconnected lakes
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: refined products 390 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,802 GRT/60,496
|
||
DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 3 cargo
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 312 total, 258 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio relay service;
|
||
31,200 telephones; stations--10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth
|
||
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps,
|
||
Special Presidential Division
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,970,619; 4,057,561 fit for military
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $67 million (1988)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Zambia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 752,610 km2; land area: 740,720 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km,
|
||
Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km,
|
||
Zimbabwe 797 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in
|
||
disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer
|
||
be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
||
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold,
|
||
silver, uranium, hydropower potential
|
||
|
||
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 47% meadows and pastures;
|
||
27% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 8,112,782 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 58 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Zambian(s); adjective--Zambian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, 0.2% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous
|
||
beliefs
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 75.7%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6% mining, manufacturing, and
|
||
construction; 9% transport and services
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Zambia
|
||
|
||
Type: one-party state
|
||
|
||
Capital: Lusaka
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern,
|
||
Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
|
||
|
||
Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 25 August 1973
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial
|
||
review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October
|
||
1964);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March
|
||
1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--United National
|
||
Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 26 October 1988
|
||
(next to be held October 1993);
|
||
results--President Kenneth Kaunda was reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 26 October 1988
|
||
(next to be held October 1993);
|
||
results--UNIP is the only party;
|
||
seats--(136 total, 125 elected) UNIP 125
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA,
|
||
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
|
||
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul J. F. LUSAKA; Chancery
|
||
at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717
|
||
through 9721;
|
||
US--Ambassador Jeffrey DAVIDOW; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue
|
||
and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka);
|
||
telephone <20>2601<30> 214911
|
||
|
||
Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side),
|
||
black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Despite temporary growth in 1988, the economy has been in
|
||
decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign
|
||
debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production
|
||
and ineffective economic policies. In 1988 real GDP stood only slightly
|
||
higher than that of 10 years before, while an annual population growth of
|
||
more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 25% during the same
|
||
period. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in
|
||
recent years.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $4.0 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate 6.7% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55.7% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $570 million; expenditures $939 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $36 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1,184 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--copper, zinc,
|
||
cobalt, lead, tobacco; partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US
|
||
|
||
Imports: $687 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--machinery,
|
||
transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures; partners--EC,
|
||
Japan, South Africa, US
|
||
|
||
External debt: $6.9 billion (December 1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,900,000 kW capacity; 8,245 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,050 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction,
|
||
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 85% of labor force;
|
||
crops--corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco,
|
||
cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs produced;
|
||
marginally self-sufficient in corn
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $466 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.2 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$533 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural--kwacha);
|
||
1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--21.7865 (January 1990),
|
||
12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987), 7.3046 (1986), 2.7137 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
||
or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers,
|
||
Lake Tanganyika
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
|
||
|
||
Ports: Mpulungu (lake port)
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 121 total, 106 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa;
|
||
high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 71,700
|
||
telephones; stations--11 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian
|
||
Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, Paramilitary
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,683,758; 883,283 fit for military
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Zimbabwe
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 390,580 km2; land area: 386,670 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km,
|
||
South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in
|
||
disagreement
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
|
||
mountains in east
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper,
|
||
iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin
|
||
|
||
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
|
||
62% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare;
|
||
deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 10,392,161 (July 1990), growth rate 3.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 63 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Zimbabwean(s); adjective--Zimbabwean
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 98% African (71% Shona, 16% Ndebele, 11% other);
|
||
1% white, 1% mixed and Asian
|
||
|
||
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs), 25%
|
||
Christian, 24% indigenous beliefs, a few Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official); Shona and Ndebele
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 74%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 3,100,000; 74% agriculture, 16% transport and services,
|
||
10% mining, manufacturing, construction (1987)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe
|
||
|
||
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Harare
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central,
|
||
Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South,
|
||
Midlands, Victoria (commonly called Masvingo)
|
||
|
||
Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 21 December 1979
|
||
|
||
Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert
|
||
Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Vice President Simon Vengai
|
||
MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National
|
||
Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African National
|
||
Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi Sithole; Zimbabwe Unity Movement
|
||
(ZUM), Edgar Tekere
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995);
|
||
results--President Robert Mugabe 78.3%; Edgar Tekere 21.7%;
|
||
|
||
Parliament--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held
|
||
March 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(150 total, 120 elected) ZANU 116, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1, to be
|
||
determined 1
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
||
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
|
||
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of
|
||
Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at
|
||
2852 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-7100;
|
||
US--Ambassador-designate Steven RHODES; Embassy at 172 Rhodes
|
||
Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare);
|
||
telephone <20>263<36> (14) 794-521
|
||
|
||
Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red,
|
||
yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the
|
||
hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in
|
||
the center of the triangle
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Agriculture employs a majority of the labor force and supplies
|
||
almost 40% of exports. The agro-based manufacturing sector produces a variety
|
||
of goods and contributes about 25% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both
|
||
GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40%
|
||
of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production
|
||
over the past six years resulted in not only an uneven growth rate, but
|
||
one that did not equal the 3% annual increase in population.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $4.6 billion, per capita $470; real growth rate 5.3% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: at least 20% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $290 million (FY90)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--agricultural 34%
|
||
(tobacco 21%, other 13%), manufactures 19%, gold 11%, ferrochrome 11%,
|
||
cotton 6%; partners--Europe 55% (EC 41%, Netherlands 6%, other 8%),
|
||
Africa 22% (South Africa 12%, other 10%), US 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
||
transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%;
|
||
partners--EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced,
|
||
540 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals,
|
||
foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs over 70% of
|
||
population; 40% of land area divided into 6,000 large commercial farms and
|
||
42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat,
|
||
coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs;
|
||
self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $359 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.0 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$134 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.2873 (January 1990),
|
||
2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km
|
||
electrified
|
||
|
||
Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone,
|
||
gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 8 km, refined products
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 506 total, 420 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now
|
||
suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines,
|
||
and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM,
|
||
8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support
|
||
Unit, People's Militia
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,173,448; 1,342,920 fit for military
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $446.7 million (FY89 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
|