8165 lines
287 KiB
Plaintext
8165 lines
287 KiB
Plaintext
Pakistan
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Geography
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Total area: 803,940 km2; land area: 778,720 km2
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Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
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Land boundaries: 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km,
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India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
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Coastline: 1,046 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
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Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Disputes: boundary with India; Pashtun question with Afghanistan; Baloch
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question with Afghanistan and Iran; water sharing problems with upstream
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riparian India over the Indus
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Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
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north
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Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
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Balochistan plateau in west
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Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited
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crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
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Land use: 26% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
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pastures; 4% forest and woodland; 64% other; includes 19% irrigated
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Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in
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north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August);
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deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water logging
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Note: controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional
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invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
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People
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Population: 114,649,406 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)
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Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 57 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Pakistani(s); adjective--Pakistani
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Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
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Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents)
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Religion: 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian, Hindu, and
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other
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Language: Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages--64%
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Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi and other; English is
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lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but
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official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu
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Literacy: 26%
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Labor force: 28,900,000; 54% agriculture, 13% mining and manufacturing,
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33% services; extensive export of labor (1987 est.)
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Organized labor: about 10% of industrial work force
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Government
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Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
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Type: parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic
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Capital: Islamabad
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Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 tribal area*, and 1 territory**;
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Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad
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Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note--the
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Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region
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includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
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Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan)
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Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977,
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restored 30 December 1985
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Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate
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Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ
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jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic),
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23 March (1956)
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Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Legislature (Mijlis-e-Shoora)
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consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National Assembly
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court
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Leaders:
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Chief of State--President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988);
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Head of Government--Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO (since 2 December 1988)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto;
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Pakistan Muslim League (PML), former Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo;
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PML is the main party in the anti-PPP Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA);
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Muhajir Quami Movement, Altaf Hussain; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam
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(JUI), Fazlur Rahman; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain Ahmed;
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Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali Khan
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Suffrage: universal at age 21
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Elections:
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President--last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held
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December 1993); results--Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected by the Federal
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Legislature;
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Senate--last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1990);
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results--elected by provincial assemblies;
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seats--(87 total) PML 84, PPP 2, independent 1;
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National Assembly--last held on 16 November 1988 (next to be held
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November 1993);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(237 total) PPP 109, IJI 65, MQM 14, JUI 8, PAI 3, ANP 3, BNA 3,
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others 3, independents 29
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Communists: the Communist party is no longer outlawed and operates
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openly
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Other political or pressure groups: military remains dominant political
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force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also influential
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Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
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ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
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INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC,
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SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Zulfikar ALI KHAN; Chancery at
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2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200;
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there is a Pakistani Consulate General in New York;
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US--Ambassador Robert B. OAKLEY; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5,
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Islamabad (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, Islamabad);
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telephone <20>92<39> (51) 8261-61 through 79; there are US Consulates General
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in Karachi and Lahore, and a Consulate in Peshawar
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Flag: green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white
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crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
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green are traditional symbols of Islam
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Economy
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Overview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual
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problems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits,
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and heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a
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large military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan
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refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has enabled
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the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and small-scale
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industry is in private hands, and the government seeks to privatize a portion
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of the large-scale industrial enterprises now publicly owned. In
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December 1988, Pakistan signed a three-year economic reform agreement
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with the IMF, which provides for a reduction in the government deficit
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and a liberalization of trade in return for further IMF financial
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support. The so-called Islamization of the economy has affected mainly the
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financial sector; for example, a prohibition on certain types of interest
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payments. Pakistan almost certainly will make little headway against its
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population problem; at the current rate of growth, population would
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double in 32 years.
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GNP: $43.2 billion, per capita $409; real growth rate 5.1% (FY89)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (FY89)
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Unemployment rate: 4% (FY89 est.)
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Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $10.3 billion,
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including capital expenditures of $2.3 billion (FY89 est.)
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Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--rice, cotton,
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textiles, clothing; partners--EC 31%, US 11%, Japan 11% (FY88)
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Imports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--petroleum,
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petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, vegetable oils,
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animal fats, chemicals; partners--EC 26%, Japan 15%, US 11% (FY88)
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External debt: $17.4 billion (1989)
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Industrial production: growth rate 3% (FY89)
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Electricity: 7,575,000 kW capacity; 29,300 million kWh produced,
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270 kWh per capita (1989)
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Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, petroleum products,
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construction materials, clothing, paper products, international finance, shrimp
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Agriculture: 24% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest
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contiguous irrigation system; major crops--cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
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fruits, and vegetables; livestock products--milk, beef, mutton, eggs;
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self-sufficient in food grain
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Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
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international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation
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of limited success; 1988 output of opium and hashish each estimated at about
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200 metric tons
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Aid: (including Bangladesh before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im
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(FY70-88), $4.2 billion authorized (excluding what is now Bangladesh); Western
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(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $7.5 billion;
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OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
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$2.9 billion
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Currency: Pakistani rupee (plural--rupees);
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1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa
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Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1--21.420 (January 1990),
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20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987), 16.648 (1986), 15.928 (1985)
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Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
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Communications
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Railroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km meter
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gauge, and 610 km narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km
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electrified; all government owned (1985)
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Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel,
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29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks
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(1985)
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Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 4,044 km natural gas; 885 km refined products
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(1987)
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Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim
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Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 338,173
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GRT/508,107 DWT; includes 4 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils,
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and lubricants (POL) tanker
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Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
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Airports: 115 total, 102 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1
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with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways
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1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: good international radiocommunication service over
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microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radio communications poor; broadcast
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service good; 564,500 telephones (1987); stations--16 AM, 8 FM, 16;
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satellite eath station--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
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Defense Forces
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Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard
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Military manpower: males 15-49, 26,215,898; 16,080,545 fit for military
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service; 1,282,294 reach military age (17) annually
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Defense expenditures: 5.6% of GNP, or $2.4 billion (1989 est.)
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.pa
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Palmyra Atoll
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(territory of the US)
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Geography
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Total area: 11.9 km2; land area: 11.9 km2
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Comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
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Land boundaries: none
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Coastline: 14.5 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
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Continental shelf: 200 m;
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Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
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Territorial sea: 12 nm
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Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy
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Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters
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Natural resources: none
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Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
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100% forest and woodland; 0% other
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Environment: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation,
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coconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall
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Note: located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
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Ocean, almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa
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People
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Population: uninhabited
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Government
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Long-form name: none
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Type: unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but
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administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs,
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US Department of the Interior
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Economy
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Overview: no economic activity
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Communications
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Ports: none; offshore anchorage in West Lagoon
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Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
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Defense Forces
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Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
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.pa
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Panama
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Geography
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Total area: 78,200 km2; land area: 75,990 km2
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Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina
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Land boundaries: 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
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Coastline: 2,490 km
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Maritime claims:
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Territorial sea: 200 nm
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Climate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May
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to January), short dry season (January to May)
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Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland
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plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
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Natural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp
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Land use: 6% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 15% meadows and
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pastures; 54% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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Environment: dense tropical forest in east and northwest
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Note: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming
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land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that
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links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
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People
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Population: 2,425,400 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
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Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1990)
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Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun--Panamanian(s); adjective--Panamanian
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Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry),
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14% West Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian
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Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant
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Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many
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Panamanians bilingual
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Literacy: 90%
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Labor force: 770,472 (1987); 27.9% government and community services;
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26.2% agriculture, hunting, and fishing; 16% commerce, restaurants, and hotels;
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10.5% manufacturing and mining; 5.3% construction; 5.3% transportation and
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communications; 4.2% finance, insurance, and real estate; 2.4% Canal Zone;
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shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor
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Organized labor: 17% of labor force (1986)
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Government
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Long-form name: Republic of Panama
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Type: centralized republic
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Capital: Panama
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Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (provincias, singular--provincia)
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and 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon,
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Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, Veraguas
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Independence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent
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from Spain 28 November 1821)
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Constitution: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983
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Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
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legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory
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ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
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Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
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Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
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Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema
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de Justica) currently being reorganized
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Leaders:
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Chief of State and Head of Government--President Guillermo ENDARA
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(since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
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First Vice President Ricardo Arias CALDERON (since 20 December 1989,
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elected 7 May 1989);
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Second Vice President Guillermo FORD (since 20 December 1989,
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elected 7 May 1989)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Government alliance--Authentic Liberal Party (PLA); faction of Authentic
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Panamenista Party (PPA), Guillermo Endara; Christian Democrat Party
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(PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
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(MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez; former Noriegist parties--Democratic
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Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Carlos Duque;
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Labor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Murgas; People's Party (PdP,
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Soviet-oriented Communist party), Ruben Dario Sousa Batista; Democratic
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Workers Party; National Action Party (PAN);
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other opposition parties--Popular Nationalist Party (PNP),
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Olimpo A. Saez Maruci; factions of the former Liberal and Republican
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parties; Popular Action Party (PAP), Carlos Ivan Zuniga; Socialist Workers
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Party (PST, leftist), Jose Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist),
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Graciela Dixon
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Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
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Elections:
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President--last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next
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to be held May 1994);
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results--anti-Noriega coalition believed to have won about 75% of the
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total votes cast;
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Legislative Assembly--last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later
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upheld; in process of reorganization (next to be held May 1994);
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results--percent of vote by party NA;
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seats--(67 total) the Electoral Tribunal has confirmed 58 of the
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67 seats--PDC 27, MOLIRENA 15, PLA 6, Noriegist PRD 7, PPA 3;
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legitimate holders of the other 9 seats cannot be determined and a
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special election will be held
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Communists: People's Party (PdP), pro-Noriega regime mainline Communist
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party, did not obtain the necessary 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election
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to retain its legal status; about 3,000 members
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Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Organized
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Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP);
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Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE)
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Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
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IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
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IRC, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat
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Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eduardo VALLARINO;
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Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
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(202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and Consulates has
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not yet been determined;
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US--Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and
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Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E,
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APO Miami 34002); telephone <20>507<30> 27-1777
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Flag: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white
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with a blue five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the
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bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed
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star in the center
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Economy
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||
Overview: The GDP contracted an estimated 7.5% in 1989, following a
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||
drop of 20% in 1988. Political instability, lack of credit, and the
|
||
erosion of business confidence prompted declines of 20-70% in the
|
||
financial, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing, and construction
|
||
sectors between 1987 and 1989. Transits through the Panama Canal were
|
||
off slightly, as were toll revenues. Unemployment remained about 23%
|
||
during 1989. Imports of foodstuffs and crude oil increased during 1989,
|
||
but capital goods imports continued their slide. Exports were widely
|
||
promoted by Noriega trade delegations, but sales abroad remained
|
||
stagnant.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $3.9 billion, per capita $1,648; real growth rate - 7.5%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 0.1% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 23% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $598 million; expenditures $750 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $220 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--bananas 40%,
|
||
shrimp 27%, coffee 4%, sugar, petroleum products;
|
||
partners--US 90%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $830 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--foodstuffs
|
||
16%, capital goods 9%, crude oil 16%, consumer goods, chemicals;
|
||
partners--US 35%, Central America and Caribbean, EC,
|
||
Mexico, Venezuela (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $5.2 billion (November 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 4.1% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,113,000 kW capacity; 3,270 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,380 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining,
|
||
brewing, cement and other construction material, sugar mills, paper products
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.), 26% of labor
|
||
force (1987); crops--bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock;
|
||
fishing; importer of food grain, vegetables, milk products
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $515 million;
|
||
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
||
$568 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $4 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: balboa (plural--balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: balboas (B) per US$1--1.000 (fixed rate)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter
|
||
gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed
|
||
stone, 2,515 km improved and unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama
|
||
Canal
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 130 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3,187 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
46,502,092 GRT/72,961,250 DWT; includes 34 passenger, 22 short-sea
|
||
passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,087 cargo, 179 refrigerated cargo,
|
||
186 container, 71 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 136 vehicle carrier,
|
||
7 livestock carrier, 9 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
||
315 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 184 chemical tanker,
|
||
30 combination ore/oil, 91 liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 767 bulk,
|
||
58 combination bulk; note--all but 5 are foreign owned and operated;
|
||
the top 4 foreign owners are Japan 41%, Greece 9%, Hong Kong 9%, and the
|
||
US 7% (China owns at least 144 ships, Yugoslavia 12, Cuba 6, and
|
||
Vietnam 9)
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 123 total, 112 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: domestic and international facilities well developed;
|
||
connection into Central American Microwave System; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
|
||
antennas; 220,000 telephones; stations--91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine
|
||
cable
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a
|
||
military institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on
|
||
20 December 1989; President Endara is attempting to restructure the
|
||
forces, with more civilian control, under the new name of Panamanian
|
||
Public Forces (PPF)
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 628,327; 433,352 fit for military service;
|
||
no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.0% of GDP (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Papua New Guinea
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 461,690 km2; land area: 451,710 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than California
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: 820 km with Indonesia
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 5,152 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast
|
||
monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber,
|
||
oil potential
|
||
|
||
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 1% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 71% forest and woodland; 28% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast;
|
||
some active volcanos; frequent earthquakes
|
||
|
||
Note: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 3,822,875 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Papua New Guinean(s); adjective--Papua New Guinean
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito,
|
||
Micronesian, and Polynesian
|
||
|
||
Religion: over half of population nominally Christian (490,000
|
||
Roman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder indigenous
|
||
beliefs
|
||
|
||
Language: 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin
|
||
English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 32%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,660,000; 732,806 in salaried employment; 54% agriculture,
|
||
25% government, 9% industry and commerce, 8% services (1980)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20
|
||
members
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|
||
|
||
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Port Moresby
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu,
|
||
Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus,
|
||
Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons,
|
||
Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain
|
||
|
||
Independence: 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian
|
||
administration)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 16 September 1975
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
deputy prime minister, National Executive Council (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to
|
||
as the House of Assembly)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952),
|
||
represented by Governor General Vincent ERI (since 18 January 1990);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Rabbie NAMALIU (since 4 July 1988);
|
||
Deputy Prime Minister Akoko DOI (since 7 July 1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party,
|
||
Papua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
National Parliament--last held 13 June-4 July 1987 (next to be held
|
||
4 July 1992);
|
||
results--PP 14.7%, PDM 10.8%, PPP 6.1%, MA 5.6%, NP 5.1%, PAP 3.2%,
|
||
independents 42.9%, others 11.6%;
|
||
seats--(109 total) PP 26, PDM 17, NP 12, MA 7, PAP 6, PPP 5, independents 22,
|
||
others 14
|
||
|
||
Communists: no significant strength
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
|
||
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at
|
||
Suite 350, 1330 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
|
||
telephone (202) 659-0856;
|
||
US--Ambassador-designate William FERRAND; Embassy at Armit
|
||
Street, Port
|
||
Moresby (mailing address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby); telephone
|
||
<EFBFBD>675<EFBFBD> 211-455 or 594, 654
|
||
|
||
Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle
|
||
is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is
|
||
black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation
|
||
centered
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural
|
||
resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and
|
||
the high cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a
|
||
subsistence livelihood for more than half of the population. Mining of
|
||
numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of
|
||
export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid
|
||
under World Bank auspices help sustain the economy.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $3.26 billion, per capita $890; real growth rate 1.2% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 5% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $962 million; expenditures $998 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $169 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--gold, copper
|
||
ore, coffee, copra, palm oil, timber, lobster; partners--FRG, Japan,
|
||
Australia, UK, Spain, US
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
||
transport equipment, fuels, food, chemicals, consumer goods;
|
||
partners--Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.5 billion (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced,
|
||
400 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing,
|
||
wood chip production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile
|
||
soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash
|
||
crops--coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products--tea, rubber, sweet
|
||
potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban
|
||
centers
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $38.8 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $5.8
|
||
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: kina (plural--kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1--1.1592 (December 1989), 1.1685 (1989),
|
||
1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987), 1.0296 (1986), 1.0000 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone,
|
||
or stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,675 GRT/27,954
|
||
DWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 575 total, 455 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: services are adequate and being improved; facilities
|
||
provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
|
||
aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services; submarine
|
||
cables extend to Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); stations--31 AM,
|
||
2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 952,454; 529,570 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1.3% of GDP, or $42 million (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Paracel Islands
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 518 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical
|
||
|
||
Terrain: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: none
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to typhoons
|
||
|
||
Note: located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea
|
||
about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: no permanent inhabitants
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: no economic activity
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: occupied by China
|
||
.pa
|
||
Paraguay
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 406,750 km2; land area: 397,300 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than California
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km,
|
||
Brazil 1,290 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of
|
||
Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute
|
||
|
||
Climate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west
|
||
|
||
Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay;
|
||
Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the
|
||
river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber
|
||
|
||
Land use: 20% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: local flooding in southeast (early September to June);
|
||
poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 4,660,270 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Paraguayan(s); adjective--Paraguayan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and Indian), 5% white and Indian
|
||
|
||
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations
|
||
|
||
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 81%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,300,000; 44% agriculture, 34% industry and commerce,
|
||
18% services, 4% government (1986)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 2% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Paraguay
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Asuncion
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
|
||
singular--departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron,
|
||
Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canendiyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera,
|
||
Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari,
|
||
Presidente Hayes, San Pedro
|
||
|
||
Independence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain)
|
||
|
||
Constitution 25 August 1967
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes;
|
||
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not
|
||
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet),
|
||
Council of State
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
||
consists of an upper chamber or Senate and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
||
Deputies
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Andres
|
||
RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chaves;
|
||
Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo Laino; Christian Democratic
|
||
Party (PDC), Jorge Dario Cristaldo; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
|
||
Euclides Acevedo; Liberal Party (PL), Reinaldo Odone; Popular Colorado
|
||
Movement (MOPOCO), Miguel Angel Gonzalez Casabianca; Radical Liberal Party
|
||
(PLR), Emilio Forestieri; Popular Democratic Movement (MDP)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held February 1993);
|
||
results--Gen. Rodriguez 75.8%, Domingo Laino 19.4%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by May 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF 1;
|
||
|
||
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by
|
||
May 1994);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, PDC 1, PL 1, PLR 1
|
||
|
||
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both
|
||
illegal); 3,000 to 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay,
|
||
very few are hard core; party beginning to return from exile is small and
|
||
deeply divided
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: Febrerista; Authentic Radical
|
||
Liberal; Christian Democratic Parties; Confederation of Workers (CUT);
|
||
Roman Catholic Church
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
IPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Marcos MARTINEZ MENDIETA; Chancery
|
||
at 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960
|
||
through 6962; there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and
|
||
New York, and a Consulate in Houston; US--Ambassador Timothy L. TOWELL;
|
||
Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion (mailing address is
|
||
C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO Miami 34036-0001); telephone <20>595<39> (21) 201-041
|
||
or 049
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an
|
||
emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different
|
||
on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of
|
||
arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words
|
||
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side
|
||
at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of
|
||
Liberty and the words Paz y Justica (Peace and Justice) capped
|
||
by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is predominantly agricultural. Agriculture,
|
||
including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GNP, employs about 45% of
|
||
the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has no known
|
||
significant mineral or petroleum resources, but does have a large
|
||
hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined
|
||
compared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an
|
||
average annual rate of nearly 11%. During 1982-86 real GDP fell three
|
||
out of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and
|
||
foreign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the
|
||
economy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather
|
||
for crops, and weak international commodity prices for agricultural exports.
|
||
In 1987 the economy experienced a modest recovery because of improved weather
|
||
conditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The
|
||
recovery continued through 1988, with a bumper soybean crop and record cotton
|
||
production. The government, however, must follow through on promises of reforms
|
||
needed to deal with large fiscal deficits, growing debt arrearages,
|
||
and falling reserves.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $8.9 billion, per capita $1,970; real growth rate 5.2% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $609 million; expenditures $909 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $401 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1,020 million (registered f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
||
commodities--cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil,
|
||
meat products; partners--EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%,
|
||
US 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1,010 million (registered c.i.f., 1989 est.);
|
||
commodities--capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants
|
||
19%, raw materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%;
|
||
partners--Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.9 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 2% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 5,169,000 kW capacity; 15,140 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,350 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing,
|
||
textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and 50% of labor force; cash
|
||
crops--cotton, sugarcane; other crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava,
|
||
fruits, and vegetables; animal products--beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus
|
||
producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
||
drug trade with an estimated 300 hectares cultivated in 1988; important
|
||
transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $168 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $994 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: guarani (plural--guaranies);
|
||
1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$1--1,200.20 (November 1989;
|
||
floated in February 1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989),
|
||
339.17 (1986), 306.67 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km
|
||
1.000-meter gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km
|
||
earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Asuncion
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,735 GRT/26,043
|
||
DWT; includes 13 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker;
|
||
note--1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 873 total, 753 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 52 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity
|
||
microwave net; 78,300 telephones; stations--40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave;
|
||
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,096,227; 798,750 fit for military
|
||
service; 49,791 reach military age (17) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Peru
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km,
|
||
Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 2,414 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
|
||
|
||
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
|
||
|
||
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
|
||
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
|
||
fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash
|
||
|
||
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic
|
||
activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air
|
||
pollution in Lima
|
||
|
||
Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
|
||
lake, with Bolivia
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 21,905,605 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo (mixed Indian and European
|
||
ancestry); 15% white; 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other
|
||
|
||
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 80% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); 44% government and other services,
|
||
37% agriculture, 19% industry (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Peru
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Lima
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos,
|
||
singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province*
|
||
(provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
|
||
Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad,
|
||
Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno,
|
||
San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
|
||
|
||
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution
|
||
because constituent assembly met in 1979, but Constitution actually took effect
|
||
the following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected
|
||
president and bicameral legislature
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory
|
||
ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
|
||
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
|
||
chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
||
(Camara de Diputados)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President-elect Alberto FUJIMORI (since 10 June
|
||
1990; Vice President-elect Maximo San ROMAN (since 10 June 1990);
|
||
Vice President-elect Carlos GARCIA;
|
||
President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 1985);
|
||
First Vice President Luis Alberto SANCHEZ Sanchez (since 28 July 1985);
|
||
Second Vice President Luis Juan ALVA Castro (since 28 July 1985);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Guillermo LARCO Cox (since 3 October
|
||
1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
|
||
(APRA), Alan Garcia Perez; United Left (IU), run by committee;
|
||
Democratic Front (FREDEMO), headed by Mario Vargas Llosa of the Liberty
|
||
Movement (ML), coalition also includes the Popular Christian Party (PPC),
|
||
Luis Bedoya Reyes and the Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
|
||
Belaunde Terry; Socialist Left (ISO), Alfonso Barrantes Lingan
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
|
||
results--Alberto Fujimori xx%, Mario Vargas Llosa xx%, others xx%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(60 total) APRA 32, IU 15, AP 5, others 8;
|
||
|
||
Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April
|
||
1995);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(180 total) APRA 107, IU 48, AP 10, others 15
|
||
|
||
Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet,
|
||
2,000; other minor Communist parties
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
||
|
||
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CCC, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
|
||
Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American
|
||
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU,
|
||
IWC--International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
||
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Cesar G. ATALA; Chancery at
|
||
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860
|
||
through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston,
|
||
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and
|
||
San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
||
US--Ambassador Anthony QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of
|
||
Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address
|
||
is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1010, or APO Miami 34031); telephone <20>51<35> (14) 338-000
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with
|
||
the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
|
||
bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia
|
||
spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is verging on hyperinflation and economic activity
|
||
is contracting rapidly. Deficit spending is at the root of domestic economic
|
||
problems, but poor relations with international lenders--the result of
|
||
curtailing debt payments since 1985--are preventing an inflow of funds to
|
||
generate a recovery. Reduced standards of living have increased labor tensions,
|
||
and strikes, particularly in the key mining sector, have cut production and
|
||
exports. Foreign exchange shortages have forced reductions in vital consumer
|
||
imports such as food and industrial inputs. Peru is the world's leading producer
|
||
of coca, from which the drug cocaine is produced.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $18.9 billion, per capita $880; real growth rate - 12.2% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,775% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 15.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $796 million (1986)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $3.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--fishmeal,
|
||
cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude
|
||
petroleum and byproducts; partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%,
|
||
Latin America 8%, USSR 4%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals,
|
||
pharmaceuticals; partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%,
|
||
Switzerland 3%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $17.7 billion (December 1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 25.0% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced,
|
||
725 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing,
|
||
food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial
|
||
crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat, potatoes,
|
||
plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not
|
||
self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million
|
||
metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: world's largest coca producer and source of supply
|
||
for coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for
|
||
illicit production; most of coca base is shipped to Colombian drug
|
||
dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.6 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion;
|
||
Communist countries (1970-88), $577 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1--5,261.40 (December 1989),
|
||
128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km
|
||
0.914-meter gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km
|
||
improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system
|
||
and 208 km Lago Titicaca
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 341,213 GRT/535,215
|
||
DWT; includes 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 bulk;
|
||
note--in addition, 7 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used
|
||
commercially
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 242 total, 226 usable; 35 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide
|
||
radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no FM, 140 TV,
|
||
144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de
|
||
Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,543,166; 3,751,077 fit for military
|
||
service; 236,814 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 4.9% of GNP (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Philippines
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 36,289 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from
|
||
coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed
|
||
polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
|
||
|
||
Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
|
||
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
|
||
southwest monsoon (May to October)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver,
|
||
gold, salt, copper
|
||
|
||
Land use: 26% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck
|
||
by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active
|
||
volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water
|
||
pollution
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 66,117,284 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 32 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 69 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Filipino(s); adjective--Philippine
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3%
|
||
other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and
|
||
other
|
||
|
||
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 88% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 22,889,000; 47% agriculture, 20% industry and commerce,
|
||
13.5% services, 10% government, 9.5% other (1987)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 2,064 registered unions; total membership 4.8 million
|
||
(includes 2.7 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Manila
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra,
|
||
Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora,
|
||
Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes,
|
||
Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*,
|
||
Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*,
|
||
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite,
|
||
Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*,
|
||
Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*,
|
||
Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte,
|
||
Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*,
|
||
Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*,
|
||
Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque,
|
||
Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,
|
||
Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental,
|
||
North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*,
|
||
Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan,
|
||
Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*,
|
||
Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan),
|
||
San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato,
|
||
Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte,
|
||
Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi,
|
||
Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte,
|
||
Zamboanga del Sur
|
||
|
||
Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
|
||
Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Corazon C. AQUINO
|
||
(since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February
|
||
1986)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino Pimentel; Struggle of
|
||
Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali Gonzales; Nationalista Party, Salvador
|
||
Laurel, Juan Ponce Enrile; Liberal Party, Jovito Salonga
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 15
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be
|
||
held May 1992); results--Corazon C. Aquino elected after the fall of the
|
||
Marcos regime;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1993);
|
||
results--Pro-Aquino LDP 63%, Liberals LDP and
|
||
PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, Opposition Nationalista Party 4%,
|
||
independents 8%;
|
||
seats--(24 total) Pro-Aquino LDP 15, Liberals
|
||
LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, Opposition 1, independents 2;
|
||
|
||
House of Representatives--last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be
|
||
held May 1992);
|
||
results--Pro-Aquino LDP 73%, Liberals LDP and PDP-Laban
|
||
(Pimentel wing) 10%, Opposition Nationalista Party 17%;
|
||
seats--(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
||
|
||
Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls
|
||
about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal
|
||
party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist
|
||
Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
||
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at
|
||
1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414;
|
||
there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu,
|
||
Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;
|
||
US--Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
|
||
(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone <20>63<36> (2) 521-7116;
|
||
there is a US Consulate in Cebu
|
||
|
||
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white
|
||
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a
|
||
yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and
|
||
in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil
|
||
following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts.
|
||
After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the
|
||
economy has since 1986 had positive growth. The agricultural sector,
|
||
together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy,
|
||
employing about 50% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The
|
||
Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products.
|
||
Manufacturing contributed about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food
|
||
processing, chemicals, and textiles.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $40.5 billion, per capita $625; real growth rate 5.2% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.6% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 8.7% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
|
||
commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals
|
||
and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%,
|
||
forest products 4%; partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%,
|
||
ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $10.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--raw materials
|
||
53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%; partners--US 25%,
|
||
Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $27.8 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 6,700,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
385 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,
|
||
food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 50% of labor force;
|
||
major crops--rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal
|
||
products--pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2
|
||
million metric tons annually
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
|
||
drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis
|
||
despite government eradication efforts
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.2 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.4 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-88), $123
|
||
million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Philippine peso (plural--pesos);
|
||
1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1--22.464 (January 1990),
|
||
21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel,
|
||
crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m)
|
||
vessels
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila,
|
||
Subic Bay
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 595 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,134,924
|
||
GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 10 short-sea passenger,
|
||
16 passenger-cargo, 166 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 30 vehicle carrier,
|
||
8 livestock carrier, 7 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 container, 36 petroleum,
|
||
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas,
|
||
3 combination ore/oil, 282 bulk, 5 combination bulk; note--many
|
||
Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the
|
||
purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who
|
||
are principally in Japan and FRG
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 301 total, 237 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services;
|
||
domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations--267 AM
|
||
(including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to
|
||
Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations--1
|
||
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary--Integrated
|
||
National Police
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,160,543; 11,417,451 fit for military
|
||
service; 684,976 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GNP, or $850 million (1990 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Pitcairn Islands
|
||
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 51 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds;
|
||
rainy season (November to March)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
|
||
pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
|
||
|
||
Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between
|
||
Peru and New Zealand
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 56 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective--Pitcairn Islander
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers
|
||
|
||
Religion: 100% Seventh-Day Adventist
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public
|
||
works; subsistence farming and fishing
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
|
||
|
||
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
||
|
||
Capital: Adamstown
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964
|
||
|
||
Legal system: local island by-laws
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
||
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Island Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
|
||
represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
|
||
Robin A. C. BYATT (since NA 1988);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
|
||
Council Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: NA
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Island Council--last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
||
|
||
Communists: none
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: NA
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
||
the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the
|
||
coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow
|
||
anchor
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming.
|
||
The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and
|
||
vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans.
|
||
Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue
|
||
are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts
|
||
to passing ships.
|
||
|
||
GNP: NA
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital
|
||
expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $NA; commodities--fruits, vegetables, curios;
|
||
partners--NA
|
||
|
||
Imports: $NA; commodities--fuel oil, machinery, building materials,
|
||
flour, sugar, other foodstuffs; partners--NA
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
|
||
4,410 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of
|
||
fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products
|
||
|
||
Aid: none
|
||
|
||
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6581 (January
|
||
1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: none
|
||
|
||
Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads
|
||
|
||
Ports: Bounty Bay
|
||
|
||
Airports: none
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the
|
||
island; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
||
.pa
|
||
Poland
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, GDR 456 km,
|
||
USSR 1,215 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 491 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
|
||
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver,
|
||
lead, salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 46% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering
|
||
streams; severe air and water pollution in south
|
||
|
||
Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain
|
||
and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 37,776,725 (July 1990), growth rate NEGL (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Pole(s); adjective--Polish
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less
|
||
than 0.05% Jewish
|
||
|
||
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing),
|
||
5% Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other
|
||
|
||
Language: Polish
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 98%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 17,128,000 (1988); 36.5% industry and construction;
|
||
28.5% agriculture; 14.7% trade, transport, and communications;
|
||
20.3% government and other
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: trade union pluralism
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Poland
|
||
|
||
Type: democratic state
|
||
|
||
Capital: Warsaw
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa,
|
||
singular--wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko-Biala,
|
||
Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk,
|
||
Gorzow Wielkopolski, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin,
|
||
Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza,
|
||
Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow,
|
||
Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,
|
||
Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow,
|
||
Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc,
|
||
Zielona Gora
|
||
|
||
Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed
|
||
|
||
Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952
|
||
will be replaced by a democratic Constitution before May 1991
|
||
|
||
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist
|
||
legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July (1952) will
|
||
probably be replaced by Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
||
(cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of
|
||
an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly
|
||
(Sejm)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI (since
|
||
19 July 1989, Chairman of Council of State since 6 November 1985);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Premier Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI (since 24 August 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders:
|
||
Center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL, known
|
||
unofficially as PSL-Wilanowska), Gen. Franciszek Kaminski, chairman;
|
||
Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Josef Slisz, chairman;
|
||
Polish Peasant Party-Rebirth (formerly the United Peasant Party),
|
||
Kazimirrz Olrsiak, chairman;
|
||
|
||
Other center-right parties--National Party, Bronislaw Ekert,
|
||
chairman;
|
||
Christian National Union, Urrslaw Chnzanowski, chairman;
|
||
Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw Sila Nowicki, chairman;
|
||
Democratic Party, Jerzy Jozwiak, chairman;
|
||
|
||
Center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef Lipski,
|
||
chairman;
|
||
|
||
Left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution;
|
||
|
||
Other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the
|
||
Communist Party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander
|
||
Kwasnuewski, chairman;
|
||
Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway
|
||
faction of the PZPR), Tadrusz Fiszbach, chairman
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Senate--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held June 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be
|
||
held June 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant
|
||
Party 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note--rules
|
||
governing the election limited Solidarity's share of the vote to 35%
|
||
of the seats; future elections are to be freely contested
|
||
|
||
Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor party (1990)
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church;
|
||
Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group;
|
||
Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ),
|
||
populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and
|
||
Peace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS)
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, CEMA, Council of Europe, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC,
|
||
ICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jan KINAST; Chancery at 2640 16th
|
||
Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are
|
||
Polish Consulates General in Chicago and New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador-designate Thomas SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje
|
||
Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw (mailing address is
|
||
APO New York 09213); telephone <20>48<34> 283041 through 283049; there is a US
|
||
Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan
|
||
|
||
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red--a crowned
|
||
eagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which
|
||
are red (top) and white
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had
|
||
followed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of the country's
|
||
productive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the
|
||
private sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a
|
||
picture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying
|
||
weaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP increased between 3%
|
||
and 6% annually during the period 1983-1986, but grew only 2.5% and 2.1%
|
||
in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Output dropped by 1.5% in 1989. The
|
||
inflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22%
|
||
in 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989. Shortages of consumer
|
||
goods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and
|
||
coal have remained the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures
|
||
are increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of
|
||
approximately $40 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import
|
||
much-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989
|
||
disrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January
|
||
1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for
|
||
transforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to
|
||
eliminate subsidies, end artificially low prices, make the zloty
|
||
convertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial
|
||
measures are accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages.
|
||
Substantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful
|
||
transition in the 1990s.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $172.4 billion, per capita $4,565; real growth rate - 1.6%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 640% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%; 215,000 (official number, mid-March 1990)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $23 billion; expenditures $24 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $24.7 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
|
||
commodities--machinery and equipment 63%; fuels, minerals, and
|
||
metals 14%; manufactured consumer goods 14%; agricultural and forestry
|
||
products 5% (1987 est.);
|
||
partners--USSR 25%, FRG 12%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $22.8 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
|
||
commodities--machinery and equipment 36%; fuels, minerals, and
|
||
metals 35%; manufactured consumer goods 9%; agricultural and forestry
|
||
products 12%;
|
||
partners--USSR 23%, FRG 13%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $40 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 2.0% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 31,390,000 kW capacity; 125,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,260 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries,
|
||
chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; 75% of
|
||
output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains
|
||
low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed,
|
||
and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter
|
||
of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries,
|
||
$2.1 billion (1954-88)
|
||
|
||
Currency: zloty (plural--zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1--9,500.00 (January 1990),
|
||
1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 27,245 km total; 24,333 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km
|
||
1.524-meter broad gauge, 2,515 km narrow gauge; 8,986 km double track; 10,000 km
|
||
electrified; government owned (1986)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete,
|
||
asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone,
|
||
gravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1988)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil;
|
||
360 km for refined products (1987)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland
|
||
ports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw
|
||
on the Vistula
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 234 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,534
|
||
GRT/4,164,665 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 93 cargo, 3 refrigerated
|
||
cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 105 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--30 AM, 28 FM, 41 TV; 4 Soviet TV relays;
|
||
9,691,075 TV sets; 9,290,000 radio receivers; at least 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Ground Forces, National Air Defense Forces, Air Force Command,
|
||
Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,501,088; 7,503,477 fit for military
|
||
service; 292,769 reach military age (19) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 954 billion zlotych, NA% of total budget (1989);
|
||
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
||
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
||
.pa
|
||
Portugal
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and
|
||
Madeira Islands
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,793 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Macau is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
|
||
of China in 1999; East Timor question with Indonesia
|
||
|
||
Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier
|
||
in south
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore,
|
||
uranium ore, marble
|
||
|
||
Land use: 32% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 40% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 7% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
|
||
|
||
Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations
|
||
along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 10,354,497 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Portuguese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores,
|
||
Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland
|
||
during decolonization number less than 100,000
|
||
|
||
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations, 2% other
|
||
|
||
Language: Portuguese
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 83%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 4,605,700; 45% services, 35% industry, 20% agriculture (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated
|
||
General Confederation of Portuguese Workers--Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents
|
||
more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General
|
||
Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and
|
||
represents less than half of unionized labor
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Portuguese Republic
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Lisbon
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos,
|
||
singular--distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas,
|
||
singular--regiao autonoma); Acores*, Aveiro, Beja, Braga,
|
||
Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,
|
||
Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal,
|
||
Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
|
||
|
||
Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative
|
||
Region of China in 1999)
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982; new discussions on
|
||
constitutional revision began October 1987
|
||
|
||
Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
|
||
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
||
reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy
|
||
prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia
|
||
da Republica)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de
|
||
Justica)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES
|
||
(since 9 March 1986);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6
|
||
November 1985); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal
|
||
Cavaco Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge Sampaio; Party of
|
||
Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio Martinho; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP),
|
||
Alvaro Cunhal; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Diogo Freitas do Amaral
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 16 February 1986 (next to be held January
|
||
1991);
|
||
results--Dr. Mario Lopes Soares 51.3%, Prof. Diogo Freitas do Amal
|
||
48.7%;
|
||
|
||
Assembly of the Republic--last held 19 July 1987
|
||
(next to be held July 1991);
|
||
results--Social Democrats 59.2%, Socialists 24.0%, Communists (in a
|
||
front coalition) 12.4%, Democratic Renewal 2.8%, Center Democrats 1.6%;
|
||
seats--(250 total) Social Democrats 148, Socialists 60, Communists
|
||
(in a front coalition) 31 seats, Democratic Renewal 7,
|
||
Center Democrats 4
|
||
|
||
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753
|
||
(December 1983)
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, Council of Europe, EC, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD,
|
||
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
|
||
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC--International
|
||
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS;
|
||
Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
||
telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston,
|
||
New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey),
|
||
New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);
|
||
US--Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas,
|
||
1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002);
|
||
telephone <20>351<35> (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there are US Consulates in
|
||
Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores)
|
||
|
||
Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
|
||
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained
|
||
recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 4.7% in
|
||
1987, 4.1% in 1988, and 3.5% in 1989, largely because of strong domestic
|
||
consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the
|
||
third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times
|
||
the European Community average. The government is pushing economic
|
||
restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992
|
||
European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $72.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate 3.5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.8% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 5.9% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $19.0 billion; expenditures $22.2 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--cotton
|
||
textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
|
||
products, resin, machinery, appliances; partners--EC 72%, other
|
||
developed countries 13%, US 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $17.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
|
||
partners--EC 67%, other developed countries 13%, less developed countries
|
||
15%, US 4%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $17.2 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork;
|
||
metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small
|
||
inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops--grain,
|
||
potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector--sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat,
|
||
dairy products
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.8 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $998 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural--escudos);
|
||
1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--149.15 (January 1990),
|
||
157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP)
|
||
operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double
|
||
track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified,
|
||
double track, privately owned
|
||
|
||
Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and
|
||
crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km
|
||
improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national
|
||
economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas
|
||
(Azores), Setubal, Sines
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 576,654
|
||
GRT/1,005,740 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 21 cargo,
|
||
2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
|
||
10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker,
|
||
1 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--Portugal has created
|
||
a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will
|
||
have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience;
|
||
although only one ship is currently known to fly the Portuguese flag on
|
||
the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships
|
||
will transfer to this subregister in a few years
|
||
|
||
Airports: 69 total, 64 usable; 37 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
||
runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,250,000
|
||
telephones; stations--44 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine
|
||
cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2
|
||
Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and
|
||
Azores)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,583,782; 2,102,835 fit for military
|
||
service; 88,384 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: $1.3 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Puerto Rico
|
||
(commonwealth associated with the US)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 501 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 m;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north;
|
||
mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore
|
||
and offshore crude oil
|
||
|
||
Land use: 8% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 51% meadows and pastures;
|
||
25% forest and woodland; 7% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure
|
||
land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain
|
||
belt in north
|
||
|
||
Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin
|
||
Islands group along the Mona Passage--a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal;
|
||
San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 3,291,207 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Puerto Rican(s); adjective--Puerto Rican
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic
|
||
|
||
Religion: mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant
|
||
denominations and other
|
||
|
||
Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 89%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,062,000; 23% government, 20% trade, 18% manufacturing,
|
||
4% agriculture, 35% other (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the
|
||
General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
Type: commonwealth associated with the US
|
||
|
||
Capital: San Juan
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952;
|
||
effective 25 July 1952
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper
|
||
house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January
|
||
1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January
|
||
1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael
|
||
Hernandez Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Baltasar Corrado del Rio;
|
||
Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan Mari Bras and Carlos Gallisa;
|
||
Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben Berrios Martinez; Puerto
|
||
Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US
|
||
citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Governor--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
||
1992);
|
||
results--Rafael Hernandez Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar Corrada Del Rio
|
||
(PNP) 45.8%, Ruben Barrios Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;
|
||
|
||
Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
|
||
1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;
|
||
|
||
House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be
|
||
held November 1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist
|
||
activities--Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the
|
||
Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros),
|
||
Armed Forces of Popular Resistance
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
||
|
||
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with
|
||
white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white
|
||
five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the
|
||
Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary
|
||
sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free
|
||
access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily
|
||
in Puerto Rico since the 1970s. Important new industries include
|
||
pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed
|
||
foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other
|
||
livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural
|
||
sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income
|
||
for the island.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $18.4 billion, per capita $5,574; real growth rate 4.9% (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 33% (December 1987-88)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 12.8% (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $4.9 million; expenditures $4.9 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., FY88); commodities--sugar, coffee,
|
||
petroleum products, chemical, metal products, textiles, electronic equipment;
|
||
partners--US 87%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $11.8 billion (c.i.f., FY88); commodities--chemicals,
|
||
clothing, food, fish products, crude oil; partners--US 60%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,050 million kWh produced,
|
||
4,260 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: tourism, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
|
||
food processing, petroleum refining
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of labor force; crops--sugarcane,
|
||
coffee, pineapples, tobacco, bananas; livestock--cattle, chickens;
|
||
imports a large share of food needs
|
||
|
||
Aid: none
|
||
|
||
Currency: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: US currency is used
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane;
|
||
no passenger railroads
|
||
|
||
Highways: 13,762 km paved
|
||
|
||
Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
|
||
|
||
Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 2,000,000 radio receivers; 810,000 TV receivers;
|
||
769,140 telephones; stations--69 AM, 42 FM, 24 TV (1984)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; paramilitary National
|
||
Guard; police force of 10,050 men and women (1984)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Qatar
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 563 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: as delimited with neighboring states, or
|
||
to limit of shelf, or to median line;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: to median line;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with
|
||
Bahrain over the Hawar Islands
|
||
|
||
Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater
|
||
resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near
|
||
major crude oil sources
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 490,897 (July 1990), growth rate 5.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 38 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Qatari(s); adjective--Qatari
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani, 18% Indian, 10% Iranian,
|
||
14% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 95% Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 40%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: State of Qatar
|
||
|
||
Type: traditional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Doha
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none
|
||
|
||
Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
|
||
|
||
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir,
|
||
although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in
|
||
personal matters
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister
|
||
Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad
|
||
bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: none
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Advisory Council--constitution calls for elections for part
|
||
of this consultative body, but no elections have been held;
|
||
seats--(30 total)
|
||
|
||
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
|
||
NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz
|
||
AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington
|
||
DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
|
||
US--Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at Fariq Bin Omran
|
||
(opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399,
|
||
Doha); telephone <20>974<37> 864701 through 864703
|
||
|
||
Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the
|
||
hoist side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for 90% of
|
||
export earnings and more than 80% of government revenues. Proved oil
|
||
reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current
|
||
levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about
|
||
$17,000, among the highest in the world.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $5.4 billion, per capita $17,070; real growth rate 9.0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
||
products 90%, steel, fertilizers; partners--France, FRG, Italy, Japan,
|
||
Spain
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.), excluding military equipment;
|
||
commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals,
|
||
machinery and equipment; partners--EC, Japan, Arab countries, US,
|
||
Australia
|
||
|
||
External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
8,540 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers,
|
||
petrochemicals, steel, cement
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP;
|
||
commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-
|
||
88)
|
||
|
||
Currency: Qatari riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or
|
||
natural surface (est.)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Doha, Musayid, Halul Island
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 273,318 GRT/420,227
|
||
DWT; includes 7 cargo, 3 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
|
||
tanker
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones;
|
||
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to
|
||
Bahrain and UAE; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations--1
|
||
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 255,474; 120,614 fit for military service;
|
||
3,982 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Reunion
|
||
(overseas department of France)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 201 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from
|
||
May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, arable land
|
||
|
||
Land use: 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 39% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: periodic devastating cyclones
|
||
|
||
Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 595,583 (July 1990), growth rate 1.9% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Reunionese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African,
|
||
Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
|
||
|
||
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: French (official); Creole widely used
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%, but over 80% among younger generation
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA; 30% agriculture, 21% industry, 49% services (1981);
|
||
63% of population of working age (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Department of Reunion
|
||
|
||
Type: overseas department of France
|
||
|
||
Capital: Saint-Denis
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (overseas department of France)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: French law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: French president, Commissioner of the Republic
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional
|
||
Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND
|
||
(since 21 May 1981);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN
|
||
(since September 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR),
|
||
Francois Mas; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert Gerard; Communist
|
||
Party of Reunion (PCR); France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre Thien Ah Koon;
|
||
Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude Fruteau; Social Democrats (CDS), other
|
||
small parties
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Regional Council--last held 16 March 1986
|
||
(next to be held March 1991);
|
||
results--RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%,
|
||
PS 14.1%, other 3.6%;
|
||
seats--(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;
|
||
|
||
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
|
||
September 1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;
|
||
|
||
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
|
||
(next to be held June 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1
|
||
|
||
Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters,
|
||
the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the
|
||
district of Le Port
|
||
|
||
Member of: WFTU
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese
|
||
interests are represented in the US by France
|
||
|
||
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture.
|
||
Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years
|
||
it accounts for 85% of exports. The government is pushing the development
|
||
of a tourist industry to relieve a high unemployment rate that was over 30%
|
||
in 1986. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued
|
||
financial assistance from France.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $4,290 (1985);
|
||
real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 32.0%; high seasonal unemployment (1986)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $136 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--sugar 75%, rum
|
||
and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, vanilla and tea 1%;
|
||
partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, S. Africa, Italy
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--manufactured
|
||
goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw
|
||
materials, and petroleum products; partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain,
|
||
South Africa, Italy
|
||
|
||
External debt: NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced,
|
||
965 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing
|
||
handicraft items
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy;
|
||
cash crops--sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops--tropical fruits,
|
||
vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $13.5 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
||
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
||
stabilized earth
|
||
|
||
Ports: Pointe des Galets
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and
|
||
radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to
|
||
Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius;
|
||
85,900 telephones; stations--3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV;
|
||
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 158,812; 82,400 fit for military
|
||
service; 6,075 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
||
.pa
|
||
Romania
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,
|
||
USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 225 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Transylvania question with Hungary; Bessarabia question
|
||
with USSR
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
|
||
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
|
||
|
||
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of
|
||
Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
|
||
Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber,
|
||
natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 43% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 11% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;
|
||
geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
|
||
|
||
Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
|
||
the Balkans and western USSR
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 23,273,285 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6%
|
||
Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
|
||
|
||
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist,
|
||
Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist
|
||
|
||
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 98%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 10,690,000; 34% industry, 28% agriculture, 38% other (1987)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system
|
||
organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR)
|
||
under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow,
|
||
newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining two rival
|
||
umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions and Fratia
|
||
(Brotherhood)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: former Communist state; current multiparty provisional
|
||
government has scheduled a general democratic election for 20 May 1990
|
||
|
||
Capital: Bucharest
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet) and
|
||
1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
|
||
Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
|
||
Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
|
||
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita,
|
||
Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj,
|
||
Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
|
||
|
||
Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist
|
||
legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being
|
||
revised; Communist regime had not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
|
||
Provisional Council of National Unity will probably accept ICJ
|
||
jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August (1944); new national
|
||
day to commemorate popular anti-Ceausescu uprising under discussion
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, and
|
||
Council of Ministers (cabinet) appointed by provisional government
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
|
||
or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies
|
||
(Adunarea Deputatilor)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President of Provisional Council of National Unity
|
||
Ion ILIESCU (since 23 December 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister of Council of Ministers
|
||
Petre ROMAN (since 23 December 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party,
|
||
Sergiu Cunescu; National Liberal Party, Radu Cimpeanu; National Christian
|
||
Peasants Party, Corneliu Coposu; Free Democratic Social Justice Party,
|
||
Gheorghe Susana; several others being formed; Communist Party has ceased
|
||
to exist; formation of left-wing parties is uncertain
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Senate--elections for the new upper house to be held 20 May 1990;
|
||
|
||
House of Deputies--elections for the new lower house to be held
|
||
20 May 1990
|
||
|
||
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased
|
||
to exist
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO,
|
||
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
|
||
Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU;
|
||
Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
||
(202) 232-4747; US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr., recalled to
|
||
Washington May 1990; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
|
||
(mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone <20>40<34> (0) 10-40-40
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
|
||
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
|
||
band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force
|
||
and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
|
||
persistent shortages of energy. In recent years the agricultural sector
|
||
has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs.
|
||
Favorable weather in 1989 helped produce a good harvest, although far
|
||
below government claims. The new government is slowly loosening the tight
|
||
central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted
|
||
moderate land reforms, with close to one-third of cropland now in
|
||
private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private
|
||
agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the
|
||
establishment of private enterprises of 20 or fewer employees in
|
||
services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Furthermore, the
|
||
government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic
|
||
consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government
|
||
does not seem willing to adopt a thorough-going market system.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $79.8 billion, per capita $3,445; real growth rate - 1.5%
|
||
(1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $21.6 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and
|
||
equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods
|
||
16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
|
||
partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $8.75 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels, minerals,
|
||
and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry
|
||
products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
|
||
partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: none (mid-1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 22,640,000 kW capacity; 80,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,440 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
|
||
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major
|
||
wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed,
|
||
potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--$4.3 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less
|
||
developed countries (1956-88)
|
||
|
||
Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--20.96 (February 1990), 14.922 (1989),
|
||
14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 11,221 km total; 10,755 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 421 km
|
||
narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,328 km electrified, 3,060 km double track;
|
||
government owned (1986)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block;
|
||
20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved
|
||
surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural
|
||
gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu,
|
||
Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 282 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,313,320
|
||
GRT/5,134,335 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 184 cargo, 1 container,
|
||
1 rail-car carrier, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier,
|
||
10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: stations--39 AM, 30 FM, 38 TV; 3,910,000 TV sets;
|
||
3,225,000 radio receivers; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Romanian Army, Security Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
|
||
Romanian Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,736,783; 4,860,427 fit for military
|
||
service; 193,537 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 11.8 billion lei, 2.8% of total budget (1989);
|
||
note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
|
||
administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
||
.pa
|
||
Rwanda
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km,
|
||
Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
|
||
to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten
|
||
ore), natural gas, hydropower
|
||
|
||
Land use: 29% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 18% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 10% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion;
|
||
periodic droughts
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 7,609,119 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 53 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 113 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 8.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s)
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
|
||
|
||
Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
|
||
indigenous beliefs and other 25%
|
||
|
||
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial
|
||
centers
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 46.6%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 3,600,000; 93% agriculture, 5% government and services,
|
||
2% industry and commerce; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
|
||
|
||
Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key
|
||
offices
|
||
|
||
Capital: Kigali
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures,
|
||
singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in
|
||
Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo,
|
||
Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 17 December 1978
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
|
||
administration)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary
|
||
law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil pour
|
||
le Developpement National)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation
|
||
and the Council of State in joint session)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen.
|
||
Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary
|
||
Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana
|
||
(officially a development movement, not a party)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December
|
||
1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana reelected;
|
||
|
||
National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next
|
||
to be held December 1993);
|
||
results--MRND is the only party;
|
||
seats--(70 total); MRND 70
|
||
|
||
Communists: no Communist party
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, EAMA, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
|
||
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at
|
||
1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;
|
||
US--Ambassador Leonard H. O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at Boulevard de la
|
||
Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
|
||
telephone <20>205<30> 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green
|
||
with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
|
||
pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain
|
||
yellow band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: About 40% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee
|
||
and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited,
|
||
however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The
|
||
industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing less than 20% to GDP.
|
||
Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products.
|
||
The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid,
|
||
with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have
|
||
caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $2.3 billion, per capita $325; real growth rate - 2.5% (1988
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $413 million; expenditures $522 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $230 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--coffee 85%, tea,
|
||
tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum; partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy,
|
||
Uganda, UK, France, US
|
||
|
||
Imports: $278 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles,
|
||
foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
|
||
cement and construction material; partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
|
||
|
||
External debt: $645 million (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced,
|
||
15 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten
|
||
ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production,
|
||
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made
|
||
from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum,
|
||
potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports
|
||
foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth
|
||
in population
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$58 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100
|
||
centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--78.99 (December 1989),
|
||
79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved
|
||
earth, 2,700 km unimproved
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native
|
||
craft
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system
|
||
centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV;
|
||
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendarmerie
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,586,989; 810,560 fit for military
|
||
service; no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (1987)
|
||
.pa
|
||
St. Helena
|
||
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island,
|
||
Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 60 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
|
||
|
||
Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles
|
||
and sooty terns; no minerals
|
||
|
||
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
||
3% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: very few perennial streams
|
||
|
||
Note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains
|
||
were taken to Paris in 1840
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 6,657 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--St. Helenian(s); adjective--St. Helenian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: NA
|
||
|
||
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
|
||
and Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%, but probably high
|
||
|
||
Labor force: NA
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: St. Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members;
|
||
17% crafts, 10% professional and technical, 10% service, 9% management and
|
||
clerical, 9% farming and fishing, 6% transport, 5% sales, 1% security, and
|
||
33% other
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
||
|
||
Capital: Jamestown
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*;
|
||
Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 1 January 1967
|
||
|
||
Legal system: NA
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
|
||
Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert
|
||
F. STIMSON (since 1987)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena Labor Party, G. A. O.
|
||
Thornton; St. Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note--both
|
||
political parties inactive since 1976
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Legislative Council--last held October 1984 (next to be held NA);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
||
|
||
Communists: probably none
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
|
||
the St. Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
|
||
features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance
|
||
from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing,
|
||
the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are
|
||
few jobs, a large proportion of the work force have left to seek employment
|
||
overseas.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of NA (1984)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--fish (frozen
|
||
skipjack, tuna, salt-dried skipjack), handicrafts; partners--South Africa,
|
||
UK
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities--food,
|
||
beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor
|
||
vehicles and parts, machinery and parts; partners--UK, South Africa
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being
|
||
developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $168 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: St. Helenian pound (plural--pounds);
|
||
1 St. Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: St. Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1--0.6055
|
||
(January 1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
|
||
0.7714 (1985); note--the St. Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on St. Helena;
|
||
80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha
|
||
|
||
Ports: Jamestown (St. Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 3,150 GRT/2,264 DWT
|
||
|
||
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations--1 AM,
|
||
no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension,
|
||
then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial
|
||
cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2
|
||
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
||
.pa
|
||
St. Kitts and Nevis
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 360 km2; land area: 360 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 135 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal
|
||
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: negligible
|
||
|
||
Land use: 22% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 3% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 17% forest and woodland; 41% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)
|
||
|
||
Note: located 320 km southeast of Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 40,157 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 11 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective--Kittsian, Nevisian
|
||
|
||
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 80%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 6,700
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
||
|
||
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Basseterre
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town,
|
||
Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland,
|
||
Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary
|
||
Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre,
|
||
Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
|
||
|
||
Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 19 September 1983
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (sometimes referred to as
|
||
the National Assembly)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983,
|
||
previously Governor General of the Associated State since November 1981);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS
|
||
(since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since
|
||
February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy
|
||
Simmonds; St. Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee Moore; Nevis
|
||
Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM),
|
||
Vance Amory
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Assembly--last held 21 March 1989
|
||
(next to be held by 21 March 1994);
|
||
seats--(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1
|
||
|
||
Communists: none known
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, OECS, UN
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission),
|
||
Charge d'Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540,
|
||
2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550;
|
||
US--none
|
||
|
||
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
|
||
bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the
|
||
upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and
|
||
processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In
|
||
recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed
|
||
larger roles.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $119 million, per capita $3,240; real growth rate 6%
|
||
(1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 20-25% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $38.5 million; expenditures $45.0 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $15.8 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $30.3 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--sugar,
|
||
manufactures, postage stamps; partners--US 44%, UK 30%, Trinidad and
|
||
Tobago 12% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $94.7 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels; partners--US 35%, UK 18%,
|
||
Trinidad and Tobago 10%, Canada 6%, Japan 4% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $27.6 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
|
||
1,120 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra,
|
||
clothing, footwear, beverages
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop--sugarcane; subsistence
|
||
crops--rice, yams, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food
|
||
imported
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $13.6 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $46 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed
|
||
rate since 1976)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on St. Kitts for sugarcane
|
||
|
||
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km
|
||
unimproved earth
|
||
|
||
Ports: Basseterre (St. Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and
|
||
international link via Antigua and Barbuda and St. Martin; 2,400 telephones;
|
||
stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal St. Kitts and Nevis Police Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
St. Lucia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 158 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds;
|
||
dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
|
||
|
||
Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral
|
||
springs, geothermal potential
|
||
|
||
Land use: 8% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 13% forest and woodland; 54% other; includes 2% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity;
|
||
deforestation; soil erosion
|
||
|
||
Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 153,196 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--St. Lucian(s); adjective--St. Lucian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent, 5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian,
|
||
0.8% Caucasian
|
||
|
||
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official), French patois
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 78%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 43,800; 43.4% agriculture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry
|
||
and commerce (1983 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: parliamentary democracy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Castries
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul,
|
||
Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort
|
||
|
||
Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 22 February 1979
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper
|
||
house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Governor General Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since
|
||
3 May 1982)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John Compton;
|
||
St. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George
|
||
Odlum
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Assembly--last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held
|
||
April 1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7
|
||
|
||
Communists: negligible
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, OECS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS;
|
||
Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington DC 30037;
|
||
telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a St. Lucian Consulate General
|
||
in New York;
|
||
US--none
|
||
|
||
Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the
|
||
upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average
|
||
annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist
|
||
industry sectors. There is also an expanding industrial base supported by
|
||
foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data
|
||
processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important
|
||
agricultural sector is dominated by banana production. St. Lucia is subject
|
||
to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement
|
||
with the UK for bananas may end in 1992.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $172 million, per capita $1,258; real growth rate 6.8% (1988
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 18.6% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $71.7 million; expenditures $79.3 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $19.6 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $76.8 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities--bananas 67%,
|
||
cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil, clothing; partners--UK 55%,
|
||
CARICOM 21%, US 18%, other 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $178.1 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities--manufactured
|
||
goods 22%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and live animals
|
||
20%, mineral fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum
|
||
products; partners--US 33%, UK 16%, CARICOM 14.8%, Japan 6.5%, other 29.7%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $39.5 million (December 1987)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 2.4% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 20,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced,
|
||
530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages,
|
||
corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 43% of labor force;
|
||
crops--bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa;
|
||
imports food for the tourist industry
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $4 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $93 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
||
since 1976)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal Year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved
|
||
|
||
Ports: Castries
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones;
|
||
direct radio relay link with Martinique and St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
|
||
interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
St. Pierre and Miquelon
|
||
(territorial collectivity of France)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 242 km2; land area: 242 km2; includes eight small islands
|
||
in the St. Pierre and the Miquelon groups
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 120 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and
|
||
France
|
||
|
||
Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly barren rock
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
|
||
|
||
Land use: 13% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
4% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: vegetation scanty
|
||
|
||
Note: located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the
|
||
North Atlantic Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 6,330 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective--French
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
|
||
|
||
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: French
|
||
|
||
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education between 6 and 16 years of age
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,510 (1982)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: Workers' Force trade union
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
||
|
||
Type: territorial collectivity of France
|
||
|
||
Capital: St. Pierre
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: French law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: commissioner of the Republic
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur
|
||
d'Appel)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE
|
||
(since February 1989); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENEST
|
||
(since NA)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS);
|
||
Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard Grignon
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
General Council--last held September-October 1988 (next to be
|
||
held September 1994);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and
|
||
right-wing parties 6;
|
||
|
||
French President--last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995);
|
||
results--(second ballot) Jacques Chirac 56%, Francois Mitterrand 44%;
|
||
|
||
French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next
|
||
to be held September 1992);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(1 total) PS 1;
|
||
|
||
French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988
|
||
(next to be held June 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(1 total) UDF/CDS 1
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France,
|
||
local interests are represented in the US by France
|
||
|
||
Flag: the flag of France is used
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood
|
||
by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
|
||
Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number
|
||
of ships stopping at St. Pierre has steadily dropped over the years. In
|
||
March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for
|
||
St. Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for
|
||
three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had
|
||
virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily
|
||
subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $NA, per capita $2,495 (1984); real growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 13.3% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $NA million; expenditures $13.9 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $23.3 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--fish and fish
|
||
products, fox and mink pelts; partners--US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%,
|
||
Canada, Portugal
|
||
|
||
Imports: $50.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--meat, clothing,
|
||
fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials;
|
||
partners--Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,970 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: fishing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local
|
||
consumption; fish catch, 14,750 metric tons (1986)
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1970-87), $477 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.7598 (January 1990),
|
||
6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 120 km total; 60 kM paved (1985)
|
||
|
||
Ports: St. Pierre
|
||
|
||
Civil air: Air Saint-Pierre
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways,
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; stations--1 AM, 3 FM, no TV;
|
||
radiotelecommunication with most countries in the world; 1 satellite earth
|
||
station in French domestic system
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
|
||
.pa
|
||
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 84 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation;
|
||
rainy season (May to November)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of
|
||
St. Vincent
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: negligible
|
||
|
||
Land use: 38% arable land; 12% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 41% forest and woodland; 3% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant
|
||
threat
|
||
|
||
Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 112,646 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives--St.
|
||
Vincentian or Vincentian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with
|
||
some white, East Indian, Carib Indian
|
||
|
||
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
||
|
||
Language: English, some French patois
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 82%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: constitutional monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Kingstown
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines,
|
||
Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick
|
||
|
||
Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 27 October 1979
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (includes 15 elected
|
||
representatives and six appointed senators)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son)
|
||
Mitchell; St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent Beach; United People's
|
||
Movement (UPM), Adrian Saunders; Movement for National Unity (MNU),
|
||
Ralph Gonsalves; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel Miguel
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Assembly--last held 16 May 1989
|
||
(next to be held July 1994);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(15 total) NDP 15
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
|
||
IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, OAS, OECS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: none
|
||
|
||
Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
|
||
green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most
|
||
important sector of the economy, providing employment for over 60% of the labor
|
||
force and contributing about 20% to GDP. The services sector is next in
|
||
importance, based mostly on a growing tourist industry. The economy
|
||
continues to have a high unemployment rate of 30% because of an
|
||
overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner.
|
||
Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively
|
||
unsuccessful.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $136 million, per capita $1,305; real growth rate 8.4% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 30% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $42.7 million; expenditures $67.5 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $25.8 (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $63.8 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--bananas,
|
||
eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, copra;
|
||
partners--CARICOM 60%, UK 27%, US 10%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $87.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels;
|
||
partners--US 37%, CARICOM 18%, UK 13%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $35 million (July 1987)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.2% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced,
|
||
610 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, rum,
|
||
starch, sheet metal, beverage
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk
|
||
of exports; products--bananas, arrowroot (world's largest producer), coconuts,
|
||
sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish
|
||
catch used locally
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $71 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate
|
||
since 1976)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km
|
||
unimproved
|
||
|
||
Ports: Kingstown
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,945
|
||
GRT/2,029,935 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 103 cargo,
|
||
10 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
|
||
9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
|
||
2 liquefied gas, 28 bulk, 4 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience
|
||
registry
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system;
|
||
6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines;
|
||
new SHF links to Grenada and St. Lucia; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
San Marino
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundary: 39 km with Italy
|
||
|
||
Coastline: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: none--landlocked
|
||
|
||
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
|
||
|
||
Terrain: rugged mountains
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: building stones
|
||
|
||
Land use: 17% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 83% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: dominated by the Appenines
|
||
|
||
Note: landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 23,123 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sanmarinese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Sanmarinese, Italian
|
||
|
||
Religion: Roman Catholic
|
||
|
||
Language: Italian
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 97%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: about 4,300
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated
|
||
with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of
|
||
Labor, 1,400 members
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of San Marino
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: San Marino
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular--castello);
|
||
Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino,
|
||
Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
|
||
|
||
Independence: 301 (by tradition)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
|
||
functions of a constitution
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences;
|
||
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic,
|
||
3 September
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real
|
||
executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
|
||
secretary of state for internal affairs
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand and General Council (Consiglio
|
||
Grande e Generale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Co-Chiefs of State and Co-Heads of Government--Captain Regent Salvatori
|
||
REVES (since April 1989) and Captain Regent Luciano CARDELLI (since April 1989);
|
||
Captains Regent are elected for six-month terms
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS),
|
||
Gabriele Gatti; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto Ghiotti; Socialist Unity Party
|
||
(PSU), Emilio Della Balda and Patrizia Busignani; San Marino Socialist Party
|
||
(PSS), Antonio Volpinari; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS),
|
||
Augusto Casali; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo Buscarini
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
Grand and General Council--last held 29 May 1988
|
||
(next to be held by May 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7
|
||
|
||
Communists: about 300 members; the PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
|
||
and PSDS, has led the government since 1978
|
||
|
||
Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced
|
||
by policies of their counterparts in Italy
|
||
|
||
Member of: ICJ, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer
|
||
status in NAM
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: San Marino maintains honorary
|
||
Consulates General in Washington and New York, and an honorary Consulate
|
||
in Detroit;
|
||
US--no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence
|
||
(Italy) is accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at
|
||
38 Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, Florence, Italy (mailing address is APO
|
||
NY 09019); telephone <20>39<33> (55) 298-276
|
||
|
||
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
|
||
national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield
|
||
(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and
|
||
above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy relies heavily on the tourist industry as a source
|
||
of revenue. More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about
|
||
60% to GDP. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another
|
||
important income producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the
|
||
labor force and agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output
|
||
and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.4% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1985)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $NA (1983)
|
||
|
||
Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity
|
||
trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
|
||
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
|
||
manufactures
|
||
|
||
Imports: see Exports
|
||
|
||
External debt: $NA
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: supplied by Italy
|
||
|
||
Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourist
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: employs less than 4% of labor force; products--wheat, grapes,
|
||
corn, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses;
|
||
depends on Italy for food imports
|
||
|
||
Aid: NA
|
||
|
||
Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire);
|
||
1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also mints its own coins
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,262.5 (January 1990),
|
||
1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 104 km
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 11,700 telephones;
|
||
stations--no AM, 20 FM, no TV; radio relay and cable links into Italian
|
||
networks; no communication satellite facilities
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: public security or police force of less than 50 people
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can
|
||
serve as an army
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Sao Tome and Principe
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 209 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 1% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
||
75% forest and woodland; 3% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
|
||
|
||
Note: located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator
|
||
in the North Atlantic Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 124,765 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Sao Tomean(s); adjective--Sao Tomean
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves),
|
||
forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola,
|
||
Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands),
|
||
and Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
|
||
|
||
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
||
|
||
Language: Portuguese (official)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 50% (est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence
|
||
agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
|
||
56% of population of working age (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Sao Tome
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho);
|
||
Principe, Sao Tome
|
||
|
||
Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not
|
||
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
||
(cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly, sometimes
|
||
referred to as the National Popular Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Dr. Manuel Pinto da COSTA (since 12 July 1975);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da COSTA (since
|
||
8 January 1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Movement for the
|
||
Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 30 September 1985 (next to be held September
|
||
1990);
|
||
results--President Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa was reelected without
|
||
opposition by the National People's Assembly;
|
||
|
||
National People's Assembly--last held 30 September 1985 (next to be
|
||
held September 1990);
|
||
results--MLSTP is the only party;
|
||
seats--(40 total) MLSTP 40 (indirectly elected)
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
||
IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery
|
||
(temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504, New York, NY 10017;
|
||
telephone (212) 697-4211;
|
||
US--the US Ambassador in Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe
|
||
on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
|
||
|
||
Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
|
||
green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the
|
||
yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the
|
||
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the
|
||
gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
|
||
production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
|
||
mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
|
||
its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
|
||
created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
|
||
important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has
|
||
also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of
|
||
exports by a ratio of 4 to 1. The emphasis on cocoa production at
|
||
the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import
|
||
90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured
|
||
goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external
|
||
debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable
|
||
potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the
|
||
government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The
|
||
government also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to
|
||
restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in
|
||
cooperation with the International Development Association and Western
|
||
lenders.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $37.9 million, per capita $340; real growth rate 1.8% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $19.2 million; expenditures $25.1 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $19.9 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--cocoa 90%,
|
||
copra, coffee, palm oil; partners--FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China
|
||
|
||
Imports: $17.3 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--machinery
|
||
and electrical equipment 59%, food products 32%, fuels 9%;
|
||
partners--Portugal, GDR, Angola, China
|
||
|
||
External debt: $95 million (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced,
|
||
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries,
|
||
shrimp processing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash
|
||
crops--cocoa (90%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products--bananas,
|
||
papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $7 million;
|
||
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
||
41.9 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: dobra (plural--dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1--122.48 (December 1988),
|
||
72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986), 41.195 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly
|
||
unpaved and in need of repair
|
||
|
||
Ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: minimal system; 2,200 telephones; stations--1 AM,
|
||
2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 27,805; 14,662 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP (1980)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Saudi Arabia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of US
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 4,410 km total; Iraq 488 km, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral
|
||
Zone 198 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km,
|
||
PDRY 830 km, YAR 628 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 2,510 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: not specific;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: no defined boundaries with PDRY, UAE, and YAR;
|
||
shares Neutral Zone with Iraq--in July 1975, Iraq and Saudi Arabia
|
||
signed an agreement to divide the zone between them, but the agreement
|
||
must be ratified, however, before it becomes effective; Kuwaiti
|
||
ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
|
||
|
||
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
|
||
|
||
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures;
|
||
1% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing
|
||
extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
|
||
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 17,115,728 (July 1990), growth rate 4.4% (1990); note--the
|
||
population figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of
|
||
1974 reported a total of 7 million persons and includes foreign workers, while
|
||
estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 13 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 71 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Saudi(s); adjective--Saudi or Saudi Arabian
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian
|
||
|
||
Religion: 100% Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 52%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 4,200,000; about 60% are foreign workers; 34% government,
|
||
28% industry and oil, 22% services, and 16% agriculture
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|
||
|
||
Type: monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Riyadh
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah);
|
||
Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah,
|
||
Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir,
|
||
Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
|
||
|
||
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: none; governed according to Sharia (Islamic law)
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been
|
||
introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy
|
||
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: none
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--King and Prime Minister
|
||
FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982);
|
||
Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al
|
||
Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: none
|
||
|
||
Elections: none
|
||
|
||
Communists: negligible
|
||
|
||
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC,
|
||
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at
|
||
601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800;
|
||
there are Saudi Arabian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and
|
||
New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN; Embassy at Collector Road M,
|
||
Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is P. O. Box 9041, Riyadh 11143,
|
||
or APO New York 09038); telephone <20>966<36> (1) 488-3800; there are US Consulates
|
||
General in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)
|
||
|
||
Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated
|
||
as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a
|
||
white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
|
||
traditional color of Islam
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: By far the most important economic activity is the production of
|
||
petroleum and petroleum products. The petroleum sector accounts for about 85% of
|
||
budget revenues, 80% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has
|
||
the largest reserves of petroleum in the world, is the largest exporter of
|
||
petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Oil wealth has provided a per
|
||
capita GDP that is comparable to most industrialized countries. Saudi Arabia is
|
||
one of the few countries where consumer prices have been dropping or showing
|
||
little change in recent years.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $73 billion, per capita $4,720; real growth rate 3.2% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 0% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $31.5 billion; expenditures $38.1 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $24.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
||
and petroleum products 89%; partners--Japan 26%, US 26%, France 6%,
|
||
Bahrain 6%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
|
||
commodities--manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction
|
||
materials, processed food products; partners--US 20%, Japan 18%, UK 16%,
|
||
Italy 11%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 6.1% (1980-86)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 25,066,000 kW capacity; 50,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic
|
||
petrochemicals, cement, small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer,
|
||
plastic
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest
|
||
growing economic sector; subsidized by government; products--wheat, barley,
|
||
tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching
|
||
self-sufficiency in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)
|
||
|
||
Currency: Saudi riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1--3.7450 (fixed rate since late
|
||
1986), 3.7033 (1986), 3.6221 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and
|
||
improved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km refined products; 2,200 km natural
|
||
gas, includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids
|
||
|
||
Ports: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al
|
||
Bahr, Yanbu al Sinaiyah
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,988,322
|
||
GRT/3,474,788 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger,
|
||
1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 container,
|
||
6 refrigerated cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 32 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil,
|
||
1 specialized tanker, 3 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft available
|
||
|
||
Airports: 204 total, 179 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 13
|
||
with runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 98 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: good system with extensive microwave and coaxial
|
||
cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; stations--21 AM, 16 FM, 97 TV;
|
||
radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, YAR, and Sudan;
|
||
coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to Djibouti and Egypt; satellite
|
||
earth stations--3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
|
||
1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi
|
||
Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian National Guard,
|
||
Coast Guard and Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force,
|
||
Special Emergency Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,437,039; 3,606,344 fit for military
|
||
service; 159,186 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 16.9% of GDP, or $12.3 billion (1990 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Senegal
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 196,190 km2; land area: 192,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km,
|
||
Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 531 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is
|
||
indefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered its
|
||
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor
|
||
of Senegal--that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau;
|
||
boundary with Mauritania
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has
|
||
strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
|
||
harmattan wind
|
||
|
||
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
|
||
|
||
Land use: 27% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 30% meadows and pastures;
|
||
31% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing;
|
||
soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 7,713,851 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 56 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Senegalese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Senegalese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17% Fulani, 17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9%
|
||
Diola, 9% Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese, 2% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman
|
||
Catholic)
|
||
|
||
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 28.1%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage
|
||
earners--40% private sector, 60% government and parapublic; 52% of population of
|
||
working age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions;
|
||
however, dues-paying membership very limited; major confederation is
|
||
National Confederation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of governing
|
||
party
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Senegal
|
||
|
||
Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
|
||
|
||
Capital: Dakar
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region);
|
||
Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda,
|
||
Thies, Ziguinchor
|
||
|
||
Independence: 4 April 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed
|
||
an agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for
|
||
the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the
|
||
agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1984
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
|
||
legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting
|
||
office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
||
|
||
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Abdou
|
||
DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Abdou Diouf;
|
||
Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other small uninfluential
|
||
parties
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held February
|
||
1993);
|
||
results--Abdou Diouf (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye Wade (PDS) 26%, others 1%;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be
|
||
held February 1993);
|
||
results--PS 71%, PDS 25%, others 4%;
|
||
seats--(120 total) PS 103, PDS 17
|
||
|
||
Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: students, teachers, labor, Muslim
|
||
Brotherhoods
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate),
|
||
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
|
||
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, OMVS
|
||
(Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
||
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at
|
||
2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541;
|
||
US--Ambassador George E. MOOSE; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the
|
||
corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar);
|
||
telephone <20>221<32> 21-42-96
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
|
||
with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
|
||
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and
|
||
provides employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total
|
||
cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The principal
|
||
economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million or about 25%
|
||
of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated by the
|
||
extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced
|
||
worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism
|
||
has become increasingly more important to the economy.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $5.0 billion, per capita $680; real growth rate 5.1% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.8% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including
|
||
capital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $761 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
||
commodities--manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%,
|
||
petroleum products 11%, phosphates 10%;
|
||
partners--US, France, other EC, Ivory Coast, India
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
||
commodities--semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer
|
||
goods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14%;
|
||
partners--US, France, other EC, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan
|
||
|
||
External debt: $3.8 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 210,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced,
|
||
100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: fishing, agricultural processing, phosphate mining,
|
||
petroleum refining, building materials
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and 75% of
|
||
labor force; major products--peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum,
|
||
rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds
|
||
self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $492 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.4 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$295 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs);
|
||
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
|
||
US$1--287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
|
||
346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km
|
||
double track Dakar to Thies
|
||
|
||
Highways: 14,000 km total; 3,770 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or
|
||
improved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 900 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 115 km
|
||
on the Saloum
|
||
|
||
Ports: Dakar, Kaolack
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 9,263 GRT/15,167
|
||
DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 25 total, 20 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using radio relay and
|
||
cable; 40,200 telephones; stations--8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables;
|
||
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,682,786; 878,812 fit for military
|
||
service; 88,940 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $100 million (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Seychelles
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 455 km2; land area: 455 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 491 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claims Tromelin Island
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon
|
||
(late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly;
|
||
others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
|
||
|
||
Land use: 4% arable land; 18% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
18% forest and woodland; 60% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare;
|
||
short droughts possible; no fresh water, catchements collect rain; 40 granitic
|
||
and about 50 coralline islands
|
||
|
||
Note: located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 68,336 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 75 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Seychellois (sing. and pl.); adjective--Seychelles
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
|
||
|
||
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other
|
||
|
||
Language: English and French (official); Creole
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 60%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 27,700; 31% industry and commerce, 21% services,
|
||
20% government, 12% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 16% other (1985);
|
||
57% of population of working age (1983)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: three major trade unions
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Seychelles
|
||
|
||
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth
|
||
|
||
Capital: Victoria
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none; note--there may be 21
|
||
administrative districts named Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse
|
||
Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie St. Anne, Beau Vallon,
|
||
Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse (on Mahe Island),
|
||
Grand Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance,
|
||
Pointe Larue, Port-Glaud, Riviere Anglaise, St. Louis, Takamaka
|
||
|
||
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 5 June 1979
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and
|
||
customary law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President France Albert
|
||
RENE (since 5 June 1977)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Seychelles People's
|
||
Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert Rene
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 17
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held June 1994);
|
||
results--President France Albert Rene reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
National Assembly--last held 5 December 1987 (next to be
|
||
held December 1992);
|
||
results--SPPF is the only party;
|
||
seats--(25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23
|
||
|
||
Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet ministers
|
||
espouse pro-Soviet line
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions, Roman Catholic Church
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC,
|
||
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires
|
||
ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue,
|
||
Suite 201, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 687-9766;
|
||
US--Ambassador James MORAN; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria
|
||
(mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, or APO New York 09030);
|
||
telephone 23921 or 23922
|
||
|
||
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green;
|
||
the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: In this small, open tropical island economy, the tourist
|
||
industry employs about 30% of the labor force and provides the main
|
||
source of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has
|
||
encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other
|
||
services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high
|
||
dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing,
|
||
and small-scale manufacturing.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $255 million, per capita $3,720; real growth rate 6.2%;
|
||
(1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 15% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $106 million; expenditures $130 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $21 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
||
commodities--fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products
|
||
(reexports);
|
||
partners--France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $116 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
||
commodities--manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages,
|
||
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products;
|
||
partners--UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%,
|
||
Singapore 8%, Japan 6% (1987)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $178 million (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 67 million kWh produced,
|
||
960 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
|
||
coir rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming;
|
||
cash crops--coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products--sweet potatoes,
|
||
cassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported;
|
||
expansion of tuna fishing under way
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-88), $23 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-87), $297 million;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$56 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Seychelles rupee (plural--rupees);
|
||
1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SR) per US$1--5.4884 (January 1990),
|
||
5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987), 6.1768 (1986), 7.1343 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 260 km total; 160 km bituminous, 100 km crushed stone or earth
|
||
|
||
Ports: Victoria
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: direct radio communications with adjacent islands and
|
||
African coastal countries; 13,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV;
|
||
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Militia
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,073; 8,776 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 6% of GDP, or $12 million (1990 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Sierra Leone
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 71,740 km2; land area: 71,620 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 402 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December);
|
||
winter dry season (December to April)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country,
|
||
upland plateau, mountains in east
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold,
|
||
chromite
|
||
|
||
Land use: 25% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 31% meadows and pastures;
|
||
29% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea;
|
||
deforestation; soil degradation
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 4,165,953 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 47 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Sierra Leonean(s); adjective--Sierra Leonean
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African (30% Temne, 30% Mende); 1% Creole,
|
||
European, Lebanese, and Asian; 13 tribes
|
||
|
||
Religion: 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or
|
||
none
|
||
|
||
Language: English (official); regular use limited to literate minority;
|
||
principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the
|
||
language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is
|
||
lingua franca
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 31% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,369,000 (est.); 65% agriculture, 19% industry, 16% services
|
||
(1981); only about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Sierra Leone
|
||
|
||
Type: republic under presidential regime
|
||
|
||
Capital: Freetown
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern,
|
||
Western
|
||
|
||
Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 14 June 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local
|
||
tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH
|
||
(since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April
|
||
1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--All People's Congress
|
||
(APC), Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 1 October 1985 (next to be held October 1992);
|
||
results--Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh was elected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
House of Representatives--last held 30 May 1986 (next to be
|
||
held May 1991);
|
||
results--APC is the only party;
|
||
seats--(127 total, 105 elected) APC 105
|
||
|
||
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly
|
||
larger number of sympathizers
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
||
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
||
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
|
||
WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador George CAREW; Chancery at
|
||
1701 19th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-9261;
|
||
US--Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and
|
||
Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown; telephone 26481
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and
|
||
light blue
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed.
|
||
Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of
|
||
GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing
|
||
accounts for less than 10% of GDP, consisting mainly of the processing of
|
||
raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining
|
||
provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high
|
||
unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing dependency
|
||
on foreign assistance.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $965 million, per capita $250; real growth rate 1.8% (FY87)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 42% (September 1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $86 million; expenditures $128 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $106 million (f.o.b., 1988);
|
||
commodities--rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%,
|
||
coffee 3%;
|
||
partners--US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe
|
||
|
||
Imports: $167 million (c.i.f., 1988);
|
||
commodities--capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%,
|
||
consumer goods 7%, light industrial goods;
|
||
partners--US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria
|
||
|
||
External debt: $805 million (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 19% (FY88 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 83,000 kW capacity; 180 million kWh produced,
|
||
45 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale
|
||
manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the
|
||
labor force; largely subsistence farming; cash crops--coffee, cocoa, palm
|
||
kernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs;
|
||
annual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tons
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $149 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $698 million;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$101 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: leone (plural--leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: leones per US$1--87.7193 (January 1990), 58.1395 (1989),
|
||
31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987), 8.3963 (1986), 4.7304 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a
|
||
limited basis because the mine at Marampa is closed
|
||
|
||
Highways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some
|
||
gravel), remainder improved earth
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round
|
||
|
||
Ports: Freetown, Pepel
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 12 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: marginal telephone and telegraph service; national
|
||
microwave radio relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones;
|
||
stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 918,078; 433,350 fit for military service;
|
||
no conscription
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP (1986)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Singapore
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 632.6 km2; land area: 622.6 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 193 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 3 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry
|
||
seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
|
||
catchment area and nature preserve
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
|
||
|
||
Land use: 4% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 5%
|
||
forest and woodland; 84% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: mostly urban and industrialized
|
||
|
||
Note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 2,720,915 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Singaporean(s), adjective--Singapore
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9% Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all
|
||
Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists,
|
||
Confucianists)
|
||
|
||
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official); Malay (national)
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 86.8% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 1,280,000; 34.4% industry, 1.2% agriculture, 61.7%
|
||
services (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 211,200; 16.5% of labor force (1988)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Singapore
|
||
|
||
Type: republic within Commonwealth
|
||
|
||
Capital: Singapore
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none
|
||
|
||
Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence
|
||
State of Singapore Constitution
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory
|
||
ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
|
||
Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister LEE Kuan Yew (since 5 June 1959);
|
||
First Deputy Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 2 January 1985); Second Deputy
|
||
Prime Minister ONG Teng Cheong (since 2 January 1985)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: government--People's Action Party (PAP),
|
||
Lee Kuan Yew; opposition--Workers' Party (WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam;
|
||
Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong;
|
||
National Solidarity Party (NSP), Soon Kia Seng;
|
||
United People's Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Barisan Sosialis (BS);
|
||
Communist party illegal
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993);
|
||
results--President Wee Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition;
|
||
|
||
Parliament--last held 3 September 1988 (next to be held NA September
|
||
1993);
|
||
results--PAP 61.8%, WP 18.4%, SDP 11.5%, NSP 3.7%, UPF 1.3%, others 3.3%;
|
||
seats--(81 total) PAP 80, SDP 1; note--BS has 1 nonvoting seat
|
||
|
||
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
|
||
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
|
||
ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Tommy KOH Tong Bee; Chancery at
|
||
1824 R Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 667-7555;
|
||
US--Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617
|
||
(mailing address is FPO San Francisco 96699); telephone <20>65<36> 338-0251
|
||
|
||
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist
|
||
side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is
|
||
toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars
|
||
arranged in a circle
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong
|
||
service and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links
|
||
derived from its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the
|
||
economy expanded rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per
|
||
capita GDP is among the highest in Asia. In 1985 the economy registered its
|
||
first drop in 20 years and achieved less than a 2% increase in 1986. Recovery
|
||
was strong. Estimates for 1989 suggest a 9.2% growth rate based on rising
|
||
demand for Singapore's products in OECD countries, a strong Japanese yen, and
|
||
improved competitiveness of domestic manufactures.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $27.5 billion, per capita $10,300; real growth rate 9.2% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $6.6 billion; expenditures $5.9 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $2.2 billion (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $46 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--includes
|
||
transshipments to Malaysia--petroleum products, rubber, electronics,
|
||
manufactured goods; partners--US 24%, Malaysia 14%, Japan 9%,
|
||
Thailand 6%, Hong Kong 5%, Australia 3%, FRG 3%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $53 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--includes
|
||
transshipments from Malaysia--capital equipment, petroleum, chemicals,
|
||
manufactured goods, foodstuffs; partners--Japan 22%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%,
|
||
EC 12%, Kuwait 1%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $5.2 billion (December 1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 4,000,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
4,490 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment,
|
||
rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship
|
||
repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy;
|
||
self-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major
|
||
crops--rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $882 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Singapore dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Singapore dollars per US$1--1.8895 (January 1990),
|
||
1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 2,597 km total (1984)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Singapore
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,286,824
|
||
GRT/11,921,610 DWT; includes 126 cargo, 52 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off
|
||
cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 13 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier,
|
||
103 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical tanker,
|
||
4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 15 liquefied gas, 68 bulk,
|
||
3 combination bulk; note--many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft (est.)
|
||
|
||
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
||
runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international
|
||
service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000
|
||
telephones; stations--13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to
|
||
Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
|
||
satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Reserve
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 834,720; 621,497 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $1.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Solomon Islands
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 28,450 km2; land area: 27,540 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 5,313 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates
|
||
|
||
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
|
||
93% forest and woodland; 4% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive;
|
||
geologically active region with frequent earth tremors
|
||
|
||
Note: located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 335,082 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Solomon Islander(s); adjective--Solomon Islander
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0% Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian,
|
||
0.8% European, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day
|
||
Adventist, and Roman Catholic Churches dominant
|
||
|
||
Language: 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the
|
||
country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 60%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 23,448 economically active; 32.4% agriculture, forestry, and
|
||
fishing; 25% services, 7.0% construction, manufacturing, and mining;
|
||
4.7% commerce, transport, and finance (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade
|
||
union representation
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth
|
||
|
||
Capital: Honiara
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal,
|
||
Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, Western
|
||
|
||
Independence: 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 7 July 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
|
||
Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: High Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Governor General George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as
|
||
governor general since 7 July 1988);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989);
|
||
Deputy Prime Minister Danny PHILIP (since 31 March 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders:
|
||
People's Alliance Party (PAP), Solomon Mamaloni;
|
||
United Party (UP), Sir Peter Kenilorea;
|
||
Solomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew Ulufa'alu;
|
||
Nationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew Nori;
|
||
Labor Party (LP), Joses Tuhanuku
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 21
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
National Parliament--last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held
|
||
February 1993);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, independents 9
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
|
||
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara
|
||
(Solomon Islands);
|
||
US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the
|
||
Solomon Islands; Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is
|
||
American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23488
|
||
|
||
Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side
|
||
corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed
|
||
stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: About 90% of the population depend on subsistence
|
||
agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood.
|
||
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry contribute about 75% to GDP, with the
|
||
fishing and forestry sectors being important export earners. The service
|
||
sector contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing activity is
|
||
negligible. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be
|
||
imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as
|
||
lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone
|
||
in mid-1986 which caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $156 million, per capita $500; real growth rate 4.3% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.2% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $139.0 million; expenditures $154.4 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $113.4 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $80.1 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fish 46%,
|
||
timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%; partners--Japan 51%, UK 12%,
|
||
Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $101.7 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--plant and
|
||
machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%; partners--Japan 36%, US 23%,
|
||
Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3% (1985)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $128 million (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced,
|
||
90 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: copra, fish (tuna)
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about
|
||
75% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; cash crops--cocoa, beans,
|
||
coconuts, palm kernels, timber; other products--rice, potatoes,
|
||
vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains;
|
||
90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988)
|
||
|
||
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
|
||
(1985), $16.1 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Solomon Islands dollar (plural--dollars);
|
||
1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1--2.4067
|
||
(January 1990), 2.3090 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987), 1.7415 (1986),
|
||
1.4808 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km sealed, 290 km gravel,
|
||
980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied
|
||
construction
|
||
|
||
Ports: Honiara, Ringi Cove
|
||
|
||
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 29 total, 27 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, no FM, no TV;
|
||
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: NA
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: NA
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Somalia
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 637,660 km2; land area: 627,340 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km,
|
||
Kenya 682 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 3,025 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 200 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional
|
||
Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden;
|
||
possible claims to Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya based on unification of
|
||
ethnic Somalis
|
||
|
||
Climate: desert; northeast monsoon (December to February),
|
||
cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid
|
||
periods (tangambili) between monsoons
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: uranium, and largely unexploited reserves
|
||
of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
|
||
|
||
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
|
||
14% forest and woodland; 38% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern
|
||
plains in summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern
|
||
approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 8,424,269 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 24 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 125 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 54 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Somali(s); adjective--Somali
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000
|
||
Europeans, 800 Asians
|
||
|
||
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 11.6% (government est.)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad,
|
||
30% agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other; 53% of
|
||
population of working age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions is controlled
|
||
by the government
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Somali Democratic Republic
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Mogadishu
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 16 regions (plural--NA, singular--gobolka);
|
||
Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe,
|
||
Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose,
|
||
Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland,
|
||
which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
|
||
Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN
|
||
trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 21 October (1969)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
|
||
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President and Commander in Chief of the Army
|
||
Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre (since 21 October 1969);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mohamed Ali SAMANTAR
|
||
(since 1 February 1987)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Somali Revolutionary
|
||
Socialist Party (SRSP), Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre, general secretary
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held
|
||
December 1993);
|
||
results--President Siad was reelected without opposition;
|
||
|
||
People's Assembly--last held 31 December 1984 (next scheduled for
|
||
December 1989 was postponed);
|
||
results--SRSP is the only party;
|
||
seats--(177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171
|
||
|
||
Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government
|
||
hierarchy
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Arab League, EAMA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ABDIKARIM Ali Omar; Chancery at
|
||
Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
|
||
telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate General in New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador T. Frank CRIGLER; Embassy at Corso Primo Luglio, Mogadishu
|
||
(mailing address is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone <20>252<35> (01) 20811
|
||
|
||
Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center;
|
||
design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: One of the world's least developed countries, Somalia
|
||
has few resources. In 1988 per capita GDP was $210. Agriculture is the
|
||
most important sector of the economy, with the livestock sector
|
||
accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads
|
||
and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods
|
||
make up about 50% of the population. Crop production generates only 10%
|
||
of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main export crop is
|
||
bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic market. The
|
||
small industrial sector is based on the processing of agricultural
|
||
products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. At the end of 1988
|
||
serious economic problems facing the nation were the external debt of
|
||
$2.8 billion and double-digit inflation.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate - 1.4% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.7% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA%
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $273 million; expenditures $405 million, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $219 million (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--livestock,
|
||
hides, skins, bananas, fish;
|
||
partners--US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $354.0 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--textiles,
|
||
petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials;
|
||
partners--US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $2.8 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 71,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced,
|
||
8 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: a few small industries, including sugar refining,
|
||
textiles, petroleum refining
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep,
|
||
goats); crops--bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient
|
||
in food; fishing potential largely unexploited
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $618 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.8 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$336 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Somali shilling (plural--shillings);
|
||
1 Somali shilling (So.Sh.) = 100 centesimi
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1--643.92
|
||
(December 1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986), 39.49 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2,880 km
|
||
gravel, and 10,000 km improved earth or stabilized soil (1983)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
|
||
|
||
Ports: Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,563
|
||
GRT/9,512 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 60 total, 45 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
||
runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: minimal telephone and telegraph service; radio relay
|
||
and troposcatter system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000
|
||
telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
|
||
scheduled to receive an ARABSAT station
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Somali National Army (including Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense
|
||
Force), National Police Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,878,939; 1,052,644 fit for military
|
||
service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
South Africa
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 1,221,040 km2; land area: 1,221,040 km2; includes
|
||
Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km,
|
||
Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 2,881 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: South Africa administered Namibia until independence was
|
||
achieved on 21 March 1990; possible future claim to Walvis Bay by Namibia
|
||
|
||
Climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights
|
||
|
||
Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal
|
||
plain
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,
|
||
manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum,
|
||
copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
|
||
|
||
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 65% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
|
||
extensive water conservation and control measures
|
||
|
||
Note: Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; completely
|
||
surrounds Lesotho; almost completely surrounds Swaziland
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 39,549,941 (July 1990), growth rate 2.67%; includes the 10
|
||
so-called homelands, which are not recognized by the US
|
||
|
||
four independent homelands--Bophuthatswana 2,352,296, growth rate 2.80%;
|
||
Ciskei 1,025,873, growth rate 2.93%; Transkei 4,367,648, growth rate 4.19%;
|
||
Venda 665,197, growth rate 3.86%
|
||
|
||
six other homelands--Gazankulu 742,361, growth rate 3.99%; Kangwane 556,009,
|
||
growth rate 3.64%; KwaNdebele 348,655, growth rate 3.35%; KwaZulu 5,349,247,
|
||
growth rate 3.62%; Lebowa 2,704,641, growth rate 3.92%; Qwagwa 268,138, growth
|
||
rate 3.59%
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 67 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--South African(s); adjective--South African
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 73.8% black, 14.3% white, 9.1% Colored, 2.8% Indian
|
||
|
||
Religion: most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of blacks are
|
||
Christian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular languages,
|
||
including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana
|
||
|
||
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 50%
|
||
of blacks literate
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 11,000,000 economically active; 34% services,
|
||
30% agriculture, 29% industry and commerce, 7% mining (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 17% of total labor force is unionized;
|
||
African unions represent 15% of black labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial,
|
||
Bloemfontein
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State,
|
||
Transvaal; there are 10 homelands not recognized by the US--4 independent
|
||
(Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane,
|
||
KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, Qwaqwa)
|
||
|
||
Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 3 September 1984
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May (1910)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: state president, cabinet, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
||
Ministers' Councils (from the three houses of Parliament)
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: tricameral Parliament consists of the House of
|
||
Assembly (whites), House of Representatives (Coloreds), and House of Delegates
|
||
(Indians)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--State President
|
||
Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders:
|
||
white political parties and leaders--National Party (NP),
|
||
Frederik W. de Klerk (majority party); Conservative Party (CP),
|
||
Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht (official opposition party);
|
||
Herstigte National Party (HNP), Jaap Marais;
|
||
Democratic Party (DP), Zach De Beer, Wynand Malan, and Denis Worrall;
|
||
|
||
Colored political parties and leaders--Labor Party (LP), Allan
|
||
Hendrickse (majority party); Democratic Reform Party (DRP), Carter
|
||
Ebrahim; United Democratic Party (UDP), Jac Rabie; Freedom Party;
|
||
|
||
Indian political parties and leaders--Solidarity, J. N. Reddy
|
||
(majority party); National People's Party (NPP), Amichand Rajbansi;
|
||
Merit People's Party
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
House of Assembly (whites)--last held 6 September 1989 (next to
|
||
be held by September 1994);
|
||
results--NP 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%;
|
||
seats--(178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34;
|
||
|
||
House of Representatives (Coloreds)--last held 6 September 1989
|
||
(next to be held by September 1994);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1,
|
||
independents 2;
|
||
|
||
House of Delegates (Indians)--last held 6 September 1989
|
||
(next to be held by September 1994);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(45 total, 40 elected) Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's
|
||
Party 3, United Party 2, Democratic Party 2, People's Party 1,
|
||
National Federal Party 1, independents 6
|
||
|
||
Communists: small Communist party illegal since 1950; party in exile
|
||
maintains headquarters in London, Daniel Tloome (Chairman) and Joe Slovo
|
||
(General Secretary)
|
||
|
||
Other political groups:
|
||
insurgent groups in exile--African National Congress (ANC),
|
||
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Zephania Mothopeng;
|
||
|
||
internal antiapartheid groups--Pan-Africanist Movement (PAM),
|
||
Clarence Makwetu; United Democratic Front (UDF), Albertina Sisulu and
|
||
Archibald Gumede
|
||
|
||
Member of: CCC, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILZSG, IMF,
|
||
INTELSAT, ISO, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International
|
||
Wheat Council, Southern African Customs Union, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
||
WSG (membership rights in IAEA, ICAO, ITU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO suspended or
|
||
restricted)
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Piet G. J. KOORNHOF; Chancery at
|
||
3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400;
|
||
there are South African Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California),
|
||
Chicago, Houston, and New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House,
|
||
225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria; telephone <20>27<32> (12) 28-4266; there are
|
||
US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg
|
||
|
||
Flag: actually four flags in one--three miniature flags reproduced in the
|
||
center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands which has three
|
||
equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags are
|
||
a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of
|
||
the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal
|
||
Republic adjoining on the other side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African
|
||
population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health and educational
|
||
standards equal to those of Western Europe. In contrast, most of the
|
||
remaining population suffers from the poverty patterns of the Third
|
||
World, including unemployment, lack of job skills, and barriers to
|
||
movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and outputs thus do not move
|
||
smoothly into the most productive employments, and the effectiveness
|
||
of the market is further lowered by international constraints on
|
||
dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy lies in
|
||
its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports.
|
||
Average growth of 2% in output in recent years falls far short of the
|
||
level needed to cut into the high unemployment level.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $83.5 billion, per capita $2,380; real growth rate 3.2% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.67% (1989)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 22% (1988); blacks 25-30%, up to 50% in
|
||
homelands (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $24.3 billion; expenditures $27.3 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY91)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--gold 40%,
|
||
minerals and metals 23%, food 6%, chemicals 3%;
|
||
partners--FRG, Japan, UK, US, other EC, Hong Kong
|
||
|
||
Imports: $18.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery
|
||
27%, chemicals 11%, vehicles and aircraft 11%, textiles, scientific
|
||
instruments, base metals;
|
||
partners--US, FRG, Japan, UK, France, Italy, Switzerland
|
||
|
||
External debt: $21.2 billion (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 34,941,000 kW capacity; 158,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
4,100 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: mining (world's largest producer of diamonds, gold, chrome),
|
||
automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical,
|
||
fertilizer, foodstuffs
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified
|
||
agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products--cattle, poultry, sheep, wool,
|
||
milk, beef, corn, wheat; sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food
|
||
|
||
Aid: NA
|
||
|
||
Currency: rand (plural--rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990), 2.6166 (1989),
|
||
2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge
|
||
trackage (counts double and multiple tracking as single track);
|
||
314 km of 610 mm gauge
|
||
|
||
Highways: 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone,
|
||
gravel, or improved earth
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 931 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha,
|
||
Mosselbaai, Walvis Bay
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 275,684 GRT/273,973
|
||
DWT; includes 7 container, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 81 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 931 total, 793 usable; 124 with permanent-surface runways; 4
|
||
with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 213 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has
|
||
the highest capacity in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines,
|
||
coaxial cables, radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication
|
||
stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
|
||
Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 4,500,000 telephones; stations--14 AM, 286 FM, 67 TV;
|
||
1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 2
|
||
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical Services
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,544,357; 5,828,167 fit for military
|
||
service; 419,815 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in
|
||
Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent
|
||
force must be 17; national service obligation is two years; figures include
|
||
the so-called homelands not recognized by the US
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $4 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|
||
(dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 4,066 km2; land area: 4,066 km2; includes Shag and
|
||
Clerke Rocks
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina
|
||
|
||
Climate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year,
|
||
interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
|
||
|
||
Terrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and
|
||
mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered
|
||
mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active
|
||
volcanoes
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 100% other; largely covered by permanent ice and snow
|
||
with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen
|
||
|
||
Environment: reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South
|
||
Georgia; weather conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South
|
||
Sandwich Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism
|
||
|
||
Note: the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which
|
||
provide good anchorage
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on
|
||
South Georgia and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird
|
||
Island; the South Sandwich islands are uninhabited
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no
|
||
short-form name)
|
||
|
||
Type: dependent territory of the UK
|
||
|
||
Capital: Grytviken Harbour on South Georgia is the chief town
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 3 October 1985
|
||
|
||
Legal system: English common law
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: British monarch, commissioner
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: none
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: none
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
|
||
by Commissioner William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley,
|
||
Falkland Islands)
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a
|
||
potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands
|
||
receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK.
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital
|
||
expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
|
||
(1989)
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Highways: NA
|
||
|
||
Ports: Grytviken Harbour on South Georgia
|
||
|
||
Airports: none
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast
|
||
stations
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
||
.pa
|
||
Soviet Union
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 22,402,200 km2; land area: 22,272,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of US
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 19,933 km total; Afghanistan 2,384 km, Czechoslovakia
|
||
98 km, China 7,520 km, Finland 1,313 km, Hungary 135 km, Iran 1,690 km,
|
||
North Korea 17 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland 1,215 km, Romania
|
||
1,307 km, Turkey 617 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 42,777 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve four
|
||
disputed sections of the boundary with China (Pamir, Argun, Amur, and
|
||
Khabarovsk areas); US Government has not recognized the incorporation of
|
||
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Habomai Islands,
|
||
Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan islands occupied by Soviet Union since
|
||
1945, claimed by Japan; Kuril Islands administered by Soviet Union;
|
||
maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no
|
||
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so)
|
||
and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Bessarabia
|
||
question with Romania; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey,
|
||
and the USSR
|
||
|
||
Climate: mostly temperate to arctic continental; winters vary from cool
|
||
along Black Sea to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from hot in southern deserts
|
||
to cool along Arctic coast
|
||
|
||
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest
|
||
and tundra in Siberia, deserts in Central Asia, mountains in south
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: self-sufficient in oil, natural gas, coal, and
|
||
strategic minerals (except bauxite, alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar,
|
||
and molybdenum), timber, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, potash,
|
||
phosphates
|
||
|
||
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 17% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 41% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: despite size and diversity, small percentage of land
|
||
is arable and much is too far north; some of most fertile land is water
|
||
deficient or has insufficient growing season; many better climates have
|
||
poor soils; hot, dry, desiccating sukhovey wind affects south;
|
||
desertification; continuous permafrost over much of Siberia is a major
|
||
impediment to development
|
||
|
||
Note: largest country in world, but unfavorably located in
|
||
relation to major sea lanes of world
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 290,938,469 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 74 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Soviet(s); adjective--Soviet
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%, Uzbek 5.84%,
|
||
Byelorussian 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azerbaijan 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%,
|
||
Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldavian 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%,
|
||
Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, others 9.75%
|
||
|
||
Religion: 20% Russian Orthodox; 10% Muslim; 7% Protestant,
|
||
Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic; less than 1% Jewish;
|
||
60% atheist (est.)
|
||
|
||
Language: Russian (official); more than 200 languages and dialects (at
|
||
least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group, 8% other
|
||
Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 99%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural
|
||
fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 98% of workers are union members; all trade unions are
|
||
organized within the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) and
|
||
conduct their work under guidance of the Communist party
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; abbreviated USSR
|
||
|
||
Type: Communist state
|
||
|
||
Capital: Moscow
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 1 soviet federative socialist republic*
|
||
(sovetskaya federativnaya sotsialistcheskaya respublika) and 14 soviet socialist
|
||
republics (sovetskiye sotsialisticheskiye respubliki, singular--sovetskaya
|
||
sotsialisticheskaya respublika); Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
|
||
Republic*, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic,
|
||
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic; note--the
|
||
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is often abbreviated RSFSR and
|
||
Soviet Socialist Republic is often abbreviated SSR
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 7 October 1977
|
||
|
||
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory;
|
||
no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
||
jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Great October Socialist Revolution,
|
||
7-8 November (1917)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: the Congress of People's Deputies is the
|
||
supreme organ of USSR state power and selects the bicameral USSR Supreme
|
||
Soviet (Verkhovnyy Sovyet) which consists of two coequal houses--Council
|
||
of the Union (Sovet Soyuza) and Council of Nationalities
|
||
(Sovet Natsionalnostey)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of the USSR
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV
|
||
(since 14 March 1990; General Secretary of the Central Committee of the
|
||
Communist Party since 11 March 1985);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers
|
||
Nikolay Ivanovich RYZHKOV (since 28 September 1985)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: only party--Communist Party of the
|
||
Soviet Union (CPSU), President Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev,
|
||
general secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU; note--the CPSU
|
||
is the only party, but others are forming
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 14 March 1990 (next to be held NA 1995);
|
||
results--Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was elected by the Congress of
|
||
People's Deputies;
|
||
|
||
Congress of People's Deputies--last held 12 March 1990
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
||
seats--(2,250 total) CPSU 1,931, non-CPSU 319;
|
||
|
||
USSR Supreme Soviet--last held NA June 1989
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
||
seats--(542 total) CPSU 475, non-CPSU 67;
|
||
|
||
Council of the Union--last held Spring 1989
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
||
seats--(271 total) CPSU 239, non-CPSU 32;
|
||
|
||
Council of Nationalities--last held Spring 1989
|
||
(next to be held NA);
|
||
results--CPSU is the only party;
|
||
seats--(271 total) CPSU 236, non-CPSU 35
|
||
|
||
Communists: about 19 million party members
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and
|
||
other organizations that facilitate Communist control; regional popular
|
||
fronts, informal organizations, and nascent parties with varying
|
||
attitudes toward the Communist Party establishment
|
||
|
||
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCO, ICES, ILO,
|
||
ILZSG, IMO, INRO, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, International Whaling
|
||
Commission, IWC--International Wheat Council, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
||
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Aleksandr
|
||
BESSMERTNYKH; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036;
|
||
telephone (202) 628-7551 or 8548; there is a Soviet Consulate General
|
||
in San Francisco;
|
||
US--Ambassador Jack F. MATLOCK, Jr.; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo
|
||
19/21/23, Moscow (mailing address is APO New York 09862);
|
||
telephone <20>7<EFBFBD> (096) 252-24-51 through 59; there is a US Consulate General
|
||
in Leningrad
|
||
|
||
Flag: red with the yellow silhouette of a crossed hammer and sickle below
|
||
a yellow-edged five-pointed red star in the upper hoist-side corner
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The first five years of perestroyka (economic
|
||
restructuring) have undermined the institutions and processes of the
|
||
Soviet command economy without replacing them with efficiently
|
||
functioning markets. The initial reforms featured greater authority for
|
||
enterprise managers over prices, wages, product mix, investment, sources
|
||
of supply, and customers. But in the absence of effective market
|
||
discipline, the result was the disappearance of low-price goods,
|
||
excessive wage increases, an even larger volume of unfinished
|
||
construction projects, and, in general, continued economic stagnation.
|
||
The Gorbachev regime has made at least four serious errors in economic
|
||
policy in these five years: the unpopular and short-lived anti-alcohol
|
||
campaign; the initial cutback in imports of consumer goods; the failure
|
||
to act decisively for the privatization of agriculture; and the buildup
|
||
of a massive overhang of unspent rubles in the hands of households and
|
||
enterprises. In October 1989, a top economic adviser, Leonid Abalkin
|
||
presented an ambitious but reasonable timetable for the conversion to a
|
||
partially privatized market system in the 1990s. In December 1989,
|
||
however, Premier Ryzhkov's conservative approach prevailed, namely, the
|
||
contention that a period of retrenchment was necessary to provide a
|
||
stable financial and legislative base for launching further reforms.
|
||
Accordingly, the new strategy was to put the reform process on hold in
|
||
1990-92 by recentralizing economic authority and to placate the
|
||
rank-and-file through sharp increases in consumer goods output. In still
|
||
another policy twist, the leadership in early 1990 was considering a
|
||
marked speedup in the marketization process. Because the economy is
|
||
caught in between two systems, there was in 1989 an even greater mismatch
|
||
between what was produced and what would serve the best interests of
|
||
enterprises and households. Meanwhile, the seething nationality problems
|
||
have been dislocating regional patterns of economic specialization and
|
||
pose a further major threat to growth prospects over the next few years.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $2,659.5 billion, per capita $9,211; real growth rate 1.4%
|
||
(1989 est. based on Soviet statistics; cutbacks in Soviet reporting on
|
||
products included in sample make the estimate subject to greater
|
||
uncertainty than in earlier years)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: officially, no unemployment
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $622 billion; expenditures $781 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $119 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $110.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
|
||
commodities--petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals,
|
||
wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods
|
||
(primarily capital goods and arms);
|
||
partners--Eastern Europe 49%, EC 14%, Cuba 5%, US, Afghanistan
|
||
(1988)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $107.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
|
||
commodities--grain and other agricultural products, machinery and
|
||
equipment, steel products (including large-diameter pipe), consumer
|
||
manufactures;
|
||
partners--Eastern Europe 54%, EC 11%, Cuba, China, US (1988)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $27.3 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 0.2% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 355,000,000 kW capacity; 1,790,000 million kWh produced,
|
||
6,150 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods and defense
|
||
industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less developed
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for roughly 20% of GNP and labor force;
|
||
production based on large collective and state farms; inefficiently
|
||
managed; wide range of temperate crops and livestock produced; world's
|
||
second-largest grain producer after the US; shortages of grain, oilseeds,
|
||
and meat; world's leading producer of sawnwood and roundwood; annual fish
|
||
catch among the world's largest--11.2 million metric tons (1987)
|
||
|
||
Illicit drugs: illegal producer of cannabis and opium poppy,
|
||
mostly for domestic consumption; government has begun eradication
|
||
program to control cultivation; used as a transshipment country
|
||
|
||
Aid: donor--extended to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-88),
|
||
$47.4 billion; extended to other Communist countries (1954-88), $147.6 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: ruble (plural--rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: rubles (R) per US$1--0.600 (February 1990),
|
||
0.629 (1989), 0.629 (1988), 0.633 (1987), 0.704 (1986), 0.838 (1985);
|
||
note--the exchange rate is administratively set and should not be used
|
||
indiscriminately to convert domestic rubles to dollars; on 1 November
|
||
1989 the USSR began using a rate of 6.26 rubles to the dollar for
|
||
Western tourists buying rubles and for Soviets traveling abroad, but
|
||
retained the official exchange rate for most trade transactions
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 146,100 km total; 51,700 km electrified; does not include
|
||
industrial lines (1987)
|
||
|
||
Highways: 1,609,900 km total; 1,196,000 km hard-surfaced (asphalt,
|
||
concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone); 413,900 km
|
||
earth (1987)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 122,500 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1987)
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 81,500 km crude oil and refined products; 195,000 km
|
||
natural gas (1987)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils,
|
||
Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev,
|
||
Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka; inland ports are Astrakhan', Baku, Gor'kiy,
|
||
Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 1,646 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
16,436,063 GRT/22,732,215 DWT; includes 53 passenger, 937 cargo,
|
||
52 container, 11 barge carrier, 5 roll-on/float off cargo, 5 railcar
|
||
carrier, 108 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 251 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
|
||
(POL) tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 21 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized
|
||
liquid carrier, 17 chemical tanker, 171 bulk; note--639 merchant ships
|
||
are based in Black Sea, 383 in Baltic Sea, 408 in Soviet Far East, and
|
||
216 in Barents Sea and White Sea; the Soviet Ministry of Merchant Marine
|
||
is beginning to use foreign registries for its merchant ships to increase
|
||
the economic competitiveness of the fleet in the international
|
||
market--the first reregistered ships have gone to the Cypriot flag
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 4,500 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 6,950 total, 4,530 usable; 1,050 with permanent-surface
|
||
runways; 30 with runways over 3,659 m; 490 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
660 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: extensive network of AM-FM stations broadcasting both
|
||
Moscow and regional programs; main TV centers in Moscow and Leningrad plus 11
|
||
more in the Soviet republics; hundreds of TV stations; 85,000,000 TV sets;
|
||
162,000,000 radio receivers; many satellite earth stations and extensive
|
||
satellite networks (including 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
|
||
INTELSAT earth stations)
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic
|
||
Rocket Forces
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 69,634,893; 55,588,743 fit for military
|
||
service; 2,300,127 million reach military age (18) annually (down somewhat
|
||
from 2,500,000 a decade ago)
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: NA
|
||
.pa
|
||
Spain
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 504,750 km2; land area: 499,400 km2; includes Balaeric
|
||
Islands, Canary Islands, Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de
|
||
Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km,
|
||
Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 4,964 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; controls two presidios or
|
||
places of sovereignty (Ceuta and Melilla) on the north coast of Morocco
|
||
|
||
Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
|
||
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool
|
||
along coast
|
||
|
||
Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills;
|
||
Pyrenees in north
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury,
|
||
pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
|
||
potash, hydropower
|
||
|
||
Land use: 31% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures;
|
||
31% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 6% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: deforestation; air pollution
|
||
|
||
Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 39,268,715 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Spaniard(s); adjective--Spanish
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
|
||
|
||
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
|
||
|
||
Language: Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7%
|
||
Galician, and 2% Basque
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 97%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 14,621,000; 53% services, 24% industry, 14% agriculture,
|
||
9% construction (1988)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: less 10% of labor force (1988)
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Kingdom of Spain
|
||
|
||
Type: parliamentary monarchy
|
||
|
||
Capital: Madrid
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades
|
||
autonomas, singular--comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon,
|
||
Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon,
|
||
Cataluna, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid,
|
||
Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco, Valenciana
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does not
|
||
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: National Day, 12 October
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: monarch, president of the government (prime minister),
|
||
deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly
|
||
(Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a
|
||
lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez
|
||
(since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso GUERRA Gonzalez (since
|
||
2 December 1982)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from
|
||
right to left--Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria Aznar; Popular Democratic
|
||
Party (PDP), Luis de Grandes; Social Democratic Center (CDS),
|
||
Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party
|
||
(PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist Party (PCE),
|
||
Julio Anguita; chief regional parties--Convergence and Unity (CiU),
|
||
Jordi Pujol Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV),
|
||
Xabier Arzallus; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos Garaicoetxea Urizza;
|
||
Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon Idigoras; Basque Left (EE),
|
||
Juan Maria Bandries Molet; Andalusian Party (PA); Independent Canary
|
||
Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV)
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
The Courts General--last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held
|
||
October 1993); results--PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led
|
||
coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, Basque Nationalist Party 1.2%, HB 1%,
|
||
Andalusian Party 1%, others 8.4%;
|
||
seats--(350 total, 18 vacant pending new elections caused by
|
||
voting irregularities) PSOE 176, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5,
|
||
HB 4, others 10
|
||
|
||
Communists: PCE membership declined from a possible high of
|
||
160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost
|
||
1 million voters and 10 deputies in the 1989 election; voters came
|
||
mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; remaining strength is in
|
||
labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of
|
||
the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of
|
||
about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national
|
||
election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque
|
||
Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist
|
||
Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free
|
||
labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated
|
||
Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT),
|
||
and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic
|
||
Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students
|
||
|
||
Member of: Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC,
|
||
ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
|
||
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC--International
|
||
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
|
||
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Julian SANTAMARIA; Chancery at
|
||
2700 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191;
|
||
there are Spanish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
||
Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
|
||
US--Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, Madrid 6
|
||
(mailing address is APO New York 09285); telephone <20>34<33> (1) 276-3400 or 3600;
|
||
there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in Bilbao
|
||
|
||
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red
|
||
with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat
|
||
of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules which are the
|
||
two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the
|
||
Strait of Gibraltar
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: This Western capitalistic economy has done well since
|
||
Spain joined the European Economic Community in 1986. With increases in
|
||
real GNP of 5.5% in 1987 and about 5% in 1988 and 1989, Spain has been
|
||
the fastest growing member of the EC. Increased investment--both
|
||
domestic and foreign--has been the most important factor pushing the
|
||
economic expansion. Inflation moderated to 4.8% in 1988, but an
|
||
overheated economy caused inflation to reach an estimated 7% in 1989.
|
||
Another economic problem facing Spain is an unemployment rate of 16.5%,
|
||
the highest in Europe.
|
||
|
||
GNP: $398.7 billion, per capita $10,100; real growth rate 4.8% (1989
|
||
est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.0% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 16.5% (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $57.8 billion; expenditures $66.7 billion, including
|
||
capital expenditures of $10.4 billion (1987)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $40.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--foodstuffs,
|
||
live animals, wood, footwear, machinery, chemicals;
|
||
partners--EC 66%, US 8%, other developed countries 9%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $60.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
footwear, machinery, chemicals, grain, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, iron and
|
||
steel, timber, cotton, transport equipment;
|
||
partners--EC 57%, US 9%, other developed countries 13%, Middle
|
||
East 3%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $32.7 billion (1988)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 3.0% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced,
|
||
3,980 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages,
|
||
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles,
|
||
machine tools
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and 14% of labor force; major
|
||
products--grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus
|
||
fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food;
|
||
fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: peseta (plural--pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--109.69 (January 1990),
|
||
118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05 (1986), 170.04 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates
|
||
12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track;
|
||
FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly
|
||
1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate
|
||
918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double
|
||
track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km
|
||
limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km
|
||
intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or
|
||
local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,794 km refined products; 1,666 km natural
|
||
gas
|
||
|
||
Ports: Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz,
|
||
Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo,
|
||
Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands),
|
||
Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto,
|
||
Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 324 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,492,563
|
||
GRT/6,128,190 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 121 cargo,
|
||
19 refrigerated cargo, 17 container, 23 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 51 petroleum,
|
||
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 16 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas,
|
||
1 specialized tanker, 1 combination ore/oil, 49 bulk, 5 vehicle carrier
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 110 total, 103 usable; 62 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
4 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 29 with runways
|
||
1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,310,000
|
||
telephones; stations--196 AM, 404 (134 relays) FM, 143 (1,297 relays) TV;
|
||
17 coaxial submarine cables; communications satellite earth stations operating
|
||
in INTELSAT (5 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and ENTELSAT systems
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,032,649; 8,141,384 fit for military
|
||
service; 338,582 reach military age (20) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP, or $8.4 billion (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Spratly Islands
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: less than 5 km2; land area: less than 5 km2; includes
|
||
100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the
|
||
South China Sea
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 926 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims: undetermined
|
||
|
||
Disputes: China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
||
claim all or part of the Spratly Islands
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical
|
||
|
||
Terrain: flat
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential
|
||
|
||
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
|
||
0% forest and woodland; 100% other
|
||
|
||
Environment: subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls,
|
||
shoals, and coral reefs
|
||
|
||
Note: strategically located near several primary shipping
|
||
lanes in the central South China Sea; serious navigational hazard
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: no permanent inhabitants; garrisons
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: none
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing and
|
||
phosphate mining. Geological surveys carried out several years ago
|
||
suggest that substantial reserves of oil and natural gas may lie beneath
|
||
the islands; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
|
||
|
||
Industries: some guano mining
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Airports: 3 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Note: approximately 50 small islands or reefs are occupied
|
||
by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
||
.pa
|
||
Sri Lanka
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 65,610 km2; land area: 64,740 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: none
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 1,340 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March);
|
||
southwest monsoon (June to October)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in
|
||
south-central interior
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems,
|
||
phosphates, clay
|
||
|
||
Land use: 16% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
|
||
37% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 8% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion
|
||
|
||
Note: only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian
|
||
Ocean sea lanes
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 17,196,436 (July 1990), growth rate 1.5% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Sri Lankan(s); adjective--Sri Lankan
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil; 7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay,
|
||
and Veddha
|
||
|
||
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim
|
||
|
||
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national
|
||
languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%;
|
||
English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 87%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 6,600,000; 45.9% agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufacturing,
|
||
12.4% trade and transport, 28.4% services and other (1985 est.)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed
|
||
on tea, rubber, and coconut estates
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Colombo
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Amparai, Anuradhapura,
|
||
Badulla, Batticaloa, Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna,
|
||
Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala,
|
||
Mullativu, Nuwara Eliya, Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee,
|
||
Vavuniya; note--the administrative structure may now include 8 provinces
|
||
(Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa,
|
||
Southern, Uva, and Western) and 25 districts (with Kilinochchi added to
|
||
the existing districts)
|
||
|
||
Independence: 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 31 August 1978
|
||
|
||
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
|
||
Muslim, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State--President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989);
|
||
|
||
Head of Government--Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March
|
||
1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders:
|
||
United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe Premadasa;
|
||
Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Bandaranaike;
|
||
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Mhm. Ashraff;
|
||
All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar Ponnambalam;
|
||
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP, or People's United Front),
|
||
Dinesh Gundawardene;
|
||
Sri Lanka Mahajana Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka People's Party),
|
||
Chandrika Baudaranaike Kumaranatunga;
|
||
Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP, Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite),
|
||
Colin R. de Silva;
|
||
Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP, or New Socialist Party),
|
||
Vasudeva Nanayakkara;
|
||
Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader NA;
|
||
Communist Party/Moscow (CP/M), K. P. Silva;
|
||
Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. Shanmugathasan
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held
|
||
December 1994);
|
||
results--Ranasinghe Premadasa (UNP) 50%,
|
||
Sirimavo Bandaranaike (SLFP) 45%, others 5%;
|
||
|
||
Parliament--last held 15 February 1989
|
||
(next to be held by February 1995);
|
||
results--percent of vote by party NA;
|
||
seats--(225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, others 33
|
||
|
||
Other political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil
|
||
Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; Janatha Vimukthi
|
||
Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese
|
||
Buddhist lay groups; labor unions
|
||
|
||
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
|
||
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
||
IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at
|
||
2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025
|
||
through 4028; there is a Sri Lankan Consulate in New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE; Embassy at 210 Galle Road,
|
||
Colombo 3 (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo);
|
||
telephone <20>94<39> (1) 548007
|
||
|
||
Flag: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal
|
||
vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark
|
||
red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword and there is a yellow bo leaf
|
||
in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire
|
||
flag and extends between the two panels
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy,
|
||
employing about half of the labor force and accounting for about 25% of
|
||
GDP. The plantation crops of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about 50%
|
||
of export earnings and almost 20% of budgetary revenues. The economy has
|
||
been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $6.1 billion, per capita $370; real growth rate 2.7% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 20% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--tea, textiles
|
||
and garments, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems
|
||
and jewelry, marine products; partners--US 26%, Egypt, Iraq, UK, FRG,
|
||
Singapore, Japan
|
||
|
||
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
|
||
machinery and equipment, textiles and textile materials, wheat, transportation
|
||
equipment, electrical machinery, sugar, rice; partners--Japan,
|
||
Saudi Arabia, US 5.6%, India, Singapore, FRG, UK, Iran
|
||
|
||
External debt: $5.6 billion (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced,
|
||
250 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural
|
||
commodities; cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most
|
||
important staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops--sugarcane, grains,
|
||
pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops--tea, rubber, coconuts; animal
|
||
products--milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $932 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $4.3 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$369 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Sri Lankan rupee (plural--rupees);
|
||
1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (SLRs) per US$1--40.000 (January 1990),
|
||
36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987), 28.017 (1986), 27.163 (1985)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 1,868 km total (1985); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km
|
||
double track; no electrification; government owned
|
||
|
||
Highways: 66,176 km total (1985); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous
|
||
treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or
|
||
unimproved earth; several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: crude and refined products, 62 km (1987)
|
||
|
||
Ports: Colombo, Trincomalee
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 258,923
|
||
GRT/334,702 DWT; includes 22 cargo, 8 refrigerated cargo, 4 container,
|
||
1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
|
||
3 bulk
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased)
|
||
|
||
Airports: 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: good international service; 109,900 telephones (1982);
|
||
stations--12 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia, Djibouti,
|
||
India; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police Force, Special Police Task
|
||
Force, National Auxiliary Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,568,648; 3,574,637 fit for military
|
||
service; 177,610 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $300 million (1989 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Sudan
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 2,505,810 km2; land area: 2,376,000 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly more than one quarter the size of US
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km,
|
||
Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km,
|
||
Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 853 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;
|
||
|
||
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: international boundary and Administrative Boundary with Kenya;
|
||
international boundary and Administrative Boundary with Egypt
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season
|
||
(April to October)
|
||
|
||
Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: modest reserves of crude oil, iron ore,
|
||
copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil
|
||
|
||
Land use: 5% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 24% meadows and pastures;
|
||
20% forest and woodland; 51% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms;
|
||
desertification
|
||
|
||
Note: largest country in Africa
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 24,971,806 (July 1990), growth rate 2.9% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 55 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sudanese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 2% foreigners, 1% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim (in north), 20% indigenous beliefs,
|
||
5% Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum)
|
||
|
||
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of
|
||
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in
|
||
process
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 31% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 6,500,000; 80% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce,
|
||
6% government; labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment
|
||
(1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989
|
||
coup; now in process of being legalized anew
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of the Sudan
|
||
|
||
Type: military; civilian government suspended and martial law
|
||
imposed after 30 June 1989 coup
|
||
|
||
Capital: Khartoum
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 9 regions (aqalim, singular--iqlim);
|
||
Aali an Nil, Al Awsat, Al Istiwai, Al Khartum,
|
||
Ash Shamali, Ash Sharqi, Bahr al Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan
|
||
|
||
Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian
|
||
Sudan)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
|
||
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30
|
||
June 1989
|
||
|
||
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law;
|
||
in September 1983 then President Nimeiri declared the penal code would
|
||
conform to Islamic law; some separate religious courts; accepts
|
||
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: executive and legislative authority vested in a
|
||
15-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts
|
||
as prime minister; in July 1989 RCC appointed a predominately civilian
|
||
22-member cabinet to function as advisers
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: none
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command
|
||
Council Chairman and Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad
|
||
al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989);
|
||
Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister
|
||
Brig. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 9 July 1989)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: none; banned following
|
||
30 June 1989 coup
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: none
|
||
|
||
Elections: none
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
|
||
ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
||
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdallah Ahmad ABDALLAH;
|
||
Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
|
||
(202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a Sudanese Consulate General in New York;
|
||
US--Ambassador James CHEEK; Embassy at Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif,
|
||
Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO New York 09668);
|
||
telephone 74700 or 75680, 74611
|
||
|
||
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with
|
||
a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, is buffeted
|
||
by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, and
|
||
counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated
|
||
by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new
|
||
investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture
|
||
and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The
|
||
economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force.
|
||
Industry mainly processes agricultural items. A high foreign debt and
|
||
arrearages of about $13 billion continue to cause difficulties. Since
|
||
1979 the International Monetary Fund has provided assistance and has
|
||
forced Sudan to make economic reforms aimed at improving the
|
||
performance of the economy.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $340 (FY87); real growth rate 7.0%
|
||
(FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (FY89)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: NA
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $514 million; expenditures $1.3 billion,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $183 million (FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $550 million (f.o.b., FY89 est.); commodities--cotton 43%,
|
||
sesame, gum arabic, peanuts; partners--Western Europe 46%,
|
||
Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88)
|
||
|
||
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., FY89 est.); commodities--petroleum
|
||
products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals;
|
||
partners--Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%,
|
||
Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)
|
||
|
||
External debt: $11.6 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 1.7% (FY89 est.)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 606,000 kW capacity; 900 million kWh produced,
|
||
37 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
|
||
soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GNP and 80% of labor force;
|
||
untapped potential for higher farm production; two-thirds of land area
|
||
suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products--cotton,
|
||
oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally
|
||
self-sufficient in most foods
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.4 billion; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.4 billion;
|
||
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
|
||
$588 million
|
||
|
||
Currency: Sudanese pound (plural--pounds);
|
||
1 Sudanese pound (LSd) = 100 piasters
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: official rate--Sudanese pounds (LSd) per
|
||
US$1--4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987), 2.5000 (1986),
|
||
2.2883 (1985); note--commercial exchange rate is set daily, 12.2 (March 1990)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km
|
||
1.6096-meter-gauge plantation line
|
||
|
||
Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated,
|
||
3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth
|
||
and track
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
|
||
|
||
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
|
||
|
||
Ports: Port Sudan, Suakin
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 91,107
|
||
GRT/122,222 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 78 total, 68 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: large, well-equipped system by African standards,
|
||
but barely adequate and poorly maintained; consists of radio relay, cables,
|
||
radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14
|
||
stations; 73,400 telephones; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth
|
||
stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,621,469; 3,437,004 fit for military
|
||
service; 273,011 reach military age (18) annually
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 7.2% of GDP, or $610 million (1989 est)
|
||
.pa
|
||
Suriname
|
||
Geography
|
||
Total area: 163,270 km2; land area: 161,470 km2
|
||
|
||
Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
|
||
|
||
Land boundaries: 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km,
|
||
Guyana 600 km
|
||
|
||
Coastline: 386 km
|
||
|
||
Maritime claims:
|
||
|
||
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
|
||
|
||
Territorial sea: 12 nm
|
||
|
||
Disputes: claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and
|
||
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between
|
||
New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the
|
||
Courantyne)
|
||
|
||
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds
|
||
|
||
Terrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps
|
||
|
||
Natural resources: timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp,
|
||
bauxite, iron ore, and modest amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold
|
||
|
||
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
|
||
pastures; 97% forest and woodland; 3% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
||
|
||
Environment: mostly tropical rain forest
|
||
|
||
People
|
||
Population: 396,813 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)
|
||
|
||
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
|
||
|
||
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
||
|
||
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1990)
|
||
|
||
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1990)
|
||
|
||
Nationality: noun--Surinamer(s); adjective--Surinamese
|
||
|
||
Ethnic divisions: 37.0% Hindustani (East Indian), 31.0% Creole (black and
|
||
mixed), 15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush black, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese,
|
||
1.0% Europeans, 1.1% other
|
||
|
||
Religion: 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim, 22.8% Roman Catholic,
|
||
25.2% Protestant (predominantly Moravian), about 5% indigenous beliefs
|
||
|
||
Language: Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo
|
||
(Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much
|
||
of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi
|
||
Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese
|
||
|
||
Literacy: 65%
|
||
|
||
Labor force: 104,000 (1984)
|
||
|
||
Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor force
|
||
|
||
Government
|
||
Long-form name: Republic of Suriname
|
||
|
||
Type: republic
|
||
|
||
Capital: Paramaribo
|
||
|
||
Administrative divisions: 10 districts (distrikten, singular--distrikt);
|
||
Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo,
|
||
Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica
|
||
|
||
Independence: 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands
|
||
Guiana or Dutch Guiana)
|
||
|
||
Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987
|
||
|
||
Legal system: NA
|
||
|
||
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November (1975)
|
||
|
||
Executive branch: president, vice president and prime minister,
|
||
Cabinet of Ministers, Council of State; note--commander in chief of the
|
||
National Army maintains significant power
|
||
|
||
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
|
||
|
||
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
|
||
|
||
Leaders:
|
||
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Ramsewak SHANKAR
|
||
(since 25 January 1988); Vice President and Prime Minister Henck Alfonsus Eugene
|
||
ARRON (since 25 January 1988)
|
||
|
||
Political parties and leaders: 25 February Movement established by
|
||
Lt. Col. Desire Bouterse in November 1983, but much of its
|
||
activity taken over by New Democratic Party (NDP) in May 1987; leftists (all
|
||
small groups)--Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael Naarendorp;
|
||
Progressive Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis; traditional
|
||
parties--Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath Lachmon; National Party
|
||
of Suriname (NPS), Henck Arron; Indonesian Peasants Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita;
|
||
the VHP, NPS, and KTPI formed a coalition known as The Front in July 1987 that
|
||
overwhelmingly defeated the NDP in the November 1987 elections
|
||
|
||
Suffrage: universal at age 18
|
||
|
||
Elections:
|
||
National Assembly--last held 25 November 1987 (next to be held
|
||
November 1992);
|
||
results--The Front 80%, others 20%;
|
||
seats--(51 total) The Front 40, NDP 3, PALU 4, Pendawa Llwa 4
|
||
|
||
Member of: ACP, ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
||
IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
|
||
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
||
|
||
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery
|
||
at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
|
||
telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492; there is a Surinamese
|
||
Consulate General in Miami;
|
||
US--Ambassador Richard HOWLAND; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat
|
||
129, Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo);
|
||
telephone <20>597<39> 72900 or 76459
|
||
|
||
Flag: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red
|
||
(quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow
|
||
five-pointed star centered in the red band
|
||
|
||
Economy
|
||
Overview: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which
|
||
accounts for about 80% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The
|
||
economy has been in trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in
|
||
1982. A drop in world bauxite prices that started in the late 1970s and
|
||
continued until late 1986, was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla
|
||
insurgency in the interior. The guerrillas targeted the economic
|
||
infrastructure, crippling the important bauxite sector and shutting down
|
||
other export industries. These problems have created both high inflation
|
||
and high unemployment. A small gain in economic growth of 3.6% was
|
||
registered in 1988 due to reduced guerrilla activity and improved
|
||
international markets for bauxite.
|
||
|
||
GDP: $1.27 billion, per capita $3,215; real growth rate 3.6%
|
||
(1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1988 est.)
|
||
|
||
Unemployment rate: 27% (1988)
|
||
|
||
Budget: revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million,
|
||
including capital expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Exports: $425 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
||
commodities--alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
|
||
products, shrimp and fish, bananas;
|
||
partners--Netherlands 28%, US 22%, Norway 18%, Japan 11%,
|
||
Brazil 10%, UK 4%
|
||
|
||
Imports: $365 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
|
||
commodities--capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton,
|
||
consumer goods;
|
||
partners--US 34%, Netherlands 20%, Trinidad and Tobago 8%,
|
||
Brazil 5%, UK 3%
|
||
|
||
External debt: $65 million (1989 est.)
|
||
|
||
Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1% (1986)
|
||
|
||
Electricity: 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced,
|
||
5,030 kWh per capita (1989)
|
||
|
||
Industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production,
|
||
lumbering, food processing, fishing
|
||
|
||
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of both GDP and labor force; paddy
|
||
rice planted on 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm
|
||
output; other products--bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains,
|
||
peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of increasing
|
||
importance; self-sufficient in most foods
|
||
|
||
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western
|
||
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion
|
||
|
||
Currency: Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural--guilders,
|
||
gulden, or florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents
|
||
|
||
Exchange rates: Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.)
|
||
per US$1--1.7850 (fixed rate)
|
||
|
||
Fiscal year: calendar year
|
||
|
||
Communications
|
||
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80
|
||
km 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track
|
||
|
||
Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel,
|
||
crushed stone, or improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
|
||
|
||
Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing
|
||
vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal
|
||
waterways
|
||
|
||
Ports: Paramaribo, Moengo
|
||
|
||
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
||
6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 container
|
||
|
||
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
|
||
|
||
Airports: 47 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
|
||
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
|
||
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
||
|
||
Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic radio relay
|
||
system; 27,500 telephones; stations--5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic
|
||
Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
||
|
||
Defense Forces
|
||
Branches: National Army (including Support Battalion, Infantry Battalion,
|
||
Mechanized Cavalry Unit, Military Police Brigade, Navy which is company-size,
|
||
small Air Force element)
|
||
|
||
Military manpower: males 15-49, 105,328; 62,896 fit for military service
|
||
|
||
Defense expenditures: 7.2% of GDP, or $91 million (1990 est.)
|
||
.pa
|
||
|