65120 lines
2.4 MiB
65120 lines
2.4 MiB
****The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992****
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*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.07.02.92*END*
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The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992: January 1, 1993
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This edition, as are all Project Gutenberg Editions, is Plain Vanilla ASCII,
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meaning there are no characters other than what you would see on paper, thus
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no page returns, no markup, nothing but the characters you would type if you
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trailing spaces are not present. Leading spaces have been preserved in fact
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sections for readability.
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Mail subject headers can be searched with leading :'s. . .such as:
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:Afghanistan Geography
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|
:Afghanistan People
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:Afghanistan Government
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:Afghanistan Government
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:Afghanistan Economy
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|
:Afghanistan Economy
|
|
:Afghanistan Communications
|
|
:Afghanistan Defense Forces
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To find the beginning of any country, search for :country
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To find internal information, search for :country section, as above.
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THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992
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:Afghanistan Geography
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|
Total area:
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647,500 km2
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Land area:
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647,500 km2
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|
Comparative area:
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|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
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|
5,529 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan
|
|
1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Pashtunistan issue over the North-West Frontier Province with Pakistan;
|
|
periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Pakistan, Saudi
|
|
Arabia, and Iran continue to support clients in country; power struggles
|
|
among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging
|
|
warlords, and traditional tribal disputes continue
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc,
|
|
iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 39%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation,
|
|
desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution
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|
Note:
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|
landlocked
|
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|
:Afghanistan People
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|
|
|
Population:
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|
US Bureau of the Census - 16,095,664 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
and excludes 3,750,796 refugees in Pakistan and 1,607,281 refugees in Iran;
|
|
note - another report indicates a July 1990 population of 16,904,904,
|
|
including 3,271,580 refugees in Pakistan and 1,277,700 refugees in Iran
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - there are flows across the border
|
|
in both directions, but data are fragmentary and unreliable
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
162 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
45 years male, 43 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
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|
noun - Afghan(s); adjective - Afghan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include
|
|
Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi`a Muslim 15%, other 1%
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Languages:
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|
Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and
|
|
Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%; much
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|
bilingualism
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
29% (male 44%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%,
|
|
construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
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|
some small government-controlled unions existed under the former regime but
|
|
probably now have disbanded
|
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|
:Afghanistan Government
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Long-form name:
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|
Islamic State of Afghanistan
|
|
Type:
|
|
transitional
|
|
Capital:
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|
Kabul
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan,
|
|
Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol,
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Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz,
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|
Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak,
|
|
Zabol; note - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan)
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|
Independence:
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|
19 August 1919 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
the old Communist-era constitution probably will be replaced with an Islamic
|
|
constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has
|
|
declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari`a)
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
28 April, Victory of the Muslim Nation; 4 May, Remembrance Day for Martyrs
|
|
and Disabled; 19 August, Independence Day
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
a 51-member transitional council headed by Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI rules
|
|
Kabul; this body is to turn over power to a leadership council, which will
|
|
function as the government and organize elections; Burhanuddin RABBANI will
|
|
serve as interim President
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
previous bicameral legislature has been abolished
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new
|
|
court system has not yet been organized
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Interim President Burhanuddin RABBANI; First Vice President Abdul Wahed
|
|
SORABI (since 7 January 1991); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21
|
|
May 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
the former resistance parties represent the only current political
|
|
organizations and include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin
|
|
RABBANI; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin Hikmatyar
|
|
Faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis Faction;
|
|
Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation
|
|
of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic
|
|
Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli
|
|
Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI;
|
|
Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI;
|
|
Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Ahmad Shah MASOOD and
|
|
Rashid DOSTAM; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), and a number of minor
|
|
resistance parties; the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50
|
|
Elections:
|
|
the transition government has promised elections in October 1992
|
|
Communists:
|
|
the former ruling Watan (Homeland) Party has been disbanded
|
|
|
|
:Afghanistan Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the
|
|
countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most
|
|
cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders
|
|
Member of:
|
|
Has previously been a member of AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; note - the new
|
|
government has not yet announced whether it will continue to be a member of
|
|
these bodies; the former resistance government in exile (Afghan Interim
|
|
Government) was given membership in the OIC in 1989
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
previous Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires Abdul Ghafur JOUSHAN;
|
|
Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202)
|
|
234-3770 or 3771; a new representative has not yet been named
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina,
|
|
Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note - US Embassy in Kabul
|
|
was closed in January 1989
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag
|
|
consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green,
|
|
with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black
|
|
and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a
|
|
radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band
|
|
|
|
:Afghanistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly
|
|
dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and
|
|
goats). Economic considerations, however, have played second fiddle to
|
|
political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including
|
|
the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February
|
|
1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country,
|
|
with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3
|
|
million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within
|
|
Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product
|
|
is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the
|
|
disruption of trade and transport.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0%
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
over 90% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton,
|
|
hides, and pelts
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly former USSR
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food and petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly former USSR
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.3 billion (March 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
480,000 kW capacity; 1,450 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
|
|
cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products -
|
|
wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug
|
|
trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major
|
|
source of hashish
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1
|
|
billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
afghani (plural - afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls
|
|
|
|
:Afghanistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 550 (May 1992, free market exchange rate), 900
|
|
(free market exchange rate as of November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90),
|
|
220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the bazaar rates rather than the
|
|
official exchange rates
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
21 March - 20 March
|
|
|
|
:Afghanistan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to
|
|
Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment
|
|
point on south bank of Amu Darya
|
|
Highways:
|
|
21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated
|
|
gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to
|
|
about 500 metric tons
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products - former USSR to Bagram and former USSR to Shindand;
|
|
natural gas 180 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 Tu-154, 2 Boeing 727, 4 Yak-40, assorted smaller transports
|
|
Airports:
|
|
41 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television
|
|
introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1
|
|
TV; 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
:Afghanistan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
the military currently is being reorganized by the new government and does
|
|
not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and
|
|
Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police
|
|
Force (Sarandoi), and Tribal Militias remain intact and are supporting the
|
|
new government; the government has asked all military personnel to return to
|
|
their stations; a large number of former resistance groups also field
|
|
irregular military forces; the Ministry of State Security (WAD) has been
|
|
disbanded
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,989,232; 2,139,771 fit for military service; 150,572 reach
|
|
military age (22) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget
|
|
|
|
:Albania Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
28,750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
27,400 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
720 km total; Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km
|
|
(114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro)
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
362 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specified
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with
|
|
Greece
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior
|
|
is cooler and wetter
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 21%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and
|
|
woodland 38%; other 22%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea
|
|
and Mediterranean Sea)
|
|
|
|
:Albania People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,285,224 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Albanian(s); adjective - Albanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians)
|
|
(1989 est.)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances
|
|
prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious
|
|
practice; estimates of religious affiliation - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox
|
|
20%, Roman Catholic 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
72% (male 80%, female 63%) age 9 and over can read and write (1955)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Independent Trade Union Federation of Albania; Confederation of Trade Unions
|
|
|
|
:Albania Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Albania
|
|
Type:
|
|
nascent democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tirane
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan,
|
|
Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Kore, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd,
|
|
Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar,
|
|
Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire); People's Socialist Republic of
|
|
Albania declared 11 January 1946
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991;
|
|
a new constitution is to be drafted for adoption in 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 29 November (1944)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime
|
|
ministers of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander MEKSI (since 10 April
|
|
1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian
|
|
Socialist Party (ASP), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP),
|
|
Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia
|
|
(Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human
|
|
Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; note -
|
|
in December 1990 then President ALIA allowed new political parties to be
|
|
formed in addition to the then AWP for the first time since 1944
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP
|
|
3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP
|
|
1, UHP 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OIC,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim (30 April 1991) Sazan Hyda
|
|
BEJO; chancery (temporary) at 320 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10021;
|
|
telephone (212) 249-2059
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone 355-42-32875; FAX 355-42-32222
|
|
|
|
:Albania Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center
|
|
|
|
:Albania Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in
|
|
Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a
|
|
fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over
|
|
40 years, the Stalinist-type economy has operated on the principle of
|
|
central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Albania
|
|
began fitful economic reforms during 1991, including the liberalization of
|
|
prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform.
|
|
These reform measures were crippled, however, by the widespread civil
|
|
disorder that accompanied the collapse of the Communist state. Following
|
|
their overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1991 elections, the new
|
|
Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the
|
|
economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international
|
|
ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the former Soviet
|
|
Union and the US and has joined the IMF and World Bank. The Albanians have
|
|
also passed legislation allowing foreign investment. Albania possesses
|
|
considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient
|
|
in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general
|
|
economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate
|
|
supplies. Available statistics on Albanian economic activity are rudimentary
|
|
and subject to an especially wide margin of error.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion, per capita $820; real growth
|
|
rate --35% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
100% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
40% (1992 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$80 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
asphalt, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude
|
|
oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania,
|
|
Bulgaria, Hungary
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$147 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals,
|
|
pharmaceuticals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary,
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$500 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --55% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals,
|
|
basic metals, hydropower
|
|
|
|
:Albania Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now
|
|
in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of
|
|
temperate-zone crops and livestock; severe dislocations suffered in 1991
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
$190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits
|
|
Currency:
|
|
lek (plural - leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
leke (L) per US$1 - 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Albania Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow
|
|
gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro)
|
|
and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986
|
|
Highways:
|
|
16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart
|
|
roads (1990)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1988)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Durres, Sarande, Vlore
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/76,449 DWT
|
|
Airports:
|
|
12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface runways; more than 5
|
|
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV;
|
|
514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Albania Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry
|
|
Troops, Border Troops
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 886,032; 731,072 fit for military service; 33,028 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 1.0 billion leks, NA% of GNP (FY90); note -
|
|
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,381,740 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,381,740 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco
|
|
1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
998 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria; land boundary
|
|
disputes with Tunisia under discussion
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier
|
|
with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot,
|
|
dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous
|
|
coastal plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
|
|
woodland 2%; other 82%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)
|
|
|
|
:Algeria People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
26,666,921 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
31 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Algerian(s); adjective - Algerian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 63%, female 36%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,700,000; industry and commerce 40%, agriculture 24%, government 17%,
|
|
services 10% (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is
|
|
the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation
|
|
Front
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Algiers
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain
|
|
Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou
|
|
Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued,
|
|
El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara,
|
|
Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi,
|
|
Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset,
|
|
Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen
|
|
Independence:
|
|
5 July 1962 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,
|
|
including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Mohamed BOUDIAF; assassinated 29 June 1992
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Interim Prime Minister Sid Ahmed GHOZALI (since 6 June 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Liberation Front (FLN); Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait
|
|
AHMED, Secretary General; the government established a multiparty system in
|
|
September 1989, and, as of 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National People's Assembly:
|
|
first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military
|
|
after President BENJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the
|
|
231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and
|
|
wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS
|
|
55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating
|
|
President:
|
|
next election to be held December 1993
|
|
Communists:
|
|
400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN,
|
|
UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID; Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-2800
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir El-Ibrahimi,
|
|
Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers);
|
|
telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; FAX [213] (2) 603979; there is a US
|
|
Consulate in Oran
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red
|
|
five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green
|
|
are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy. Algeria
|
|
depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its export receipts, about 30% of
|
|
government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in
|
|
oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious
|
|
program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the
|
|
mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the
|
|
nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since independence in
|
|
1988. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including
|
|
privatization of some public- sector companies, encouraging private-sector
|
|
activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and proposing a major
|
|
overhaul of the banking and financial systems, but to date it has made only
|
|
limited progress.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $54 billion, per capita $2,130; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $16.7 billion; expenditures $17.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $6.6 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and natural gas 97%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 29%, consumer goods 30%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$26.4 billion
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --3% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,700 million kWh produced, 640 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical,
|
|
food processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force; net importer of food
|
|
- grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production includes wheat, barley,
|
|
oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7
|
|
billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), --$375 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Algerian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 21.862 (January 1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958
|
|
(1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter
|
|
gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel, crushed
|
|
stone, unimproved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir,
|
|
Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,246 DWT; includes 5
|
|
short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
42 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
141 total, 124 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the
|
|
south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV;
|
|
1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; radio relay to
|
|
Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and
|
|
Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 15 domestic
|
|
|
|
:Algeria Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense, National
|
|
Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 6,386,157; 3,928,029 fit for military service; 283,068 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $867 million, approximately 1.8% of GDP (1992)
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
199 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
199 km2; includes Rose Island and Swains Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
116 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall
|
|
averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from
|
|
May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two
|
|
coral atolls
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
pumice and pumicite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 75%; other 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
typhoons common from December to March
|
|
Note:
|
|
Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific
|
|
Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral
|
|
mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km south-southwest
|
|
of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New
|
|
Zealand
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
51,115 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992); about 65,000 American Samoans
|
|
live in the states of California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
37 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
6 immigrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - American Samoan(s); adjective - American Samoan; US, noncitizen
|
|
nationals
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Samoan (Polynesian) 90%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 2%, other 6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant
|
|
denominations and other 30%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages) and
|
|
English; most people are bilingual
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
14,400 (1990); government 48%, tuna canneries 33%, other 19% (1986 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of American Samoa
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US;
|
|
administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and
|
|
International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not citizens
|
|
of the US
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Pago Pago
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
ratified 1966, in effect 1967; note - a comprehensive revision is awaiting
|
|
ratification by the US Congress (1992)
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, district courts, and village courts
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE
|
|
(since 20 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989); Lieutenant Governor
|
|
Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not US
|
|
citizens
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor:
|
|
last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - Peter
|
|
T. COLEMAN was elected (percent of vote NA)
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results -
|
|
representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21
|
|
total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's Island)
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results -
|
|
senators elected by county councils from 12 senate districts; seats - (18
|
|
total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
US House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 19 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - Eni R.
|
|
F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as a nonvoting delegate
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP, IOC, SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and
|
|
extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying
|
|
toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of
|
|
authority, a staff and a war club
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa
|
|
does nearly 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing
|
|
plants are the backbone of the private-sector economy, with canned tuna the
|
|
primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two
|
|
largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing
|
|
tourist industry.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $128 million, per capita $2,500; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.3% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
12% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $126,394,000 (consisting of $46,441,000 local revenue and
|
|
$79,953,000 grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA million
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$307 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
canned tuna 93%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 99.6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$377.9 million (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum 7%, machinery and parts 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
42,000 kW capacity; 85 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies of raw tuna), meat
|
|
canning, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples,
|
|
papayas, dairy farming
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
$21,042,650 in operational funds and $5,948,931 in construction funds for
|
|
capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
none
|
|
Highways:
|
|
350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Pago Pago, Ta'u
|
|
Airports:
|
|
4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at Tafuna,
|
|
near Pago Pago); small airstrips on Ta'u and Ofu
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
6,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; good telex,
|
|
telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1
|
|
COMSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:American Samoa Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
450 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
450 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and
|
|
woodland 22%; other 20%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation, overgrazing
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Andorra People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
54,428 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
11 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
15 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Andorran(s); adjective - Andorran
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Catalan stock; Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
virtually all Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Principality of Andorra
|
|
Type:
|
|
unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and
|
|
Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials
|
|
called veguers
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Andorra la Vella
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La
|
|
Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1278
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two
|
|
designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent
|
|
delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish
|
|
vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government,
|
|
Executive Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
civil cases - Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the
|
|
Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases -
|
|
Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chiefs of State:
|
|
French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by
|
|
Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan
|
|
MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal
|
|
Francesc BADIA Batalla
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Oscar RIBAS Reig (since January 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political
|
|
parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General
|
|
Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward
|
|
Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first
|
|
formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976
|
|
and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council of the Valleys:
|
|
last held 11 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Andorra has no mission in the US
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US
|
|
Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Carolee HEILEMAN;
|
|
Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, 08003 Barcelona (mailing address APO
|
|
AE 09646); telephone [34] (3) 319-9550
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the
|
|
national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features
|
|
a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not
|
|
have a national coat of arms in the center
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million
|
|
tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its
|
|
summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity
|
|
of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock
|
|
activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes,
|
|
cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic integration is a
|
|
potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its duty-free status.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $727 million, per capita $14,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
none
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electricity
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Spain
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$531 million (f.o.b., 1986)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods, food
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Spain
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
|
|
some vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs) and Spanish peseta (plural - pesetas); 1
|
|
French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 January (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987); Spanish pesetas (Ptas)
|
|
per US$1 - 100.02 (January 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38
|
|
(1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
96 km
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to
|
|
France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones
|
|
|
|
:Andorra Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France and Spain
|
|
|
|
:Angola Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,246,700 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,246,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110
|
|
km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,600 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
20 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan
|
|
President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National
|
|
Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty
|
|
that calls for multiparty elections in late September 1992, an
|
|
internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military
|
|
assistance
|
|
Climate:
|
|
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May
|
|
to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite,
|
|
uranium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
|
|
woodland 43%; other 32%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire
|
|
|
|
:Angola People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,902,076 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
152 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
43 years male, 47 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Angolan(s); adjective - Angolan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%,European 1%, other 22%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 450,695 (1980)
|
|
|
|
:Angola Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
People's Republic of Angola
|
|
Type:
|
|
in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with
|
|
a strong presidential system
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Luanda
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie,
|
|
Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila,
|
|
Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
|
|
Independence:
|
|
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to
|
|
accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacaao)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since 21 July 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labor Party (MPLA), led
|
|
by Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS, is the ruling party that has been in power in
|
|
Angola's one-party system since 1975. The National Union for the Total
|
|
Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, has been in insurgency
|
|
since 1975, but as a result of the peace accords is now a legally recognized
|
|
political party. Some 30 other political parties now exist in Angola, but
|
|
few of them are viable and only a couple have met the requirements to become
|
|
legally recognized.
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and
|
|
November 1992
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none; note - US Liaison Office (USLO) established after Peace Accords in May
|
|
1991 as a precursor to establishing an embassy after election in 1992;
|
|
address - Luanda (USLO), BPA Building, llth floor, telephone [244] (2)
|
|
39-02-42; FAX [244] (2) 39-05-15
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow
|
|
emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a
|
|
machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
|
|
|
|
:Angola Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the
|
|
population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital
|
|
to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. In recent years, a bitter
|
|
internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be
|
|
imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural
|
|
resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To
|
|
realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace
|
|
but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and
|
|
imbalances throughout the economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate
|
|
1.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.1% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish
|
|
products, timber, cotton
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and
|
|
spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military
|
|
deliveries
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$7.0 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
510,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing,
|
|
tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops
|
|
- cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production
|
|
accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output;
|
|
disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food
|
|
imports
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements
|
|
(1985-89), $750 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
kwanza (plural - kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 180.0
|
|
|
|
:Angola Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Angola Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge;
|
|
limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil
|
|
war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war
|
|
Highways:
|
|
73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed
|
|
stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,295 km navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 179 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11
|
|
cargo, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
28 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
309 total, 177 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
limited system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency
|
|
radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Angola Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and
|
|
Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,129,877; 1,072,323 fit for military service; 89,585 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
91 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
91 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about half the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
61 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible; salt, fish, lobster
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some
|
|
commercial salt ponds
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October)
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 270 km east of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,963 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
24 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--10 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Anguillan(s); adjective - Anguillan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mainly of black African descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman
|
|
Catholic 3%, other 12%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,780 (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
The Valley
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 April 1982
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anguilla Day, 30 May
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G.
|
|
J. CANTY (since NA 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since March 1984, served previously from
|
|
February 1977 to May 1980)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP),
|
|
Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP
|
|
1, independent 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (observer), CDB
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with
|
|
three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the
|
|
white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on
|
|
lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants.
|
|
In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism.
|
|
Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure,
|
|
particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate
|
|
8.2% (1988 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.5% (1988 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
lobster and salt
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 867 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
60 km surfaced
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Road Bay, Blowing Point
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake
|
|
Airport)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,
|
|
1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin
|
|
|
|
:Anguilla Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
14,000,000 km2 (est.)
|
|
Land area:
|
|
about 14,000,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent
|
|
(after Australia)
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none, but see entry on Disputes
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
17,968 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none, but see entry on Disputes
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below);
|
|
sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France
|
|
(Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and
|
|
UK; the US and Russia do not recognize the territorial claims of other
|
|
nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so);
|
|
no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90. west and 150.
|
|
west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the
|
|
sea
|
|
Climate:
|
|
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the
|
|
ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher
|
|
elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher
|
|
temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below
|
|
freezing
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average
|
|
elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897
|
|
meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land,
|
|
Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound;
|
|
glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating
|
|
ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none presently exploited; iron, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum,
|
|
and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small,
|
|
uncommercial quantities
|
|
Land use:
|
|
no arable land and no plant growth; ice 98%, barren rock 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from
|
|
the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a
|
|
circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic
|
|
storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches
|
|
the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an
|
|
equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,
|
|
which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had
|
|
dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; active volcanism on
|
|
Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic
|
|
activity rare and weak
|
|
Note:
|
|
the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally
|
|
Population:
|
|
Summer (January) population:
|
|
4,115; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China
|
|
NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60,
|
|
Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, New Zealand 264, Norway
|
|
23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116,
|
|
Uruguay NA, US 1,666, Russia 565 (1989-90)
|
|
Summer only stations:
|
|
over 40; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1,
|
|
Japan 4, New Zealand 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2,
|
|
UK 1, US numerous, Russia 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the
|
|
former Soviet Union has placed the status and future of its Antarctic
|
|
facilities in doubt. Stations may be subject to closings at any time because
|
|
of ongoing economic difficulties.
|
|
Winter (July) population:
|
|
1,066 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA,
|
|
France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ
|
|
11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, Russia 313
|
|
(1989-90)
|
|
Year-round stations:
|
|
43 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1,
|
|
France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South
|
|
Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, Russia 6 (1990-91)
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1:
|
|
area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as
|
|
weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be
|
|
used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes
|
|
Article 2:
|
|
freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue
|
|
Article 3:
|
|
free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and
|
|
other international agencies
|
|
Article 4:
|
|
does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new
|
|
claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force
|
|
Article 5:
|
|
prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes
|
|
Article 6:
|
|
includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60. 00' south
|
|
Article 7:
|
|
treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to
|
|
any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance
|
|
notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must
|
|
be given
|
|
Article 8:
|
|
allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states
|
|
Article 9:
|
|
frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations
|
|
Article 10:
|
|
treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that
|
|
are contrary to the treaty
|
|
Article 11:
|
|
disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately,
|
|
by the ICJ
|
|
Article 12, 13, 14:
|
|
deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved
|
|
nations
|
|
Other agreements:
|
|
more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and
|
|
ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of
|
|
Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of
|
|
Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine
|
|
Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988
|
|
but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental
|
|
Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this
|
|
agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through
|
|
five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental
|
|
impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits
|
|
all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and
|
|
small-scale tourism, both based abroad.
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations
|
|
Airports:
|
|
41 airport facilities at different locations operated by 14 national
|
|
governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by
|
|
commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of
|
|
these locations; runways at 9 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or
|
|
compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved
|
|
runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by
|
|
ski-equipped planes - 9 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 4 runways/skiways
|
|
less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of
|
|
unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe
|
|
restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic
|
|
conditions
|
|
|
|
:Antarctica Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice of all
|
|
military activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
440 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
440 km2; includes Redonda
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
153 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 18%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 16%; other 59%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient
|
|
freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural
|
|
harbors
|
|
Note:
|
|
420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
64,110 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s); adjective - Antiguan, Barbudan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
almost entirely of black African origin; some of British, Portuguese,
|
|
Lebanese, and Syrian origin
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), local dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years
|
|
of schooling (1960)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA), membership 500;
|
|
Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members; Antigua Workers Union
|
|
(AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint John's
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint
|
|
John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 November 1981 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 November 1981
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 November (1981)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor
|
|
since 1976)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister (vacant)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United
|
|
Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
United Progressive Party (UPP), a coalition of three opposition political
|
|
parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP), the Antigua Caribbean
|
|
Liberation Movement (ACLM), and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), the
|
|
UPP is led by Baldwin SPENCER; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed
|
|
by Noel THOMAS
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS; Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International
|
|
Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122,
|
|
5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate in Miami
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in
|
|
his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant SALTER;
|
|
Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's (mailing address is FPO AA
|
|
34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506; FAX (809) 462-3516
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag;
|
|
the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and
|
|
white with a yellow rising sun in the black band
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important
|
|
determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP
|
|
expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct
|
|
contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors -
|
|
particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a
|
|
labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it was hurt in 1991 by a
|
|
downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $418 million, per capita $6,500 (1989); real
|
|
growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.0% (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $92.8 million; expenditures $101 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%,
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 17%
|
|
partners:
|
|
OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$325.9 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,
|
|
chemicals, oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$250 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 3% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household
|
|
appliances)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and
|
|
livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane;
|
|
not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and
|
|
OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost
|
|
exclusively for handling sugarcane
|
|
Highways:
|
|
240 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint John's
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,891 GRT/552,475 DWT; includes 71
|
|
cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1
|
|
multifunction large load carrier, 1 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 2 bulk;
|
|
note - a flag of convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 1,220 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter
|
|
links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2
|
|
shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Antigua and Barbuda Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
|
|
Force (including the Coast Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Arctic Ocean Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
14,056,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea,
|
|
East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea,
|
|
Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's
|
|
four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
45,389 km
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters
|
|
characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions,
|
|
and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and
|
|
foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages
|
|
about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times
|
|
that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly
|
|
straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark
|
|
Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open
|
|
seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and
|
|
extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50%
|
|
continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a
|
|
central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera,
|
|
Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the
|
|
Fram Basin
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and
|
|
gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales)
|
|
Environment:
|
|
endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands
|
|
occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from
|
|
glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow
|
|
cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and
|
|
lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from
|
|
October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
|
|
disruptions or damage
|
|
Note:
|
|
major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific
|
|
Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from
|
|
October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia;
|
|
shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia,
|
|
floating research stations operated by the US and Russia
|
|
|
|
:Arctic Ocean Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources,
|
|
including crude oil, natural gas, fish, and seals.
|
|
|
|
:Arctic Ocean Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
no submarine cables
|
|
Note:
|
|
sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage
|
|
(North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important seasonal
|
|
waterways
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,766,890 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,736,690 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than four times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay
|
|
1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4,989 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
nm limits unknown
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of
|
|
the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland
|
|
Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British- administered South Georgia and the
|
|
South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of
|
|
Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese,
|
|
crude oil, uranium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 52%; forest and
|
|
woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are
|
|
violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil
|
|
degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires
|
|
Note:
|
|
second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location
|
|
relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans
|
|
(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
|
|
|
|
:Argentina People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
32,901,234 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
20 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Argentine(s); adjective - Argentine
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
white 85%; mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%,
|
|
Jewish 2%, other 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 96%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
10,900,000; agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3,000,000; 28% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Argentine Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Buenos Aires
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 district**
|
|
(distrito); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes,
|
|
Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza,
|
|
Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa
|
|
Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman; note - the national
|
|
territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not
|
|
recognize claims to Antarctica
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 July 1816 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 May 1853
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber
|
|
or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de
|
|
Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position
|
|
vacant)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political
|
|
organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left of
|
|
center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative
|
|
party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; several
|
|
provincial parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats, total
|
|
current breakdown of seats - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul
|
|
MENEM was elected
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for
|
|
indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the
|
|
national senate in May 1992; total current breakdown of seats - JP 27, UCR
|
|
14, others 5
|
|
Communists:
|
|
some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small
|
|
nucleus of activists
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Confederation of Labor
|
|
(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization), Argentine Industrial Union
|
|
(manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
|
|
association), business organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church,
|
|
the Armed Forces
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,
|
|
MERCOSUR, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG,
|
|
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS; Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are
|
|
Argentine Consulates General in Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San
|
|
Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago,
|
|
and Los Angeles
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires
|
|
(mailing address is APO AA 34034); telephone [54] (1) 774- 7611 or 8811,
|
|
9911; Telex 18156 AMEMBAR
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue;
|
|
centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known
|
|
as the Sun of May
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population,
|
|
an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base.
|
|
Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the
|
|
economy has encountered major problems in recent years, leading to
|
|
escalating inflation and a recession during 1988-90. Since 1978, Argentina's
|
|
external debt has nearly doubled to $58 billion, creating severe debt
|
|
servicing difficulties and hurting the country's creditworthiness with
|
|
international lenders. Elected in 1989, President Menem has implemented a
|
|
comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of reversing
|
|
Argentina's economic decline and putting it on a path of stable, sustainable
|
|
growth.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $101.2 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth
|
|
rate 5.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
83.8% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.4% (October 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $13.6 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.5 billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$12 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants,
|
|
agricultural products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 22%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$61 billion (January 1992)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,059,000 kW capacity; 47,357 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and
|
|
petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both
|
|
domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain
|
|
and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and
|
|
Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
peso (plural - pesos); 1 pesos = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
pesos per US$1 - 0.99076 (Feburary 1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990),
|
|
0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988), 0.00021 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow
|
|
gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved
|
|
earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
11,000 km navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,235,385 GRT/1,952,307 DWT; includes
|
|
35 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil
|
|
tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 bulk; in addition, 2 naval
|
|
tankers and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
56 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1,702 total, 1,473 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 326 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones);
|
|
microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13
|
|
shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite
|
|
network has 40 earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Argentina Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
|
|
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only),
|
|
National Aeronautical Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 8,101,856; 6,568,885 fit for military service; 276,457 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $700 million, 1.5% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
29,800 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
28,400 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,254 km total; Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia
|
|
164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian
|
|
exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in
|
|
southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey
|
|
have greatly subsided
|
|
Climate:
|
|
continental, hot, and subject to drought
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
high Armenian Plateau with mountain; little forest land; fast flowing
|
|
rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
|
|
Land use:
|
|
10% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan
|
|
|
|
:Armenia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,415,566 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
22 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Armenian(s); adjective - Armenian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Armenian 93.3%, Russian 1.5%, Kurd 1.7%, other 3.5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Armenian Orthodox 94%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Armenian 93%, Russian 2%, other 5%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (NA)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,630,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%,
|
|
other 40%(1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Armenia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Yerevan
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction
|
|
Independence:
|
|
Armenian Republic formed 29 November 1920 and became part of the Soviet
|
|
Union on 30 December 1922; on 23 September 1991, Armenia renamed itself the
|
|
Republic of Armenia
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted NA April 1978, effective NA
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
President, Council of Ministers, prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral body - Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice
|
|
President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since November 1991), First Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Grant BAGRATYAN (since NA September 1990); Supreme Soviet Chairman
|
|
- Babken ARARKTSYAN
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National
|
|
Self-Determination Association, Pakvyr HAYRIKIAN, chairman; National
|
|
Democratic Union, Vazgen MANUKYAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party,
|
|
Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANIN;
|
|
Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 16 October 1990 (next to be held NA); results - elected by the
|
|
Supreme Soviet, Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists
|
|
about 7%
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (259 total); number of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires ad interim, Aleksandr ARZOUMANIAN
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Steven R. MANN, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel
|
|
Hrazdan (telephone 8-011-7-8852-53-53-32); (mailing address is APO AE
|
|
09862); telephone 8-011-7-885-215-1122 (voice and FAX); 8-011-7-885-215-1144
|
|
(voice)
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile,
|
|
machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to
|
|
sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials
|
|
and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the
|
|
republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has
|
|
been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the
|
|
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave
|
|
within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright
|
|
warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the
|
|
Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleagured
|
|
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed
|
|
about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has
|
|
not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been
|
|
disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central
|
|
USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the
|
|
earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of
|
|
Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of
|
|
the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of
|
|
nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are
|
|
largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem
|
|
particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high
|
|
dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of
|
|
transformation.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --10% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
91%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$176 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and
|
|
chemicals (1991)
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991)
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --9.6% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
NA kW capacity; 10,433 million kWh produced, about 3,000 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting
|
|
machine tools (6.7%), forging-pressing machines (4.7%), electric motors
|
|
(8.7%), tires (2.1%), knitted wear (5.6%), hosiery (2.3%), shoes (2.2%),
|
|
silk fabric (5.3%), washing machines (2.0%); also chemicals, trucks,
|
|
watches, instruments, and microelectronics
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
only 10% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton,
|
|
and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other
|
|
liqueurs
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
840 km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not include
|
|
industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
11,300 km total (1990); 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
none:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
none
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan;
|
|
average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to
|
|
other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other
|
|
countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow
|
|
international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population
|
|
receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station -
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Armenia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Aruba Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
193 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
193 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
68.5 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat with a few hills; scant vegetation
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible; white sandy beaches
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt
|
|
Note:
|
|
28 km north of Venezuela
|
|
|
|
:Aruba People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
64,692 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Aruban(s); adjective - Aruban
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, and
|
|
Jewish minority
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English
|
|
dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA)
|
|
|
|
:Aruba Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986
|
|
upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Oranjestad
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (part of the Dutch realm); note - in 1990, Aruba requested and received
|
|
from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give
|
|
independence to the island in 1996
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1986
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Flag Day, 18 March
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral legislature (Staten)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Joint High Court of Justice
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by
|
|
Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP),
|
|
Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New
|
|
Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny
|
|
NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86
|
|
(AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OHA), Glenbert
|
|
CROES; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislature:
|
|
last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by NA January 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1,
|
|
PPA 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and
|
|
a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
:Aruba Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil
|
|
refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly
|
|
between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has
|
|
steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening
|
|
of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign
|
|
exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $854 million, per capita $13,600; real growth
|
|
rate l0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $42 million (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$134.4 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
mostly petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 64%, EC
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$488 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, consumer goods, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 8%, EC
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$81 million (1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 15,000 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the
|
|
cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Aruban florin (plural - florins); 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Aruba Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
Aruba has a system of all-weather highways
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
Air Aruba has a fleet of 3 intermediate-range Boeing aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
generally adequate; extensive interisland radio relay links; 72,168
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 sea cable to Sint
|
|
Maarten
|
|
|
|
:Aruba Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5 km2; includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier
|
|
Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
74.1 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low with sand and coral
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other - grass and sand 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve
|
|
established in August 1983
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in extreme eastern Indian Ocean between Australia and Indonesia, 320
|
|
km off the northwest coast of Australia
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent inhabitants; seasonal caretakers
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia administered by the Australian Minister for Arts,
|
|
Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories - Roslyn KELLY
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Canberra, Australia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal
|
|
Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force
|
|
|
|
:Atlantic Ocean Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
82,217,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait,
|
|
Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea,
|
|
Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the
|
|
world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean
|
|
or Arctic Ocean)
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
111,866 km
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape
|
|
Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from
|
|
May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and
|
|
Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular
|
|
system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre
|
|
in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic
|
|
Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin;
|
|
maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel
|
|
aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones
|
|
Environment:
|
|
endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles,
|
|
and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and
|
|
eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake
|
|
Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal
|
|
sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs
|
|
common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from
|
|
February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the
|
|
Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern
|
|
Atlantic
|
|
Note:
|
|
ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October
|
|
to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be
|
|
a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the
|
|
Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals;
|
|
strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona
|
|
Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping
|
|
lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the
|
|
Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways
|
|
|
|
:Atlantic Ocean Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources,
|
|
especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and
|
|
natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea).
|
|
|
|
:Atlantic Ocean Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain),
|
|
Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen
|
|
(Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki
|
|
(Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon
|
|
(Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal
|
|
(Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria),
|
|
Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam
|
|
(Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm
|
|
(Sweden)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK,
|
|
North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links
|
|
across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network
|
|
|
|
:Australia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
7,686,850 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
7,617,930 km2; includes Macquarie Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
25,760 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten,
|
|
mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, crude oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and
|
|
woodland 14%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited
|
|
freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical,
|
|
invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in
|
|
summer; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country
|
|
|
|
:Australia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,576,354 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Australian(s); adjective - Australian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26.0%, other Christian 24.3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, native languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
8,630,000 (September 1991); finance and services 33.8%, public and community
|
|
services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry
|
|
16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
40% of labor force (November 1991)
|
|
|
|
:Australia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Commonwealth of Australia
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal parliamentary state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Canberra
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales,
|
|
Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,
|
|
Western Australia
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
|
|
Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Australia Day, 26 January
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a
|
|
lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
government:
|
|
Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian
|
|
Democratic Party, John COULTER
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 24 March 1990 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results -
|
|
Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats and independents
|
|
11.1%; seats - (148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by NA July 1993); results - Labor
|
|
43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%, independents 2%; seats -
|
|
(76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian Democrats 7,
|
|
independents 3
|
|
Communists:
|
|
4,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Australia Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter
|
|
group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party
|
|
splinter group)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM,
|
|
CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIIMOG, UNTAG, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 797-3000; there are Australian
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York,
|
|
Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian
|
|
Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO AP 96549); telephone [61] (6)
|
|
270-5000; FAX [61] (6) 270-5970; there are US Consulates General in
|
|
Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large
|
|
seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a
|
|
representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small
|
|
five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars
|
|
|
|
:Australia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per
|
|
capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries.
|
|
Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural
|
|
products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are
|
|
primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world
|
|
commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is
|
|
pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in
|
|
international markets continues to be severe.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $280.8 billion, per capita $16,200; real
|
|
growth rate --0.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.3% (September 1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.5% (November 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $76.9 billion; expenditures $75.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
metals, minerals, coal, wool, cereals, meat, manufacturers
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong
|
|
Kong
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$130.4 billion (June 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --0.9% (1991); accounts for 32% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
40,000,000 kW capacity; 155,000 million kWh produced, 8,960 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals,
|
|
steel, motor vehicles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 5% of GNP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter
|
|
of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters;
|
|
major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep,
|
|
poultry
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products;
|
|
government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation
|
|
and output of poppy straw concentrate
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991),
|
|
1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Australia Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Australia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified;
|
|
government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned
|
|
track) (1985)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart,
|
|
Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,324,803 GRT/3,504,385 DWT; includes
|
|
2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 8 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 17 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 1
|
|
combination ore/oil, 30 bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
about 150 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
481 total, 440 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway
|
|
over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 268 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New
|
|
Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Australia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,769,005; 4,153,060 fit for military service; 138,117 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.5 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Austria Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
83,850 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
82,730 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Maine
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,591 km total; Czechoslovakia 548 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy
|
|
430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands
|
|
and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle
|
|
slopes along eastern and northern margins
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite,
|
|
copper, hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 17%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and
|
|
woodland 39%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
because of steep slopes, poor soils, and cold temperatures, population is
|
|
concentrated on eastern lowlands
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many
|
|
easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube
|
|
|
|
:Austria People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,867,541 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Austrian(s); adjective - Austrian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
German
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1974 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,470,000 (1989); services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and
|
|
forestry 8.1%; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European
|
|
countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor
|
|
force (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
60.1% of work force; the Austrian Trade Union Federation has 1,644,408
|
|
members (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Austria Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Austria
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Vienna
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten,
|
|
Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg,
|
|
Wien
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme
|
|
courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 26 October (1955)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council
|
|
or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council
|
|
(Nationalrat)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases,
|
|
Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases,
|
|
Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard
|
|
BUSEK (since 2 July 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman;
|
|
Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of
|
|
Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter
|
|
SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER,
|
|
chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 19; compulsory for presidential elections
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Council:
|
|
last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%,
|
|
OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total)
|
|
SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of Second Ballot -
|
|
Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43%
|
|
Communists:
|
|
membership 15,000 est.; activists 7,000-8,000
|
|
|
|
:Austria Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation
|
|
(primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's
|
|
Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League
|
|
of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay
|
|
organization, Catholic Action
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,
|
|
EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Friedrich HOESS; Embassy at 3524 International Court NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 895-6700; there are Austrian
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON; Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091,
|
|
Vienna (mailing address is APO AE 09108-0001); telephone [43] (1) 31-55-11;
|
|
FAX [43] (1) 310-0682; there is a US Consulate General in Salzburg
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red
|
|
|
|
:Austria Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Austria boasts a prosperous and stable capitalist economy with a sizable
|
|
proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. Thanks
|
|
to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor force,
|
|
and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies specialized
|
|
niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces
|
|
almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in
|
|
agriculture. Improved export prospects resulting from German unification and
|
|
the opening of Eastern Europe, boosted the economy during 1990 and to a
|
|
lesser extent in 1991. GDP growth slowed from 4.9% in 1990 to 3% in 1991 -
|
|
mainly due to the weaker world economy - and is expected to drop to around
|
|
2% in 1992. Inflation is forecasted at about 4%, while unemployment probably
|
|
will increase moderately through 1992 before declining in 1993. Living
|
|
standards are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western
|
|
Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level
|
|
of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budget
|
|
capabilities. Austria, which has applied for EC membership, was involved in
|
|
EC and European Free Trade Association negotiations for a European Economic
|
|
Area and will have to adapt its economy to achieve freer interchange of
|
|
goods, services, capital, and labor within the EC.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $164.1 billion, per capita $20,985; real
|
|
growth rate 3% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.3% (1991, annual rate)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.8% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $47.7 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$40 billion (1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products,
|
|
chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 65.8%, (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan
|
|
1.7%, US 2.8%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$50.2 billion (1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals,
|
|
textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 67.8% (Germany is 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%,
|
|
Japan 4.8%, US 3.9%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$11.8 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
2.0% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,500 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and
|
|
pulp, tourism, mining
|
|
|
|
:Austria Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals -
|
|
grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry;
|
|
80-90% self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Austrian schilling (plural - schillings); 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100
|
|
groschen
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.068 (January 1992), 11.676 (1991),
|
|
11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988), 12.643 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Austria Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
6,028 km total; 5,388 km government owned and 640 km privately owned (1.435-
|
|
and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,051
|
|
km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 363 km 0.760-meter narrow
|
|
gauge of which 91 km is electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of
|
|
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this
|
|
number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there
|
|
are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
446 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Vienna, Linz (river ports)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,966 GRT/219,130 DWT; includes 26
|
|
cargo, 1 container, 4 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
25 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
55 total, 55 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6
|
|
AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations
|
|
for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
:Austria Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Flying Division, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,011,895; 1,693,244 fit for military service; 51,788 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
86,600 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
86,100 km2; includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the
|
|
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by
|
|
Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maine
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,013 km total; Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia
|
|
322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey
|
|
9 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
NA
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm; Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone
|
|
provided for in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet
|
|
Union and Iran
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of
|
|
Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan'; some Azeris desire
|
|
absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of Iran;
|
|
minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border
|
|
Climate:
|
|
dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
large, flat Kura Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus
|
|
Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on Aspheson
|
|
Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes 70% of cultivated land irrigated (1.2
|
|
million hectares)
|
|
Environment:
|
|
local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait,
|
|
and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world"
|
|
because of severe air and water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; major polluters are oil, gas, and chemical industries
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,450,787 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Azerbaijani(s); adjective - Azerbaijani
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%; note
|
|
- Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the
|
|
ethnic violence since 1989 census
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,789,000; agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%,
|
|
other 42% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA (1992)
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Azerbaijani Republic; short-form name: Azerbaijan
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Baku (Baky)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika), Nakhichevan' (administrative
|
|
center at Nakhichevan'); note - all rayons except for the exclave of
|
|
Nakhichevan' are under direct republic jurisdiction;1 autonomous oblast,
|
|
Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26
|
|
November 1991) has declared itself Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 May 1918; on 28 April 1920, Azerbaijan became the Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic of Azerbaijan; on 30 April 1992 it became the Azerbaijani Republic;
|
|
independence declared 30 August 1991
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted NA April 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Parliament (Milli Majlis) was formed on the basis of the National
|
|
Council (Milli Shura)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President-elect Ebulfez ELCIBEY (since 7 June 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Rahim GUSEYNOV (since 14 May 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament:
|
|
last held NA September 1990 (next expected to be held late 1992); results -
|
|
seats - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of
|
|
opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - these figures are
|
|
approximate
|
|
President:
|
|
held 8 September 1991 (next to be held 7 June 1992); results - Ebulfez
|
|
ELCIBEY (6,390 unofficial)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Robert MILES, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel
|
|
Intourist (telephone 8-011-7-8922-91-79-56) plus 8 hours; (mailing address
|
|
is APO New York is 09862); telephone NA
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and
|
|
eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia,
|
|
the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in
|
|
its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low
|
|
standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil,
|
|
and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline
|
|
for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate
|
|
the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest,
|
|
marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim
|
|
Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan
|
|
accounts for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet
|
|
Union. Although immediate economic prospects are not favorable because of
|
|
civil strife, lack of economic reform, political disputes about new economic
|
|
arrangements, and the skittishness of foreign investors, Azerbaijan's
|
|
economic performance was the best of all former Soviet republics in 1991
|
|
largely because of its reliance on domestic resources for industrial output.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --0.7% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
87% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$780 million (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991)
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly CIS countries
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.3 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.8% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
6,025,000 kW capacity; 23,300 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel,
|
|
iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs,
|
|
sheep and goats
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,090 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
inland - Baku (Baky)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
none
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
quality of local telephone service is poor; connections to other former USSR
|
|
republics by landline or microwave and to countries beyond the former USSR
|
|
via the Moscow international gateway switch; Azeri and Russian TV broadcasts
|
|
are received; Turkish and Iranian TV broadcasts are received from INTELSAT
|
|
through a TV receive-only earth station
|
|
|
|
:Azerbaijan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA million, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
13,940 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
10,070 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,542 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
salt, aragonite, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest
|
|
and woodland 32%; other 67%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood
|
|
damage
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
255,811 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun--Bahamian(s); adjective--Bahamian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 85%, white 15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God
|
|
6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 90%, female 89%) age 15 and over but definition of literacy not
|
|
available (1963 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
127,400; government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services
|
|
10%, agriculture 5% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
25% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
|
|
Type:
|
|
commonwealth
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nassau
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
21 districts; Abaco, Acklins Island, Andros Island, Berry Islands,
|
|
Biminis, Cat Island, Cay Lobos, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand
|
|
Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana,
|
|
New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador,
|
|
Spanish Wells
|
|
Independence:
|
|
10 July 1973 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 July 1973
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 10 July (1973)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime
|
|
minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower
|
|
house or House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
|
|
Acting Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National
|
|
Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 19 June 1987 (next to be held by NA June 1992);
|
|
results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(49 total) PLP 32, FNM 17
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party
|
|
headed
|
|
by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington MILLER
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Margaret E. McDONALD; Chancery at 2220 Massachusetts
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 319-2660; there are
|
|
Bahamian Consulates General in Miami and New York;
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Chic HECHT; Embassy at Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau); telephone (809) 322-1181 or
|
|
328-2206; FAX (809) 328-7838
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with
|
|
a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income developing nation whose economy is
|
|
based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides
|
|
about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or
|
|
40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as
|
|
the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, the per
|
|
capita GDP of $9,900 is one of the highest in the region.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent--$2.5 billion, per capita $9,900; real growth
|
|
rate 1.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
16.0% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $100 million (1992, projected)
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.);
|
|
commodities:
|
|
pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish;
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.);
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels;
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.2 billion (December 1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
368,000 kw capacity; 857 million kWh produced 3,339 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production,
|
|
rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for less than 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers;
|
|
principal products--citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of
|
|
food
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western
|
|
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Bahamian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Freeport, Nassau
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
778 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,129,173 GRT/30,002,421 DWT;
|
|
includes 48 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 152 cargo, 37
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier,
|
|
172 petroleum tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 16 combination ore/oil, 47 chemical
|
|
tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 143 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 78 refrigerated
|
|
cargo;
|
|
note--a flag of convenience registry
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
59 total, 54 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 26 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system;
|
|
tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast
|
|
stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
|
|
:The Bahamas Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 68,020; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion--$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
620 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
620 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
161 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary
|
|
with Qatar
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 90%, includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of
|
|
desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
close to primary Middle Eastern crude oil sources; strategic location in
|
|
Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's crude oil must transit to
|
|
reach open ocean
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
551,513 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bahraini(s); adjective - Bahraini
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (Shi`a 70%, Sunni 30%)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
77% (male 82%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
140,000; 42% of labor force is Bahraini; industry and commerce 85%,
|
|
agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
General Committee for Bahrain Workers exists in only eight major designated
|
|
companies
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
State of Bahrain
|
|
Type:
|
|
traditional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Manama
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al
|
|
Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al
|
|
Muharraq, Ar Rifa`wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad,
|
|
Madinat `Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 August 1971 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law and English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 16 December
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative
|
|
powers were assumed by the Cabinet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Civil Appeals Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Amir `ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD
|
|
bin `Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic
|
|
fundamentalist groups are active
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
none
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC,
|
|
OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador `Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA; Chancery at 3502 International
|
|
Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742; there
|
|
is a Bahraini Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER; Embassy at Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli
|
|
Sports Club), Zinj; (mailing address is P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE
|
|
09834-6210); telephone [973] 273-300; FAX (973) 272-594
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export
|
|
receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions
|
|
have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example,
|
|
the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. The liberation of Kuwait in early 1991 has
|
|
improved short- to medium-term prospects and has raised investors'
|
|
confidence. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport
|
|
facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the
|
|
Gulf. A large share of exports is petroleum products made from imported
|
|
crude.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, per capita $7,500 (1990); real
|
|
growth rate 6.7% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.5% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
8-10% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13%
|
|
partners:
|
|
UAE 18%, Japan 12%, India 11%, US 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
nonoil 59%, crude oil 41%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Saudi Arabia 41%, US 23%, Japan 8%, UK 8%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,600,000 kW capacity; 10,500 million kWh produced, 21,000 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship
|
|
repairing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in
|
|
food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables,
|
|
poultry, dairy products, shrimp, and fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in
|
|
1987
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Bahraini dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia
|
|
opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,367 GRT/249,441 DWT; includes 5
|
|
cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
27 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent international telecommunications; good domestic services; 98,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations
|
|
- 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
|
|
tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE, and microwave to Saudi Arabia; submarine
|
|
cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
:Bahrain Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 190,937; 105,857 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $194 million, 6% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1.4 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1.4 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4.8 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano (deposits worked until 1891)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
treeless, sparse and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate
|
|
vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting,
|
|
roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife
|
|
Note:
|
|
remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited; American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
|
|
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War
|
|
II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only
|
|
and generally restricted to scientists and educators
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife
|
|
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
|
|
Wildlife Refuge system
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the
|
|
west coast
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
|
|
|
|
:Baker Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast
|
|
Guard
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
144,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
133,910 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Wisconsin
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,246 km total; Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
580 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
18 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
up to outer limits of continental margin
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water sharing problems
|
|
with upstream riparian India over the Ganges
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to
|
|
June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 67%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 16%; other 11%; includes irrigated 14%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer
|
|
monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
almost completely surrounded by India
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
119,411,711 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
36 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 54 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bangladeshi(s); adjective - Bangladesh
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, and tribals less than 1 million
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, and other less than 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Bangla (official), English widely used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
35% (male 47%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
35,100,000; agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86);
|
|
extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3% of labor force belongs to 2,614 registered unions (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
People's Republic of Bangladesh
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Dhaka
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna,
|
|
Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram,
|
|
Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha,
|
|
Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati,
|
|
Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur,
|
|
Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar,
|
|
Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator,
|
|
Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram,
|
|
Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur,
|
|
Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon
|
|
Independence:
|
|
16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24
|
|
March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 26 March (1971)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman (since 20 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman; Awami League (AL),
|
|
Sheikh Hasina WAZED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD;
|
|
Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin
|
|
Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA;
|
|
Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (National Socialist Party - SIRAJ), M. A. JALIL;
|
|
Ganotantri Party, leader NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National
|
|
Democratic Party (NDP), leader NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic
|
|
League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament:
|
|
last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats
|
|
reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, CBP 5, National Awami
|
|
Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, SIRAJ 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami
|
|
Oikya Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results -
|
|
Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
5,000 members (1987 est.)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO,
|
|
WCL, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abul AHSAN; Chancery at 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20007; telephone (202) 342-8372 through 8376; there is a Bangladesh
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William B. MILAM; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue,
|
|
Baridhara, Dhaka (mailing address is G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212);
|
|
telephone [880] (2) 884700-22; FAX [880] (2) 883648
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is
|
|
the traditional color of Islam
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world. The economy is based
|
|
on the output of a narrow range of agricultural products, such as jute,
|
|
which is the main cash crop and major source of export earnings, and rice.
|
|
Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural resources, population
|
|
growth of more than 2% a year, large-scale unemployment, and a limited
|
|
infrastructure; furthermore, it is highly vulnerable to natural disasters.
|
|
Despite these constraints, real GDP growth averaged about 3.5% annually
|
|
during 1985-89. A strong agricultural performance in FY90 pushed the growth
|
|
rate up to 6.2%, and FY91 saw further, though smaller, increases in output.
|
|
Alleviation of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's
|
|
development strategy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $23.1 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate
|
|
3.2% (FY91)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.9% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30%, including underemployment (FY90 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.24 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.7 billion (FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 32%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.2% (FY90)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.5 billion (FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 9.2%, India 6.2%, Singapore 5.9%, US 5.7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$11.1 billion (FY91 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1% (FY91 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,990,000 kW capacity; 5,700 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 40% of GDP, 70% of employment, and one-third of exports;
|
|
imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute;
|
|
commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef,
|
|
milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils and cotton; fish
|
|
catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
taka (plural - taka); 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
taka (Tk) per US$1 - 38.800 (January 1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990),
|
|
32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad
|
|
gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo
|
|
routes)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 1,220 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Chittagong, Chalna
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 328,382 GRT/479,985 DWT; includes 36
|
|
cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
15 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
16 total, 12 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair
|
|
domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Bangladesh Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh
|
|
Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 29,891,224; 17,745,343 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
430 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
430 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
97 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, fishing, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 77%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 14%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes (especially June to October)
|
|
Note:
|
|
easternmost Caribbean island
|
|
|
|
:Barbados People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
254,934 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Barbadian(s); adjective - Barbadian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%),
|
|
Roman Catholic 4%; none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
120,900 (1991); services and government 37%; commerce 22%; manufacturing and
|
|
construction 22%; transportation, storage, communications, and financial
|
|
institutions 9%; agriculture 8%; utilities 2% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
32% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bridgetown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint
|
|
John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip,
|
|
Saint Thomas; note - there may be a new city of Bridgetown
|
|
Independence:
|
|
30 November 1966 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
30 November 1966
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 30 November (1966)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Judicature
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP),
|
|
Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP
|
|
49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Industrial and General Workers Union, Sir Frank WALCOTT; People's
|
|
Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George
|
|
BELLE
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER; Chancery at 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-9200 through 9202; there is a Barbadian
|
|
Consulate General in New York and a Consulate in Los Angeles
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES; Embassy at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
|
|
Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (mailing address is P. O. Box 302, Box B,
|
|
FPO AA 34054); telephone (809) 436-4950 through 4957; FAX (809) 429-5246
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the
|
|
head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head
|
|
represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms
|
|
contained a complete trident)
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
A per capita income of $6,500 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of
|
|
living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean.
|
|
Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and
|
|
related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified
|
|
into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer
|
|
of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy
|
|
slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency
|
|
reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an
|
|
austere economic reform program.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $1.7 billion, per capita $6,500; real growth
|
|
rate--3.1% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.4% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
18% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $514 million; expenditures $615 million (FY91-92)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$210.6 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum,
|
|
machinery and transport equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
CARICOM 30%, US 20%, UK 20%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$704 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil,
|
|
construction materials, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 35%, CARICOM 13%, UK 12%, Japan 6%, Canada 8%, Venezuela 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$539.9 million (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate--2.7% (1990); accounts for 14% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
152,100 kW capacity; 539 million kWh produced, 2,117 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 10% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops -
|
|
vegetables and cotton; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Barbadian dollars (plural - dollars); 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bridgetown
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,200 GRT/7,338 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric
|
|
scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2
|
|
(1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Barbados Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Barbados Defense Force, Coast Guard, Royal Barbados Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 69,678; 48,803 fit for military service, no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
NA
|
|
Land area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
35.2 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Madagascar
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
a volcanic rock 2.4 m high
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other (rock) 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones
|
|
Note:
|
|
navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide;
|
|
located in southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques
|
|
DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from Reunion
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
:Bassas da India Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
207,600 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
207,600 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Kansas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,098 km total; Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959
|
|
km, Ukraine 891 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally flat and contains much marshland
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
forest land and peat deposits
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; includes irrigated NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
southern part of Belarus
|
|
highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at
|
|
Chernobyl'
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Belarus People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,373,881 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Belarusian(s); adjective - Belarusian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Poles 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, Jews 1.1%,
|
|
other 0.8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Byelorussian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,418,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%,
|
|
other 38% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Belarus
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mensk
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Brest, Gomel', Grodno, Minsk,
|
|
Mogilev, Vitebsk; note - all oblasts have the same name as their
|
|
administrative center
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1919 Belorussian Republic; 30 December 1922 joined with the USSR;
|
|
25 August 1991 redeclared independence
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted April 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
24 August (1991)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral with 360 seats
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since NA 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since early 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Belarusian Popular Front, Zenon POZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic Party,
|
|
Stanislav GUSAK, co-chairman; Social Democratic Gramada, Mikhail TKACHEV,
|
|
chairman; Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
NA
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats
|
|
are for public bodies
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CE, CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, ILO, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Martynov; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); David SWARTZ, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel
|
|
Belarus (telephone 8-011-7-0172-69-08-02) plus 7 hours; (mailing address is
|
|
APO New York is 09862); telephone NA
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white, red, and white
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its
|
|
industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its
|
|
critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw
|
|
materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet
|
|
republics, producing 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor
|
|
force. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies important producer
|
|
and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to the other states.
|
|
The soil in Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by
|
|
emphasizing favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens),
|
|
Belarus has become a net exporter to the other republics of meat, milk,
|
|
eggs, flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and
|
|
gas and receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil
|
|
pipeline and the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit
|
|
Belarus enroute to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals,
|
|
plastics, synthetic fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and
|
|
fertilizer (20% of former Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited
|
|
to potash and peat deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for
|
|
the former Soviet Union) is used in domestic heating as boiler fuel for
|
|
electric power stations and in the production of chemicals. The potash
|
|
supports fertilizer production.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --2% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
81% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$5.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, chemicals, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (end of 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --1.5% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,500,000 kW capacity; 38,700 million kWh produced, 3,770 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products
|
|
essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total
|
|
output of former Soviet Union): tractors(12%); metal-cutting machine tools
|
|
(11%); off-highway dump trucksup to 110-metric- ton load capacity (100%);
|
|
wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight-
|
|
wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for
|
|
use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and
|
|
livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%);
|
|
chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric
|
|
(7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 5.7% of total agricultural output of former Soviet Union;
|
|
employs 29% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent
|
|
of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables
|
|
(3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour,
|
|
and potatoes
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of opium mostly for the domestic market; transshipment
|
|
point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,570 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
98,200 km total (1990); 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched
|
|
automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately
|
|
17 per 100 persons; as of 31 January 1990, 721,000 applications from
|
|
households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections
|
|
to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other
|
|
countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway
|
|
switch
|
|
|
|
:Belarus Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); CIS Forces (Ground,
|
|
Air, Air Defense, Strategic Rocket)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
30,510 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
30,230 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,385 km total; France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,
|
|
Netherlands 450 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
64 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast)
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of
|
|
Ardennes Forest in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 21%; other 34%, includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels; crossroads
|
|
of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC
|
|
|
|
:Belgium People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,016,623 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Belgian(s); adjective - Belgian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 75%, remainder Protestant or other
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%; legally bilingual 11%; divided
|
|
along ethnic lines
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,126,000; services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3%
|
|
(1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
70% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Belgium
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Brussels
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces (French - provinces, singular - province; Flemish - provincien,
|
|
singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg,
|
|
Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the
|
|
process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the
|
|
Belgian state
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish -
|
|
Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives
|
|
(Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des
|
|
Representants)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de
|
|
Cassation)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege
|
|
(brother of the King; born 6 June 1934)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman van ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social
|
|
Christian (PSC) , Gerard DEPREZ, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank
|
|
VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), NA; Flemish Liberal (PVV),
|
|
Guy VERHOF STADT, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE,
|
|
president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president;
|
|
Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis van
|
|
GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean
|
|
Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently
|
|
(AGALEV), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO), NA; other minor parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Representatives:
|
|
last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (212 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (106 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries;
|
|
numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers,
|
|
middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various
|
|
organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia;
|
|
various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear
|
|
Weapons and Pax Christi
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, AfDB, AG, AsDB, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC,
|
|
ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Juan CASSIERS; Chancery at 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900; there are Belgian Consulates General in
|
|
Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Bruce S. GELB; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09724); telephone [32] (2) 513-3830; FAX [32] (2)
|
|
511-2725; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the
|
|
design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central
|
|
geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified
|
|
industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the
|
|
populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging
|
|
reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources
|
|
Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely
|
|
dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC
|
|
countries. During the period 1988-90, Belgium's economic performance was
|
|
marked by 4% average growth, moderate inflation, and a substantial external
|
|
surplus. Growth fell to 1.4% in 1991.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $171.8 billion, per capita $17,300; real
|
|
growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.4% est. (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$118 billion (f.o.b., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
|
|
commodities:
|
|
iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum
|
|
products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 74%, US 5%, former Communist countries 2% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$120 billion (c.i.f., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 73%, US 4%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist
|
|
countries 3% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$28.8 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,400,000 kW capacity; 67,100 million kWh produced, 6,767 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals,
|
|
basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal,
|
|
pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain,
|
|
and tobacco; net importer of farm products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Belgian franc (plural - francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418
|
|
(1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km electrified; 191 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated
|
|
Highways:
|
|
103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km
|
|
national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000
|
|
km unpaved rural roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,979 GRT/88,738 DWT; includes 10
|
|
cargo, 4 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk, 2
|
|
refrigerated cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
47 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated
|
|
domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive
|
|
cable network; limited radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth
|
|
stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile
|
|
phone system
|
|
|
|
:Belgium Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,550,088; 2,133,483 fit for military service; 66,249 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 2.7% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Belize Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
22,960 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
22,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Massachusetts
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
516 km total; Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
386 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm in the north and 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the
|
|
Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial sea is 3 miles;
|
|
according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this
|
|
limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive
|
|
agreement on territorial differences with the Republic of Guatemala''
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Guatemala, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have
|
|
begun
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
arable land potential, timber, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and
|
|
woodland 44%; other 52%, includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding
|
|
(especially in south); deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of
|
|
hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North
|
|
Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Belize People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
229,143 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
31 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Belizean(s); adjective - Belizean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Creole 39.7%, Mestizo 33.1%, Maya 9.5%, Garifuna 7.6%, East Indian 2.1%,
|
|
other 8.0%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite
|
|
4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other
|
|
2%), none 2%, unknown 3%, other 3% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
91% (male 91%, female 91%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
51,500; agriculture 30.0%, services 16.0%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%,
|
|
manufacturing 10.3%; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical
|
|
personnel (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
12% of labor force; 7 unions currently active
|
|
|
|
:Belize Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Belmopan
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo
|
|
Independence:
|
|
21 September 1981 (from UK; formerly British Honduras)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
21 September 1981
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 21 September
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower
|
|
house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA;
|
|
United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW;
|
|
Belize Popular Party (BPP), Louis SYLVESTRE
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in
|
|
January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count
|
|
PUP 16, UDP 12
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR) headed by former
|
|
PUP minister; United Workers Front
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador James V. HYDE; Chancery at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9636
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA; Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street,
|
|
Belize City (mailing address is P. O. Box 286, Belize City); telephone [501]
|
|
(2) 77161; FAX [501] (2) 30802
|
|
Flag:
|
|
on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland
|
|
|
|
:Belize Government
|
|
|
|
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered
|
|
is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a
|
|
shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related
|
|
motto RA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade)
|
|
|
|
:Belize Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and
|
|
merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance.
|
|
Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export
|
|
earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard
|
|
currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in
|
|
efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification
|
|
program.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $373 million, per capita $1,635; real growth rate
|
|
10% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
12% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$134 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and wood products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels,
|
|
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 56%, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Mexico (1991)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$142 million (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 9.7% (1989); accounts for 16% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages,
|
|
tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 30% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops
|
|
include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber
|
|
and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
|
|
eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to
|
|
about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Belizean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Belize Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and
|
|
310 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol,
|
|
Punta Gorda, Big Creek
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,127 GRT/5,885 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
44 total, 34 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
8,650 telephones; above-average system based on radio relay; broadcast
|
|
stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Belize Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air
|
|
Force, and Volunteer Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 55,333; 33,040 fit for military service; 2,509 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.8 million, 1.8% of GDP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Benin Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
112,620 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
110,620 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,989 km total; Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
121 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 45%, includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no
|
|
natural harbors
|
|
|
|
:Benin People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,997,599 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
49 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
49 years male, 53 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Beninese (singular and plural); adjective - Beninese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba,
|
|
Bariba); Europeans 5,500
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least
|
|
six major tribal languages in north
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,900,000 (1987); agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services
|
|
38%, industry less than 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 75% of wage earners
|
|
|
|
:Benin Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Benin
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December
|
|
1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty
|
|
system completed 4 April 1991
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Porto-Novo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 August 1960 (from France; formerly Dahomey)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2 December 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 1 August (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee
|
|
ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger
|
|
AHOYO; and the Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE;
|
|
Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the
|
|
Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social
|
|
Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress
|
|
(UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National
|
|
Rally for Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement
|
|
for Democracy and Development (MNDD), Bertin BORNA; Movement for Solidarity,
|
|
Union, and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; and Union for Democracy and
|
|
National Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and
|
|
National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal
|
|
Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the
|
|
Alliance for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU, and Bloc for Social
|
|
Democracy (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and
|
|
Progress (ADP), Akindes ADEKPEDJOU, and Democratic Union for Social Renewal
|
|
(UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress
|
|
(UNDP), Robert TAGNON; numerous other small parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats
|
|
- (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7,
|
|
MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu
|
|
KEREKOU 32%
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party of Dahomey (PCD) remains active
|
|
|
|
:Benin Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU; Chancery at 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6656
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Harriet W. ISOM; Embassy at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 2012, Cotonou); telephone [229] 30-06-50,
|
|
30-05-13, 30-17-92; FAX [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green
|
|
band on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Benin Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of
|
|
limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture
|
|
accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and
|
|
generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector
|
|
contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low
|
|
prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's
|
|
major exports of agricultural products and crude oil.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate
|
|
3% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods,
|
|
capital goods, light consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.0 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production,
|
|
petroleum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by
|
|
food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, and rice; cash crops include
|
|
cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up
|
|
with consumption
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Benin Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
navigable along small sections, important only locally
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cotonou
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay; broadcast
|
|
stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Benin Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
eligible 15-49, 2,165,515; of the 1,031,738 males 15-49, 528,366 are fit for
|
|
military service; of the 1,133,777 females 15-49, 572,603 are fit for
|
|
military service; about 55,697 males and 53,786 females reach military age
|
|
(18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
50 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
50 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
103 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low hills separated by fertile depressions
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 80%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360
|
|
small coral islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by US Government
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
60,213 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bermudian(s); adjective - Bermudian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 61%, white and other 39%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%,
|
|
Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
32,000; clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical
|
|
13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2%
|
|
(1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Hamilton
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget,
|
|
Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton,
|
|
Warwick
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 June 1968
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Bermuda Day, 22 May
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier,
|
|
Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord
|
|
David WADDINGTON
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier John William David SWAN (since January 1982)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP),
|
|
Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other
|
|
1
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell SIMMONS
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, IOC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are
|
|
represented by the UK
|
|
US:
|
|
Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES; Consulate General at Crown Hill, 16
|
|
Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton (mailing address is P. O. Box HM325,
|
|
Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002); telephone (809) 295-1342; FAX
|
|
(809) 295-1592
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a
|
|
scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in
|
|
1609) centered on the outer half of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having
|
|
successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities
|
|
and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its
|
|
business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture
|
|
is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are
|
|
imported.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion, per capita $22,400; real growth
|
|
rate 2.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.8% (June 1989, annual rate)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.0% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $361.6 million; expenditures $396.1 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $74.1 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$30 million (f.o.b., FY88)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
semitropical produce, light manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$420 million (c.i.f., FY88)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuel, foodstuffs, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other 14%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,625 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals,
|
|
ship repairing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported;
|
|
produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Bermudian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,511,972 GRT/6,093,321 DWT; includes
|
|
4 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 23 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 18 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
16 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Bermuda Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
47,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
47,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than half the size of Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,075 km; China 470 km, India 605 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central
|
|
valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 70%; other 23%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country
|
|
name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key
|
|
Himalayan mountain passes
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,660,167 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
40 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
126 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
50 years male, 49 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bhutanese (singular and plural); adjective - Bhutanese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Bhote 60%, ethnic Nepalese 25%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects - most widely spoken dialect is
|
|
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; massive lack of
|
|
skilled labor
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
not permitted
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Bhutan
|
|
Type:
|
|
monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Thimphu
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang,
|
|
Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi,
|
|
Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
|
|
Independence:
|
|
8 August 1949 (from India)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
no written constitution or bill of rights
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king), 17 December
|
|
(1907)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council
|
|
(Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
(Lhengye Shungtsog)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
no legal parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
each family has one vote in village-level elections
|
|
Elections:
|
|
no national elections
|
|
Communists:
|
|
no overt Communist presence
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations
|
|
leading militant antigovernment campaign
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, ITU, NAM,
|
|
SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained
|
|
between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese
|
|
mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the US
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is
|
|
orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a
|
|
large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and
|
|
forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and
|
|
account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make
|
|
the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The
|
|
economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and
|
|
monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in
|
|
agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on
|
|
Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for
|
|
tourists are its most important natural resources.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $320 million, per capita $200; real growth rate
|
|
3.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12% (FY90)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$74 million (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit
|
|
partners:
|
|
India 93%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics
|
|
partners:
|
|
India 67%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$80 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium
|
|
carbide
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry;
|
|
self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice,
|
|
corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
ngultrum (plural - ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian
|
|
currency is also legal tender
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 25.927 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504
|
|
(1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987); note - the Bhutanese
|
|
ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 jet, 2 prop
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs
|
|
(1985); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Bhutan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 406,360; 217,348 fit for military service; 17,316 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,098,580 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,084,390 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
6,743 km; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km,
|
|
Peru 900 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama
|
|
area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water
|
|
rights
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland
|
|
plains of the Amazon basin
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore,
|
|
lead, gold, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and
|
|
woodland 52%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion;
|
|
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,
|
|
with Peru
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,323,048 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
33 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
82 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
59 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bolivian(s); adjective - Bolivian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical
|
|
Methodist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
78% (male 85%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,700,000; agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%,
|
|
mining 4%, other 10% (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and
|
|
transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) labor
|
|
federation
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Bolivia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,
|
|
Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 August 1825 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2 February 1967
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber
|
|
or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber
|
|
of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO
|
|
Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist
|
|
Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary
|
|
Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max
|
|
FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE
|
|
Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia
|
|
Movement (MBL), led by Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of
|
|
leftist parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P)
|
|
led by Walter DELGADILLO, and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto
|
|
RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single)
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified
|
|
slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential
|
|
election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA
|
|
9, PDC 3
|
|
Chamber of Senators:
|
|
last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified
|
|
slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential
|
|
election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Government
|
|
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
|
|
de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR)
|
|
19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora
|
|
(MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support PAZ Zamora
|
|
won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6
|
|
August 1989
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL,
|
|
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410 through 4412; there are
|
|
Bolivian Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building,
|
|
corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425,
|
|
La Paz, or APO AA 34032); telephone [591] (2) 350251 or 350120; FAX [591]
|
|
(2) 359875
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat
|
|
of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has
|
|
a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La Paz
|
|
financed growing budget deficits by expanding the money supply, and
|
|
inflation spiraled - peaking at 11,700%. An austere orthodox economic
|
|
program adopted by then President Paz Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded
|
|
in reducing inflation to between 10% and 20% annually since 1987, eventually
|
|
restarting economic growth. Since August 1989, President Paz Zamora has
|
|
retained the economic policies of the previous government, keeping inflation
|
|
down and continuing moderate growth. Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be
|
|
one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with widespread poverty and
|
|
unemployment, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for its
|
|
limited exports - agricultural products, minerals, and natural gas.
|
|
Moreover, for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force,
|
|
the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate
|
|
4% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $900 million; expenditures $825 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$970 million (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
metals 45%, natural gas 25%, other 30% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton,
|
|
timber)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 15%, Argentina
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$760 million (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 22%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.3 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 6% (1991); accounts for almost 30% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
849,000 kW capacity; 1,798 million kWh produced, 251 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts,
|
|
clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces significant revenues
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 20% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal
|
|
commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber;
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated
|
|
47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program
|
|
unable to prevent production from rising to 78,400 metric tons in 1991 from
|
|
74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
|
|
intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and
|
|
Brazil to the US and other international drug markets
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
boliviano (plural - bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.7534 (January 1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727
|
|
(1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km
|
|
0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo
|
|
in Peru
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo and 1 container ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,951 GRT/26,320
|
|
DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
56 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1,105 total, 943 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 146 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Bolivia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,727,101; 1,122,224 fit for military service; 72,977 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est).
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
51,233 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
51,233 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,369 km; Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and
|
|
Montenegro 527 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
20 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
20-meter depth
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Serbia and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority
|
|
being forced from many areas
|
|
Climate:
|
|
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool
|
|
summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mountains and valleys
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium,
|
|
lead, zinc
|
|
Land use:
|
|
20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest
|
|
and woodland; 16% other; includes 1% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing
|
|
of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
Controls large percentage of important land routes from Western Europe to
|
|
Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,364,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14.5 births/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 73 years female (1980-82)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1991)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Muslim, Serb, Croat (s); adjective - Muslim, Serbian, Croatian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Muslim 44%, Serb 33%, Croat 17%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Slavic Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Serbo-Croatian 99%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
85.5% (male 94.5%, female 76.7%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981
|
|
est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,026,254; 2% agriculture, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
emerging democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Sarajevo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
NA
|
|
Independence:
|
|
December 1918; April 1992 from Yugoslavia
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
NA
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since December 1990), Vice President NA
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Jore PELIVAN (since January 1991), Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Muhamed CENGIC and Rusmir MAHMUTCEHAJIC (since January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Party of Democratic Action, Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union,
|
|
Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party, Radovah KARADZIC; Muslim Bosnian
|
|
Organization, Muhamed Zulfikar PASIC; Socialist Democratic Party, Nijaz
|
|
DURAKOVIC
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
at age 16 if employed; universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
NA
|
|
Flag:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest component in
|
|
the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in
|
|
private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic
|
|
traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly
|
|
overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning
|
|
and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in
|
|
the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of
|
|
Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1992, the newly independent
|
|
republic was being torn apart by bitter interethnic warfare that has caused
|
|
production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery
|
|
to multiply. The survival of the republic as a political and economic unit
|
|
is in doubt. Both Serbia and Croatia have imposed various economic blockades
|
|
and may permanently take over large areas populated by fellow ethnic groups.
|
|
These areas contain most of the industry. If a much smaller core Muslim
|
|
state survives, it will share many Third World problems of poverty,
|
|
technological backwardness, and dependence on historically soft foreign
|
|
markets for its primary products. In these circumstances, other Muslim
|
|
countries might offer assistance.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$14 billion; real growth rate --37% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
80% per month (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
28% (February 1992 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million (19__)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2,054 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods (31%), machinery and transport equipment (20.8%), raw
|
|
materials (18%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (17.3%), chemicals
|
|
(9.4%), fuel and lubricants (1.4%), food and live animals (1.2%)
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1,891 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels and lubricants (32%), machinery and transport equipment (23.3%), other
|
|
manufactures (21.3%), chemicals (10%), raw materials (6.7%), food and live
|
|
animals (5.5%), beverages and tobacco (1.9%)
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics
|
|
External debt:
|
|
NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
14,400 million kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, 3,303 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and
|
|
bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,
|
|
wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and
|
|
aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounted for 8.6% of national income in 1989; regularly produces less than
|
|
50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards,
|
|
vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy
|
|
precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the
|
|
mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
none; note - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, Yugoslav dinar used
|
|
in all other areas
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
NA km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 174 km, petroleum products NA km, natural gas NA km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - none; inland - Bosanski Brod
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
NA ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT; includes NA cargo, NA
|
|
container, NA liquefied gas, NA petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 main, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
Bosnia's telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and
|
|
expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in
|
|
other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9
|
|
AM, 2 FM, 6 (0 repeaters) TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine
|
|
coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none
|
|
|
|
:Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Territorial Defense Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Botswana Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
600,370 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
585, 370 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,013 km; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda, ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver,
|
|
natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
urable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 75%; forest and
|
|
woodland 2%; other 21%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had severely affected
|
|
the important cattle industry; overgazing; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Botswana People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,292,210 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
35 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
59 years male, 65 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun and ajective - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Batswana 95%; Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi about 4%; white about 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Setswana
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
400,000; 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle
|
|
raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in
|
|
various mines in South Africa (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
19 trade unions
|
|
|
|
:Botswana Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Botswana
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Gaborone
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 districts: Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng,
|
|
Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; note - in addition, there may
|
|
now be 4 town councils named Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste Selebi-Pikwe
|
|
Independence:
|
|
30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to
|
|
matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 30 September (1966)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs
|
|
and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S.
|
|
MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE; Botswana National Front
|
|
(BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana
|
|
Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President
|
|
Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly
|
|
Communists:
|
|
no known Communist organization; Kenneth KOMA of BNF has long history of
|
|
Communist contacts
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 7M, 3400
|
|
International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-4990 or
|
|
4991
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Davie PASSAGE; Embassy at Gaborone (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
|
90, Gaborone); telephone [267] 353-982; FAX [267] 356-947
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center
|
|
|
|
:Botswana Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops.
|
|
Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population,
|
|
but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the
|
|
rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry.
|
|
This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating
|
|
25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50% in 1989. No other sector has experienced such
|
|
growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and
|
|
poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond
|
|
production remained level in FY91, substantial gains in coal output and
|
|
manufacturing helped boost the economy
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion, per capita $2,800; real growth
|
|
rate 6.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.6% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1,935 million; expenditures $1,885 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $658 million (FY93)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
diamonds 80%, copper and nickel 9%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$780 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 16.8% (FY86); accounts for about 57% of GDP, including mining
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
220,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced 858 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock
|
|
processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for only 3% of DGP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle
|
|
raising supports 50% of the population; must import large share of food
|
|
needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
pula (plural - pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
pula (P) per US$1 - 2.1683 (March 1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990),
|
|
2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Botswana Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
712 km 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km
|
|
improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
5 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
100 total, 87 unable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and
|
|
a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Botswana Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing); Botswana National
|
|
Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 271,511; 142,947 fit for military service; 14,473 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $136.4 million, 4.4% of GDP (FY92)
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
58 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
58 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
29.6 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
antarctic
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inacessible
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100% (ice)
|
|
Environment:
|
|
covered by glacial ice
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of
|
|
Good Hope, South Africa
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Norway
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Oslo, Norway
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
automatic meteorological station
|
|
|
|
:Bouvet Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Norway
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
8,511,965 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
8,456,510 km2; includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,
|
|
Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
14,691 km; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French
|
|
Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname
|
|
597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
7,491 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on
|
|
the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay
|
|
are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the
|
|
islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly tropical, but temperate in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and
|
|
narrow coastal belt
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower,
|
|
gold, platinum, crude oil, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and
|
|
woodland 67%; other 6%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in
|
|
Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South
|
|
American country except Chile and Ecuador
|
|
|
|
:Brazil People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
158,202,019 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
25 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Brazilian(s); adjective - Brazilian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black, Amerindian; white 55%, mixed
|
|
38%, black 6%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic (nominal) 90%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
81% (male 82%, female 80%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
57,000,000 (1989 est.); services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federative Republic of Brazil
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Brasilia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito
|
|
federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*,
|
|
Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas
|
|
Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande
|
|
do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo,
|
|
Sergipe, Tocantins; note - the former territories of Amapa and Roraima
|
|
became states in January 1991
|
|
Independence:
|
|
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 October 1988
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper
|
|
chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Deputies (Camara dos Deputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Federal Tribunal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Fernando Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice
|
|
President Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian
|
|
Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Orestes QUERCIA, president; Liberal Front
|
|
Party (PFL), Hugo NAPOLEAO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio
|
|
(Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de
|
|
Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA,
|
|
president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian
|
|
Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular
|
|
Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil
|
|
(PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC),
|
|
Siqueira CAMPOS, president
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70; voluntary at age 70
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB
|
|
21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats -
|
|
(503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40,
|
|
PTB 35, PT 35, other 109
|
|
Federal Senate:
|
|
last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL
|
|
15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Government
|
|
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held
|
|
November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA
|
|
47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960
|
|
Communists:
|
|
less than 30,000
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's
|
|
Party are critical of government's social and economic policies
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,
|
|
MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO; Chancery at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700; there are Brazilian
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New
|
|
York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia,
|
|
Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO AA 34030); telephone [55] (61)
|
|
321-7272; FAX [55] (61) 225-9136; there are US Consulates General in Rio de
|
|
Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in PortoAlegre and Recife
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial
|
|
globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the
|
|
same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial
|
|
band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered
|
|
the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable
|
|
foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition,
|
|
the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by
|
|
substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and
|
|
mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several
|
|
multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are
|
|
private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts
|
|
between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent
|
|
violence. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is
|
|
embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and
|
|
reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy,
|
|
and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government in December
|
|
1991 signed a letter of intent with the IMF for a 20-month standby loan.
|
|
Having reached an agreement on the repayment of interest arrears accumulated
|
|
during 1989 and 1990, Brazilian officials and commercial bankers are engaged
|
|
in talks on the reduction of medium- and long-term debt and debt service
|
|
payments and on the elimination of remaining interest arrears. A major
|
|
long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $358 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate
|
|
1.2% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
478.5% (December 1991, annual rate)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.3% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$31.6 billion (1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 31%, US 24%, Latin America 11%, Japan 8% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.0 billion (1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal
|
|
partners:
|
|
Middle East and Africa 22%, US 21%, EC 21%, Latin America 18%, Japan 6%
|
|
(1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$118 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate--0.5% (1991); accounts for 39% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
58,500,000 kW capacity; 229,824 million kWh produced, 1,479 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron
|
|
ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate
|
|
and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn,
|
|
sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca
|
|
cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian
|
|
cocaine headed for the US and Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89),
|
|
$1.3 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
cruzeiro (plural - cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 1,197.38 (January 1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300
|
|
(1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74
|
|
km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km
|
|
electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
50,000 km navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de
|
|
Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
245 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,693,500 GRT/9,623,918 DWT; includes
|
|
3 passenger-cargo, 49 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 9
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 57 petroleum tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas,
|
|
14 combination ore/oil, 71 bulk, 2 combination bulk; in addition, 2 naval
|
|
tankers and 4 military transport are sometimes used commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
198 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3,563 total, 2,911 usable; 420 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,240-3,659 m; 550 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good system; extensive radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial
|
|
submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic
|
|
satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Brazil Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force,
|
|
Military Police (paramilitary)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 41,515,103; 27,987,257 fit for military service; 1,644,571
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 0.3% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
60 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
60 km2; includes the island of Diego Garcia
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
698 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
UK announced establishment of 200-nm fishery zone in August 1991
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coconuts, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
archipelago of 2,300 islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location
|
|
in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000 islanders
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before
|
|
construction of UK and US defense facilities
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form name); abbreviated BIOT
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS; Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA
|
|
1991); note - both reside in the UK
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue
|
|
wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the
|
|
outer half of the flag
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia,
|
|
where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and
|
|
various services needed to support the military installations are done by
|
|
military and contract employees from the UK and the US. There are no
|
|
industrial or agricultural activities on the islands.
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
provided by the US military
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Diego Garcia
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1
|
|
TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:British Indian Ocean Territory Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
150 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
150 km2; includes the island of Anegada
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
80 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 33%; forest and
|
|
woodland 7%; other 33%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October
|
|
Note:
|
|
strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
12,555 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
20 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - British Virgin Islander(s); adjective - British Virgin Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
over 90% black, remainder of white and Asian origin
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic
|
|
6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,911 (1980)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Road Town
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 June 1977
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Territory Day, 1 July
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor P. A.
|
|
PENFOLD (since NA 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity
|
|
STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS, UNESCO (associate)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin
|
|
Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of
|
|
arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil
|
|
lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word
|
|
VIGILATE (Be Watchful)
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly
|
|
dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national
|
|
income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies
|
|
wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation
|
|
fees generated about $2 million in 1987. Livestock raising is the most
|
|
significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor
|
|
soils, are unable to meet food requirements.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $130 million, per capita $10,600; real growth
|
|
rate 6.3% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NEGL%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $38 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.5 million (1985)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate--4.0% (1985)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore
|
|
financial center
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
106 km motorable roads (1983)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Road Town
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways less than 1,220 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable
|
|
communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
:British Virgin Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Brunei Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5,770 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5,270 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Delaware
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
381 km; Malysia 381 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
161 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of
|
|
the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them
|
|
are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an
|
|
exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly
|
|
claimed the island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 79%; other 18%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare
|
|
Note:
|
|
close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific
|
|
Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of
|
|
Malaysia
|
|
|
|
:Brunei People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
269,319 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bruneian(s); adjective - Bruneian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and
|
|
other 15% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Malay (official), English, and Chinese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
77% (male 85%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor force is foreign (1988);
|
|
government 47.5%; production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction
|
|
41.9%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Brunei Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Negara Brunei Darussalam
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional sultanate
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bandar Seri Begawan
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara,
|
|
Temburong, Tutong
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1984 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency
|
|
since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
23 February (1984)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji
|
|
HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu`izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei
|
|
National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned),
|
|
leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive
|
|
body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud; Chancery at 2600 Virginia
|
|
Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-0159
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan,
|
|
American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440; telephone [673] (2) 229-670; FAX [673]
|
|
(2) 225-293
|
|
Flag:
|
|
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black
|
|
starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is
|
|
superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top
|
|
of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by
|
|
two upraised hands
|
|
|
|
:Brunei Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship,
|
|
government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is
|
|
almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with
|
|
revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per
|
|
capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and
|
|
substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production.
|
|
The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and
|
|
housing.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, per capita $8,800; real growth rate
|
|
1% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.3% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3.7%, shortage of skilled labor (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
none
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include
|
|
rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Bruneian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990),
|
|
1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986); note - the
|
|
Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Brunei Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under
|
|
construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kuala Belait, Muara
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635
|
|
DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757-200, 1 Boeing 737-200)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international
|
|
service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000
|
|
telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio
|
|
receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1
|
|
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Brunei Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Royal Brunei Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 75,330; 43,969 fit for military service; 2,595 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $233.1 million, 7.1% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
110,910 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
110,550 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,881 km; Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and
|
|
Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
354 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 34%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 10%; includes irrigated 11%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from
|
|
Europe to Middle East and Asia
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,869,161 (July 1992), growth rate --0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Bulgarian(s); adjective - Bulgarian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%,
|
|
Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Bulgarian Orthodox 85%; Muslim 13%; Jewish 0.8%; Roman Catholic 0.5%; Uniate
|
|
Catholic 0.2%; Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Edinstvo
|
|
(Unity) People's Trade Union (splinter confederation from KNSB); Podkrepa
|
|
(Support) Labor Confederation, legally registered in January 1990
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Bulgaria
|
|
Type:
|
|
emerging democracy, diminishing Communist Party influence
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Sofia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo,
|
|
Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna
|
|
Independence:
|
|
22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted 12 July 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
3 March (1878)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier), two deputy
|
|
chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Filip DIMITROV (since 8
|
|
November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister) Stoyan GANEV (since 8 November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the
|
|
Council of Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 8 November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
government:
|
|
Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, consisting of
|
|
United Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party,
|
|
Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican
|
|
Party, Civic Initiative Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen
|
|
other groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (pro-Muslim party) (MRF),
|
|
Ahmed DOGAN, chairman, supports UDF but not officially in coalition with it
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP),
|
|
Zhan VIDENOV, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universalandcompulsoryatage 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 13 October 1991; results - BSP 33%, UDF 34%, MRF 7.5%; seats -
|
|
(240 total) BSP 106, UDF 110, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 12 January 1992; second round held 19 January 1992; results -
|
|
Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP),
|
|
501,793 members; several small Communist parties
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union;
|
|
Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation
|
|
of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for
|
|
Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian
|
|
National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov"
|
|
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
|
|
Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional,
|
|
ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ognyan PISHEV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 387-7969
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard,
|
|
Sofia (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5740); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01
|
|
through 05; Embassy has no FAX machine
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national
|
|
emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it
|
|
contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red
|
|
five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian
|
|
state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in
|
|
the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion
|
|
- giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and
|
|
leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments.
|
|
The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging
|
|
industrial plant; coping with worsening energy, food, and consumer goods
|
|
shortages; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments;
|
|
investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from
|
|
nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in
|
|
part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. Bulgaria's
|
|
new government, led by Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov, is strongly committed
|
|
to economic reform. The previous government, even though dominated by former
|
|
Communists, had taken the first steps toward dismantling the central
|
|
planning system, bringing the economy back into balance, and reducing
|
|
inflationary pressures. The program produced some encouraging early results,
|
|
including eased restrictions on foreign investment, increased support from
|
|
international financial institutions, and liberalized currency trading.
|
|
Small entrepreneurs have begun to emerge and some privatization of small
|
|
enterprises has taken place. The government has passed bills to privatize
|
|
large state-owned enterprises and reform the banking system. Negotiations on
|
|
an association agreement with the EC began in late 1991.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $36.4 billion, per capita $4,100; real growth
|
|
rate --22% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
420% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of $NA billion
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment 55.3%; agricultural products 15.0%; manufactured
|
|
consumer goods 10.0%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 18.4%;
|
|
other 1.3% (1990)
|
|
partners:
|
|
former CMEA countries 70.6% (USSR 56.2%, Czechoslovakia 3.9%, Poland 2.5%);
|
|
developed countries 13.6% (Germany 2.1%, Greece 1.2%); less developed
|
|
countries 13.1% (Libya 5.8%, Iran 0.5%) (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$9.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels, minerals, and raw materials 43.7%; machinery and equipment 45.2%;
|
|
manufactured consumer goods 6.7%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 0.6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
former CMEA countries 70.9% (former USSR 52.7%, Poland 4.1%); developed
|
|
countries 20.2% (Germany 5.0%, Austria 2.1%); less developed countries 7.2%
|
|
(Libya 2.0%, Iran 0.7%)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$11.2 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate --14.7% (1990); accounts for about 37% of GNP (1990)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,040 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles,
|
|
building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 22% of GNP (1990); climate and soil conditions support
|
|
livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds,
|
|
vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land
|
|
devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food
|
|
producer
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1956-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
lev (plural - leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
leva (Lv) per US$1 - 17.18 (1 January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446
|
|
(November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - floating
|
|
exchange rate since February 1991
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,510 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways);
|
|
3,373 km earth roads (1987)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
470 km (1987)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1986)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the
|
|
Danube
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
110 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,234,657 GRT/1,847,759 DWT;
|
|
includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo
|
|
training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2
|
|
railcar carrier, 48 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
|
|
8,717 DWT operating under Liberian registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
86 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with
|
|
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
extensive radio relay; 2.5 million telephones; direct dialing to 36
|
|
countries; phone density is 25 phones per 100 persons; 67% of Sofia
|
|
households now have a phone (November 1988); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15
|
|
FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets
|
|
(1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1
|
|
satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a
|
|
Greek earth station
|
|
|
|
:Bulgaria Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,181,421; 1,823,678 fit for military service; 65,942 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 4.413 billion leva, 4.4% of GNP (1991); note -
|
|
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Burkina Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
274,200 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
273,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Colorado
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,192 km; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km,
|
|
Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted
|
|
to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ
|
|
issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
|
|
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the
|
|
tripoint with Niger
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper,
|
|
nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 37%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 27%, includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural
|
|
activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Burkina People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
9,653,672 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
49 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
--2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
117 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
52 years male, 53 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Burkinabe (singular and plural); adjective - Burkinabe
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other
|
|
important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs about 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
|
|
10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90%
|
|
of the population
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
18% (male 28%, female 9%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,300,000 residents; 30,000 are wage earners; agriculture 82%, industry 13%,
|
|
commerce, services, and government 5%; 20% of male labor force migrates
|
|
annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of
|
|
population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
four principal trade union groups represent less than 1% of population
|
|
|
|
:Burkina Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
|
Type:
|
|
military; established by coup on 4 August 1983
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ouagadougou
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou,
|
|
Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga,
|
|
Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie,
|
|
Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo
|
|
Independence:
|
|
5 August 1960 (from France; formerly Upper Volta)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
June 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
President, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on 25
|
|
November 1980
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Appeals Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Organization for Popular Democracy (ODP/MT), ruling party; Coordination of
|
|
Democratic Forces (CFD), composed of opposition parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
the National Assembly was dissolved 25 November 1980; presidential election
|
|
held December 1991 and legislative election scheduled for 24 May 1992
|
|
Communists:
|
|
small Communist party front group; some sympathizers
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
committees for the defense of the revolution, watchdog/political action
|
|
groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Paul Desire KABORE; Chancery at 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-5577 or 6895
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN; Embassy at Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou
|
|
(mailing address is 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou); telephone [226] 30-67- 23
|
|
through 25 and [226] 33-34-22; FAX [226] 31-23-68
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed
|
|
star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Burkina Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population
|
|
density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic
|
|
development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked
|
|
country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a
|
|
subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable
|
|
government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, per capita $320 (1988); real growth
|
|
rate 1.3% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
--0.5% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $275 million; expenditures $287 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$262 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15% (1985)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$619 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
grain, dairy products, petroleum, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 37% (France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US 15% (1985)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$962 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 15% of GDP (1988)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles,
|
|
gold
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame,
|
|
cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food grains
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
|
|
(1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Burkina Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Ivory Coast border and 100 km
|
|
Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved
|
|
(1985)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
48 total, 38 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
all services only fair; radio relay, wire, and radio communication stations
|
|
in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
:Burkina Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, Peoples' Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,904,647; 971,954 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 2.7% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Burma Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
678,500 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
657,740 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,876 km; Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km,
|
|
Thailand 1,800 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,930 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June
|
|
to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower
|
|
humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some
|
|
marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 15%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 49%; other 34%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides
|
|
common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
|
|
|
|
:Burma People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
42,642,418 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
57 years male, 61 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Burmese (singular and plural); adjective - Burmese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%,
|
|
other 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%,
|
|
animist beliefs 1%, other 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
81% (male 89%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
16,036,000; agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%,
|
|
other 4.1% (FY89 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000 members; Peasants' Asiayone,
|
|
7,600,000 members
|
|
|
|
:Burma Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Union of Burma; note - the local official name is Pyidaungzu Myanma
|
|
Naingngandaw, which has been translated by the US Government as Union of
|
|
Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar
|
|
Type:
|
|
military regime
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -
|
|
pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State,
|
|
Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan
|
|
State, Tenasserim*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 January 1948 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
martial law in effect throughout most of the country; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order
|
|
Restoration Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup
|
|
of 18 September 1988
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 September
|
|
1988
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE
|
|
(since 23 April 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for
|
|
Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB),
|
|
SEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately elected but not recognized
|
|
by military regime; fled to border area and joined with insurgents in
|
|
December 1990 to form a parallel government
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats
|
|
- (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79
|
|
Communists:
|
|
several hundred (est.) in Burma Communist Party (BCP)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Kachin Independence Army (KIA), United Wa State Army (UWSA), Karen National
|
|
Union (KNU) , several Shan factions, including the Shan United Army (SUA)
|
|
(all ethnically based insurgent groups)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
|
|
:Burma Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador U THAUNG; Chancery at 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008;
|
|
telephone (202) 332-9044 through 9046; there is a Burmese Consulate General
|
|
in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P.
|
|
HUDDLE, Jr.; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (mailing address is GPO
|
|
Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546); telephone [95] (1) 82055, 82181; FAX
|
|
[95] (1) 80409
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in
|
|
white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of
|
|
rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
|
|
|
|
:Burma Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $500. The
|
|
nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export
|
|
earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports.
|
|
For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices
|
|
has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In
|
|
1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this
|
|
position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which
|
|
generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work
|
|
force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces
|
|
and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little
|
|
success.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22.2 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate
|
|
5.6% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
40% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.6% in urban areas (FY89 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $7.2 billion; expenditures $9.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $6 billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$568 million
|
|
commodities:
|
|
teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems
|
|
partners:
|
|
Southeast Asia, India, Japan, China, EC, Africa
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.16 billion
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, EC, China, Southeast Asia
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.2 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products;
|
|
petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction
|
|
materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in
|
|
food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses;
|
|
world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of
|
|
export revenues; fish catch of 740,000 metric tons (FY90)
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of
|
|
cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production is on the
|
|
increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic
|
|
programs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million
|
|
|
|
:Burma Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
kyat (plural - kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990),
|
|
6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Burma Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km
|
|
narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel,
|
|
6,100 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,036,018 GRT/1,514,121 DWT; includes
|
|
3 passenger-cargo, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 3
|
|
container, 2 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 27 bulk, 1
|
|
combination bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
85 total, 82 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international
|
|
service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is
|
|
limited to the most populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
|
|
(1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Burma Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
eligible 15-49, 21,447,878; of the 10,745,530 males 15-49, 5,759,840 are fit
|
|
for military service; of the 10,702,348 females 15-49, 5,721,868 are fit for
|
|
military service; 424,474 males and 410,579 females reach military age (18)
|
|
annually; both sexes are liable for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.28 billion, FY(91-92)
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
27,830 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
25,650 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
974 km; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet
|
|
exploited), vanadium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 43%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 35%; forest and
|
|
woodland 2%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed
|
|
|
|
:Burundi People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,022,341 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
106 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
51 years male, 55 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Burundian(s); adjective - Burundi
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Africans - Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%; other
|
|
Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians;
|
|
non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian about 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs
|
|
32%, Muslim 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
|
|
Bujumbura area)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 61%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,900,000 (1983 est.); agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and
|
|
commerce 1.5%, services 1.5%; 52% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is
|
|
extended to all Burundi workers (informally); active membership figures NA
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Burundi
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bujumbura
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi,
|
|
Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of 3 September 1987; a
|
|
constitutional committee was charged with drafting a new constitution
|
|
created in February 1991; a referendum on the new constitution scheduled for
|
|
March 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity
|
|
and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following
|
|
the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from
|
|
27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity
|
|
and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National
|
|
Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to
|
|
constitutional government
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Major Pierre BUYOYA, President (since 9 September 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI,
|
|
secretary general; note - although Burundi is still officially a one-party
|
|
state, at least four political parties were formed in 1991 in anticipation
|
|
of proposed constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front
|
|
(FRODEBU), Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of
|
|
Burundi (PSB), Movement for Peace and Democracy (MPD) - the Party for the
|
|
Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early
|
|
1980s, is an ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule;
|
|
the government has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic
|
|
politics and fomenting violence against the state. PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist
|
|
charter makes it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new
|
|
constitution that will require party membership open to all ethnic groups
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
dissolved after the coup of 3 September 1987; note - The National Unity
|
|
Charter outlining the principles for constitutional government was adopted
|
|
by a national referendum on 5 February 1991
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2574
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; B. P. 1720, Avenue des Etats-Unis,
|
|
Bujumbura; telephone [257] (222) 454; FAX [257] (222) 926
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green
|
|
panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the
|
|
center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a
|
|
triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic
|
|
development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic
|
|
industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts
|
|
for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to
|
|
pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the
|
|
climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform
|
|
agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi
|
|
is trying to diversify its export agriculture capability and attract foreign
|
|
investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized
|
|
via public auction in September 1991.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.13 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate
|
|
3.4% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7.1% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $158 million; expenditures $204 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $131 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$74.7 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$234.6 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.0 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
real growth rate 5.1% (1986); accounts for about 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;
|
|
public works construction; food processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming;
|
|
marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton,
|
|
tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock
|
|
- meat, milk, hides, and skins
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Burundi franc (plural - francs); 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 193.72 (January 1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26
|
|
(1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123. 56 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved
|
|
or unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lake Tanganyika
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and
|
|
Zaire
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity radio relay
|
|
links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Burundi Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,306,611; 681,050 fit for military service; 59,676 reach
|
|
military age (16) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
181,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
176,520 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oklahoma
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,572 km; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
443 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in
|
|
dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to
|
|
March); little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower
|
|
potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 16%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 76%; other 4%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap
|
|
Note:
|
|
buffer between Thailand and Vietnam
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,295,706 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
37 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
121 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
48 years male, 51 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cambodian(s); adjective - Cambodian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Khmer 90%, Chinese 5%, other 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Khmer (official), French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
35% (male 48%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2.5-3.0 million; agriculture 80% (1988 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under government control
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up
|
|
under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally
|
|
supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the
|
|
country's four political factions
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Phnom Penh
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and 2 autonomous cities* Banteay
|
|
Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Saom City*,
|
|
Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri,
|
|
Phnom Phen City*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri,
|
|
Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
|
|
Independence:
|
|
8 November 1949 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NGC - Independence Day, 17 April (1975); SOC - Liberation Day, 7 January
|
|
(1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
a twelve-member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM
|
|
SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political
|
|
factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC)
|
|
- HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer
|
|
People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front
|
|
for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)
|
|
- Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's National
|
|
Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's Supreme
|
|
People's Court is the only functioning national judicial body
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under United Nations's supervision
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
NGC - vacant, formerly held by SON SANN (since July 1982); will be
|
|
determined following the national election in 1993; SOC - Chairman of the
|
|
Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU
|
|
SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (name
|
|
changed and HENG SAMRIN replaced in October 1991) under CHEA SIM; Khmer
|
|
People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; National United
|
|
Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia
|
|
(FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANNARIDH
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on
|
|
proportional representation within each province will be held nine months
|
|
after UN-organized voter registration is complete; the election is not
|
|
anticipated before April 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a
|
|
constitution and then transform itself into a legislature that will create a
|
|
new Cambodian Government
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international
|
|
organizations - it filled UN seat in September 1991
|
|
US:
|
|
Charles TWINNING is the US representative to Cambodia
|
|
Flag:
|
|
SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal
|
|
horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered
|
|
temple representing Angkor Wat in the center
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic development has been
|
|
stymied by deadly political infighting. The economy is based on agriculture
|
|
and related industries. Over the past decade Cambodia has been slowly
|
|
recovering from its near destruction by war and political upheaval. The food
|
|
situation remains precarious; during the 1980s famine was averted only
|
|
through international relief. In 1986 the production level of rice, the
|
|
staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The biggest
|
|
success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber plantings
|
|
and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is almost nonexistent.
|
|
Foreign trade has been primarily with the former USSR and Vietnam, and both
|
|
trade and foreign aid are being adversely affected by the breakup of the
|
|
USSR. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and unreliable.
|
|
Foreign aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has virtually stopped.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $930 million, per capita $130; real growth rate
|
|
NA (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
53% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $178 million expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$32 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood
|
|
partners:
|
|
Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$147 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$600 million (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
140,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice,
|
|
rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products,
|
|
sugar, flour
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US
|
|
countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
riel (plural - riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
riels (CR) per US$1 - 714 (May 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990),
|
|
159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or
|
|
improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to
|
|
craft drawing 1.8 meters
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh
|
|
Airports:
|
|
16 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually
|
|
nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and
|
|
other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
:Cambodia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
SOC - Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF); Communist resistance forces -
|
|
National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge); non-Communist
|
|
resistance forces - Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI), which is
|
|
sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), and
|
|
Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) - under the Paris
|
|
peace agreement of October 1991, all four factions are to observe a
|
|
cease-fire and prepare for UN-supervised cantonment, disarmament, and 70%
|
|
demobilization before the election, with the fate of the remaining 30% to be
|
|
determined by the newly elected government - the United Nations Transitional
|
|
Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) will verify the cease-fire and disarm the
|
|
combatants
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,877,339; 1,032,102 fit for military service; 61,807 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
475,440 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
469,440 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,591 km; Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
402 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
50 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has
|
|
led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification
|
|
by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with
|
|
Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet
|
|
convened
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center,
|
|
mountains in west, plains in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 13%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 54%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation;
|
|
overgrazing; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
12,658,439 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 60 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cameroonian(s); adjective - Cameroonian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
over 200 tribes of widely differing background; Cameroon Highlanders 31%,
|
|
Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern
|
|
Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and French (official), 24 major African language groups
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
54% (male 66%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2%
|
|
(1983); 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
under 45% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Cameroon
|
|
Type:
|
|
unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties
|
|
legalized 1990)
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Yaounde
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord,
|
|
Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration; formerly
|
|
French Cameroon)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
20 May 1972
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 20 May (1972)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
interim Prime Minister Sadou HAYATOU (since 25 April 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), Paul BIYA, president, is
|
|
government-controlled and was formerly the only party; numerous small
|
|
parties formed since opposition parties were legalized in 1990
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
next to be held 1 March 1992
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 24 April 1988 (next to be held April 1993); results - President
|
|
Paul BIYA reelected without opposition
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Paul PONDI; Chancery at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-8790 through 8794
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Frances D. COOK; Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (mailing
|
|
address is B. P. 817, Yaounde); telephone [237] 234014; FAX [237] 230753;
|
|
there is a US Consulate General in Douala
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a
|
|
yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest
|
|
incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious
|
|
problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political
|
|
instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate
|
|
for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid
|
|
economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986
|
|
precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee,
|
|
cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and
|
|
inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support
|
|
from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms
|
|
designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture,
|
|
and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by
|
|
opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,040; real growth
|
|
rate 0.7% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.6% (FY88)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million (FY89)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC (particularly France) about 50%, US 10%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemical products,
|
|
consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 41%, Germany 9%, US 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
755,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil products, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles,
|
|
sawmills
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of
|
|
the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree
|
|
of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include
|
|
coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock,
|
|
root starches
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $440 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and
|
|
improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,090 km; of decreasing importance
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Douala
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
5 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
56 total, 50 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; 26,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Cameroon Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including naval infantry), Air Force; National Gendarmerie,
|
|
Presidential Guards
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,753,059; 1,385,706 fit for military service; 120,011 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $219 million, 1.7% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Canada Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
9,976,140 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
9,220,970 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
243,791 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary disputes with the US
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber,
|
|
wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous
|
|
permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development
|
|
Note:
|
|
second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between
|
|
Russia and US via north polar route
|
|
|
|
:Canada People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
27,351,509 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Canadian(s); adjective - Canadian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous
|
|
Indian and Eskimo 1.5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and French (both official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction
|
|
3%, other 4% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers
|
|
|
|
:Canada Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
confederation with parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ottawa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New
|
|
Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario,
|
|
Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 July 1867 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982;
|
|
charter of rights and unwritten customs
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based
|
|
on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
(Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since June 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean
|
|
CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Commons:
|
|
last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results -
|
|
Progressive Conservative Party 43.0%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic
|
|
Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159,
|
|
Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, independents 12
|
|
Communists:
|
|
3,000
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB,
|
|
COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,
|
|
OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG,
|
|
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
|
|
:Canada Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20001; telephone (202) 682-1740; there are Canadian Consulates General in
|
|
Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles,
|
|
Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Peter TEELEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430); telephone
|
|
(613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470; FAX (613) 238-5720; there are US
|
|
Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and
|
|
Vancouver
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and
|
|
red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Canada Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles
|
|
the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of
|
|
production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing,
|
|
mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural
|
|
economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada
|
|
registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations,
|
|
averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force,
|
|
and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However,
|
|
the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking
|
|
areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation;
|
|
foreign investors are becoming edgy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $521.5 billion, per capita $19,400; real
|
|
growth rate -1.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.2% (November 1991, annual rate)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.3% (November 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas,
|
|
aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$118 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude petroleum, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer
|
|
goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$247 billion (1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -3.8% (August 1991); accounts for 34% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
106,464,000 kW capacity; 479,600 million kWh produced, 17,872 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products,
|
|
transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural
|
|
gas
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and
|
|
exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural
|
|
imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial
|
|
fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is
|
|
exported
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of
|
|
hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of
|
|
high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin
|
|
and cocaine entering the US market
|
|
|
|
:Canada Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Canadian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.1565 (January 1992), 1.1457 (1991),
|
|
1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Canada Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems -
|
|
Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger
|
|
service - VIA (government operated)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's
|
|
(Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 500,904 GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 10 cargo, 2 railcar
|
|
carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 28 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note - does not
|
|
include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1,416 total, 1,168 usable; 455 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 338 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial
|
|
submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4
|
|
Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems
|
|
|
|
:Canada Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air
|
|
Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands),
|
|
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 7,366,675; 6,387,459 fit for military service; 190,752 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $11.4 billion, 1.7% of GDP (FY91); $10.5 billion,
|
|
NA% of GDP (FY 92)
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
4,030 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
4,030 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
965 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 9%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland NEGL%; other 85%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility;
|
|
volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location 500 km from African coast near major north-south sea
|
|
routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling
|
|
site
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
398,276 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
60 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cape Verdean(s); adjective - Cape Verdean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Creole (mulatto) about 71%, African 28%, European 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
66% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
102,000 (1985 est.); agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%,
|
|
industry 14% (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS)
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Cape Verde
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Praia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio,
|
|
Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz,
|
|
Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal
|
|
Independence:
|
|
5 July 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September
|
|
1990 (legalized opposition parties)
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 5 July (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA (since 13 January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and
|
|
chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona
|
|
Rodrigues PIRES, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's National Assembly:
|
|
last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this
|
|
multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results -
|
|
Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA; Chancery at 3415 Massachusetts
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-6820; there is a Cape
|
|
Verdean Consulate General in Boston
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Francis T. (Terry) McNAMARA; Embassy at Rua Hoji Ya Henda Yenna
|
|
81, Praia (mailing address is C. P. 201, Praia); telephone [238] 61-43-63 or
|
|
61-42-53; FAX [238] 61-13-55
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red
|
|
band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black
|
|
five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses
|
|
the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
|
|
Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in
|
|
the red band
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a
|
|
17-year drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service oriented, with
|
|
commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 65% of GDP during
|
|
the period 1985-88. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural
|
|
areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts
|
|
for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly
|
|
lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only
|
|
3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by
|
|
remittances from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the
|
|
new democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the
|
|
private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $310 million, per capita $800; real growth rate
|
|
4% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $98.3 million; expenditures $138.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$10.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish, bananas, salt
|
|
partners:
|
|
Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$107.8 million (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US
|
|
(1990 est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$150 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction
|
|
materials, food and beverage production
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 16% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; bananas are the only
|
|
export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth
|
|
potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and limited rainfall;
|
|
annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both domestic
|
|
consumption and small exports
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-89), $88 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $537 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Cape Verdean escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100
|
|
centavos
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 71.28 (March 1992), 71.41 (1991),
|
|
64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988), 72.5 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mindelo, Praia
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
interisland radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal and
|
|
Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV;
|
|
2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Cape Verde Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) - Army and Navy are separate
|
|
components of FARP; Security Service
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 72,916; 43,010 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
260 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
260 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
160 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively
|
|
dry winters (November to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and
|
|
woodland 23%; other 69%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
within the Caribbean hurricane belt
|
|
Note:
|
|
important location between Cuba and Central America
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
29,139 (July 1992), growth rate 4.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
33 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Caymanian(s); adjective - Caymanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
40% mixed, 20% white, 20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic groups
|
|
Religions:
|
|
United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman
|
|
Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
8,061; service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance
|
|
and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Global Seaman's Union; Cayman All Trade Union
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
George Town
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West
|
|
End, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1959, revised 1972
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
British common law and local statutes
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day (first Monday in July)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Michael
|
|
GORE (since May 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA
|
|
1987)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
no formal political parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (observer), CDB, IOC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are
|
|
represented by the UK
|
|
US:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the
|
|
flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with
|
|
three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom
|
|
bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
|
|
HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export
|
|
earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed
|
|
at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America.
|
|
About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported.
|
|
The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $384 million, per capita $14,500 (1989); real
|
|
growth rate 8% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $83.6 million; expenditures $98.9 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $13.6 million (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
turtle products, manufactured consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$15 million (1986)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 9,313 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials,
|
|
furniture making
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Caymanian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
160 km of main roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
George Town, Cayman Brac
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,174 GRT/560,241 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger-cargo, 7 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 5 bulk, 2
|
|
combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access
|
|
international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Cayman Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
622,980 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
622,980 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,203 km; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km,
|
|
Zaire 1,577 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and
|
|
southwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 64%; other 28%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has
|
|
diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,029,080 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
43 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
135 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
46 years male, 49 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Central African(s); adjective - Central African
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and
|
|
linguistic characteristics; Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%,
|
|
Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%,
|
|
other 11%; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian
|
|
majority
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic,
|
|
Hunsa, Swahili
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
27% (male 33%, female 15%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
775,413 (1986 est.); agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%,
|
|
government 3%; about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working
|
|
age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
1% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Central African Republic (no short-form name); abbreviated CAR
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bangui
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*
|
|
(prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1
|
|
commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,
|
|
Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,
|
|
Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga
|
|
Independence:
|
|
13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
21 November 1986
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (proclamation of the republic), 1 December (1958)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic
|
|
and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit
|
|
together this is known as the Congress (Congres)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State::
|
|
President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)
|
|
Head of Government::
|
|
Prime Minister Edouard FRANCK (since 15 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Centrafrican Democratic Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA; note -
|
|
as part of political reforms leading to a democratic system announced in
|
|
April 1991, 18 opposition parties have been legalized
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 31 July 1987 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - RDC is
|
|
the only party; seats - (52 total) RDC 52
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held by end of 1992); results -
|
|
President KOLINGBA was reelected without opposition
|
|
Communists:
|
|
small number of Communist sympathizers
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,
|
|
UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET; Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7800 or 7801
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President David Dacko,
|
|
Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui); telephone 61-02-00, 61-25-78,
|
|
or 61-43-33; FAX [190] (236) 61-44-94
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a
|
|
vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the
|
|
hoist side of the blue band
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR
|
|
economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In
|
|
1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural
|
|
products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry
|
|
for 30%. The country's 1991 budget deficit was US $70 million and in 1992 is
|
|
expected to be about the same. Important constraints to economic development
|
|
include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a
|
|
weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance,
|
|
particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new
|
|
investment.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate -
|
|
3.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
-3.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% in Bangui (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $121 million; expenditures $193 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$151.3 million (1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$214.5 million (1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor
|
|
vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$700 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
0.8% (1988); accounts for 12% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of
|
|
bicycles and motorcycles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for
|
|
grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops -
|
|
manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts;
|
|
Oubangui is the most important river
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
66 total, 52 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with
|
|
low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations -
|
|
1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Central African Republic Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National
|
|
Gendarmerie, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 677,889; 354,489 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Chad Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,284,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,259,200 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than three times the size of California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,968 km; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055
|
|
km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north;
|
|
demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has
|
|
led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification
|
|
by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical in south, desert in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,
|
|
lowlands in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin,
|
|
fish (Lake Chad)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 36%; forest and
|
|
woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification
|
|
adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
|
|
|
|
:Chad People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,238,908 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
42 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
21 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
136 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
39 years male, 41 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Chadian(s); adjective - Chadian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs, Toubou,
|
|
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in
|
|
the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye,
|
|
Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom
|
|
1,000 are French
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100
|
|
different languages and dialects are spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can read and write French or
|
|
Arabic (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and
|
|
fishing) 85%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 20% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
:Chad Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Chad
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
N'Djamena
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine,
|
|
Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental,
|
|
Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
|
|
Independence:
|
|
11 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1
|
|
March 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
11 August
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of State (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
the National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was
|
|
disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the
|
|
Republic; 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Jean ALINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY,
|
|
chairman; President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new
|
|
constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident
|
|
groups; national conference to be held in 1992
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Consultative Council:
|
|
last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein
|
|
HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then
|
|
President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3
|
|
December 1990; national conference scheduled for mid-1992 and election to
|
|
follow in 1993
|
|
Communists:
|
|
no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and
|
|
some sympathizers
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,
|
|
OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Chad Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador ACHEIKH ibn Oumar; Chancery at 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20009; telephone (202) 462-4009
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone [235] (51) 62-18,
|
|
40-09, or 51-62-11; FAX [235] 51-33-72
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to
|
|
the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a
|
|
national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow
|
|
band; design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
:Chad Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural
|
|
resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in
|
|
the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict
|
|
with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its
|
|
1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports.
|
|
Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing.
|
|
Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural
|
|
products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent
|
|
on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from
|
|
shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the
|
|
Doba basin in the south. Since coming to power in December 1990, the Deby
|
|
government has experienced a year of economic chaos.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $205; real growth rate
|
|
0.9% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
--4.9% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
entirely funded by outside donors
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Nigeria, Cameroon
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum
|
|
products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$530 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate),
|
|
soap, cigarettes
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most
|
|
important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice,
|
|
potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient
|
|
in food in years of adequate rainfall
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Chad Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Chad Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,000 km navigable
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast
|
|
stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Chad Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), National Police,
|
|
Republican Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,217,728; 632,833 fit for military service; 50,966 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Chile Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
756,950 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
6,171 km; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
6,435 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia
|
|
has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama
|
|
area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water
|
|
rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory)
|
|
partially overlaps Argentine claim
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and
|
|
woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one
|
|
of world's driest regions; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
|
|
(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
|
|
|
|
:Chile People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
13,528,945 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Chilean(s); adjective - Chilean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,728,000; services 38.3% (includes government 12%); industry and commerce
|
|
33.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%; mining 2.3%; construction
|
|
6.4% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
13% of labor force (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Chile Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Chile
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Santiago
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez
|
|
del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador
|
|
General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena,
|
|
Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso; note - the US does not
|
|
recognize claims to Antarctica
|
|
Independence:
|
|
18 September 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes
|
|
influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 18 September (1810)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house
|
|
or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de
|
|
Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Concertation of Parties for Democracy now consists mainly of five parties -
|
|
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for
|
|
Democracy (PPD), Erich SCHNAKE; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez;
|
|
Social Democratic Party (PSP), Roberto MUNOZ Barros; Socialist Party (PS),
|
|
Ricardo NUNEZ; National Renovation (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent
|
|
Democratic Union (UDI), Julio DITTBORN; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco
|
|
Juner ERRAZURIZA; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM;
|
|
Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) is splintered, no single leader
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of
|
|
Parties for Democracy 72 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 12), RN 29, UDI 11,
|
|
right-wing independents 8
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);
|
|
results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected)
|
|
Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD
|
|
1), RN 6, UDI 2, independents 8
|
|
|
|
:Chile Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
The PCCh has legal party status and has less than 60,000 members
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
revitalized university student federations at all major universities
|
|
dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT)
|
|
includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor
|
|
confederations; Roman Catholic Church
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES,
|
|
LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP,
|
|
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTV, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique; Chancery at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746; there are Chilean
|
|
Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia,
|
|
and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Curtis KAMMAN; Embassy at Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas,
|
|
Santiago (mailing address is APO AA 34033); telephone [56] (2) 671-0133; FAX
|
|
[56] (2) 699-1141
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square
|
|
the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band;
|
|
the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based
|
|
on the US flag
|
|
|
|
:Chile Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The government of President Aylwin, which took power in 1990, has opted to
|
|
retain the orthodox economic policies of Pinochet, although the share of
|
|
spending for social welfare has risen slightly. In 1991 growth in GDP
|
|
recovered to 5.5% (led by consumer spending) after only 2.1% growth in 1990.
|
|
The tight monetary policy of 1990 helped cut the rate of inflation from
|
|
27.3% in 1990 to 18.7% in 1991. Despite a 12% drop in copper prices, the
|
|
trade surplus rose in 1991, and international reserves increased.
|
|
Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1992, and economic
|
|
growth is likely to approach 7%.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $30.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth
|
|
rate 5.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
18.7% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.5% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $8.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $772 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper 50%, other metals and minerals 7%, wood products 6.5%, fish and
|
|
fishmeal 9%, fruits 5% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 36%, US 18%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 20%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$16.2 billion (October 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 36% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,502,800 kW capacity; 21,470 million kWh produced, 1,616 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood
|
|
and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major
|
|
exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn,
|
|
grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products -
|
|
beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1989 fish catch of 6.1
|
|
million metric tons; net agricultural importer
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Chilean peso (plural - pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 368.66 (January 1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06
|
|
(1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Chile Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Chile Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter
|
|
gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and
|
|
unimproved earth (1984)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
725 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio,
|
|
Talcahuano, Arica
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11
|
|
cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in
|
|
addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used
|
|
commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
29 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities;
|
|
768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11
|
|
shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3
|
|
domestic
|
|
|
|
:Chile Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and
|
|
Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police),
|
|
Investigative Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)
|
|
|
|
:China Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
9,596,960 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
9,326,410 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30
|
|
km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan
|
|
858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km,
|
|
Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km,
|
|
Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
14,500 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve
|
|
disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan
|
|
under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is
|
|
indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
|
|
Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime
|
|
boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands
|
|
occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims
|
|
Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu
|
|
Tai)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills
|
|
in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,
|
|
molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's
|
|
largest hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and
|
|
woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern
|
|
coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)
|
|
|
|
:China People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
22 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
32 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,
|
|
Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important
|
|
elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%,
|
|
Christian 1% (est.)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect);
|
|
also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
|
|
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see
|
|
ethnic divisions)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%,
|
|
construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the
|
|
Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the
|
|
urban work force (1985)
|
|
|
|
:China Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC
|
|
Type:
|
|
Communist Party - led state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Beijing
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,
|
|
singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);
|
|
Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,
|
|
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning,
|
|
Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,
|
|
Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China
|
|
considers Taiwan its 23rd province
|
|
Independence:
|
|
unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty
|
|
replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established
|
|
1 October 1949
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
most recent promulgated 4 December 1982
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary
|
|
civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1
|
|
January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil,
|
|
administrative, criminal, and commercial law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 1 October (1949)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme People's Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen
|
|
(since 8 April 1988)
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto):
|
|
DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9
|
|
April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN
|
|
Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988);
|
|
Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since
|
|
8 April 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
- Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the
|
|
Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties
|
|
controlled by CCP
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National People's Congress:
|
|
last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the only
|
|
party but there are also independents; seats - (2,976 total) CCP and
|
|
independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level)
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun
|
|
was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress
|
|
|
|
:China Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
49,000,000 party members (1990 est.)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually
|
|
within the party and government organization, that vary by issue
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship
|
|
Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing
|
|
address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone
|
|
[86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in
|
|
Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow
|
|
five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the
|
|
flag) in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
|
|
:China Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the
|
|
economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more
|
|
productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the
|
|
framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have
|
|
switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of
|
|
the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and
|
|
plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale
|
|
enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign
|
|
economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying
|
|
result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in
|
|
the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal
|
|
areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and
|
|
modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and
|
|
export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the
|
|
darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the
|
|
worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of
|
|
capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has
|
|
periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and
|
|
thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose
|
|
substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular
|
|
resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres
|
|
have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the
|
|
nation's long-term economic viability.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.1% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.0% in urban areas (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
deficit $9.5 billion (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum,
|
|
minerals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel,
|
|
textile yarn, fertilizer
|
|
partners:
|
|
Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$51 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh
|
|
per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement,
|
|
chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing
|
|
|
|
:China Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice,
|
|
potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops
|
|
include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock
|
|
products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric
|
|
tons in 1986
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments,
|
|
including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
|
|
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
yuan (plural - yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990),
|
|
3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:China Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km are double track
|
|
standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated
|
|
industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 1,029,000 km (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads,
|
|
648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved
|
|
earth roads and tracks
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang,
|
|
Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT;
|
|
includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6
|
|
cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker,
|
|
10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9
|
|
combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an
|
|
additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089
|
|
DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian,
|
|
Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10
|
|
with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic and international services are increasingly available for private
|
|
use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities,
|
|
industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December
|
|
1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV;
|
|
more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth
|
|
stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT,
|
|
and 55 domestic
|
|
|
|
:China Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force,
|
|
People's Armed Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
135 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
135 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
138.9 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphate
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
almost completely surrounded by a reef
|
|
Note:
|
|
located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
929 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Christmas Islander(s); adjective - Christmas Island
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church
|
|
of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%,
|
|
Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas
|
|
Island, Ltd.
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Christmas Island
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia
|
|
Capital:
|
|
The Settlement
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Christmas Island Act of 1958
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
under the authority of the governor general of Australia
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory
|
|
Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Administrator W. A. MCKENZIE (since NA)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in
|
|
December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer
|
|
economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also
|
|
to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date
|
|
during the first half of 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
phosphate
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, NZ
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate extraction (near depletion)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991),
|
|
1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Flying Fish Cove
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
4,000 radios (1982)
|
|
|
|
:Christmas Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
7 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
7 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
11.1 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Mexico
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coral atoll
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other (coral) 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
reef about 8 km in circumference
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called
|
|
Ile de la Passion
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High
|
|
Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from French Polynesia
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station.
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
:Clipperton Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
14 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2.6 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
pleasant, modified by the southeasttrade wind for about nine months of the
|
|
year; moderate rain fall
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat, low-lying coral atolls
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about
|
|
halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
597 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cocos Islander(s); adjective - Cocos Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island
|
|
Religions:
|
|
almost all Sunni Muslims
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia
|
|
Capital:
|
|
West Island
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based upon the laws of Australia and local laws
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of
|
|
the Islands Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Islands Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji
|
|
Wahin bin BYNIE (since NA)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and
|
|
fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing
|
|
contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other
|
|
necessities must be imported from Australia.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copra products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991),
|
|
1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; lagoon anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m; airport on West
|
|
Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications
|
|
via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Cocos Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,138,910 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and
|
|
Serranilla Bank
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
7,408 km; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900,
|
|
Venezuela 2,050 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,208 km; Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specified
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;
|
|
territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y
|
|
Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern
|
|
lowland plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and
|
|
woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from
|
|
overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts
|
|
Note:
|
|
only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and
|
|
Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Colombia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
34,296,941 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
24 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Colombian(s); adjective - Colombian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian
|
|
1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
12,000,000 (1990); services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
984,000 members (1989), about 8.2% of labor force; the Communist-backed
|
|
Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about
|
|
725,000 members (including all affiliate unions)
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Colombia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; executive branch dominates government structure
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bogota
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats*
|
|
(comisarias, singular - comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias,
|
|
singular - intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar,
|
|
Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba,
|
|
Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta,
|
|
Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y
|
|
Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*;
|
|
note - there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota;
|
|
the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and
|
|
intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito
|
|
capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997
|
|
Independence:
|
|
20 July 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 July 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
|
|
Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 20 July (1810)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, presidential designate, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber
|
|
or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of
|
|
Representatives (Camara de Representantes)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative
|
|
Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN),
|
|
Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th
|
|
of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small
|
|
leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union
|
|
(UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of
|
|
Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA
|
|
Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement)
|
|
24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19
|
|
9, MSN 5, UP 1, others 7
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Government
|
|
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19
|
|
13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17
|
|
Communists:
|
|
18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces
|
|
of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National
|
|
Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently
|
|
demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are Colombian Consulates General
|
|
in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San
|
|
Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles,
|
|
and Tampa
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038); telephone [57] (1)
|
|
285-1300 or 1688; FAX [571] 288-5687; there is a US Consulate in
|
|
Barranquilla
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar
|
|
to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of
|
|
arms superimposed in the center
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates
|
|
remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have
|
|
kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid
|
|
development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past
|
|
four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's
|
|
major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the
|
|
summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence
|
|
have dampened growth, but significant economic reforms are likely to
|
|
facilitate a resurgent economy in the medium term. These reforms center on
|
|
fiscal restraint, trade liberalization, and privatization of state utilities
|
|
and commercial banks.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $45 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate
|
|
3.7% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
26.8% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.5% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital
|
|
expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum (19%), coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 40%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper
|
|
products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$17.0 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 21% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
9,624,000 kW capacity; 38,856 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
|
|
metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver,
|
|
salt
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds
|
|
and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a
|
|
wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa
|
|
beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming
|
|
more important
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca
|
|
under cultivation; major supplier of cocaine to the US and other
|
|
international drug markets
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion,
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Colombian peso (plural - pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 711.88 (January 1992), 633.08 (1991),
|
|
550.00 (1990), 435.00 (1989), 336.00 (1988), 242.61 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km
|
|
1. 435-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
14,300 km, navigable by river boats
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural
|
|
gas liquids 125 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta,
|
|
Tumaco
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 289,794 GRT/443,369 DWT; includes 9
|
|
cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum tanker, 8 bulk, 10 container; note -
|
|
in addition, 2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
83 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1,167 total, 1,023 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 191 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
and 11 domestic satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Colombia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air
|
|
Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 9,214,691; 6,240,601 fit for military service; 353,691 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $624 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,170 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,170 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
340 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims French-administered Mayotte
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 16%; other 34%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy
|
|
season
|
|
Note:
|
|
important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel
|
|
|
|
:Comoros People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
493,853 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
47 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 59 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Comoran(s); adjective - Comoran
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
official languages are Arabic and French but majority of population speak
|
|
Comoran, a blend of Swahili and Arabic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working
|
|
age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
|
|
Type:
|
|
independent republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Moroni
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
three islands; Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mwali, formerly Grand Comore, Anjouan,
|
|
and Moheli respectively; note - there are also four municipalities named
|
|
Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 December 1975 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 6 July (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); coordinator of National
|
|
Unity Government (de facto prime minister) - Mohamed Taki ABDULKARIM (1
|
|
January 1992)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Federal Assembly:
|
|
last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) Udzima 42
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed
|
|
DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
|
|
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent
|
|
Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017;
|
|
telephone (212) 972-8010
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing
|
|
address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73-22-03, 73-29-22
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent
|
|
points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white
|
|
five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the
|
|
crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four
|
|
stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja,
|
|
Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but
|
|
claimed by the Comoros)
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands
|
|
that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing
|
|
population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the
|
|
labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high
|
|
unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical
|
|
assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the
|
|
leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 34% to GDP, employs 80%
|
|
of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not
|
|
self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for
|
|
90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an
|
|
annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in
|
|
1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for
|
|
about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of
|
|
1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and
|
|
balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for 1991 show a
|
|
moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism,
|
|
and government investment outlays.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $260 million, per capita $540; real growth rate
|
|
2.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
over 16% (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$196 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials,
|
|
soft drinks
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 34% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture
|
|
and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves,
|
|
perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas,
|
|
cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes)
|
|
and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Comoran franc (plural - francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
|
|
(1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987); note - linked to the
|
|
French franc at 50 to 1 French franc
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mutsamudu, Moroni
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations
|
|
for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over
|
|
1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Comoros Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Comoran Security Forces (FCS), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 105,022; 62,808 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Congo Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
342,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
341,500 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,504 km; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km,
|
|
Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
169 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of
|
|
the river or its islands has been made)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October);
|
|
constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate
|
|
astride the Equator
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural
|
|
gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and
|
|
woodland 62%; other 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe
|
|
Noire, or along the railroad between them
|
|
|
|
:Congo People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,376,687 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
42 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
109 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
53 years male, 56 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Congolese (singular and plural); adjective - Congolese or Congo
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most
|
|
important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and
|
|
M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans,
|
|
mostly French
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
|
|
widely used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government
|
|
25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active
|
|
(1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of labor force (1979 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Congo Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of the Congo
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Brazzaville
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,
|
|
Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool,
|
|
Sangha
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 July 1979, currently being modified
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
a transitional National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); stripped of most
|
|
powers by National Conference in May 1991
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Andre MILONGO (since May 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note -
|
|
multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
transitional body selected by National Conference in May 1991; election for
|
|
new legislative body to be held spring 1992
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held June 1992); results - President
|
|
SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party
|
|
Congress, which automatically made him president
|
|
Communists:
|
|
small number of Communists and sympathizers
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress
|
|
(CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of
|
|
Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500
|
|
|
|
:Congo Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral,
|
|
Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE
|
|
09828); telephone (242) 83-20-70; FAX [242] 83-63-38
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the
|
|
upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Congo Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a
|
|
beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a
|
|
government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform
|
|
program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in
|
|
1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and
|
|
a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay
|
|
of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and
|
|
exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to
|
|
finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually,
|
|
one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however,
|
|
growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the
|
|
population growth rate.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth rate
|
|
0.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.6% (1989 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $141 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$751 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, France, other EC
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$564 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.5 billion (December 1988)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts
|
|
for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash
|
|
crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner;
|
|
imports over 90% of food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.3 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Congo Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Congo Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately
|
|
owned)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved
|
|
earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially
|
|
navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 25 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
4 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio
|
|
relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire,
|
|
and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
:Congo Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 526,058; 267,393 fit for military service; 23,884 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
240 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
240 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
120 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 74%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons from November to March
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,977 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
22 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-10 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cook Islander(s); adjective - Cook Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and
|
|
other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Maori
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, and
|
|
other 4% (1981)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fully
|
|
responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for
|
|
external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Avarua
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965
|
|
and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral
|
|
action
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
4 August 1965
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day, 4 August
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand,
|
|
prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on
|
|
traditional matters, but has no legislative powers
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir
|
|
Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK
|
|
(since NA)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Inatio AKARURU (since February 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM;
|
|
Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN;
|
|
Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12,
|
|
Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party)
|
|
9, independent 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large
|
|
circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the
|
|
outer half of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit,
|
|
copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a
|
|
fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development
|
|
is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack
|
|
of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is
|
|
annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid.
|
|
Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential
|
|
and expanding the fishing industry.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.);
|
|
real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.0% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 80%, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fruit processing, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas;
|
|
subsistence crops - yams, taro
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$128 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8502 (January 1992), 1.7266 (1991),
|
|
1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Avatiu
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052
|
|
telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Cook Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
less than 3 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
less than 3 km2; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a
|
|
sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,095 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve and
|
|
Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August
|
|
1982
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important
|
|
nesting area for birds and turtles
|
|
Note:
|
|
the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in the
|
|
Coral Sea
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3 meteorologists (1992)
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Coral Sea Islands Territory
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the
|
|
Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Canberra, Australia
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of Australia is used
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorages only
|
|
|
|
:Coral Sea Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal
|
|
Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
51,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
50,660 km2; includes Isla del Coco
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
639 km; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,290 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plains separated by rugged mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest and
|
|
woodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent
|
|
flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,187,085 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Costa Rican(s); adjective - Costa Rican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%,
|
|
agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
15.1% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Costa Rica
|
|
Type:
|
|
democratic republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
San Jose
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,
|
|
Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
9 November 1949
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in
|
|
the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice
|
|
President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President
|
|
Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social
|
|
Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist
|
|
Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic
|
|
Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac
|
|
Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON
|
|
Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional
|
|
parties 2
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael
|
|
Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%
|
|
Communists:
|
|
7,500 members and sympathizers
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party
|
|
affiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate),
|
|
Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party
|
|
affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic
|
|
Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants),
|
|
National Association of Educators (ANDE)
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES,
|
|
LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947;
|
|
there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Houston, Los
|
|
Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and San
|
|
Juan (Puerto Rico), and a Consulate in Buffalo
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing
|
|
address is APO AA 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39 FAX (506) 20-2305
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and
|
|
blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red
|
|
band
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
In 1991 the economy grew at an estimated 2.5%, down somewhat from the 3.6%
|
|
gain of 1990 and below the strong 5.5% gain of 1989. Increases in
|
|
agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops)
|
|
and in construction have been offset by lower rates of growth for industry.
|
|
In 1991 consumer prices rose by 27%, about the same as in 1990. The trade
|
|
deficit of $270 million was substantially below the 1990 deficit of $677
|
|
million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.6%, but much
|
|
underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the
|
|
world's highest.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion, per capita $1,900; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
27% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.6% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 40%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.5 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
927,000 kW capacity; 3,408 million kWh produced, 1,095 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer,
|
|
plastic products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee,
|
|
beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes;
|
|
normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest
|
|
resources resulting in lower timber output
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment
|
|
country for cocaine from South America
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Costa Rican colon (plural - colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 136.35 (January 1992), 122.43 (1991),
|
|
91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 730 km, seasonally navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 176 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
164 total, 149 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV,
|
|
13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Costa Rica Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note - Constitution prohibits armed
|
|
forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 829,576; 559,575 fit for military service; 31,828 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
56,538 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
56,410 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,843 km; Bosnia and Hercegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Hercegovina
|
|
(southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km, Slovenia
|
|
455 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
5,790 km; mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Serbian enclaves in eastern Slavonia and along the western Bosnia and
|
|
Hercegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot
|
|
summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains
|
|
and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt,
|
|
silica, mica, clays, salt, fruit, livestock
|
|
Land use:
|
|
32% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 15% forest
|
|
and woodland; 9% other; includes 5% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution
|
|
from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive
|
|
earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish
|
|
Straits
|
|
|
|
:Croatia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,784,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.39% (for the period 1981-91)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12.2 births/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11.3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 74 years female (1980-82)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1991)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Croat(s); adjective - Croatian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslims 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others
|
|
7.8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others
|
|
and unknown 11%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Serbo-Croatian 96%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96.5% (male 98.6%, female 94.5%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991
|
|
census)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,509,489; industry and mining 37%, agriculture 4%, government NA%, other
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
None
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Zagreb
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
102 districts (opcine, singular - opcina)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
June 1991 from Yugoslavia
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
promulgated on 22 December 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; judicial/no judicial review of legislative acts;
|
|
does/does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
30 May, Statehood Day (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Franjo TUDJMAN (since April 1990), Vice President NA (since NA)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Franjo GREGURIC (since August 1991), Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Mila RAMLJAK (since NA )
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Union, TUDJMAN; Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ),
|
|
Stjepan Mesic; Croatian National Party, Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR; Croatian
|
|
Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR; Croatian Party of Rights,
|
|
Dobroslav Paraga; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - HDZ won 205 seats; seats
|
|
- 349 (total)
|
|
President:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Franc Vinko GOLEM, Office of Republic of Croatia, 256
|
|
Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 543-5586
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York is 09862);
|
|
telephone NA
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red, white, and blue with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered)
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Before the political disintegration of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia
|
|
stood next to Slovenia as the most prosperous and industrialized area, with
|
|
a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps
|
|
one-third above the Yugoslav average. Serbia and the Serb-dominated army of
|
|
the old Yugoslavia, however, have seized Croatian territory, and the
|
|
overriding determinant of Croatia's long-term economic prospects will be the
|
|
final border settlement. Under the most favorable circumstances, Croatia
|
|
will retain the Dalmatian coast with its major tourist attractions and
|
|
Slavonia with its oilfields and rich agricultural land. Even so, Croatia
|
|
would face monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime
|
|
Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during
|
|
the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; and
|
|
the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav
|
|
republics. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially
|
|
in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a
|
|
desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must
|
|
come first.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
NA - $26.3 billion, per capita $5,600; real growth rate -25% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
14.3% (March 1992)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20% (December 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.9 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment (30%), other manufacturers (37%),
|
|
chemicals (11%), food and live animals (9%), raw materials (6.5%), fuels and
|
|
lubricants (5%)
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$4.4 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment (21%), fuels and lubricants (19%), food
|
|
and live animals (16%), chemicals (14%), manufactured goods (13%),
|
|
miscellaneous manufactured articles (9%), raw materials (6.5%), beverages
|
|
and tobacco (1%)
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally other former Yugoslav republics
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
declined as much as 11% in 1990 and probably another 29% in 1991
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,570,000 kW capacity; 8,830 million kWh produced, 1,855 kWh per capita
|
|
1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig
|
|
iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products
|
|
(including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles,
|
|
shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and
|
|
beverages
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private
|
|
hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria;
|
|
much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat,
|
|
corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in
|
|
Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal
|
|
production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming;
|
|
coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and
|
|
vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Croatian dinar(s)
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,698 km (34.5% electrified)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
32,071 km total (1990); 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
785 km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek,
|
|
Sisak, Vinkovci
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,802 GRT/65,560 DWT; includes 1
|
|
cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 5 passenger ferries, 2 bulk carriers; note - also
|
|
controlled by Croatian shipowners are 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) under
|
|
flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,593,429
|
|
GRT/4,101,119 DWT; includes 91 general cargo, 7 roll-on/ roll-off, 6
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 13 container ships, 3 multifunction large load carriers,
|
|
52 bulk carriers, 3 passenger ships, 11 petroleum tankers, 4 chemical
|
|
tankers, 6 service vessels
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
8 total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 with
|
|
runways 900 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV;
|
|
1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite
|
|
ground stations - none
|
|
|
|
:Croatia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard,
|
|
Home Guard, Civil Defense
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,188,576; NA fit for military service; 42,664 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
110,860 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
110,860 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 km
|
|
note:
|
|
Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,735 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US
|
|
abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy
|
|
season (May to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the
|
|
southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
|
|
woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
averages one hurricane every other year
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida
|
|
|
|
:Cuba People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cuban(s); adjective - Cuban
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%,
|
|
agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and
|
|
communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800
|
|
(1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by
|
|
government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed
|
|
of 17 member unions
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Cuba
|
|
Type:
|
|
Communist state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Havana
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*
|
|
(municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La
|
|
Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las
|
|
Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa
|
|
Clara
|
|
Independence:
|
|
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898
|
|
to 1902
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
24 February 1976
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal
|
|
theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of
|
|
State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice
|
|
president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del
|
|
Poder Popular)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers
|
|
Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since
|
|
2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First
|
|
Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2
|
|
December 1976)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 16
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly of the People's Power:
|
|
last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results -
|
|
PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly elected
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 600,000 full and candidate members
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation
|
|
since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section;
|
|
position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss
|
|
Embassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado
|
|
Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, Calzada
|
|
Entre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white;
|
|
a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white
|
|
five-pointed star in the center
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent
|
|
on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided about
|
|
two-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to the
|
|
former Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies
|
|
that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished
|
|
farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied
|
|
goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a result
|
|
of declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently
|
|
the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and
|
|
China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The
|
|
government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities
|
|
and in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former Soviet
|
|
Union. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel.
|
|
The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1
|
|
billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharp
|
|
decline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics have
|
|
indicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Instead
|
|
of highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market prices
|
|
in convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages of
|
|
fuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output dropped
|
|
by one-fifth in 1991.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
$17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee
|
|
partners:
|
|
former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, food
|
|
partners:
|
|
former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991
|
|
est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles,
|
|
chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement,
|
|
fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial
|
|
crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee,
|
|
rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar)
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter
|
|
gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of
|
|
0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
240 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35
|
|
minor
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46
|
|
cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an
|
|
additional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under the
|
|
registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
88 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios;
|
|
229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Cuba Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy
|
|
(MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministry
|
|
of Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops,
|
|
Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fit
|
|
for military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit for
|
|
military service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
9,250 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
9,240 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
648 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas - a
|
|
Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land
|
|
area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a
|
|
narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas
|
|
(about 5% of the island's land area)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
central plain with mountains to north and south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and
|
|
woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are in
|
|
the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)
|
|
Environment:
|
|
moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir
|
|
catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources
|
|
concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
716,492 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Cypriot(s); adjective - Cypriot
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Greek, Turkish, English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
Greek area - 278,000; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 14%; Turkish
|
|
area - 71,500 (1990); services 21%, industry 30%, agriculture 27%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
156,000 (1985 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Cyprus
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the
|
|
island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation
|
|
was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July
|
|
1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek
|
|
Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15
|
|
November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence
|
|
and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has
|
|
been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution
|
|
of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of
|
|
government
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nicosia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos
|
|
Independence:
|
|
16 August 1960 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised
|
|
constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and
|
|
Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots
|
|
created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish
|
|
Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of
|
|
Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by
|
|
referendum in May 1985
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on common law, with civil law modifications
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day
|
|
in the Turkish area)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president,
|
|
prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a
|
|
unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note - Rauf R. DENKTASH
|
|
has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Greek Cypriot:
|
|
Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios
|
|
CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos KLERIDES; Democratic Party
|
|
(DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),
|
|
Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Mikhalis
|
|
PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Government
|
|
|
|
Turkish area:
|
|
National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP),
|
|
Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus
|
|
Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New
|
|
Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet
|
|
KOTAK; note - CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle
|
|
Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP
|
|
boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, which was for 12 seats; the DMP
|
|
was dissolved after the 1990 election; National Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu
|
|
TORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993);
|
|
results - George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafkos KLERIDES 48%
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 19 May 1991; results - DESY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6, DEKO
|
|
19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2% seats - (56 total) DESY 20, AKEL (Communist)
|
|
18, DEKO 11, EDEK 7
|
|
Turkish Area: President:
|
|
last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R.
|
|
DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%
|
|
Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic:
|
|
last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP
|
|
(conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP .9%; seats - (50 total) UBP
|
|
(conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October
|
|
1991 was for 12 seats
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 12,000
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of
|
|
Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK;
|
|
pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled) ;
|
|
Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish
|
|
Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions
|
|
(Dev-Is)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM,
|
|
OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO; note - the Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus has observer
|
|
status in the OIC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 462-5772
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and
|
|
Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is APO AE 09836); telephone [357]
|
|
(2) 465151; FAX [357] (2) 459-571
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is
|
|
derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive
|
|
branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for
|
|
peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities; note -
|
|
the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom
|
|
with a red crescent and red star on a white field
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry
|
|
contributes 24% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service
|
|
sector contributes 44% to GDP and employs 45% of the labor force. Rapid
|
|
growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism
|
|
have played important roles in the average 6.4% rise in GDP between 1985 and
|
|
1990. In mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of
|
|
developing countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, the
|
|
Turkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a
|
|
series of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the
|
|
collapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a
|
|
drought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant
|
|
from Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. Turkey normally
|
|
underwrites a substantial portion of the TRNC economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - Greek area: $5.5 billion, per capita $9,600;
|
|
real growth rate 6.0%; Turkish area: $600 million, per capita $4,000; real
|
|
growth rate 5.9% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
Greek area: 4.5%; Turkish area: 69.4% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
Greek area: 1.8%; Turkish area: 1.2% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $2.0 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $250 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$847 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.8 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.6% (1990); accounts for 24% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major
|
|
crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits;
|
|
vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Cypriot pound (plural - pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural -
|
|
liras); 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Cypriot pounds (#C) per US$1 - 0.4683 (March 1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572
|
|
(1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987); in Turkish area,
|
|
Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,173.9 (1991), 2,608.6
|
|
(1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1,228 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,053,213 GRT/35,647,964 DWT;
|
|
includes 8 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 440 cargo, 83
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 52 container, 5 multifunction large
|
|
load carrier, 107 petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas,
|
|
20 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 394 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 49
|
|
combination bulk, 2 railcar carrier, 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo; note -
|
|
a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 30 of these ships,
|
|
republics of the former USSR own 58, Latvia also has 5 ships, Yugoslavia
|
|
owns 1, and Romania 3
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft (Greek Cypriots); 2 (Turkish Cypriots)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
14 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek
|
|
area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones;
|
|
largely open-wire and radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34
|
|
repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector;
|
|
international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, and
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Cyprus Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Greek area - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval
|
|
elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area - Turkish Cypriot Security
|
|
Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 183,899; 126,664 fit for military service; 5,030 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
127,870 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
125,460 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New York State
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,438 km; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km,
|
|
Ukraine 90 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Gabcikovo Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hard coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 37%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
|
|
woodland 36%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most
|
|
significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military
|
|
corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
15,725,680 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Czechoslovak(s); adjective - Czechoslovak
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%,
|
|
Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction,
|
|
communications, and other 50.8% (1982)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); several new
|
|
independent trade unions established
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic in transition
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Prague
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
2 republics (republiky, singular - republika); Czech Republic (Ceska
|
|
Republika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika); note - 11 regions (kraj,
|
|
singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha,
|
|
Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky, Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky,
|
|
Vychodoslovensky
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federal
|
|
constitutions to be drafted in 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist
|
|
legal theory; constitutional court currently being established; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modification
|
|
to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
|
|
(CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28
|
|
October (1918)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upper
|
|
house or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber
|
|
of the People (Snemovna Lidu)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 and
|
|
president since 5 July 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Vaclav KLAUS (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Jiri DIENSTBIER
|
|
(since 28 June 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June
|
|
1990); Deputy Prime Minister Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Pavel HOFFMAN (since 3 October 1991); note - generally,
|
|
"prime minister" is used at the federal level, "premier" at the republic
|
|
level; Czech Premier - Petr PITHART; Slovak Premier - Jan CARNOGVRSKY
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Government
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
note - there are very few federation-wide parties; party affiliation is
|
|
indicted as Czech (C) or Slovak (S); Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS,
|
|
chairman, (C/S); Civic Movement, Jiri DIENSTBIER, chairman, (C); Civic
|
|
Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic Union
|
|
Public Against Violence, Martin PORUBJAK, chairman, (S); Christian
|
|
Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, (C); Christian Democratic Movement, Jan
|
|
CARNOGURSKY,(S); Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, Juri SVOBODA,
|
|
chairman; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman -
|
|
removed from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations;
|
|
Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Jiri HORAK, chairman, (C); Czechoslovak
|
|
Socialist Party, Ladislav DVORAK, chairman, (C)(S); Movement for
|
|
Self-Governing Democracy Society for Moravia and Silesia, Jan KRYCER,
|
|
chairman, (C); Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman
|
|
(Slovakia's renamed Communists) (S); Slovak National Party, Jozef PROKES,
|
|
chairman, (S); Democratic Party, Jan HOLCIK, chairman, (S); Coexistence,
|
|
(C)(S)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Federal Assembly:
|
|
last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held 5-6 June 1992); results - Civic
|
|
Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats - (300 total)
|
|
Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian and
|
|
Democratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian,
|
|
and Hungarian groups 43
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held 3 July 1992); results - Vaclav HAVEL
|
|
elected by the Federal Assembly
|
|
Communists:
|
|
760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost since
|
|
November 1989
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak
|
|
Social Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian
|
|
Democratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in
|
|
the 8-9 June 1990 legislative election
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EC (associate) ECE, FAO, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1
|
|
(mailing address is Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2)
|
|
536-641/6; FAX [42] (2) 532-457
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles
|
|
triangle based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized by East European standards and has a
|
|
well-educated and skilled labor force. GDP per capita has been the highest
|
|
in Eastern Europe. Annual GDP growth slowed to less than 1 percent during
|
|
the 1985-90 period. The country is deficient in energy and in many raw
|
|
materials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European
|
|
standards. In January 1991, Prague launched a sweeping program to convert
|
|
its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system.
|
|
The koruna now enjoys almost full internal convertibility and over 90% of
|
|
prices are set by the market. The government is planning to privatize all
|
|
small businesses and roughly two-thirds of large enterprises by the end of
|
|
1993. New private-sector activity is also expanding. Agriculture - 95%
|
|
socialized - is to be privatized by the end of 1992. Reform has taken its
|
|
toll on the economy: inflation was roughly 50% in 1991, unemployment was
|
|
nearly 70%, and GDP dropped an estimated 15%. In 1992 the government is
|
|
anticipating inflation of 10-15%, unemployment of 11-12%, and a drop in GDP
|
|
of up to 8%. As of mid-1992, the nation appears to be splitting in two -
|
|
into the industrial Czech area and the more agarian Slovak area.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $108.9 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth
|
|
rate -15% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
52% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
officially 6.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $200 million (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment 39.2%; fuels, minerals, and metals 8.1%;
|
|
agricultural and forestry products 6.2%, other 46.5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, France, US, UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment 37.3%; fuels, minerals, and metals 22.6%;
|
|
agricultural and forestry products 7.0%; other 33.1%
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, UK, Italy
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$9.1 billion, hard currency indebtedness (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -22% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 60% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor
|
|
vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwear
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 9% of GDP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in food
|
|
production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains,
|
|
potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of
|
|
forest products
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and emerging as a
|
|
transshipment point for Latin American cocaine E
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1954-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
koruna (plural - koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.36 (January 1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990),
|
|
15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meter
|
|
broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km double
|
|
track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,448 km; petroleum products 1,500 km; natural gas 8,100 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),
|
|
Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are
|
|
Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube,
|
|
Bratislava on the Danube
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13
|
|
cargo, 9 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
47 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
inadequate circuit capacity; 4 million telephones; Radrel backbone of
|
|
network; 25% of households have a telephone; broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15
|
|
FM, 41 TV (11 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.4 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite
|
|
earth station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik
|
|
|
|
:Czechoslovakia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,110,628; 3,142,457 fit for military service; 142,239 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 28 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1991); note -
|
|
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate would produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
43,070 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest
|
|
of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
68 km; Germany 68 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,379 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK
|
|
(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area);
|
|
Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan
|
|
Mayen
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low and flat to gently rolling plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
|
|
|
|
:Denmark People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,163,955 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Dane(s); adjective - Danish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7%
|
|
(1988)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking
|
|
minority
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturing
|
|
and mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%;
|
|
electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
65% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Denmark
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Copenhagen
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*
|
|
(stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe,
|
|
Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,
|
|
Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and
|
|
Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing
|
|
administrative divisions
|
|
Independence:
|
|
became a constitutional monarchy in 1849
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 June 1953
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral parliament (Folketing)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
|
|
FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Social Democratic Party, Paul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul
|
|
SCHLUTER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party,
|
|
Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party,
|
|
Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian
|
|
People's Party, Jam SJURSEN; Left Socialist Party, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN;
|
|
Justice Party, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA;
|
|
Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben Meller
|
|
HANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -
|
|
Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%,
|
|
Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party
|
|
5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%;
|
|
seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)
|
|
Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,
|
|
Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian
|
|
People's 4
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,
|
|
EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WM,
|
|
ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates
|
|
General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard B. STONE; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100
|
|
Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO AE 09716); telephone [45] (31)
|
|
42-31-44; FAX [45] (35) 43-0223
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical
|
|
part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of
|
|
the (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of
|
|
Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale
|
|
and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable
|
|
living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark probably
|
|
will continue its successful economic recovery in 1992 with tight fiscal and
|
|
monetary policies and export- oriented growth. Prime Minister Schluter's
|
|
main priorities are to maintain a current account surplus in order to pay
|
|
off extensive external debt and to continue to freeze public-sector
|
|
expenditures in order to reduce the budget deficit. The rate of growth by
|
|
1993 - boosted by increased investment and domestic demand - may be
|
|
sufficient to start to cut Denmark's high unemployment rate, which is
|
|
expected to remain at about 11% in 1992. Low inflation, low wage increases,
|
|
and the current account surplus put Denmark in a good competitive position
|
|
for the EC's anticipated single market, although Denmark must cut its VAT
|
|
and income taxes.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $91.1 billion, per capita $17,700; real growth
|
|
rate 2.0% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.4% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.6% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $44.1 billion; expenditures $50 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$37.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding),
|
|
fish, chemicals, industrial machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 54.2% (Germany 22.5%, UK 10.3%, France 5.9%), Sweden 11.5%, Norway 5.8%,
|
|
US 5.0%, Japan 3.6% (1991)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,
|
|
textiles, paper
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 52.8% (Germany 22.5%, UK 8.1%), Sweden 10.8%, US 6.3% (1991)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$45 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
11,215,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical
|
|
products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4.5% of GDP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing and
|
|
forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues;
|
|
principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;
|
|
self-sufficient in food production
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189
|
|
(1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate
|
|
2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km
|
|
electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard- gauge lines are
|
|
privately owned and operated
|
|
Highways:
|
|
66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km
|
|
gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
417 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor
|
|
ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
317 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,367,063 GRT/7,921,891 DWT; includes
|
|
13 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 21 refrigerated cargo, 38 container, 39
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 14 chemical
|
|
tanker, 33 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk;
|
|
note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish
|
|
International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish
|
|
manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the
|
|
Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged
|
|
to the DIS
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
69 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
121 total, 108 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000
|
|
telephones; buried and submarine cables and radio relay support trunk
|
|
network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial
|
|
cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT
|
|
|
|
:Denmark Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,372,878; 1,181,857 fit for military service; 38,221 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
22,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
21,980 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Massachusetts
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
517 km; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
314 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; torrid, dry
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
geothermal areas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and
|
|
woodland NEGL%; other 91%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
vast wasteland
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian
|
|
oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
390,906 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
43 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
47 years male, 50 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Djiboutian(s); adjective - Djiboutian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 94%, Christian 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway
|
|
workers; 52% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3,000 railway workers, General Union of Djiboutian Workers (UGTD),
|
|
government affiliated; some smaller unions
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Djibouti
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Djibouti
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti,
|
|
Obock, Tadjoura
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National Assembly
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 27 June (1977)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 24 April 1987 (next scheduled for May 1992 but post- poned);
|
|
results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President
|
|
Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy and affiliates
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
|
|
UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery at Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 331-0270
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent,
|
|
Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185,
|
|
Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95; FAX [253] 35-39-40
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star
|
|
in the center
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's
|
|
strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa.
|
|
Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an
|
|
international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural
|
|
resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent
|
|
on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance
|
|
development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a
|
|
major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last
|
|
five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including
|
|
immigrants and refugees).
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $340 million, $1,000 per capita; real growth rate
|
|
-1.0% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.7% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
over 30% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $25 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
hides and skins, coffee (in transit)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$355 million (December 1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and
|
|
mineral-water bottling
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to
|
|
mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding
|
|
goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1
|
|
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries
|
|
(1970-89), $35 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Djiboutian franc (plural - francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Djibouti
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
13 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations at
|
|
outlying places; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
:Djibouti Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security
|
|
Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 96,150; 56,077 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986)
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
750 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
148 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged mountains of volcanic origin
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 41%; other 34%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Dominica People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
87,035 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
24 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mostly black; some Carib Indians
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other
|
|
5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); French patois widely spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
25% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Commonwealth of Dominica
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Roseau
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint
|
|
Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 November 1978 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 November 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 3 November (1978)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a
|
|
third term 28 May 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party
|
|
(DLP), Pierre CHARLES; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected
|
|
representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results -
|
|
President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of
|
|
Assembly
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
there is no Chancery in the US
|
|
US:
|
|
no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados),
|
|
but travels frequently to Dominica
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is
|
|
yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top),
|
|
black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk
|
|
bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in
|
|
yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to
|
|
climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs
|
|
40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes,
|
|
root crops, and coconuts. In 1990, GDP grew by 7%, bouncing back from the
|
|
1.6% decline of 1989. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a
|
|
rugged coastline and the lack of an international airport.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $170 million, per capita $2,000; real growth
|
|
rate 7.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.7% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $41 million (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$59.9 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$103.9 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods,
|
|
machinery and equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$73 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoes
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root
|
|
crops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry
|
|
and fisheries potential not exploited
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$120 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Roseau, Portsmouth
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint
|
|
Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3
|
|
AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV
|
|
|
|
:Dominica Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (including Coast Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
48,730 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
48,380 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
275 km; Haiti 275 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,288 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
6 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and
|
|
woodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern
|
|
two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,515,892 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 70 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,300,000 to 2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
12% of labor force (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Dominican Republic (no short-form name)
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Santo Domingo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);
|
|
Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El
|
|
Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La
|
|
Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,
|
|
Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San
|
|
Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez,
|
|
Valverde
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 November 1966
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil codes
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 27 February (1844)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber
|
|
or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de
|
|
Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term
|
|
began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16
|
|
August 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Major parties:
|
|
Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican
|
|
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Dominican Liberation
|
|
Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI),
|
|
Jacobo MAJLUTA
|
|
Minor parties:
|
|
National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;
|
|
Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;
|
|
Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive
|
|
Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio
|
|
DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD) Narciso ISA Conde;
|
|
Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic
|
|
Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini
|
|
Note:
|
|
in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the
|
|
Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party
|
|
structures
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armed
|
|
forces and police cannot vote
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER
|
|
(PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2
|
|
Communists:
|
|
an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions;
|
|
effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizational
|
|
inadequacies, and severe funding shortages
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
|
|
ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez; Chancery at 1715 22nd Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280; there are Dominican
|
|
Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico),
|
|
Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and
|
|
Consulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston,
|
|
Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO; Embassy at the corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas
|
|
Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo (mailing address is APO AA
|
|
34041-0008); telephone (809) 5412171
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four
|
|
rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are
|
|
red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the
|
|
cross
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60%
|
|
of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free
|
|
trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for
|
|
export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also
|
|
increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a
|
|
source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The
|
|
principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa,
|
|
and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural
|
|
products, durable consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is
|
|
officially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.
|
|
A fiscal austerity program has brought inflation under control, but in 1991
|
|
the economy contracted for a second straight year.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate -2%
|
|
(1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues NA; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
|
|
(1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$775 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 50%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.7 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,133,000 kW capacity; 4,410 million kWh produced, 597 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,
|
|
tobacco
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the
|
|
most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and
|
|
tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output -
|
|
cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Dominican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.609 (January 1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525
|
|
(1990), 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988), 3.845 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to
|
|
1.435 m
|
|
Highways:
|
|
12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km
|
|
unimproved
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
23 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
36 total, 30 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay
|
|
network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6
|
|
shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Dominican Republic Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,013,294; 1,271,772 fit for military service; 80,117 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 1% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
283,560 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
276,840 km2; includes Galapagos Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Nevada
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,010 km; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,237 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical along coast becoming cooler inland
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to
|
|
rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, fish, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and
|
|
woodland 51%; other 23%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;
|
|
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts
|
|
Note:
|
|
Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,933,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ecuadorian(s); adjective - Ecuadorian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
86% (male 88%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,800,000; agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and
|
|
other activities 28% (1982)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
less than 15% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Ecuador
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Quito
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,
|
|
Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,
|
|
Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha,
|
|
Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe
|
|
Independence:
|
|
24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 August 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence of Quito)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos (since 10 August 1988); Vice President Luis
|
|
PARODI Valverde (since 10 August 1988)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional
|
|
for other eligible voters
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Congress:
|
|
last held 17 June 1990 (next to be held 17 May 1992); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) PSC 16, ID 14, PRE 13, PSE 8, DP 7, CFP
|
|
3, PC 3, PLR 3, FADI 2, FRA 2, MPD 1
|
|
President:
|
|
runoff election held 5 July 1992; results - Sixto DURAN elected as president
|
|
and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, secretary
|
|
general, 5,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE,
|
|
Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000
|
|
members (est.); National Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), less than 5,000
|
|
members (est.)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20009; telephone (202) 234-7200; there are Ecuadorian Consulates General in
|
|
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco, and a Consulate in San Diego
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador vacant; Embassy at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria; Quito
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039); telephone [593]
|
|
(2) 562-890; FAX [593] (2) 502-052; there is a US Consulate General in
|
|
Guayaquil
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the
|
|
coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of
|
|
Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth
|
|
has been uneven because of natural disasters (for example, a major
|
|
earthquake in 1987), fluctuations in global oil prices, and government
|
|
policies designed to curb inflation. The government has not taken a
|
|
supportive attitude toward either domestic or foreign investment, although
|
|
its agreement to enter the Andean free trade zone is an encouraging move. As
|
|
1991 ended, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will
|
|
permit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth
|
|
rate 2.5% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
49% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
8.0% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $375 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 34%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$12.4 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -3.8% (1989); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including
|
|
petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,344,000 kW capacity; 6,430 million kWh produced, 598 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood
|
|
products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other
|
|
exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes,
|
|
manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef,
|
|
pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign
|
|
of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca
|
|
originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
sucre (plural - sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75
|
|
(1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988), 170.46 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000
|
|
km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,500 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 337,999 GRT/491,996 DWT; includes 2
|
|
passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off,
|
|
15 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
23 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
143 total, 142 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
|
|
3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
:Ecuador Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza
|
|
Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,804,260; 1,898,401 fit for military service; 115,139 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,001,450 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
995,450 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,689 km; Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,450 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
undefined
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international
|
|
boundary
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum,
|
|
talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below
|
|
Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;
|
|
water pollution; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of
|
|
Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian
|
|
Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its
|
|
major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics
|
|
|
|
:Egypt People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
56,368,950 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
33 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
58 years male, 62 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - Egyptian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
(official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armed
|
|
forces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturing
|
|
enterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work
|
|
abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
2,500,000 (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Arab Republic of Egypt
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Cairo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al
|
|
Ahmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al
|
|
Isma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al
|
|
Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, Bur
|
|
Sa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab Republic
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 September 1971
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial
|
|
review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of
|
|
administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory
|
|
Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Constitutional Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October
|
|
1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on
|
|
14 October 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
formation of political parties must be approved by government; National
|
|
Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the
|
|
dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP),
|
|
Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive
|
|
Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI;
|
|
New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt
|
|
Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist Arab
|
|
Democratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUD
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Advisory Council:
|
|
last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats
|
|
- (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP
|
|
78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) -
|
|
including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties
|
|
boycotted
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Government
|
|
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President
|
|
Hosni MUBARAK was reelected
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 500 party members
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is
|
|
tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are
|
|
officially sanctioned
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD,
|
|
ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA,
|
|
IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM
|
|
(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2)
|
|
355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the
|
|
national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist
|
|
side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in
|
|
the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band;
|
|
also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag
|
|
of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
|
|
horizontal line centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World
|
|
economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government.
|
|
Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment.
|
|
Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but
|
|
in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of
|
|
debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for
|
|
balance-of-payments support. As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the
|
|
government agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote
|
|
economic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have been
|
|
slow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the
|
|
past four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months to
|
|
Egypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land area
|
|
available for agriculture.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate
|
|
2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
17% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal
|
|
products, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer
|
|
goods, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$38 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction,
|
|
cement, metals
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force;
|
|
dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton
|
|
exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit,
|
|
vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo,
|
|
sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4
|
|
billion
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Egyptian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.3310 (January 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171
|
|
(1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
|
|
gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth,
|
|
18,025 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and
|
|
numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including
|
|
approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,019,182 GRT/1,499,880 DWT; includes
|
|
11 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 86 cargo, 3
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 15 bulk, 1
|
|
container
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
50 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
92 total, 82 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are
|
|
Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez and Tanta; intercity
|
|
connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress;
|
|
600,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, 41 TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT; 5 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric
|
|
scatter to Sudan; radio relay to Libya, Israel, and Jordan
|
|
|
|
:Egypt Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 13,911,006; 9,044,425 fit for military service; 563,321 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 6.4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
21,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
20,720 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Massachusetts
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
545 km; Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
307 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
dispute with Honduras over several sections of the land boundary; dispute
|
|
over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of
|
|
islands
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydropower, geothermal power, crude oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 27%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and
|
|
woodland 6%; other 30%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive
|
|
earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on
|
|
Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,574,279 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
33 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Salvadoran(s); adjective - Salvadoran
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo 89%, Indian 10%, white 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic about 75%, with extensive activity by Protestant groups
|
|
throughout the country (more than 1 million Protestant evangelicals in El
|
|
Salvador at the end of 1990)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
73% (male 76%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,700,000 (1982 est.); agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%,
|
|
government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%; shortage
|
|
of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training
|
|
programs improving situation (1984 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
total labor force 15%; agricultural labor force 10%; urban labor force 7%
|
|
(1987 est.)
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of El Salvador
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
San Salvador
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan,
|
|
Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan,
|
|
San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
20 December 1983
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice President Jose
|
|
Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Armando CALDERON Sol; Christian
|
|
Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena; National Conciliation Party
|
|
(PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda; National Democratic Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA
|
|
Carranza; the Democratic Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties -
|
|
the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Wilfredo BARILLAS; the National
|
|
Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Victor VALLE; and the Popular Social Christian
|
|
Movement (MPSC), Ruben ZAMORA; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Julio REY
|
|
PRENDES; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo GONZALEZ Camacho
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%,
|
|
PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total)
|
|
ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo
|
|
CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6%
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Business organizations:
|
|
National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive
|
|
Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small
|
|
Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Government
|
|
|
|
FMLN front organizations:
|
|
Labor fronts include - National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist
|
|
umbrella front group, leads FMLN front network; National Federation of
|
|
Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and
|
|
controlled by FMLN's National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute
|
|
Workers Union (STISSS), one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by
|
|
FMLN's Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of
|
|
Telecommunications Workers (ASTTEL); Centralized Union Federation of El
|
|
Salvador (FUSS); Treasury Ministry Employees (AGEMHA); Nonlabor fronts
|
|
include - Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners,
|
|
Disappeared Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES);
|
|
Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and
|
|
Unemployed of El Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran
|
|
University Students (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators
|
|
(ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS),
|
|
associated with the Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of
|
|
National University Educators (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front
|
|
(FEUS); Christian Committee for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an
|
|
FPL front; The Association for Communal Development in El Salvador
|
|
(PADECOES), controlled by the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP);
|
|
Confederation of Cooperative Associations of El Salvador (COACES)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Labor organizations:
|
|
Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS),
|
|
independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary
|
|
Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of
|
|
Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD),
|
|
moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; National Unity
|
|
of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist; National Union of Workers and
|
|
Peasants (UNOC), moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations;
|
|
United Workers Front (FUT)
|
|
Leftist political parties:
|
|
National Democratic Union (UDN), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and
|
|
Popular Social Movement (MPSC)
|
|
Leftist revolutionary movement:
|
|
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership body of the
|
|
insurgency, five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of
|
|
National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran
|
|
Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American
|
|
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed
|
|
Forces (FARLP)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS,
|
|
OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA; Chancery at 2308 California Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9671 through 3482; there are
|
|
Salvadoran Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans,
|
|
New York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William G. WALKER; Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230, San
|
|
Salvador (mailing address is APO AA 34023); telephone [503] 26-7100; FAX
|
|
[503] (26) 5839
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the
|
|
national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features
|
|
a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA
|
|
CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of
|
|
arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the
|
|
words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also
|
|
similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X
|
|
pattern centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The agricultural sector accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 40% of the
|
|
labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major
|
|
commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing
|
|
sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of
|
|
GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage
|
|
total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large
|
|
military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential
|
|
social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period
|
|
1990-91 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion, per capita $1,010; real growth rate
|
|
3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
19% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $751 million; expenditures $790 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$580 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 45%, sugar, cotton, shrimp
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 49%, Germany 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, consumer goods, foodstuffs, machinery, construction
|
|
materials, fertilizer
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 40%, Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 7%, Germany 5%, Japan 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.0 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
682,000 kW capacity; 1,927 million kWh produced, 356 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, textiles, clothing, beverages, petroleum, tobacco products,
|
|
chemicals, furniture
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products -
|
|
sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Salvadoran colon (plural - colones); 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.1 (January 1992), floating rate since
|
|
mid-1990); 5.0000 (fixed rate 1986 to mid-1990)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Rio Lempa partially navigable
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Acajutla, Cutuco
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
7 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
107 total, 77 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into Central American
|
|
Microwave System; 116,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5
|
|
TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:El Salvador Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,265,149; 809,419 fit for military service; 68,445 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $220 million, 3.6% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
28,050 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
28,050 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
539 km; Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
296 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over
|
|
islands in Corisco Bay
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 51%; other 33%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to violent windstorms
|
|
Note:
|
|
insular and continental regions rather widely separated
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
388,799 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
42 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
49 years male, 53 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s); adjective - Equatorial
|
|
Guinean or Equatoguinean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; Rio Muni,
|
|
primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish
|
|
Religions:
|
|
natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan
|
|
practices retained
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
172,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980);
|
|
labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
no formal trade unions
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic in transition to multiparty democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Malabo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko
|
|
Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 October 1968 (from Spain; formerly Spanish Guinea)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
new constitution 17 November 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 12 October (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes
|
|
del Pueblo)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Tribunal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August
|
|
1979)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE BIOKO MALABO (since 15 August 1982); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi MONSUY ANDEME (since 15 August 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen.
|
|
(Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader; multipartyism legalized
|
|
in new constitution of November 1991, promulgated January 1992
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of People's Representatives:
|
|
last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the
|
|
only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President
|
|
Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without
|
|
opposition
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS (observer), OAU,
|
|
UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG; Chancery (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue,
|
|
Mount Vernon, NY 10553; telephone (914) 667-9664
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John E. BENNETT; Embassy at Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo
|
|
(mailing address is P.O. Box 597, Malabo); telephone [240] (9) 2185, 2406,
|
|
2507; FAX [240] (9) 2164
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in
|
|
the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars
|
|
(representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield
|
|
bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto
|
|
UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, destroyed during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA,
|
|
is now based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about
|
|
half of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates,
|
|
with cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange,
|
|
and government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for
|
|
about 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for
|
|
about 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore,
|
|
manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under
|
|
concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately
|
|
successful.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $156 million, per capita $400; real growth rate
|
|
1.6% (1988 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.6% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $27 million; expenditures $29 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee, timber, cocoa beans
|
|
partners:
|
|
Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4 (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$68.3 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, Germany
|
|
3.1%, Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8 (1988)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$213 million (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 6.8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, sawmilling
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops -
|
|
rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Malabo, Bata
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo
|
|
and 1 passenger-cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor system with adequate government services; international communications
|
|
from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Equatorial Guinea Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 81,850; 41,528 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
45,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
43,200 km2; (includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
557 km; Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,393 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern
|
|
(Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by
|
|
the Estonian SSR
|
|
Climate:
|
|
maritime, wet, moderate winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
marshy, lowlands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
22% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 11% meadows and pastures; 31% forest
|
|
and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated; 15% swamps and lakes
|
|
Environment:
|
|
coastal waters largely polluted
|
|
|
|
:Estonia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,607,349 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Estonian(s); adjective - Estonian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Byelorussian 1.8%, Finn
|
|
1.1%, other 2.13% (1989)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Lutheran is primary denomination
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Estonian NA% (official), Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
796,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 13%, other
|
|
45% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Estonia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tallinn
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction
|
|
Independence:
|
|
8 November 1917; occupied by Germany in March 1918 and restored to power in
|
|
November 1918; annexed by USSR 6 August 1940; declared independence 20
|
|
August 1991 and regained independence from USSR 6 September 1991
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the constitution of 1938
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 24 February (1918)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chairman, Supreme Council Arnold R'UTEL (since April 1983)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Tiit VAHI (since January 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian
|
|
Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union,
|
|
Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE,
|
|
chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ERSP), Lagle PAREK,
|
|
chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman;
|
|
Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino
|
|
VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Congress of Estonia:
|
|
last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia is a
|
|
quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(495 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
President:
|
|
last held NA 1990; (next to be held NA); results - NA
|
|
Supreme Council:
|
|
last held 18 March 1990; (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (105 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ernst JAAKSON, Legation of Estonia, Office of Consulate General,
|
|
9 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1421, New York, NY 10020; telephone (212)
|
|
247-1450
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE; Embassy at Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001;
|
|
telephone 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular); FAX [358] (49) 306-817
|
|
(cellular); note - dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international
|
|
operator unless you use the cellular phone lines
|
|
Flag:
|
|
pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990; flag is three equal
|
|
horizontal bands of blue, black, and white
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Starting in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small
|
|
enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to private
|
|
owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is now in progress with
|
|
the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership (that is,
|
|
Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be established.
|
|
Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former Soviet
|
|
republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and
|
|
provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is in
|
|
agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing both
|
|
capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate products
|
|
from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high
|
|
quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics.
|
|
Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60%
|
|
of old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a
|
|
large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy
|
|
needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. Like the other 14
|
|
successor republics, Estonia is suffering through a difficult transitional
|
|
period - between a collapsed command economic structure and a
|
|
still-to-be-built market structure. It has advantages in the transition, not
|
|
having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having better chances of
|
|
developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European countries.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate -11% (1992)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
approximately 200% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$186 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 30%, food 17%, chemicals 11%, electric power 9%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia 50%, other former Soviet republics 30%, Ukraine 15%, West 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12%
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (end of 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -9% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,305,000 kW capacity; 17,200 million kWh produced, 10,865 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates,
|
|
electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper,
|
|
shoes, apparel
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy
|
|
products, and potatoes; imports feedgrains for livestock; fruits and
|
|
vegetables
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
kroon; to be introduced in 1992
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
500 km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Tallinn, Parnu; inland - Narva
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,634 GRT/516,866 DWT; includes 51
|
|
cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone diversity - NA; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian
|
|
programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs);
|
|
international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by
|
|
landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the
|
|
Moscow international gateway switch, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an
|
|
old copper submarine cable to Finland
|
|
|
|
:Estonia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard;
|
|
Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, and Border Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, total mobilized force projected 120,000-130,000; NA fit for
|
|
military service; between 10,000-12,000 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,221,900 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,101,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,141 km; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,094 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative
|
|
Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis;
|
|
territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; independence referendum in
|
|
Eritrea scheduled for April 1992
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone
|
|
to extended droughts
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and
|
|
woodland 24%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic
|
|
eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
|
|
frequent droughts; famine
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and
|
|
close to Arabian oilfields
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
54,270,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
50 years male, 53 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ethiopian(s); adjective - Ethiopian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar
|
|
4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 40-45%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 15-20%, other 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English
|
|
(major foreign language taught in schools)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
62% (male NA%, female NA%) age 10 and over can read and write (1983 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
18,000,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services
|
|
12%, industry and construction 8% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to
|
|
represent 273,000 registered trade union members; was dissolved when the TGE
|
|
came to power; labor code of 1975 is being redrafted
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)
|
|
toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took
|
|
control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE),
|
|
announced as a two-year transitional period; on 29 May 1991, Issayas
|
|
AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front
|
|
(EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea
|
|
(PGE), in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence for the
|
|
province
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Addis Ababa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader
|
|
akababi) and 1 autonomous region* (rasgez akababi); Addis Ababa (Addis
|
|
Ababa), Afar, Agew, Amhara, Benishangul, Ertra (Eritrea)*, Gambela,
|
|
Gurage-Hadiya-Wolayta, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray
|
|
Independence:
|
|
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at
|
|
least 2,000 years
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
to be redrafted by 1993
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Revolution Day 12 September (1974)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Council of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June 1991); transitional government
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Acting Prime Minister Tamirat LAYNE (since 6 June 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Council of Representatives:
|
|
last held 14 June 1987 (next to be held after new constitution drafted)
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution
|
|
drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National
|
|
Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP);
|
|
numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Girma AMARE; Chancery at 2134
|
|
Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires Marc A. BAAS; Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa); telephone [251] (01)
|
|
550666; FAX [251] (1) 551-166
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is
|
|
the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so
|
|
often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became
|
|
known as the pan-African colors
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its
|
|
economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of
|
|
GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of
|
|
export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs
|
|
from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less
|
|
than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the government is considering selling
|
|
off a portion of state-owned plants. Favorable agricultural weather largely
|
|
explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89, whereas drought and
|
|
deteriorating internal security conditions prevented growth in FY90. In 1991
|
|
the lack of law and order, particularly in the south, interfered with
|
|
economic development and growth.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate-
|
|
0.4% (FY90 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.2% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $842 million (FY88)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$429 million (f.o.b., FY88)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 60%, hides
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, fuels, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (1988)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even
|
|
though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output
|
|
low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly
|
|
on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence
|
|
level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds,
|
|
sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep,
|
|
goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
birr (plural - birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
birr (Br) per US$1 - 2.0700 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
8 July - 7 July
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge
|
|
(nonoperational)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
44,300 km total; 3,650 km paved, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth,
|
|
28,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Aseb, Mitsiwa
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,909 DWT; includes 8
|
|
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
25 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
123 total, 86 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to
|
|
Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast stations -
|
|
4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Ethiopia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 12,015,589; 6,230,680 fit for military service; 572,982 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $760 million, 12.8% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
28 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
28 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
22.2 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Madagascar
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
NA
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; heavily wooded
|
|
Environment:
|
|
wildlife sanctuary
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the Mozambique Channel 340 km west of Madagascar
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques
|
|
DEWATRE (as of July 1991); resident in Reunion
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from Reunion
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
1 meteorological station
|
|
|
|
:Europa Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
12,170 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
12,170 km2; includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and
|
|
about 200 small islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,288 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
100 meter depth
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
150 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina
|
|
Climate:
|
|
cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than
|
|
half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and
|
|
February, but does not accumulate
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish and wildlife
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 99%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
poor soil fertility and a short growing season
|
|
Note:
|
|
deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,900 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Falkland Islander(s); adjective - Falkland Island
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
almost totally British
|
|
Religions:
|
|
primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist
|
|
Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 15 (1988)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,100 (est.); agriculture, mostly sheepherding about 95%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Falkland Islands General Employees Union, 400 members
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Colony of the Falkland Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Stanley
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 October 1985
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, Executive Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor William Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ICFTU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of
|
|
the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major
|
|
economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the
|
|
islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs
|
|
most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic
|
|
consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those
|
|
for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to
|
|
the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the
|
|
surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far,
|
|
efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In
|
|
1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers
|
|
operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees
|
|
amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income
|
|
for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development
|
|
Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant
|
|
wildlife and trout fishing.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7.4% (1980-87 average)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%; labor shortage
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, excluding capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
at least $14.7 million
|
|
commodities:
|
|
wool, hides and skins, and other
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
at least $13.9 million
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, clothing, fuels, and machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,638 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
wool and fish processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable
|
|
crops
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$277 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Falkland pound (plural - pounds); 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.5519 (January 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Falkland
|
|
pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port Stanley
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide
|
|
effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station with links through London to other countries
|
|
|
|
:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal
|
|
Navy, and Royal Marines); Police Force
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,400 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,400 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
764 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 98%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago
|
|
of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic
|
|
about midway between Iceland and Shetland Islands
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
48,588 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Faroese (singular and plural); adjective - Faroese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
homogeneous Scandinavian population
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and
|
|
commerce
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Torshavn
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Danish
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
Danish
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet (Landsstyri)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament (Lgting)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner
|
|
Bent KLINTE (since NA)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Atli P. DAM (since 15 January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Republican Party, Signer
|
|
HANSEN; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party
|
|
(PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress Party, leader NA; Home Rule Party, Hilmar
|
|
KASS
|
|
two-party ruling coalition:
|
|
Social Democratic Party, Atli P. DAM; People's Party, Jogvan SUND- STEIN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Danish Parliament:
|
|
last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's
|
|
Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish
|
|
Parliament
|
|
Faroese Parliament:
|
|
last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social
|
|
Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%,
|
|
Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats -
|
|
(32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7),
|
|
Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the
|
|
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
|
|
style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Faroese, who have long been enjoying the affluent living standards of
|
|
the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the
|
|
all-important fishing industry and with an external debt twice the size of
|
|
annual income. When the nations of the world extended their fishing zones to
|
|
200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue
|
|
their traditional long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own
|
|
nearby fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its
|
|
austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will force
|
|
further reductions in the fishing industry, which has already been plagued
|
|
with bankrupcies. An annual Danish subsidy of $140 million continues to
|
|
provide roughly one-third of the islands' budget revenues.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $662 million, per capita $14,000; real growth
|
|
rate 3% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.0% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5-6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and
|
|
livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.3 billion (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,910 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops -
|
|
potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000
|
|
metric tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189
|
|
(1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
200 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Torshavn, Tvoroyri
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1
|
|
short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note
|
|
- a subset of the Danish register
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters)
|
|
TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
:Faroe Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
no organized native military forces; only a small Police Force is maintained
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Denmark
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
18,270 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
18,270 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,129 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains of volcanic origin
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 65%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of
|
|
which approximately 110 are inhabited
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Fiji People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
749,946 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
25 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-10 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Fijian(s); adjective - Fijian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Indian 49%, Fijian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese,
|
|
and other 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%,
|
|
other 2%; note - Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there
|
|
is a Muslim minority (1986)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Fijian; Hindustani
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
86% (male 90%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
235,000; subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15%
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 45,000 employees belong to some 46 trade unions, which are organized
|
|
along lines of work and ethnic origin (1983)
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Fiji
|
|
Type:
|
|
military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a
|
|
republic on 6 October 1987
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Suva
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
10 October 1970 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed
|
|
on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on British system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 10 October (1970)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet Great Councils of Chiefs (highest ranking
|
|
members of the traditional chiefly system)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower
|
|
house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14
|
|
May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral
|
|
Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5 December 1987); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Josefata KAMIKAMICA (since October 1991); note - Ratu Sir Kamisese
|
|
MARA served as prime minister from 10 October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987
|
|
election; after a second coup led by Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA on 25
|
|
September 1987, Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA was reappointed as prime minister
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Fijian Political Party (primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA;
|
|
National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; Christian
|
|
Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP),
|
|
Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; General Voters
|
|
Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), Isireli VUIBAU;
|
|
Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame SAVU; Fiji
|
|
Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, Ishwari
|
|
BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners Party,
|
|
David TULVANUAVOU
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 14 May 1987 (next to be held 23-29 May 1992); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats,
|
|
ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats
|
|
by party NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA; Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 337-8320; there is a Fijian
|
|
Consulate in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN; Embassy at 31 Loftus Street, Suva (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 218, Suva); telephone [679] 314-466; FAX [679] 300-081
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a
|
|
yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George
|
|
featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector.
|
|
Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing
|
|
accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar
|
|
milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable
|
|
sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In
|
|
1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP
|
|
dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty
|
|
created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar
|
|
production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong
|
|
performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the
|
|
economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an
|
|
estimated 21%.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,700; real growth rate
|
|
3.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7.0% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $413 million; expenditures $464 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$646 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$840 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products,
|
|
consumer goods, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$428 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
215,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, fishing, clothing, lumber, small
|
|
cottage industries
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts,
|
|
cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, and bananas; small livestock sector includes
|
|
cattle, pigs, horses, and goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89),
|
|
$815 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Fijian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4855 (January 1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809
|
|
(1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988), 1.2439 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji
|
|
Sugar Corporation
|
|
Highways:
|
|
3,300 km total (1984) - 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1
|
|
cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
25 total, 22 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public
|
|
and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities;
|
|
regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New
|
|
Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no
|
|
TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Fiji Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, Police)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 192,056; 105,898 fit for military service; 7,564 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, 1.7% of GDP (FY 91)
|
|
|
|
:Finland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
337,030 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
305,470 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,628 km; Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,126 km; excludes islands and coastal indentations
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
6 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of
|
|
moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more
|
|
than 60,000 lakes
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and
|
|
woodland 76%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on
|
|
small southwestern coastal plain
|
|
Note:
|
|
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on
|
|
European continent
|
|
|
|
:Finland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,004,273 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Finn(s); adjective - Finnish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Finnish 93.5%, Swedish (both official) 6.3%; small Lapp- and
|
|
Russian-speaking minorities
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,533,000; public services 30.4%; industry 20.9%; commerce 15.0%; finance,
|
|
insurance, and business services 10.2%; agriculture and forestry 8.6%;
|
|
transport and communications 7.7%; construction 7.2%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
80% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Finland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Finland
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Helsinki
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi,
|
|
Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa,
|
|
Vaasa
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 July 1919
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation
|
|
interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State
|
|
(Valtioneuvosto)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka
|
|
KANERVA (since 26 April 1991)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party
|
|
24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative)
|
|
Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish
|
|
People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal
|
|
People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic
|
|
Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance
|
|
(Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish
|
|
Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held
|
|
January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri
|
|
HOLKERI 18%
|
|
Communists:
|
|
28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's
|
|
Democratic League
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party;
|
|
Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI
|
|
|
|
:Finland Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD,
|
|
ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM
|
|
(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS
|
|
(observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO,
|
|
UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430; there are Finnish Consulates
|
|
General in Los Angeles and New York, and Consulates in Chicago and Houston
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John H. KELLY (as of December 1991); Embassy at Itainen Puistotie
|
|
14A, SF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO AE 09723); telephone [358]
|
|
(0) 171931; FAX [358] (0) 174681
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical
|
|
part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG
|
|
(Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
:Finland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per
|
|
capita output nearly three-fourths the US figure. Its main economic force is
|
|
the manufacturing sector - principally the wood, metals, and engineering
|
|
industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about
|
|
30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on
|
|
imported raw materials, energy, and some components of manufactured goods.
|
|
Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining
|
|
self-sufficiency in basic commodities. The economy, which experienced an
|
|
average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into a deep
|
|
recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.2%. The recession - which is
|
|
expected to bottom out in late 1992 - has been caused by economic
|
|
overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter
|
|
system between Finland and the former Soviet Union in which Soviet oil and
|
|
gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish
|
|
Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and
|
|
efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public
|
|
expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and foreign
|
|
investment and exchange liberalization. Helsinki tied the markkaa to the
|
|
EC's European Currency Unit to promote stability but was forced to devalue
|
|
the markkaa by about 12% in November 1991. The devaluation should improve
|
|
industrial competitiveness and business confidence in 1992. Finland, as a
|
|
member of EFTA, negotiated a European Economic Area arrangement with the EC
|
|
that allows for free movement of capital, goods, services, and labor within
|
|
the organization as of January 1993. Finland applied for full EC membership
|
|
in March 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $80.6 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth
|
|
rate - 6.2% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.9% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
7.6% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $35.8 billion; expenditures $41.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$22.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 50.25%, Germany 15.5%, UK 10.4%, EFTA 20.7%, Sweden 14%, US 6.1%, Japan
|
|
1.5%, USSR/EE 6.71% (1991)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport
|
|
equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder
|
|
grains
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 45.9% (Germany 16.9%), UK 7.7%, EFTA 19.9%, Sweden 12.3%, US 6.9%, Japan
|
|
6%, USSR/EE 10.7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.3 billion (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 8.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,857 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Finland Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper),
|
|
copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 8% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production,
|
|
especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export
|
|
earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops -
|
|
cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains
|
|
and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
markka (plural - markkaa); 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.2967 (January 1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235
|
|
(1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Finland Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km
|
|
1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are
|
|
electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete,
|
|
bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel,
|
|
gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 580 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous minor ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 794,094 GRT/732,585 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7
|
|
bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
42 major transport
|
|
Airports:
|
|
159 total, 156 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good service from cable and radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT
|
|
satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only
|
|
INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki
|
|
|
|
:Finland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,314,305; 1,087,286 fit for military service; 33,053 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:France Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
547,030 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
545,630 km2; includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but
|
|
excludes the overseas administrative divisions
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Colorado
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,892.4 km; Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km,
|
|
Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,427 km; mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12-24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de
|
|
Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims
|
|
Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of
|
|
French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in
|
|
Antarctica (Adelie Land)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers
|
|
along the Mediterranean
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is
|
|
mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 32%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
|
|
woodland 27%; other 16%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine,
|
|
or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest West European nation
|
|
|
|
:France People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,287,258 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 82 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and
|
|
Basque minorities
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers)
|
|
1%, unaffiliated 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional dialects (Provencal,
|
|
Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
24,170,000; services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.3% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of labor force (est.)
|
|
|
|
:France Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
French Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Paris
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
metropolitan France - 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace,
|
|
Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre,
|
|
Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France,
|
|
Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais,
|
|
Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur,
|
|
Rhone-Alpes; note - the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see
|
|
separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe,
|
|
Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint
|
|
Pierre and Miquelon)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
unified by Clovis in 486, First Republic proclaimed in 1792
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French
|
|
Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New
|
|
Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
|
|
note:
|
|
the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not
|
|
legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
(Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Pierre BEREGOVOY (since 2 April 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French
|
|
Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING;
|
|
Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS),
|
|
Pierre MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS),
|
|
Laurent FABIUS; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist
|
|
Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - Second
|
|
Ballot PS-MRG 48. 7%, RPR 23.1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3.4%, other 3.8%; seats - (577
|
|
total) PS 272, RPR 127, UDF 91, UDC 40, PCF 26, independents 21
|
|
|
|
:France Government
|
|
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results - Second Ballot
|
|
Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46%
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13
|
|
for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals
|
|
abroad) RPR 91, UDF 143 (PR 52, CDS 68, RAD 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents
|
|
2, unknown 3
|
|
Communists:
|
|
700,000 claimed but probably closer to 150,000; Communist voters, 2.8
|
|
million in 1988 election
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly
|
|
2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation
|
|
Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.;
|
|
independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.);
|
|
independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000
|
|
members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du
|
|
Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB, CE,
|
|
CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT,
|
|
G-5, G-7, G-10, IABD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN
|
|
Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI; Chancery at 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20007; telephone (202) 944-6000; there are French Consulates General in
|
|
Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Miami, New
|
|
York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Walter J. P. CURLEY; Embassy at 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris
|
|
Cedex 08, Unit 21551 (mailing address is APO AE 09777); telephone [33] (1)
|
|
42-96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75; FAX [33] (1) 42-66-97-83; there are US
|
|
Consulates General in Bordeaux, Marseille, and Strasbourg
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as
|
|
the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis
|
|
for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland,
|
|
Ivory Coast, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent
|
|
areas
|
|
|
|
:France Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial
|
|
agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector.
|
|
Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and
|
|
subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in
|
|
Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products
|
|
and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector
|
|
generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has
|
|
become crucial to the economy. After expanding at a rapid 3.8% pace during
|
|
the period 1988-89, the economy slowed down in 1990, with growth of 1.5% in
|
|
1990 and 1.4% in 1991; growth in 1992 is expected to be about 2%. The
|
|
economy has had difficulty generating enough jobs for new entrants into the
|
|
labor force, resulting in a high unemployment rate, which rose to almost 10%
|
|
in 1991. The steadily advancing economic integration within the European
|
|
Community is a major force affecting the fortunes of the various economic
|
|
sectors.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $1,033.7 billion, per capita $18,300; real
|
|
growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.8% (end 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $229.8 billion; expenditures $246.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $36 billion (1992 budget)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$209.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural
|
|
products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 17.3%, Italy 11.4%, UK 9.2%, Spain 10.3%, Netherlands 9.0%,
|
|
Belgium-Luxembourg 9.4%, US 6.1%, Japan 1.9%, former USSR 0.7% (1989 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$232.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron
|
|
and steel products
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 18.9%, Italy 11.6%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.8%, Netherlands 8.6%, US 8.0%,
|
|
Spain 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Japan 4.0%, former USSR 1.4% (1989 est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$59.3 billion (December 1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.2% (1990); accounts for 26% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
109,972,000 kW capacity; 399,318 million kWh produced, 7,200 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics,
|
|
mining, textiles, food processing, and tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's
|
|
top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products,
|
|
cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most
|
|
temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce,
|
|
but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons
|
|
ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically
|
|
|
|
:France Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:France Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge; 11,674 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138 km
|
|
of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), privately owned and operated
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental
|
|
highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of
|
|
controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le
|
|
Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, Sete, Toulon; inland - 42
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
128 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,222,539 GRT/5,117,091 DWT; includes
|
|
6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 18 container, 1 multifunction large-load
|
|
carrier, 30 roll-on/roll-off, 34 petroleum tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 6
|
|
liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 11 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo; note -
|
|
France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the
|
|
Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
195 major transport aircraft (1989 est.)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
472 total, 460 usable; 251 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 136 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed; extensive cable and radio relay networks; large-scale
|
|
introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic
|
|
traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 (mostly
|
|
repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial cables; 2
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio communications
|
|
with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service
|
|
|
|
:France Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 14,599,636; 12,225,969 fit for military service; 411,211 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $33.1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
91,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
89,150 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,183 km; Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
378 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both
|
|
headwaters of the Lawa)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest
|
|
and woodland 82%; other 18%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mostly an unsettled wilderness
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
127,505 (July 1992), growth rate 4.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
24 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - French Guianese (singular and plural); adjective - French Guianese;
|
|
note - they are a colony/department; they hold French passports
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black or mulatto 66%; Caucasian 12%; East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%;
|
|
other 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
82% (male 81%, female 83%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
23,265; services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%,
|
|
agriculture 18.2% (1980)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
7% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Department of Guiana
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas department of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Cayenne
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French legal system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French president, commissioner of the republic
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
highest local court is the Court of Appeals based in Martinique with
|
|
jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Francois DICHIARA (since NA 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR),
|
|
Paulin BRUNE; Guianese Democratic Action (ADG), Andre LECANTE; Union for
|
|
French Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; National Front (FN), Guy MALON;
|
|
Popular and National Party of Guiana (PNPG), Claude ROBO; National
|
|
Anti-Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel KAPEL
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1
|
|
Regional Council:
|
|
last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA 1991); results - PSG 43%, RPR
|
|
27.7%, ADG 12.2%, UDF 8. 9%, FN 3.7%, PNPG 1.4%, other 3.1%; seats - (31
|
|
total) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, WCL, WFTU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are
|
|
represented in the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports.
|
|
Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most
|
|
important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products
|
|
(mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The
|
|
large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an
|
|
expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation
|
|
of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - are limited to the
|
|
coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is
|
|
heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious
|
|
problem, particularly among younger workers.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $186 million, per capita $2,240; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1985)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.1% (1987)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1987)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$54.0 million (f.o.b., 1987)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 31%, US 22%, Japan 10% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$394.0 million (c.i.f., 1987)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods,
|
|
petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.2 billion (1988)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,821 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas,
|
|
sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$1.51 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal
|
|
steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cayenne
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
10 total, 10 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair open-wire and radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations
|
|
- 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:French Guiana Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French Forces, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49 37,467; 24,534 fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
3,941 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
3,660 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,525 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, but moderate
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, fish, cobalt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 19%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 31%; other 44%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes
|
|
Note:
|
|
Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands
|
|
in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and
|
|
Nauru
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
205,620 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - French Polynesian(s); adjective - French Polynesian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
mainly Christian; Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French and Tahitian (both official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 14 and over but definition of literacy not
|
|
available (1977)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
76,630 employed (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of French Polynesia
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas territory of France since 1946
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Papeete
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative
|
|
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic
|
|
divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des
|
|
Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent; note - Clipperton Island is
|
|
administered by France from French Polynesia
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the
|
|
Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of
|
|
Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the
|
|
Republic Jean MONTPEZAT (since November 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991);
|
|
Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September
|
|
1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian
|
|
Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland
|
|
Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini
|
|
Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally
|
|
(Gaullist) 1, New Fatherland Party 1
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA
|
|
Territorial Assembly:
|
|
last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18,
|
|
Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are
|
|
represented in the US by France
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French
|
|
Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high
|
|
proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports
|
|
the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary
|
|
source of hard currency earnings.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.9% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
14.9% (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$765 million (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels, foodstuffs, equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
72,000 kW capacity; 265 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy
|
|
products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88),
|
|
$3.95 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January
|
|
1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27
|
|
(1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
600 km (1982)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Papeete, Bora-bora
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,128 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2
|
|
passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French
|
|
register
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
about 6 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
43 total, 41 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast
|
|
stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:French Polynesia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 50,844; NA fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
7,781 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
7,781 km2; includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles
|
|
Crozet; excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that
|
|
is not recognized by the US
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,232 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm (Iles Kerguelen only)
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US
|
|
Climate:
|
|
antarctic
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, crayfish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the southern Indian Ocean about equidistant between Africa,
|
|
Antarctica, and Australia
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
summer (January 1991) - 200, winter (July 1992) - 150, growth rate 0.0%
|
|
(1992); note - mostly researchers
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator
|
|
Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member
|
|
Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Paris, France
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative
|
|
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named
|
|
Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre
|
|
Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical
|
|
research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches
|
|
landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and
|
|
Reunion.
|
|
Budget:
|
|
$33.6 million (1990)
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,752 GRT/334,400 DWT; includes 1
|
|
cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
liquefied gas, 2 bulk, 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive
|
|
subset of the French register
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force)
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
267,670 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
257,670 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Colorado
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,551 km; Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
885 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed
|
|
sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; always hot, humid
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 78%; other 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Gabon People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,106,355 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
100 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
51 years male, 56 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Gabonese (singular and plural); adjective - Gabonese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
about 40 Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira,
|
|
Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans,
|
|
including 27,000 French
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, remainder animist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
61% (male 74%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
120,000 salaried; agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services
|
|
2.5%, government 2.5%; 58% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade
|
|
Union Confederation (COSYGA)
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Gabonese Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Libreville
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga,
|
|
Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem
|
|
Independence:
|
|
17 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Renovation Day (Gabonese Democratic Party established), 12 March (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO,
|
|
president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons);
|
|
Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement
|
|
(Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese
|
|
Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for
|
|
Democracy and Development (UDD)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of
|
|
vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement
|
|
- Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement
|
|
(Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results -
|
|
President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador-designate Alexandre SAMBAT; Chancery at 2034 20th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-1000
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE; Embassy at Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 4000, Libreville); telephone (241) 762003/4, or
|
|
743492
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now
|
|
dominated by the oil sector. During the period 1981-85, oil accounted for
|
|
about 46% of GDP, 83% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on
|
|
average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial
|
|
increase in per capita income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced
|
|
migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to
|
|
among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-year slide of Gabon's
|
|
economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989
|
|
because of a near doubling of oil prices over their 1988 lows. In 1990 the
|
|
economy posted strong growth despite serious strikes, but debt servicing
|
|
problems are hindering economic advancement. The agricultural and industrial
|
|
sectors are relatively underdeveloped, except for oil.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, per capita $3,090; real growth rate
|
|
13% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3% (1989 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $277 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$0.78 billion (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials,
|
|
manufactures, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 48%, US 2.6%, FRG, Japan, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.4 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -10% (1988 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, food and beverages, timber, cement, plywood, textiles, mining -
|
|
manganese, uranium, gold
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops -
|
|
cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small
|
|
fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a
|
|
tropical softwood) is the most important timber product
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $66 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,225 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,600 km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
15 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
70 total, 59 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and
|
|
radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6
|
|
FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
and 12 domestic satellite
|
|
|
|
:Gabon Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National
|
|
Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 267,580; 134,665 fit for military service; 9,262 reach military
|
|
age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
11,300 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
10,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Delaware
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
740 km; Senegal 740 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
80 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
18 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November
|
|
to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 16%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 55%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
902,089 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
47 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
129 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
47 years male, 51 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Gambian(s); adjective - Gambian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other
|
|
4%); non-Gambian 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
27% (male 39%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
400,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services
|
|
18.9%, government 6.1%; 55% population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
25-30% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of The Gambia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic under multiparty democratic rule
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Banjul
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank,
|
|
Upper River, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
18 February 1965 (from UK); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12
|
|
December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of a
|
|
loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was
|
|
dissolved on 30 September 1989
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
24 April 1970
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law;
|
|
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 18 February (1965)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice
|
|
President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general;
|
|
National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party
|
|
(GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic
|
|
Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's
|
|
Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP
|
|
56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP
|
|
31, NCP 5
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda
|
|
JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA
|
|
(GPP) 13.7%
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH; Chancery at Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Arlene RENDER; Embassy at Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara,
|
|
Banjul (mailing address is P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul); telephone Serrekunda
|
|
[220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a
|
|
limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a
|
|
per capita income of about $230. About 75% of the population is engaged in
|
|
crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP.
|
|
Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides -
|
|
accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia
|
|
imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods.
|
|
Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value).
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $207 million, per capita $235; real growth rate
|
|
3% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.0% (FY91)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $79 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $21 million (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$116 million (f.o.b., FY90)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1, other 5% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$147 million (f.o.b., FY90)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport
|
|
equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR/EE 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$336 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly,
|
|
woodworking, metalworking, clothing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports
|
|
one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; the other
|
|
principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels;
|
|
livestock - cattle, sheep, and goats; forestry and fishing resources not
|
|
fully exploited
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
dalasi (plural - dalasi); 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.790 (March 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), 7.5846
|
|
(1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
400 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Banjul
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
4 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:The Gambia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 194,480; 98,271 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - more than $1 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989)
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
380 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
380 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
62 km; Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
40 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat to rolling, sand- and dune- covered coastal plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 13%, permanent crops 32%, meadows and pastures 0%, forest and
|
|
woodland 0%, other 55%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in
|
|
control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
|
|
Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by
|
|
President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of
|
|
the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors,
|
|
and a peace treaty be-tween Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the
|
|
concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will
|
|
resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process,
|
|
it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
|
|
has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all
|
|
of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before
|
|
the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the
|
|
framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be
|
|
made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's
|
|
special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the
|
|
final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the
|
|
rest of the West Bank.
|
|
The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and
|
|
Israeli civil administration; it is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties;
|
|
these negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed.
|
|
There are 18 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip.
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
681,026 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992); in addition, there are 4,000
|
|
Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1992 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew; English widely understood
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
(excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) small industry, commerce and business
|
|
32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, and agriculture 18.1%
|
|
(1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by
|
|
Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker
|
|
remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction,
|
|
agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of
|
|
GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external
|
|
trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-92 (intifadah) has raised
|
|
unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The
|
|
Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza
|
|
since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged,
|
|
unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's
|
|
economic outlook remains bleak.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $380 million, per capita $590; real growth rate -
|
|
30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY88)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$30 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
citrus
|
|
partners:
|
|
Israel, Egypt
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$255 million (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, consumer goods, construction materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
Israel, Egypt
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
power supplied by Israel
|
|
Industries:
|
|
generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood
|
|
carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some
|
|
small-scale modern industries in an industrial center
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables,
|
|
beef, dairy products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new
|
|
agorot
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.2984 (January 1992), 2.2792 (1991),
|
|
2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 3l December, and since 1
|
|
January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains
|
|
Highways:
|
|
small, poorly developed indigenous road network
|
|
Ports:
|
|
facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Gaza Strip Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
NA
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 136,311; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
69,700 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
69,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than South Carolina
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,461 km; Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
310 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental Shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
NA nm, Georgian claims unknown; 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol
|
|
concerning the sea boundary between the two states in the Black Sea
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser
|
|
Caucasus Mountains in the south; Colchis lowland opens to the Black Sea in
|
|
the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood
|
|
plains, foothills of Colchis lowland
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal
|
|
and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and
|
|
citrus growth
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes 200,000 hectares irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black
|
|
Sea
|
|
|
|
:Georgia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,570,978 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Georgian(s); adjective - Georgian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Georgian 68.8%, Armenian 9.0%, Russian Azari 5.1%, Ossetian 3.2%, Abkhaz
|
|
1.7%, other 4.8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Russian Orthodox 10%, Georgian Orthodox 65%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, Muslim
|
|
11%, unknown 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Georgian (official language) 71%, Russian 9%, other 20% - Armenian 7%,
|
|
Azerbaijani 6%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,834,000; agriculture 29.1% (1988), government NA%, industry 17.8%, other
|
|
53.1%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Georgia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
T'bilisi (Tbilisi)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika);
|
|
Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi); note - the administrative centers of
|
|
the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts -
|
|
the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction; also
|
|
included is the South Ossetia Autonomous Oblast
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Georgian Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted NA, effective NA
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 9 April 1991
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
State Council, chairman of State Council, Council of Ministers, prime
|
|
minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chairman of State Council Eduard SHEVARDNADZE (since March 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Acting Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Otar KVILITAYA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Tengiz KITOVANI (since March 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian
|
|
Tradionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front -
|
|
Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Social-Democratic Party, Guram
|
|
MUCHAIDZE, chairman; All-Georgian Rustaveli Society, Akakiy BAKRADZE,
|
|
chairman; Georgian Monarchists' Party, Teymur JORJOLIANI, chairman; Georgian
|
|
Popular Front, Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party, Georgiy
|
|
CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party, Irakliy TSERETELI,
|
|
chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia
|
|
Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, Chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Georgian Parliament:
|
|
last held November 1990; results - 7-party coalition Round Table - Free
|
|
Georgia 62%, other 38%; seats - (250) Round Table - Free Georgia 155, other
|
|
95
|
|
President:
|
|
Zviad GAMSAKHURDIYA, 87% of vote
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IMF, World Bank
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador NA, Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York 09862)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
maroon field with small rectangle in upper left corner; rectangle divided
|
|
horizontally with black on top, white below
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia is noted for its Black Sea
|
|
tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and the amazing
|
|
diversity of an industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2%
|
|
of the USSR's output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been
|
|
a flourishing private sector (compared with the other republics). Almost 30%
|
|
of the labor force is employed in agriculture and 18% in industry. Mineral
|
|
resources consist of manganese and copper, and, to a lesser extent,
|
|
molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. Except for very small quantities
|
|
of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must be imported from neighboring
|
|
republics. Oil and its products are delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to
|
|
the port of Batumi for export and local refining. Gas is supplied in
|
|
pipelines from Krasnodar and Stavropol'. Georgia is nearly self-sufficient
|
|
in electric power, thanks to abundant hydropower stations as well as some
|
|
thermal power stations. The dismantling of central economic controls is
|
|
being delayed by political factionalism, marked by armed struggles between
|
|
the elected government and the opposition, and industrial output seems to
|
|
have fallen more steeply in Georgia in 1991 than in any other of the former
|
|
Soviet republics. To prevent further economic decline, Georgia must
|
|
establish domestic peace and must maintain economic ties to the other former
|
|
Soviet republics while developing new links to the West.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita $NA; real growth rate - 23%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
approximately 90% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$176 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery;
|
|
ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 19% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,575,000 kW capacity; 15,300 million kWh produced, about 2,600 kWh per
|
|
capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
Heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber;
|
|
machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes,
|
|
electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing,
|
|
dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW
|
|
in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices
|
|
for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm
|
|
machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea;
|
|
berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, and potatoes; cattle, pigs,
|
|
sheep, goats, and poultry
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Batumi, Poti; inland - NA
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 715,802 GRT/1,108,068 DWT; includes 16
|
|
bulk cargo, 34 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, and 2 specialized liquid
|
|
carrier
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (31
|
|
January 1992); international links via landline to CIS members and Turkey;
|
|
low capacity satellite earth station and leased international connections
|
|
via the Moscow international gateway switch
|
|
|
|
:Georgia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GNP
|
|
|
|
:Germany Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
356,910 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
349,520 km2; comprises the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany,
|
|
the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3
|
|
October 1990
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,790 km; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia 815 km, Denmark 68
|
|
km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km,
|
|
Switzerland 334 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,389 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea - 3 nm (extends, at one
|
|
point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); remainder of Baltic Sea - 12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the boundaries of Germany were set by the Treaty on the Final Settlement
|
|
With Respect to Germany signed 12 September 1990 in Moscow by the Federal
|
|
Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, France, the United
|
|
Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union; this Treaty entered into
|
|
force on 15 March 1991; a subsequent Treaty between Germany and Poland,
|
|
reaffirming the German-Polish boundary, was signed on 14 November 1990 and
|
|
took effect on 16 January 1992
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional
|
|
warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt,
|
|
nickel
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 34%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and
|
|
woodland 30%; other 19%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern
|
|
Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern
|
|
mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the
|
|
Baltic Sea
|
|
|
|
:Germany People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
80,387,283 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
11 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - German(s); adjective - German
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
primarily German; small Danish and Slavic minorities
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
German
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
47% of labor force (1986 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Germany Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Berlin; note - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period
|
|
of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several
|
|
ministries
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
16 states (lander, singular - land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Berlin,
|
|
Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen,
|
|
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt,
|
|
Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen
|
|
Independence:
|
|
18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of
|
|
occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II;
|
|
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and
|
|
included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic
|
|
(GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR
|
|
zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October
|
|
1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, chancellor, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole)
|
|
consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower
|
|
chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social
|
|
Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto Count
|
|
LAMBSDORFF, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Bjoern ENGHOLM, -
|
|
chairman; - Green - Party - Ludger VOLMER, Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen
|
|
(after the 2 December 1990 election the East and West German Green Parties
|
|
united); Alliance 90 united to form one party in September 1991, Petra
|
|
MORAWE, chairwoman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic
|
|
Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
:Germany Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Federal Diet:
|
|
last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU
|
|
36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS
|
|
2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other
|
|
2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for
|
|
slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance
|
|
90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election
|
|
allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5%
|
|
of vote in eastern Germany
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Communists:
|
|
West - about 40,000 members and supporters; East - about 200,000 party
|
|
members (December 1991)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
expellee, refugee, and veterans groups
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC,
|
|
ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Immo STABREIT will become Ambassador in late summer/early
|
|
fall 1992; Chancery at 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007;
|
|
telephone (202) 298-4000; there are German Consulates General in Atlanta,
|
|
Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and
|
|
New York, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09080); telephone [49] (228) 3391; there is a US
|
|
Branch Office in Berlin and US Consulates General in Frankfurt, Hamburg,
|
|
Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow
|
|
|
|
:Germany Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Federal Republic of Germany is making substantial progress in
|
|
integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, but at a heavy economic cost.
|
|
Western Germany's growth in 1991 slowed to 3.1% - the lowest rate since 1987
|
|
- because of slack world growth and higher interest rates and taxes required
|
|
by the unification process. While western Germany's economy was in recession
|
|
in the last half of 1991, eastern Germany's economy bottomed out after a
|
|
nearly two-year freefall and shows signs of recovery, particularly in the
|
|
construction, transportation, and service sectors. Eastern Germany could
|
|
begin a fragile recovery later, concentrated in 1992 in construction,
|
|
transportation, and services. The two regions remain vastly different,
|
|
however, despite eastern Germany's progress. Western Germany has an advanced
|
|
market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly urbanized
|
|
and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant
|
|
leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is
|
|
relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral.
|
|
Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced
|
|
goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account
|
|
for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw materials and
|
|
semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. In recent
|
|
years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with other sectors
|
|
contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1990 accounted for
|
|
about 21% of GDP. In 1991, GDP in the western region was an estimated
|
|
$19,200 per capita. In contrast, eastern Germany's economy is shedding the
|
|
obsolete heavy industries that dominated the economy during the Communist
|
|
era. Eastern Germany's share of all-German GDP is only about 7%, and eastern
|
|
productivity is just 30% that of the west. The privatization agency for
|
|
eastern Germany, the Treuhand, is rapidly selling many of the 11,500 firms
|
|
under its control. The pace of private investment is starting to pick up,
|
|
but questions about property rights and environmental liabilities remain.
|
|
Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite
|
|
coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The quality of
|
|
statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many gaps remain; the
|
|
federal government began producing all-German data for select economic
|
|
statistics at the start of 1992. The most challenging economic problem is
|
|
promoting eastern Germany's economic reconstruction - specifically, finding
|
|
the right mix of fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will
|
|
spur investment in eastern Germany - without destabilizing western Germany's
|
|
economy or damaging relations with West European partners. The biggest
|
|
danger is that excessive wage settlements and heavy federal borrowing could
|
|
fuel inflation and prompt the German Central Bank, the Bundesbank, to keep a
|
|
tight monetary policy to choke off a wage-price spiral. Meanwhile, the FRG
|
|
has been providing billions of dollars to help the former Soviet republics
|
|
and the reformist economies of Eastern Europe.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - Federal Republic of Germany: $1,331.4 billion,
|
|
per capita $16,700; real growth rate 0.7%; western Germany: $1,235.8
|
|
billion, per capita $19,200; real growth rate 3.1%; eastern Germany $95.6
|
|
billion, per capita $5,870; real growth rate - 30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
West - 3.5% (1991); East - NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
West - 6.3% (1991); East - 11% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
West (federal, state, local) - revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704
|
|
billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990), East - NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
West - $324.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
|
|
:Germany Economy
|
|
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor
|
|
vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw
|
|
materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3%
|
|
Exports:
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 53.3% (France 12.7%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.1%, UK 8.3%,
|
|
Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%), other Western Europe 15.9%, US 7.1%, Eastern
|
|
Europe 4.1%, OPEC 2.7% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
West - $346.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials
|
|
7.1%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 51.7% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 10.1%, Italy 9.3%, UK 6.7%,
|
|
Belgium-Luxembourg 7.2%), other Western Europe 13.4%, US 6.6%, Eastern
|
|
Europe 3.8%, OPEC 2.5% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
West - $500 million (June 1988); East - $20.6 billion (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rates, West - 5.4% (1990); East - 30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
133,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
West - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement,
|
|
chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and
|
|
beverages; East - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding,
|
|
machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
West - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry);
|
|
diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock
|
|
include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs,
|
|
poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987;
|
|
East - accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry);
|
|
principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit;
|
|
livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net
|
|
importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
West - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion; East -
|
|
donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1956-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
deutsche mark (plural - deutsche marks); 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157
|
|
(1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Germany Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
West - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km
|
|
nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km
|
|
electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified); East -
|
|
14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or
|
|
other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track;
|
|
3,475 km overhead electrified (1988)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
West - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn,
|
|
32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways
|
|
(Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of
|
|
secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen); East - 124,604 km total; 47,203
|
|
km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 km are autobahn and
|
|
limited access roads, 11,326 are trunk roads, and 34,022 are regional roads;
|
|
77,401 municipal roads (1988)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
West - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric ton
|
|
capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is
|
|
an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea; East - 2,319
|
|
km (1988)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km
|
|
(1988)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel,
|
|
Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31
|
|
major
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
607 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,210,060 GRT/6,626,333 DWT; includes
|
|
3 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 324 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 135
|
|
container, 31 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 6 barge carrier, 11
|
|
oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 22 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination
|
|
ore/oil, 14 combination bulk, 15 bulk; note - the German register includes
|
|
ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent
|
|
major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
239 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
462 total, 455 usable; 242 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 40 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
West - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of
|
|
the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones;
|
|
intensively developed, highly redundant cable and radio relay networks, all
|
|
completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000
|
|
repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas,
|
|
EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers;
|
|
tropospheric links East - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860
|
|
TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and
|
|
Intersputnik systems
|
|
|
|
:Germany Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Border Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 20,300,359; 17,612,677 fit for military service; 414,330 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $39.5 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Ghana Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
238,540 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
230,020 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,093 km; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
539 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in
|
|
southwest; hot and dry in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and
|
|
woodland 37%; other 36%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities;
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind
|
|
(January to March)
|
|
Note:
|
|
Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake
|
|
|
|
:Ghana People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
16,185,351 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
86 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
53 years male, 57 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ghanaian(s); adjective - Ghanaian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga
|
|
8%), European and other 0.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and
|
|
Ga
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
60% (male 70%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,700,000; agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical
|
|
15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%;
|
|
48% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
467,000 (about 13% of labor force)
|
|
|
|
:Ghana Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Ghana
|
|
Type:
|
|
military
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Accra
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern,
|
|
Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31 December 1981 coup, and
|
|
legislative powers were assumed by the Provisional National Defense Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry
|
|
John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
no national elections; district assembly elections held in 1988-89
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY; Chancery at 3512 International Drive NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 686-4520; there is a Ghanaian
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of Danquah
|
|
Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra); telephone [233]
|
|
(21) 775348, 775349
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large
|
|
black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a
|
|
coat of arms centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
:Ghana Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been
|
|
implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including
|
|
moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily
|
|
dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not
|
|
spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending
|
|
peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a
|
|
democratic government have been boosting government expenditures and
|
|
undercutting structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in
|
|
1990. Much of the economic improvement in 1991 was caused by favorable
|
|
weather (following a severe drought the previous year) that led to plentiful
|
|
harvests in Ghana's agriculturally based economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$6.2 billion; per capita $400; real growth rate 5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $821 million; expenditures $782 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $151 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$843 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 23%, UK, other EC
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.1 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.4% in manufacturing (1989); accounts for almost 1.5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,140 million kWh produced, 265 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum, food processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the
|
|
major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava,
|
|
peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
cedi (plural - cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Ghana Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing
|
|
major renovation
|
|
Highways:
|
|
32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel,
|
|
laterite, and improved earth surfaces
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for
|
|
launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder
|
|
waterways
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
none
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Tema, Takoradi
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
5 cargo and 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,435
|
|
GRT/69,167 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave links; 42,300 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Ghana Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Civil Defense
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,661,558; 2,049,842 fit for military service; 170,742 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GNP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
6.5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
6.5 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1.2 km; Spain 1.2 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
12 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete
|
|
or natural rock) collect rain water
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic
|
|
Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
29,651 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Gibraltarian(s); adjective - Gibraltar
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem
|
|
8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian
|
|
also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military establishments
|
|
and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
over 6,000
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Digraph:
|
|
f Assembly *** last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8,
|
|
GCL/AACR 7
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Gibraltar
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
30 May 1969
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and
|
|
Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association
|
|
for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social
|
|
Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, GCL/AACR 7
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Housewives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives
|
|
Organization
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a
|
|
three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the
|
|
castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from
|
|
tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and
|
|
finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public
|
|
sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of
|
|
employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government
|
|
expenditures are cut.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $182 million, per capita $4,600; real growth rate
|
|
5% (FY87)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.6% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (FY88)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$82 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8%
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$258 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$318 million (1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,670 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK
|
|
naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light
|
|
manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer,
|
|
and canned fish
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
none
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Gibraltar pound (plural - pounds); 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Gibraltar
|
|
pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only
|
|
Highways:
|
|
50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
none
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Gibraltar
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 795,356 GRT/1,490,737 DWT; includes 5
|
|
cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical
|
|
tanker, 6 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international
|
|
radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Gibraltar Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5 km2; includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and
|
|
South Rock
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
35.2 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Madagascar
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano, coconuts
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other - lush vegetation and coconut palms 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to periodic cyclones
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the Indian Ocean just north of the Mozambique Channel between
|
|
Africa and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques
|
|
DEWATRE, resident in Reunion
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from Reunion
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
:Glorioso Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Greece Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
131,940 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
130,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Alabama
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,210 km; Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 228 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
13,676 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean
|
|
Sea; Cyprus question
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of
|
|
islands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 23%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 9%; includes irrigated 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution; archipelago of 2,000 islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to
|
|
Turkish Straits
|
|
|
|
:Greece People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,064,250 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
11 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Greek(s); adjective - Greek
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Greek 98%, other 2%; note - the Greek Government states there are no ethnic
|
|
divisions in Greece
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Greek (official); English and French widely understood
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 98%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,657,000; services 44%, agriculture 27%, manufacturing and mining 20%,
|
|
construction 6% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force
|
|
|
|
:Greece Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Hellenic Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
|
|
December 1974
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Athens
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
52 departments (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia,
|
|
Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros,
|
|
Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina,
|
|
Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki,
|
|
Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa,
|
|
Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs,
|
|
Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki,
|
|
Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agios Oros (Mt.
|
|
Athos)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 June 1975
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and
|
|
administrative courts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day (proclamation of the war of independence), 25 March (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990); -
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic
|
|
Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria
|
|
DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DEANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist
|
|
Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1994); results - ND 46.89%,
|
|
PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%,
|
|
Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DEANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%;
|
|
seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance
|
|
4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1; note - one
|
|
DEANA deputy joined ND in July, giving ND 151 seats; in November, a special
|
|
electoral court ruled in favor of ND on a contested seat, at PASOK'S
|
|
expense; PASOK and the Left Alliance divided their four joint mandates
|
|
evenly, and the seven KKE deputies split off from the Left Alliance; new
|
|
configuration: ND 152, PASOK 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, others unchanged
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos
|
|
KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament
|
|
|
|
:Greece Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G-6, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
|
|
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS; Chancery at 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5800; there are Greek Consulates
|
|
General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco, and a Consulate in New Orleans
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Michael G. SOTIRHOS; Embassy at 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard,
|
|
10160 Athens (mailing address is APO AE 09842; telephone [30] (1) 721-2951
|
|
or 721-8401; there is a US Consulate General in Thessaloniki
|
|
Flag:
|
|
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a
|
|
blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross
|
|
symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country
|
|
|
|
:Greece Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Greece has a mixed capitalistic economy with the basic entrepreneurial
|
|
system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist government that enlarged the
|
|
public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister
|
|
Mitsotakis took office. Tourism continues as a major industry, and
|
|
agriculture - although handicapped by geographic limitations and fragmented,
|
|
small farms - is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal
|
|
feedstuffs. The Mitsotakis government inherited several severe economic
|
|
problems from the preceding socialist and caretaker administrations, which
|
|
had neglected the runaway budget deficit, a ballooning current account
|
|
deficit, and accelerating inflation. In early 1991, the government secured a
|
|
$2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest terms yet
|
|
imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience with
|
|
Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. Over the next three
|
|
years, Athens must bring inflation down to 7%, cut the current account
|
|
deficit and central government borrowing as a percentage of GDP, slash
|
|
public-sector employment by 10%, curb public-sector pay raises, and broaden
|
|
the tax base.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $77.6 billion, per capita $7,730; real growth
|
|
rate 1.0% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
17.8% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
8.6% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $3.3 billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods 48%, food and beverages 22%, fuels and lubricants 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Germany 22%, Italy 17%, France 10%, UK 7%, US 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods 33%, machinery 17%, foodstuffs 12%, fuels and lubricants 8%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Germany 21%, Italy 15%, Netherlands 11%, France 8%, UK 5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$25.5 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,420 million kWh produced, 3,630 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism,
|
|
mining, petroleum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
including fishing and forestry, accounts for 17% of GDP and 27% of the labor
|
|
force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives,
|
|
tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat,
|
|
dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 115,000 metric tons in
|
|
1988
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million
|
|
|
|
:Greece Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
drachma (plural - drachmas); 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 182.33 (January 1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990),
|
|
162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988), 135.43 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Greece Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km
|
|
electrified and 100 km double track, 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km
|
|
0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632
|
|
km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
80 km; system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Piraievs, Thessaloniki
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
977 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,450,910 GRT/42,934,863 DWT;
|
|
includes 15 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 136 cargo,
|
|
24 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 196 petroleum tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 37
|
|
combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 417 bulk, 19 combination bulk, 1
|
|
livestock carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships
|
|
under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
39 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
77 total, 77 usable; 77 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave
|
|
carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to
|
|
off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 361 TV;
|
|
tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth station operating
|
|
in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), and EUTELSAT
|
|
systems
|
|
|
|
:Greece Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,453,756; 1,883,152 fit for military service; 73,913 reach
|
|
military age (21) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Greenland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,175,600 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
341,700 km2 (ice free)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than three times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
44,087 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan
|
|
Mayen
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous,
|
|
barren, rocky coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland NEGL%; other 99%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous
|
|
permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
|
|
Note:
|
|
dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe
|
|
|
|
:Greenland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,407 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Greenlander(s); adjective - Greenlandic
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians) 86%, Danish 14%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Eskimo dialects, Danish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
22,800; largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Greenland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nuuk (Godthab)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
3 municipalities (kommuner, - singular - kommun); - Nordgronland,
|
|
Ostgrnland, Vestgronland
|
|
Independence:
|
|
part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Danish
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
Danish
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet (Landsstyre)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament (Landsting)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court (Landsret)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner
|
|
Bent KLINTE (since NA)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
two-party ruling coalition - Siumut (a moderate socialist party that
|
|
advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from
|
|
Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; - Inuit - Ataqatigiit - (IA; - a -
|
|
Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather
|
|
than home rule), leader NA; Atassut Party (a more conservative party that
|
|
favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party
|
|
(conservative-Greenland nationalist), leader NA; Center Party (a new
|
|
nonsocialist protest party), leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Danish Folketing:
|
|
last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland
|
|
elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1
|
|
Landsting:
|
|
last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit
|
|
Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
NC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly
|
|
to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom
|
|
half is white
|
|
|
|
:Greenland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Over the past 25 years, the economy has changed from one based on
|
|
subsistence whaling, hunting, and fishing to one dependent on foreign trade.
|
|
Fishing is still the most important industry, accounting for over 75% of
|
|
exports and about 25% of the population's income. Maintenance of a social
|
|
welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public sector a dominant
|
|
role in the economy. In 1990, the economy became critically dependent on
|
|
shrimp exports and on an annual subsidy (now about $500 million) from the
|
|
Danish Government because cod exports dropped off and commercial mineral
|
|
production stopped. As of 1992, the government also has taken control of the
|
|
health sector from Denmark. The new Home Rule government installed in March
|
|
1991 has decided to end much of the central control of the economy and to
|
|
open it wider to competitive forces.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $500 million, per capita $9,000; real growth
|
|
rate 5% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
l.6% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $36 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$435 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish and fish products 83%, metallic ores and concentrates 13%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$420 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live
|
|
animals 12.4%, petroleum and petroleum products 12%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$480 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,180 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fish processing (mainly shrimp), potential for platinum and gold mining,
|
|
handicrafts, shipyards
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and
|
|
small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.447 (March 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189
|
|
(1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Greenland Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
80 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab),
|
|
Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,021 GRT/1,778 DWT; note
|
|
- operates under the registry of Denmark
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
11 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and
|
|
microwave; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters)
|
|
FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Greenland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of Denmark
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
340 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
340 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
121 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic in origin with central mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 15%; permanent crops 26%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 9%; other 47%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November
|
|
Note:
|
|
islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent
|
|
and the Grenadines
|
|
|
|
:Grenada People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
83,556 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 30 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Grenadian(s); adjective - Grenadian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mainly of black African descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); some French patois
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
36,000; services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%,
|
|
other 32% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint George's
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Little Martinique*, Saint
|
|
Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick
|
|
Independence:
|
|
7 February 1974 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
19 December 1973
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 7 February (1974)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United
|
|
Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New
|
|
National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement
|
|
(MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Denneth MODESTE; Chancery at 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-2561; there is a Grenadian
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires Annette VELER; Embassy at Ross Point Inn, Saint George's
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 54, Saint George's); telephone (809) 444-1173
|
|
through 1178
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and
|
|
green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the
|
|
flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the
|
|
top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red
|
|
disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg
|
|
pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest
|
|
producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven
|
|
administrative divisions
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional
|
|
production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16%
|
|
of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the
|
|
leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports.
|
|
Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given
|
|
a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. Despite an
|
|
impressive average annual growth rate for the economy of 5.5% during the
|
|
period 1986-91, unemployment remains high at about 25%.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $238 million, per capita $2,800 (1989); real
|
|
growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $54.9 million; expenditures $77.6 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $16.6 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$26.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$105.0 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6%
|
|
(1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$90 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 6% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace
|
|
account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest
|
|
producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms
|
|
predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops,
|
|
sugarcane, corn, and vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint George's
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio
|
|
links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to
|
|
Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
:Grenada Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,780 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,760 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
10 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
306 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is
|
|
low limestone formation
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 18%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
409,132 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guadeloupian(s); adjective - Guadeloupe
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black or mulatto 90%; white 5%; East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French, creole patois
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 90%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce, 25.8% industry, 21.2%
|
|
agriculture
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
11% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Department of Guadeloupe
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas department of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Basse-Terre
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French legal system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
government commissioner
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French
|
|
Guiana, and Martinique
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe
|
|
(PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique LARIFLA;
|
|
Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent
|
|
Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority
|
|
(UNM)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe
|
|
elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe
|
|
elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(2 total) PCG 1, PS 1
|
|
General Council:
|
|
last held NA 1986 (next to be held by NA 1992); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (42 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Regional Council:
|
|
last held on 16 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - RPR
|
|
33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) RPR
|
|
15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4
|
|
Communists:
|
|
3,000 est.
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for
|
|
Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG);
|
|
General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the
|
|
Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG)
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, WCL
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are
|
|
represented in the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services.
|
|
It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is
|
|
a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly
|
|
large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important
|
|
sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas
|
|
(which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers.
|
|
Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption,
|
|
although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly
|
|
from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production.
|
|
Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially
|
|
high among the young.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $3,300; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1987)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.3% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
38% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $254 million; expenditures $254 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$153 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas, sugar, rum
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction
|
|
materials, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,279 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crops - bananas and sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits
|
|
and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, and goats; not self-sufficient in
|
|
food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland radio relay
|
|
to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast stations - 2 AM,
|
|
8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT ground station
|
|
|
|
:Guadeloupe Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French Forces, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 98,069; NA fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Guam Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
541.3 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
541.3 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
125.5 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade
|
|
winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December;
|
|
little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline
|
|
limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and
|
|
narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in
|
|
south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 11%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and
|
|
woodland 18%; other 45%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but
|
|
potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago;
|
|
strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean 5,955 km west-southwest of
|
|
Honolulu about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines
|
|
|
|
:Guam People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
142,271 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guamanian(s); adjective - Guamanian; note - Guamanians are US
|
|
citizens
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and
|
|
other 18%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 98%, other 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
46,930; federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%,
|
|
services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
13% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Guam Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Guam
|
|
Type:
|
|
organized, unincorporated territory of the US; policy relations between Guam
|
|
and the US are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and
|
|
International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Agana
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Organic Act of 1 August 1950
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March), Liberation Day (July 21), US
|
|
Government holidays
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
President of the US, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislature
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Federal District Court of Guam, Territorial Superior Court of Guam
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F.
|
|
BLAS
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the
|
|
Governor)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential
|
|
elections
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor:
|
|
last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results -
|
|
Joseph F. ADA reelected
|
|
Legislature:
|
|
last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); a byelection
|
|
was held in April 1991 to replace a deceased legislator, results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 11, Republican 10
|
|
US House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); Guam elects one
|
|
nonvoting delegate; results - Ben BLAZ was elected as the nonacting
|
|
delegate; seats - (1 total) Republican 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides;
|
|
centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach
|
|
scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM
|
|
superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag
|
|
|
|
:Guam Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on US military spending and on revenues from tourism.
|
|
Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a
|
|
construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. Visitors
|
|
numbered about 900,000 in 1990. The small manufacturing sector includes
|
|
textiles and clothing, beverage, food, and watch production. About 60% of
|
|
the labor force works for the private sector and the rest for government.
|
|
Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. In
|
|
1991 the unemployment rate was about 4.1%.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $2.0 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.6% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA.
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$34 million (f.o.b., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials,
|
|
fish, food and beverage products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$493 million (c.i.f., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete
|
|
products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs,
|
|
pork, poultry, beef, copra
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer
|
|
payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which
|
|
Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special
|
|
law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury,
|
|
receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal
|
|
employees stationed in Guam
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Guam Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
674 km all-weather roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Apra Harbor
|
|
Airports:
|
|
5 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT ground stations
|
|
|
|
:Guam Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
108,890 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
108,430 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Tennessee
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,687 km; Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
400 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims Belize, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have begun
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau
|
|
(Peten)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 32%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes;
|
|
Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms;
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
no natural harbors on west coast
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
9,784,275 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
61 years male, 66 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guatemalan(s); adjective - Guatemalan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Ladino (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry) 56%, Indian 44%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a
|
|
primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
55% (male 63%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,500,000; agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%,
|
|
construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
8% of labor force (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Guatemala
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Guatemala
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja
|
|
Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala,
|
|
Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche,
|
|
Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez,
|
|
Totonicapan, Zacapa
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Jorge SERRANO Elias (since 14 January 1991); Vice President
|
|
Gustavo ESPINA Salguero (since 14 January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action
|
|
Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG),
|
|
Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU
|
|
Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social
|
|
Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5),
|
|
Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National
|
|
Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party
|
|
(PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON;
|
|
Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Congress:
|
|
last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results -
|
|
UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17. 5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR
|
|
2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt
|
|
10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5
|
|
President:
|
|
runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results -
|
|
Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9%
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups - Guerrilla
|
|
Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms
|
|
(ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT dissidents
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF), Mutual Support Group
|
|
(GAM), Unity for Popular and Labor Action (UASP), Agrarian Owners Group
|
|
(UNAGRO), Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU,
|
|
LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL; Chancery at 2220 R Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-4952 through 4954; there are Guatemalan
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New
|
|
York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Thomas F. STROOCK; Embassy at 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone
|
|
10, Guatemala City (mailing address is APO AA 34024); telephone [502] (2)
|
|
31-15-41
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue
|
|
with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes
|
|
a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the
|
|
inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of
|
|
independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a
|
|
pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for
|
|
26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of
|
|
exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about
|
|
18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy
|
|
grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. Inflation
|
|
at 40% in 1990-91 was more than double the 1987-89 level.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $11.7 billion, per capita $1,260; real growth
|
|
rate 3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
40% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.7%, with 30-40% underemployment (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.05 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $270 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 2%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 39%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.66 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
802,600 kW capacity; 2,461 million kWh produced, 266 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals,
|
|
rubber, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy and contributes
|
|
two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas,
|
|
coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food
|
|
importer
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug
|
|
trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and
|
|
opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
quetzal (plural - quetzales); 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.0854 (January 1992), 5.0289 (1991),
|
|
2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988), 2.500 (1987); note - black-market rate 2.800
|
|
(May 1989)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
884 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 782 km government owned, 102 km
|
|
privately owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water
|
|
season
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 275 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
448 total, 400 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Guatemala Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,169,073; 1,420,116 fit for military service; 107,239 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $113 million, 1% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
194 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
194 km2; includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller
|
|
islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
50 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly level with low hills in southwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
cropland
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; cultivated about 50%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port
|
|
Note:
|
|
52 km west of France
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,949 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
UK and Norman-French descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Bailiwick of Guernsey
|
|
Type:
|
|
British crown dependency
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint Peter Port
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Assembly of the States
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Royal Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since NA 1990); Bailiff
|
|
Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; all independents
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Assembly of the States:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party
|
|
since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending
|
|
to the edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes
|
|
financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing
|
|
tomatoes and flowers for export.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 9% (1987)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK (regarded as internal trade)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coal, gasoline, and oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK (regarded as internal trade)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, banking
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant,
|
|
other vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Guernsey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Guernsey
|
|
pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable
|
|
|
|
:Guernsey Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Guinea Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
245,860 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
245,860 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,399 km; Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Ivory Coast 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858
|
|
km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
320 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with
|
|
southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly
|
|
harmattan winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and
|
|
woodland 42%; other 40%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season;
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Guinea People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,783,926 (July 1992), growth rate - 1.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
21 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-40 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
143 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
41 years male, 45 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guinean(s); adjective - Guinean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, small indigenous tribes 15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); each tribe has its own language
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
24% (male 35%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,400,000 (1983); agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services
|
|
5.4%; 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
virtually 100% of wage earners loosely affiliated with the National
|
|
Confederation of Guinean Workers
|
|
|
|
:Guinea Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Guinea
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Conakry
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region
|
|
administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba,
|
|
Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane,
|
|
Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola,
|
|
Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue,
|
|
Yomou
|
|
Independence:
|
|
2 October 1958 (from France; formerly French Guinea)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes
|
|
currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite
|
|
Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military
|
|
Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National
|
|
or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was dissolved
|
|
after the 3 April 1984 coup; note: framework for a new National Assembly
|
|
established in December 1991 (will have 114 seats)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; following the 3 April 1984 coup, all political activity was banned
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
none
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA; Chancery
|
|
at 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr.; Embassy at 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue,
|
|
Conakry (mailing address is B. P. 603, Conakry); telephone (224) 44-15-20
|
|
through 24
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which
|
|
has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band
|
|
|
|
:Guinea Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for
|
|
agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the
|
|
world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more
|
|
than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea
|
|
possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and
|
|
alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate
|
|
4.3% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
19.6% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
|
|
textiles, and other grain
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 16%, France, Brazil
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and
|
|
agricultural processing industries
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence
|
|
farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels,
|
|
cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and
|
|
goats; not self-sufficient in food grains
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Guinean franc (plural - francs); 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440
|
|
(1987), 383 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guinea Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which
|
|
barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Conakry, Kamsar
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
10 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
15 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations,
|
|
and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1
|
|
FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth station
|
|
|
|
:Guinea Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Republican Guard,
|
|
paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,759,811; 888,968 fit for military service (1989)
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
36,120 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
28,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
724 km; Guinea 386, Senegal 338 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
350 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its
|
|
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to
|
|
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with
|
|
northeasterly harmattan winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 11%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and
|
|
woodland 38%; other 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,047,137 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
42 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
124 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
45 years male, 48 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective - Guinea-Bissauan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African about 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel
|
|
7%); European and mulatto less than 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
36% (male 50%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
403,000 (est.); agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%,
|
|
government 5%; population of working age 53% (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
only one trade union - the National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau (UNTG)
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party
|
|
for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an
|
|
extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year
|
|
transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing
|
|
for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bissau
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama,
|
|
Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali
|
|
Independence:
|
|
10 September 1974 (from Portugal; formerly Portuguese Guinea)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
16 May 1984
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 10 September (1974)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State,
|
|
Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed
|
|
power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May
|
|
1984)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
3 parties - African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape
|
|
Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; PAIGC is still the
|
|
major party and controls all aspects of the Government, but 2 opposition
|
|
parties registered in late 1991; Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael
|
|
BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader;
|
|
Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader; other parties forming
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 15
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is
|
|
the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional
|
|
Councils
|
|
President of Council of State:
|
|
last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Brig. Gen. Joao
|
|
Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's
|
|
Assembly
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL; Chancery at 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine
|
|
Suite, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 872-4222,
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William L. JACOBSEN, Jr.; Embassy at 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos,
|
|
Bissau (mailing address is 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau);
|
|
telephone [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red
|
|
band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the
|
|
red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the
|
|
flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the
|
|
red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per
|
|
capita GDP below $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic
|
|
activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports.
|
|
Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a
|
|
weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's
|
|
four-year plan (1988-91) has targeted agricultural development as the top
|
|
priority.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $162 million, per capita $160; real growth rate
|
|
5.0% (1989)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
25% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $22.7 million; expenditures $30.8 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $18.0 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$14.2 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels
|
|
partners:
|
|
Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$68.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$462 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment;
|
|
rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew
|
|
nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food;
|
|
fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Guinea-Bissauan peso (plural - pesos); 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100
|
|
centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65
|
|
(1987), 238.98 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bissau
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
34 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
:Guinea-Bissau Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force),
|
|
paramilitary force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 228,856; 130,580 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5-6% of GDP (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
214,970 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
196,850 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Idaho
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,462 km; Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
459 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname
|
|
claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all
|
|
headwaters of the Courantyne)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons
|
|
(May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 83%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution
|
|
|
|
:Guyana People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
739,431 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-20 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
61 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Guyanese (singular and plural); adjective - Guyanese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, Amerindian dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990
|
|
est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
268,000; industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7%;
|
|
public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
34% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Co-operative Republic of Guyana
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Georgetown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East
|
|
Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice,
|
|
Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper
|
|
Takutu-Upper Essequibo
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 May 1966 (from UK; formerly British Guiana)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
6 October 1980
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has
|
|
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Republic Day, 23 February (1970)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy
|
|
prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Judicature
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Executive President Hugh Desmond HOYTE (since 6 August 1985); First Vice
|
|
President Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Hamilton GREEN (since NA August 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's Progressive
|
|
Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA,
|
|
Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's
|
|
Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF),
|
|
Joseph BACCHUS; United Force (UF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party
|
|
(URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN;
|
|
Guyanese Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Executive President:
|
|
last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held 1992); results - Hugh Desmond
|
|
HOYTE was elected president since he was leader of the party with the most
|
|
votes in the National Assembly elections
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held mid-1992); results - PNC 78%,
|
|
PPP 16%, UF 4%, WPA 2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PNC 42, PPP 8, UF 2,
|
|
WPA 1
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO);
|
|
Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are
|
|
small and active but not well organized; Guyanese Action for Reform and
|
|
Democracy (GUARD) includes various labor groups, as well as several of the
|
|
smaller political parties
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Cedric Hilburn GRANT; Chancery at 2490 Tracy Place NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6900; there is a Guyanese
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador George JONES; Embassy at 99-100 Young and Duke Streets,
|
|
Georgetown; telephone [592] (2) 54900 through 54909
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed
|
|
on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red
|
|
and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less
|
|
than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less
|
|
than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline
|
|
resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the canefields, and flooding and
|
|
equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about 100%
|
|
in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened
|
|
substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power is
|
|
in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in national
|
|
output. The government, in association with international financial
|
|
agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The
|
|
government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic
|
|
exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth -
|
|
requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience
|
|
by consumers during a long incubation period. In 1991, buoyed by a recovery
|
|
in mining and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth, according to
|
|
official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi- legal economic
|
|
activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total output.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $250 million, per capita $300; real growth rate
|
|
6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
75% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
12-15% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $126 million; expenditures $250 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$189 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bauxite, sugar, gold, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 31%, US 23%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 6% (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$246 million (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 33%, CARICOM 10%, UK 9%, Canada 2% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.0 billion, including arrears (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 12.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 11% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
252,500 kW capacity; 647 million kWh produced, 863 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles,
|
|
gold mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
most important sector, accounting for 24% of GDP and about half of exports;
|
|
sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and
|
|
forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and
|
|
animal products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million;
|
|
Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Guyanese dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 124.1 (March 1992) 111.8 (1991), 39.533
|
|
(1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988), 9.756 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km
|
|
unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo
|
|
Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km,
|
|
respectively
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Georgetown
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
54 total, 49 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric
|
|
scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1
|
|
shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Guyana Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Coast Guard and Air Corps), Guyana
|
|
Police Force (GPF), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service
|
|
(GNS)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 196,066; 149,045 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.5 million, 6% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
27,750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
27,560 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
275 km; Dominican Republic 275 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,771 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims US-administered Navassa Island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rough and mountainous
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 4%; other 45%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from
|
|
June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic
|
|
|
|
:Haiti People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,431,977 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
42 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
104 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
53 years male, 55 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Haitian(s); adjective - Haitian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 95%, mulatto and European 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic is the official religion; Roman Catholic 80% (of which an
|
|
overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%,
|
|
Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
53% (male 59%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,300,000; agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%; shortage of skilled
|
|
labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Haiti
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Port-au-Prince
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre,
|
|
Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1804 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March
|
|
1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October
|
|
1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper
|
|
house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup
|
|
in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief
|
|
of State; President Joseph NERETTE installed by military on 7 October 1991
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since June 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD) led by Jean-Bertrand
|
|
ARISTIDE, including Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor
|
|
BENOIT; National Konbite Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; National
|
|
Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a coalition - that broke up
|
|
following elections - consisting of Movement for the Installation of
|
|
Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary
|
|
Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; and National Patriotic Movement of November 28
|
|
(MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party
|
|
(PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene
|
|
THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly
|
|
of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of
|
|
Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN),
|
|
Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti
|
|
(MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire
|
|
EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be
|
|
held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total)
|
|
FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN
|
|
1, independents 5, other 2
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Government
|
|
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995);
|
|
results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE
|
|
4.9%
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be
|
|
held December 1992); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD
|
|
13, ANDP 6, PAIN 2, MRN 2, PDCH 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
United Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), Rene THEODORE (roughly 2,000
|
|
members)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Democratic Unity Confederation (KID), Roman Catholic Church, Confederation
|
|
of Haitian Workers (CTH), Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS),
|
|
Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH), National Popular Assembly (APN)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES,
|
|
LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jean CASIMIR; Chancery at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-4090 through 4092; there are
|
|
Haitian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan
|
|
(Puerto Rico)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.; Embassy at Harry Truman Boulevard,
|
|
Port-au-Prince (mailing address is P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince),
|
|
telephone [509] 22-0354 or 22-0368, 22-0200, 22-0612
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white
|
|
rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by
|
|
flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE
|
|
(Union Makes Strength)
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly
|
|
small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work
|
|
force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe
|
|
drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social
|
|
assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains
|
|
one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil
|
|
erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the
|
|
Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup
|
|
against President Aristide have further damaged the economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate -
|
|
3.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
20% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25-50% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$169 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed
|
|
countries 3% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$348 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products
|
|
14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3%
|
|
(1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$838 million (December 1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.3% (FY88); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
217,000 kW capacity; 468 million kWh produced, 74 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism,
|
|
light assembly industries based on imported parts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 28% of GDP and employs 74% of work force; mostly small-scale
|
|
subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane and wood;
|
|
staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
gourde (plural - gourdes); 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
gourdes (G) per US$1 - 5.0 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial
|
|
line
|
|
Highways:
|
|
4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
negligible; less than 100 km navigable
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
12 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
13 total, 10 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly
|
|
better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2
|
|
shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Haiti Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,313,044; 706,221 fit for military service; 59,060 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
412 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
412 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
101.9 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
antarctic
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald
|
|
Islands - small and rocky
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
primarily used as research stations
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 4,100 km southwest of Australia in the southern Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division of the
|
|
Department of Science in Canberra (Australia)
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Canberra, Australia
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
0.438 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
0.438 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3.2 km; Italy 3.2 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers
|
|
(May to September)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low hill
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
urban
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the
|
|
Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer
|
|
residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
802 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
no noun or adjectival forms
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
primarily Italians but also Swiss and other nationalities
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Italian, Latin, and various other languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live
|
|
outside the Vatican
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
State of the Vatican City; note - the Vatican City is the physical seat of
|
|
the Holy See, which is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church
|
|
Type:
|
|
monarchical-sacerdotal state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Vatican City
|
|
Independence:
|
|
11 February 1929 (from Italy)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II), 22 October (1978); note - Pope
|
|
John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
pope
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Pontifical Commission
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none; normally handled by Italy
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYA; since 16 October 1978)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
limited to cardinals less than 80 years old
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Pope:
|
|
last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current
|
|
pope); results - Karol WOJTYA was elected for life by the College of
|
|
Cardinals
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS
|
|
(observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN; 3339 Massachusetts
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294,
|
|
00165 Rome (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [396] 639-0558
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of
|
|
Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions
|
|
(known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale
|
|
of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and
|
|
the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers
|
|
are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work
|
|
in the city of Rome.
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $92 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1992)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by Italy
|
|
Industries:
|
|
printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms;
|
|
worldwide banking and financial activities
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Vatican lira (plural - lire); 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1
|
|
(1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987); note - the Vatican
|
|
lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of
|
|
Saint Peter's)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
none; all city streets
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone
|
|
exchange; no communications satellite systems
|
|
|
|
:Holy See (Vatican City) Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at
|
|
entrances to the Vatican City
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
112,090 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
111,890 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,520 km; Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
820 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
dispute with El Salvador over several sections of the land boundary; dispute
|
|
over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of
|
|
islands; unresolved maritime boundary with Nicaragua
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 14%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and
|
|
woodland 34%; other 20%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes
|
|
and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
|
|
:Honduras People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,092,776 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
37 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
54 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Honduran(s); adjective - Honduran
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic about 97%; small Protestant minority
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish, Indian dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
73% (male 76%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,300,000; agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%,
|
|
other 6% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1985)
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Honduras
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tegucigalpa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida,
|
|
Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan,
|
|
Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque,
|
|
Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law;
|
|
accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Liberal Party (PLH) - faction leaders, Carlos FLORES Facusse (leader of
|
|
Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos MONTOYA (Azconista subfaction), Ramon
|
|
VILLEDA Bermudez and Jorge Arturo REINA (M-Lider faction); National Party
|
|
(PNH), Jose Celin DISCUA, party president; PNH faction leaders - Oswaldo
|
|
RAMOS Soto and Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (Monarca faction); National
|
|
Innovation and Unity Party - Social Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique AGUILAR
|
|
Cerrato Paz; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Jorge ILLESCAS; Democratic
|
|
Action (AD), Walter LOPEZ Reyes
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Congress:
|
|
last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH
|
|
51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH
|
|
71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results -
|
|
Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other
|
|
5.7%
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of
|
|
Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH),
|
|
National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT),
|
|
United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH), Committee for the Defense of
|
|
Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH), Coordinating Committee of Popular
|
|
Organizations (CCOP)
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL,
|
|
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ Alcerro; Chancery at 3007 Tilden Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-7702; there are Honduran
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
|
|
and San Francisco, and Consulates in Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston,
|
|
and Jacksonville
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador S. Crescencio ARCOS; Embassy at Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa
|
|
(mailing address is APO AA 34022); telephone [504] 32-3120
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue
|
|
five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the
|
|
stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central
|
|
America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua;
|
|
similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled
|
|
by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the
|
|
white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle
|
|
encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on
|
|
the bottom, centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere.
|
|
Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more
|
|
than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of
|
|
exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages,
|
|
employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates
|
|
20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration,
|
|
account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic
|
|
problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high
|
|
unemployment, sharply increased inflation, a lack of basic services, a large
|
|
and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of the export sector
|
|
mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations.
|
|
Despite government efforts at reform and large-scale foreign assistance, the
|
|
economy still is unable to take advantage of its sizable natural resources.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate
|
|
- 0.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
26% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% unemployed, 30-40% underemployed (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 52%, Germany 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods,
|
|
fuel and oil, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 39%, Japan 9%, CACM, Venezuela, Mexico
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.8 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.9% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
575,000 kW capacity; 1,850 million kWh produced, 374 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood
|
|
products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, over 60% of the
|
|
labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include bananas,
|
|
coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
|
|
for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
lempira (plural - lempiras); 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate
|
|
(November 1990)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
465 km navigable by small craft
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,134 GRT/939,289 DWT; includes 2
|
|
passenger-cargo, 127 cargo, 17 refrigerated - cargo, - 7 - container, - 2 -
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3
|
|
specialized tanker, 1 vehicle carrier, 18 bulk, 2 passenger, 1 short-sea
|
|
passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Republics of the former
|
|
USSR own 10 ships under the Honduran flag
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
6 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
171 total, 133 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American Microwave
|
|
System; 35,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 176 AM, no FM, 28 TV, 7
|
|
shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Honduras Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,148,376; 684,375 fit for military service; 57,028 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $43.4 million, about 1% of GDP (1992 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
990 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
30 km; China 30 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
733 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring
|
|
through summer, warm and sunny in fall
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 12%; other 79%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,889,095 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
76 years male, 83 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
adjective - Hong Kong
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chinese 98%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Chinese (Cantonese), English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
77% (male 90%, female 64%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1971)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,800,000 (1990); manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade,
|
|
restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and
|
|
real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%,
|
|
other 9.7% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
16% of labor force (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none; abbreviated HK
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK; scheduled to revert to China in 1997
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Victoria
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK); the UK signed an agreement with China
|
|
on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the
|
|
joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and
|
|
economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law
|
|
approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 29 August (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor-designate Chris PATTEN (since July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David
|
|
Robert FORD (since February 1987)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
direct election - universal at age 21 as a permanent resident living in the
|
|
territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election - limited
|
|
to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional
|
|
constituencies
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were
|
|
held 15 September 1991 (next to be held for the first time in September
|
|
1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21
|
|
indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18
|
|
appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); indirect elections - number of
|
|
seats by functional constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting
|
|
Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2
|
|
Communists:
|
|
5,000 (est.) cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union
|
|
Council (pro-Taiwan), Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy), Hong
|
|
Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce
|
|
(pro-China), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers'
|
|
Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, Hong Kong
|
|
Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), IOC, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), WCL, WMO
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are
|
|
represented by the UK
|
|
US:
|
|
Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS; Consulate General at 26 Garden Road,
|
|
Hong Kong (mailing address is Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002);
|
|
telephone [852] 239-011
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong
|
|
Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag;
|
|
the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by
|
|
a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another
|
|
lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the
|
|
shield
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff
|
|
barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be
|
|
imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the
|
|
labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a
|
|
remarkable 8% in 1987-88, then slowed to 2.5-3.0% in 1989-90. Unemployment,
|
|
which has been declining since the mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of
|
|
labor continues to put upward pressure on prices and the cost of living.
|
|
Short-term prospects remain solid so long as major trading partners continue
|
|
to be reasonably prosperous. The crackdown in China in 1989-91 casts a
|
|
shadow over the longer term economic outlook.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $80.9 billion, per capita $13,800; real growth
|
|
rate 3.8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
$8.8 billion (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$82.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990), including reexports of $53.1 billion
|
|
commodities:
|
|
clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances,
|
|
watches and clocks, toys
|
|
partners:
|
|
China 25%, US 24%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, UK 2%, (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$82.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$9.5 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4% 1991 (est)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
8,600,000 kW capacity; 25,637 million kWh produced, 4,378 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20%
|
|
self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial
|
|
and money-laundering center
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Hong Kong dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1991), 7.790 (1990), 7.800 (1989),
|
|
7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of
|
|
about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,484 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Hong Kong
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
142 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,035,223 GRT/8,598,134 DWT;
|
|
includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 15 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo,
|
|
26 container, 13 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil,
|
|
5 liquefied gas, 68 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience
|
|
registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated
|
|
500 Hong Kong - owned ships are registered elsewhere
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
16 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services;
|
|
3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical
|
|
fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British
|
|
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces
|
|
Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000
|
|
TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou,
|
|
China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN
|
|
member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
|
|
|
|
:Hong Kong Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong
|
|
Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,732,360; 1,334,923 fit for military service; 46,285 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this
|
|
represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder
|
|
being paid by the UK
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1.6 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1.6 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
6.4 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing
|
|
reef; depressed central area
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 5%; other 95%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing
|
|
shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a
|
|
nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine
|
|
wildlife; feral cats
|
|
Note:
|
|
remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
Population:
|
|
note:
|
|
American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks
|
|
during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but
|
|
abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and
|
|
generally restricted to scientists and educators
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife
|
|
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
|
|
Wildlife Refuge System
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the
|
|
west coast
|
|
Airports:
|
|
airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the
|
|
round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae,
|
|
New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is
|
|
no longer serviceable
|
|
Note:
|
|
Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was
|
|
partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in
|
|
memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart
|
|
|
|
:Howland Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast
|
|
Guard
|
|
|
|
:Hungary Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
93,030 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
92,340 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,113 km; Austria 366 km, Slovenia 82 km, Czechoslovakia 676 km, Romania 443
|
|
km, Croatia 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Ukraine 103 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to rolling plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest and
|
|
woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western
|
|
Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean
|
|
basin
|
|
|
|
:Hungary People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,333,327 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Hungarian(s); adjective - Hungarian
|
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Ethnic divisions:
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Hungarian 96.6%, Gypsy 5.8%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%, Southern Slav 0.3%,
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Romanian 0.2%
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%, atheist and other 7.5%
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Languages:
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Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
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Literacy:
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99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
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Labor force:
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5.4 million; services, trade, government, and other 43.2%, industry 30.9%,
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agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1991)
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Organized labor:
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45-55% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian Trade Unions (SZOT)
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includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the government; independent
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unions legal; may be as many as 12 small independent unions in operation
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:Hungary Government
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Long-form name:
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Republic of Hungary
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Type:
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republic
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Capital:
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Budapest
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Administrative divisions:
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19 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros);
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Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad,
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Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok,
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Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas,
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Veszprem, Zala
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Independence:
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1001, unification by King Stephen I
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Constitution:
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18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October
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1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks
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on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of
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parliamentary oversight
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Legal system:
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in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model
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National holiday:
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October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian uprising
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Executive branch:
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president, prime minister
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules)
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of ongoing government overhaul
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Leaders:
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Chief of State:
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President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim President
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from 2 May 1990)
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Head of Government:
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Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman; Dr. Lajos FUR, acting president;
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Free Democrats, Peter TOLGYESSY, chairman; Independent Smallholders, Jozsef
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TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman;
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Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head; Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN,
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president; note - the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP)
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renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in
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October 1989; there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP
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Suffrage:
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universal at age 18
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Elections:
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President:
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last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1994); results - President
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GONCZ elected by popular vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the
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National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304 as interim President
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from 2 May 1990 until elected President
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National Assembly:
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last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April
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1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic
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Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian
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Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21,
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independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13
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Communists:
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fewer than 100,000 (December 1989)
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:Hungary Government
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Member of:
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BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
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ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG,
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PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation:
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Ambassador Pal TAR; Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC
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20008; telephone (202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in
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New York
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US:
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Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest (mailing
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address is APO AE 09213-5270); telephone [36] (1) 112-6450; FAX 132-8934
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Flag:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
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:Hungary Economy
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Overview:
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Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition between a command and a
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market economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export
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earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of
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GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 20% of foreign
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trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD
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members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it
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a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment.
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In 1990, Hungary received half of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe
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and in 1991 received the largest single share. The growing private sector
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accounts for one-quarter to one-third of national output according to
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unofficial estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing,
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although excessive redtape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about
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pricing have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of
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inflation may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform,
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while Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to
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introduce full convertability of the forint before 1993.
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GDP:
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purchasing power equivalent - $60.1 billion, per capita $5,700; real growth
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rate - 7% (1991 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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34% (1991 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.0% (1991)
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Budget:
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revenues $12.7 billion; expenditures $13.6 billion (1992 planned)
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Exports:
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$10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1991)
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commodities:
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capital goods 25.9%, foods 23%, consumer goods 16.5%, fuels 2.4%, other
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32.2%
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partners:
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USSR and Eastern Europe 31.9%, EC 32.2%, EFTA 12% (1990)
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Imports:
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$11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
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commodities:
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capital goods 31.6%, fuels 13.8%, manufactured consumer goods 14.6%,
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agriculture 6%, other 34.0%
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partners:
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USSR and Eastern Europe 34%, EC 31%, EFTA 15.4%
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External debt:
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$22.7 billion (January 1991)
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Industrial production:
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growth rate - 20% (1991 est.)
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Electricity:
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6,967,000 kW capacity; 28,376 million kWh produced, 2,750 kWh per capita
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(1990)
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Industries:
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mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles,
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chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), trucks, buses
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Agriculture:
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including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GDP and 19% of employment;
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highly diversified crop-livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn,
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sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy
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products; self-sufficient in food output
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Illicit drugs:
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transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route
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:Hungary Economy
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Economic aid:
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recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter
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1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991)
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Currency:
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forint (plural - forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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:Hungary Communications
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Railroads:
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7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge
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(mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,147 km double track,
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2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1991)
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Highways:
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130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway system - 26,834 km asphalt, 142
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km concrete, 51 km stone and road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved;
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58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70%
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unpaved) (1988)
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Inland waterways:
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1,622 km (1988)
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 1,204 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 3,895 km (1986)
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Ports:
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Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime outlets are
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Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland),
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Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)
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Merchant marine:
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14 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 85,489 GRT/119,520
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DWT
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Civil air:
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28 major transport aircraft
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Airports:
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90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
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3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications:
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automatic telephone network based on radio relay system; 1.9 million phones;
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telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in
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Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000 telex lines (June 1990);
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broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2
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million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and
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Intersputnik
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:Hungary Defense Forces
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Branches:
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Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense
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Manpower availability:
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males 15-49, 2,619,277; 2,092,867 fit for military service; 87,469 reach
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military age (18) annually
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Defense expenditures:
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exchange rate conversion - 60.8 billion forints, 1.7% of GNP (1992 est.);
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note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
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exchange rate would produce misleading results
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:Iceland Geography
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Total area:
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103,000 km2
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Land area:
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100,250 km2
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Comparative area:
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slightly smaller than Kentucky
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Land boundaries:
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none
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Coastline:
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4,988 km
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Maritime claims:
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Continental shelf:
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edge of continental margin or 200 nm
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Exclusive economic zone:
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200 nm
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Territorial sea:
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12 nm
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Disputes:
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Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK
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(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
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Climate:
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temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp,
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cool summers
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Terrain:
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mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply
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indented by bays and fiords
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Natural resources:
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fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite
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Land use:
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arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
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woodland 1%; other 76%
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Environment:
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subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity
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Note:
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strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European
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country
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:Iceland People
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Population:
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259,012 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
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Birth rate:
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18 births/1,000 population (1992)
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Death rate:
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7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
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Net migration rate:
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-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
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Infant mortality rate:
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4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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76 years male, 81 years female (1992)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.2 children born/woman (1992)
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Nationality:
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noun - Icelander(s); adjective - Icelandic
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Ethnic divisions:
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homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts
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Religions:
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Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1%
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(1988)
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Languages:
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Icelandic
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Literacy:
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100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
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Labor force:
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134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%.,
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agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986)
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Organized labor:
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60% of labor force
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:Iceland Government
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Long-form name:
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Republic of Iceland
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Type:
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republic
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Capital:
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Reykjavik
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Administrative divisions:
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23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*
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(kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,
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Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla,
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Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla,
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Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,
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Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,
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Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,
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Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla,
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Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,
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Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,
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Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
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Independence:
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17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
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Constitution:
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16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
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Legal system:
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civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ
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jurisdiction
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National holiday:
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Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944)
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Executive branch:
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president, prime minister, Cabinet
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament (Althing)
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (Haestirettur)
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Leaders:
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Chief of State:
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President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980)
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Head of Government:
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Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party,
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Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON;
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People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Citizens Party
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(conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES; Women's List
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Suffrage:
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universal at age 20
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Elections:
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President:
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last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992); results - there
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were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was
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unopposed
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Althing:
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last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results -
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Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party
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15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.13%, Liberals 1.2%, other
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3.27% seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic
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10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5
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:Iceland Government
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Member of:
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BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
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ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
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(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN,
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UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
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Diplomatic representation:
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Ambassador Tomas A. TOMASSON; Chancery at 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW,
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Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653 through 6655; there is an
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Icelandic Consulate General in New York
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US:
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Ambassador Charles E. COBB, Jr.; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Box 40,
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Reykjavik (mailing address is FPO AE 09728-0340); telephone [354] (1) 29100
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Flag:
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blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the
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flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
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style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
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:Iceland Economy
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Overview:
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Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic,
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but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and comparatively
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even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing
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industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the absence of
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other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world
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fish prices. The economic improvements resulting from climbing fish prices
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in 1990 and a noninflationary labor agreement probably will be reversed by
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tighter fish quotas and a delay in the construction of an aluminum smelting
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plant. The conservative government's economic priorities include reducing
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the budget and current account deficits, containing inflation, revising
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agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and tying the
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krona to the EC's European currency unit in 1993. The fishing industries -
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notably the shrimp industry - are experiencing a series of bankruptcies and
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mergers. Inflation has continued to drop sharply from 20% in 1989 to about
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7.5% in 1991 and possibly 3% in 1992, while unemployment is expected to
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increase to 2.5%. GDP is expected to contract by nearly 4% in 1992.
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GDP:
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purchasing power equivalent - $4.2 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth
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rate 0.3% (1991)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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7.5% (1991)
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Unemployment rate:
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1.8% (1991)
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Budget:
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revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital
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expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.)
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Exports:
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$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
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commodities:
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fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite
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partners:
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EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6% (1990)
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Imports:
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$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
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commodities:
|
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machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
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partners:
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EC 49.8% (FRG 12.4%, Denmark 8.6%, UK 8.1%), US 14.4%, Japan 5.6% (1990)
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External debt:
|
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$3 billion (1990)
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Industrial production:
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growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)
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Electricity:
|
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1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 20,780 kWh per capita
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(1991)
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Industries:
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fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower
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Agriculture:
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accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is most important
|
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economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal
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crops - potatoes and turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in
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crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989
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Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million
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Currency:
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krona (plural - kronur); 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
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:Iceland Economy
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Exchange rates:
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Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991),
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58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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:Iceland Communications
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Highways:
|
|
12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated
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and gravel; 10,893 km earth
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Ports:
|
|
Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur,
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Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar
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|
Merchant marine:
|
|
12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5
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cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1
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chemical tanker
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Civil air:
|
|
20 major transport aircraft
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|
Airports:
|
|
94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relay
|
|
for trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43
|
|
repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic
|
|
|
|
:Iceland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by the
|
|
US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription or
|
|
compulsory military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:India Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
3,287,590 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,973,190 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than one-third the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380,
|
|
Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
7,000 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems with
|
|
downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the
|
|
Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica,
|
|
bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes
|
|
|
|
:India People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
30 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
57 years male, 58 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Indian(s); adjective - Indian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains
|
|
0.5%, other 0.4%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi,
|
|
Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,
|
|
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more
|
|
persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part
|
|
mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue
|
|
of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most
|
|
important language for national, political, and commercial communication;
|
|
Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout
|
|
northern India
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
less than 5% of the labor force
|
|
|
|
:India Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of India
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
New Delhi
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra
|
|
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar
|
|
Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
|
|
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,
|
|
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,
|
|
Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 August 1947 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
26 January 1950
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts;
|
|
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of
|
|
States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice President
|
|
Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party,
|
|
L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party of
|
|
India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India
|
|
(CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh),
|
|
N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional
|
|
party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR;
|
|
Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip
|
|
CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party,
|
|
leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan
|
|
SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M.
|
|
KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the
|
|
Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir),
|
|
Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla
|
|
MAHANTA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
:India Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected -
|
|
Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59,
|
|
CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv
|
|
Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second and
|
|
third rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of Congress
|
|
President Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991
|
|
Communists:
|
|
466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist
|
|
extremist groups, about 15,000 members
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy;
|
|
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam
|
|
Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN,
|
|
UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates
|
|
General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021,
|
|
New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391;
|
|
there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue
|
|
chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of
|
|
Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:India Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts,
|
|
modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude of
|
|
support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives of
|
|
the capitalist system and widespread government intervention of the
|
|
socialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact
|
|
of population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and the
|
|
environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting the
|
|
greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helped
|
|
to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agricultural
|
|
exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south,
|
|
have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, and
|
|
great numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industry
|
|
has benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate of
|
|
the service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challenged
|
|
more recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, and
|
|
a large debt service burden.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (FY92 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.0% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea,
|
|
coffee, fish products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals,
|
|
iron and steel, edible oils
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$72.0 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
|
|
cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals,
|
|
pharmaceuticals, electronics
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force;
|
|
self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds,
|
|
cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes,
|
|
sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks
|
|
India among the world's top 10 fishing nations
|
|
|
|
:India Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium
|
|
is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for
|
|
illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of
|
|
hashish
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion;
|
|
Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504
|
|
(1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:India Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter);
|
|
12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel,
|
|
crushed stone, or earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman
|
|
Islands)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes
|
|
1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8
|
|
container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111
|
|
bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
93 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications
|
|
adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV
|
|
(government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and
|
|
TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
|
|
|
:India Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security
|
|
Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about
|
|
9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Indian Ocean Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
73,600,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian
|
|
Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water
|
|
bodies
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean
|
|
(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic
|
|
Ocean)
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
66,526 km
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);
|
|
tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north
|
|
Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of
|
|
currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in
|
|
the north Indian Ocean - low pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising,
|
|
summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds
|
|
and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling,
|
|
winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds
|
|
and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and
|
|
subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean
|
|
Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java
|
|
Trench
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer
|
|
deposits, polymetallic nodules
|
|
Environment:
|
|
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales;
|
|
oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
|
|
Note:
|
|
major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of
|
|
Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships
|
|
subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to
|
|
October
|
|
|
|
:Indian Ocean Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Indian Ocean provides a major highway for the movement of petroleum
|
|
products from the Middle East to Europe and North and South American
|
|
countries. Fish from the ocean are of growing economic importance to many of
|
|
the bordering countries as a source of both food and exports. Fishing fleets
|
|
from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly
|
|
for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the
|
|
offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An
|
|
estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian
|
|
Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are
|
|
actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa,
|
|
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
|
|
Industries:
|
|
based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life,
|
|
minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates,
|
|
placer deposits
|
|
|
|
:Indian Ocean Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka),
|
|
Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne
|
|
(Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,919,440 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,826,440 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
54,716 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,
|
|
fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe
|
|
droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from
|
|
Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
25 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
59 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - Indonesian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese
|
|
7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other
|
|
1% (1985)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch
|
|
leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which
|
|
is Javanese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport
|
|
and communications 3% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Indonesia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Jakarta
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*
|
|
(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital
|
|
city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,
|
|
Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan
|
|
Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung,
|
|
Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,
|
|
Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera
|
|
Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia
|
|
became legally independent from the Netherlands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional
|
|
Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and
|
|
by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note -
|
|
the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR)
|
|
includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five
|
|
years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to
|
|
determine national policy
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt.
|
|
Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.)
|
|
WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of
|
|
former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development
|
|
Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan
|
|
METAREUM, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar
|
|
73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed)
|
|
Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength
|
|
about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity;
|
|
pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian
|
|
Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in
|
|
Chicago and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
|
|
(mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62]
|
|
(21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
|
|
Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white
|
|
(top) and red
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central
|
|
planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise.
|
|
Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly
|
|
increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91
|
|
averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash
|
|
underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the
|
|
labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important
|
|
sector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The
|
|
staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is
|
|
now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and
|
|
textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job
|
|
generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on a
|
|
supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas,
|
|
timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external
|
|
economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of
|
|
export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent
|
|
on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most
|
|
important customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the money
|
|
supply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing the
|
|
private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real
|
|
interest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and real
|
|
GDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate
|
|
6.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%,
|
|
coffee 3%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$58.5 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food,
|
|
rubber
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and
|
|
plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts,
|
|
rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry,
|
|
beef, pork, eggs
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a
|
|
major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting
|
|
traffickers
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen
|
|
(sen no longer used)
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991),
|
|
1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km
|
|
0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government
|
|
owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km
|
|
district roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460
|
|
km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang,
|
|
Surabaya
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes
|
|
5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemical
|
|
tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk,
|
|
1 passenger
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
about 216 commercial transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair,
|
|
international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones
|
|
(1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations -
|
|
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system
|
|
|
|
:Indonesia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Iran Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,648,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,636,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,440 km; Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km,
|
|
Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499
|
|
km, Turkmenistan 992 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,440 km
|
|
note:
|
|
Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf
|
|
boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to
|
|
work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their
|
|
eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom
|
|
of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; Iran occupies
|
|
two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic),
|
|
Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra
|
|
(Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly
|
|
administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE,
|
|
Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small,
|
|
discontinuous plains along both coasts
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese,
|
|
zinc, sulfur
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest and
|
|
woodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification
|
|
|
|
:Iran People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
61,183,138 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
64 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 66 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Iranian(s); adjective - Iranian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%,
|
|
Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Shi`a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
|
|
Baha'i 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9%
|
|
Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
(1988 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Iran Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Islamic Republic of Iran
|
|
Type:
|
|
theocratic republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tehran
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari,
|
|
Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Machall va Bakhtiari,
|
|
Ecsfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan,
|
|
Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Achmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi,
|
|
Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and
|
|
eliminate the prime ministership
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
cleric (faqih), president, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Cleric and functional Chief of State:
|
|
Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4
|
|
June 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are -
|
|
Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant
|
|
Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar
|
|
MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 15
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results - Ali Akbar
|
|
HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition
|
|
Islamic Consultative Assembly:
|
|
last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Communists:
|
|
1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown
|
|
in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah,
|
|
Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students
|
|
Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost
|
|
completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq
|
|
Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society
|
|
for the Defense of Freedom
|
|
|
|
:Iran Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none; protecting power in the US is Pakistan - Iranian Interests Section,
|
|
2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200
|
|
US:
|
|
protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national
|
|
emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in
|
|
the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
|
|
repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along
|
|
the top edge of the red band
|
|
|
|
:Iran Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and
|
|
other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private
|
|
trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's GNP
|
|
grew roughly 4% in FY90 and 10% in FY91. An oil windfall in 1990 combined
|
|
with a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economic
|
|
growth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms to
|
|
reduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocated
|
|
substantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating the
|
|
economy. Nevertheless, lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for more
|
|
than 90% of export revenues and provides roughly 65% of the financing for
|
|
the five-year economic development plan - and dramatic increases in external
|
|
debt are threatening development plans and could prompt Iran to cut imports,
|
|
thus limiting economic growth in the medium term.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $90 billion, per capita $1,500; real growth rate
|
|
10% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
18% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$15.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,
|
|
technical services, refined oil products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita
|
|
(1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials,
|
|
food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production),
|
|
metal fabricating (steel and copper)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts,
|
|
cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug
|
|
trade
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply
|
|
following the 1979 revolution
|
|
|
|
:Iran Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note -
|
|
domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural -
|
|
tomans), which equals 10 rials
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096
|
|
(1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987); note - black-market
|
|
rate 1,400 (January 1991)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
21 March - 20 March
|
|
|
|
:Iran Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,850 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km
|
|
under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas, rail construction from Bafq to
|
|
Sirjan has been completed and is operational
|
|
Highways:
|
|
140,072 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed
|
|
stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
904 km; the Shatt-al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about
|
|
130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti,
|
|
Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Raja,
|
|
Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
134 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,466,395 GRT/8,329,760 DWT; includes
|
|
38 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 47 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
48 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
214 total, 188 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio
|
|
and radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
|
|
:Iran Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary
|
|
Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces);
|
|
Law Enforcement Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 13,267,810; 7,895,591 fit for military service; 552,408 reach
|
|
military age (21) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $13 billion, 14-15% of GNP (1991 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
436,245 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
435,292 km2 (est.)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,576 km; Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 808 km,
|
|
Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
58 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to
|
|
work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their
|
|
eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom
|
|
of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; in April 1991
|
|
official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which
|
|
demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its
|
|
1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah
|
|
Islands or to all of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary Demarcation
|
|
Commission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution
|
|
687, and, on 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality
|
|
of the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; periodic disputes with
|
|
upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over
|
|
water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers;
|
|
northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold
|
|
winters with occasionally heavy snows
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders
|
|
with Iran and Turkey
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements
|
|
with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil
|
|
degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification
|
|
|
|
:Iraq People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
18,445,847 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Iraqi(s); adjective - Iraqi
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 97%, (Shi`a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor
|
|
shortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
less than 10% of the labor force
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Iraq
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Baghdad
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al
|
|
Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'im, Babil,
|
|
Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din,
|
|
Wasit
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new
|
|
constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system
|
|
elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council,
|
|
vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first
|
|
deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Cassation
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi
|
|
al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN
|
|
(since 23 March 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Tariq `AZIZ (since NA 1979)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%,
|
|
Shi`a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number
|
|
of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition
|
|
to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi`a
|
|
religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC;
|
|
Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in Masbah
|
|
Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P.
|
|
O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139,
|
|
718-1840, 719-3791
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green
|
|
five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the
|
|
phrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the
|
|
right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was
|
|
added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of
|
|
Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a
|
|
plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic
|
|
eagle centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Ba`thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of
|
|
industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale
|
|
industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The
|
|
economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95%
|
|
of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused by
|
|
massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil
|
|
export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity
|
|
measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments.
|
|
After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with
|
|
the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities.
|
|
Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization,
|
|
and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization
|
|
programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the
|
|
government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait
|
|
in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military
|
|
actions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically
|
|
changed the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, and
|
|
industrial and transportation facilities were severely damaged. Throughout
|
|
1991, the UN's economic embargo worked to reduce exports and imports and to
|
|
increase prices for most goods. The government's policy to allocate goods to
|
|
key supporters of the regime exacerbated shortages.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
$35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
45% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
less than 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA billion; expenditures $NA billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures, food
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab
|
|
Gulf states
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,800,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kw capacity due to Gulf war; 7,700
|
|
million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction
|
|
materials, food processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat,
|
|
barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock -
|
|
cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Iraqi dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.1 (fixed official rate since 1982);
|
|
black-market rate (December 1991) US$1 = 12 Iraqi dinars
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km
|
|
unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,015 km; Shatt-al-Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130
|
|
km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris and
|
|
Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft;
|
|
Shatt-al-Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in
|
|
1991 because of the Persian Gulf war
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 936,665 GRT/1,683,212 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - since
|
|
the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought to
|
|
register at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; none
|
|
of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January
|
|
1992
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
34 major transport aircraft (including 7 grounded in Iran; excluding 12
|
|
IL-76s and 7 Kuwait Airlines)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
113 total, 98 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
reconstitution of damaged telecommunication infrastructure began after
|
|
Desert Storm; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave links;
|
|
632,000 telephones; the network is operational; broadcast stations - 16 AM,
|
|
1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system and 1
|
|
ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey
|
|
|
|
:Iraq Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal
|
|
Security Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,042,374; 2,272,578 fit for military service; 213,788 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
70,280 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
68,890 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
360 km; UK 360 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,448 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
no precise definition
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute
|
|
involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a
|
|
boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool
|
|
summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low
|
|
mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone,
|
|
dolomite, peat, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and
|
|
woodland 5%; other 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Ireland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,521,207 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective - Irish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Celtic, with English minority
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with
|
|
Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,333,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%,
|
|
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1991)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
58% of labor force (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Dublin
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry,
|
|
Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath,
|
|
Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath,
|
|
Wexford, Wicklow
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 December 1921 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
29 December 1937; adopted 1937
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts;
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
(Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail
|
|
Eireann)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John
|
|
BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party
|
|
(vacant); Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY;
|
|
note - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna
|
|
Fail and the Progressive Democrats
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary
|
|
Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30,
|
|
Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, independents 11
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results - Fianna Fail
|
|
44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%,
|
|
Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total)
|
|
Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive
|
|
Democrats 6, independents 6
|
|
Communists:
|
|
under 500
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NEA, NSG, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
|
|
UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dermot GALLAGHER; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates
|
|
General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin;
|
|
telephone [353] (1) 688777; FAX [353] (1) 689-946
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar
|
|
to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which is shorter and has the colors reversed
|
|
- orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy,
|
|
which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most
|
|
important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP
|
|
and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government
|
|
has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in
|
|
the late 1970s to 3.8% in 1991. In 1987, after years of deficits, the
|
|
balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however,
|
|
remains a serious problem. A 1991 unemployment rate of 20.4% placed Ireland
|
|
along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western
|
|
Europe.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $39.2 billion, per capita $11,200; real growth
|
|
rate 1.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.8% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20.4% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $11.4 billion; expenditures $12.6 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$27.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals,
|
|
animal products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 74% (UK 34%, Germany 11%, France 10%), US 8%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$24.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery,
|
|
textiles, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 9%, France 4%), US 14%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$14.8 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.0% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
|
|
machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GDP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops -
|
|
turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy
|
|
products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain,
|
|
fruits, vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Irish pound (plural - pounds); 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6227 (March 1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030
|
|
(1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge,
|
|
government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
limited for commercial traffic
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 225 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 146,081 GRT/177,058 DWT; includes 4
|
|
short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3
|
|
petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
23 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
36 total, 35 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
small, modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine
|
|
cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Ireland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 894,421; 724,262 fit for military service; 34,182 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $566 million, 1-2% of GDP (1992 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Israel Header
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included
|
|
in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed
|
|
by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of
|
|
the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a
|
|
peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the
|
|
concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these
|
|
negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending
|
|
the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza
|
|
Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to
|
|
Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the
|
|
Syria entry.
|
|
|
|
:Israel Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
20,770 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
20,330 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,006 km; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank
|
|
307, Gaza Strip 51 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
273 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
6 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line;
|
|
differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that
|
|
separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied
|
|
with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli
|
|
troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; hot and dry in desert areas
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift
|
|
Valley
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese,
|
|
small amounts of natural gas and crude oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and
|
|
woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and
|
|
natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the
|
|
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built
|
|
Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
:Israel People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,748,059 (July 1992), growth rate 4.0% (1992); includes 95,000 Jewish
|
|
settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,
|
|
4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
26 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
76 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Israeli(s); adjective - Israeli
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other
|
|
2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most
|
|
commonly used foreign language
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and
|
|
manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport,
|
|
storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%;
|
|
personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%;
|
|
electricity and water 1.0% (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
90% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Israel Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
State of Israel
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all
|
|
other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem,
|
|
Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv
|
|
Independence:
|
|
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled
|
|
by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament
|
|
(Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal
|
|
matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985,
|
|
Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the
|
|
Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral parliament (Knesset)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 12 parties that hold
|
|
66 of the Knesset's 120 seats; currently in state of flux; election held 23
|
|
June 1992
|
|
Members of the government:
|
|
Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS),
|
|
Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of
|
|
Education Shulamit ALONI; Agudat Israel, Avraham SHAPIRA; Degel HaTorah,
|
|
Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yair TZABAN;
|
|
Ge'ulat Israel, Eliezer MIZRAHI; New Liberal Party, Minister of Finance,
|
|
Avraham SHOCHAT; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science Technology, Yuval NEEMAN;
|
|
Tzomet Party Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Rafael EITAN; Moledet Party,
|
|
Rehavam ZEEVI
|
|
Opposition parties:
|
|
Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United
|
|
Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon
|
|
RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive
|
|
List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, `Abd Al Wahab
|
|
DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
:Israel Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results - Chaim
|
|
HERZOG reelected by Knesset
|
|
Knesset:
|
|
last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA; results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 12, SHAS 6,
|
|
National Religious Party 6, Meretz 12, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3,
|
|
Tehiya Party 3, Tzomet Party 8, Moledet Party 3, Degel HaTorah 4, Center
|
|
Movement Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 2; Black
|
|
Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500
|
|
members
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West
|
|
Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza
|
|
Strip and Lebanon policies
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,
|
|
ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates
|
|
General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,
|
|
Philadelphia, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William HARROP; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing
|
|
address is APO AE 09830; telephone [972] (3) 654338; FAX [972] (3) 663449;
|
|
there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen
|
|
David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands
|
|
near the top and bottom edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Israel Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It
|
|
depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military
|
|
equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively
|
|
developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years.
|
|
Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services
|
|
most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural
|
|
products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts
|
|
balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments
|
|
from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17
|
|
billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major
|
|
source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel
|
|
has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as
|
|
medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 dealt a
|
|
blow to Israel's economy. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300
|
|
million to the oil import bill that year and helped keep annual inflation at
|
|
18%. Regional tension and the continuing Palestinian uprising (intifadah)
|
|
have contributed to a sharp drop in tourism - a key foreign exchange earner
|
|
- to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The influx of Jewish
|
|
immigrants from the former USSR, which topped 330,000 during the period
|
|
1990-91, will increase unemployment, intensify housing problems, widen the
|
|
government budget deficit, and fuel inflation.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $54.6 billion, per capita $12,000; real growth
|
|
rate 5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
18% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
11% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $41.7 billion; expenditures $47.6 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY92)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed
|
|
foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$18.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and
|
|
steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$24 billion, of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 7% (1991 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,300,000 kWh capacity; 21,000 million kWh produced, 4,800 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing,
|
|
chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment,
|
|
electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining,
|
|
high-technology electronics, tourism
|
|
|
|
:Israel Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production,
|
|
except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables,
|
|
cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, and poultry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new
|
|
agorot
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991),
|
|
2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1
|
|
January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Israel Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated
|
|
Highways:
|
|
4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Ashdod, Haifa
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,966 GRT/721,106 DWT; includes 8
|
|
cargo, 23 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel
|
|
also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at
|
|
least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience
|
|
fleet typically includes all of its petroleum tankers
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
32 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good
|
|
system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations
|
|
- 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Israel Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Israel Defense Forces, including ground, naval, and air components;
|
|
historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
eligible 15-49, 2,357,195; of the 1,189,275 males 15-49, 977,332 are fit for
|
|
military service; of the 1,167,920 females 15-49, 955,928 are fit for
|
|
military service; 44,624 males and 42,705 females reach military age (18)
|
|
annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer
|
|
Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$7.5 billion, 12.1% of GNP (1992 budget); note - does not include pay for
|
|
reserve soldiers and other defense-related categories; actual outlays would
|
|
therefore be higher
|
|
|
|
:Italy Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
301,230 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
294, 020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Arizona
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,899.2 km; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199
|
|
km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4,996 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil
|
|
reserves, fish, coal
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and
|
|
woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
regional risks include land-slides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes,
|
|
volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea
|
|
and air approaches to Western Europe
|
|
|
|
:Italy People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,904,628 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
10 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Italian(s); adjective - Italian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-,
|
|
French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
|
|
Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians
|
|
Religions:
|
|
virtually 100% Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German
|
|
speaking; small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region;
|
|
Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
40-45% of labor force (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Italy Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Italian Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Rome
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria,
|
|
Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia,
|
|
Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto
|
|
Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto
|
|
Independence:
|
|
17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1948
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals
|
|
treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in
|
|
Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of
|
|
the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Guiliano AMATO (since 28 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary),
|
|
Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party
|
|
secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Carlo VIZZINI (party secretary);
|
|
Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party
|
|
of the Left (PDS - was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille
|
|
OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI
|
|
(national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political
|
|
secretary); Lega Nord (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is
|
|
25)
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC
|
|
33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats - (326 total, 315 elected)
|
|
DC 107, PDS 64, PSI 49, Leagues 25, other 70
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held April 1997); results - DC 29.7%,
|
|
PDS 26.6%, PSI 13.6%, Leagues 8.7%, Communist Renewal 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI
|
|
4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%
|
|
|
|
:Italy Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL -
|
|
Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social
|
|
Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association
|
|
(Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (nonregional
|
|
member), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10,
|
|
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC,
|
|
NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, MTCR, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
|
|
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
|
|
ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates
|
|
General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia,
|
|
San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [39] (6) 46741, FAX [39] (6)
|
|
467-2356; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples,
|
|
and Palermo (Sicily)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to
|
|
the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and
|
|
orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which has the colors
|
|
reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
|
|
|
|
:Italy Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture
|
|
into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per
|
|
capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a
|
|
developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an
|
|
undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises.
|
|
Services account for 48% of GDP, industry about 35%, agriculture 4%, and
|
|
public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over
|
|
75% of energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual
|
|
average rate of 3% during the period 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in
|
|
1991. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering
|
|
communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and
|
|
adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic
|
|
integration of the European Community.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $965.0 billion, per capita $16,700; real
|
|
growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.5% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
11.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $431 billion; expenditures $565 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $48 billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$209 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 58.5%, US 8%, OPEC 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$222 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural
|
|
products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 58%, OPEC 7%, US 5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 2.0% (1991); accounts for almost 35% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
57,500,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,072 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor
|
|
vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in
|
|
foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops - fruits,
|
|
vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish
|
|
catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (January 1991),
|
|
1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Italy Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Italy Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge
|
|
(8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge
|
|
(380 km electrified)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
294,410 km total; autostrada (expressway) 5,900 km, state highways 45,170
|
|
km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km
|
|
paved, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited
|
|
overall value
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily),
|
|
Taranto, Trieste, Venice
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
546 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,004,462 GRT/10,265,132 DWT;
|
|
includes 17 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 4 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 24 container, 66 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 1
|
|
multifunction large-load carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 142 petroleum tanker,
|
|
33 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 10 combination
|
|
ore/oil, 55 bulk, 2 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
125 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
137 total, 134 usable; 91 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated
|
|
telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and radio relay
|
|
trunks; very good broadcast service by stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840
|
|
repeaters) FM, 83 (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21
|
|
submarine cables; 3 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3
|
|
Atlantic Ocean antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in
|
|
INMARSAT and EUTELSAT systems
|
|
|
|
:Italy Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 14,864,191; 12,980,362 fit for military service; 441,768 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22.7 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
322,460 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
318,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,110 km; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali
|
|
532 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
515 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry
|
|
(November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to
|
|
October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
13,497,153 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
47 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
53 years male, 57 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ivorian(s); adjective - Ivorian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou
|
|
15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2
|
|
million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese
|
|
100,000 to 300,000)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%,
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry,
|
|
livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in
|
|
agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and
|
|
professions; 54% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of wage labor force
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of the Ivory Coast; note - the local official name is Republique de
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Yamoussoukro (although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan
|
|
remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United
|
|
States, maintain presence in Abidjan)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan,
|
|
Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou,
|
|
Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane,
|
|
Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou,
|
|
Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne,
|
|
Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda,
|
|
Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula
|
|
Independence:
|
|
7 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 November 1960
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the
|
|
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 7 December
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime
|
|
Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY;
|
|
Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT),
|
|
Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20
|
|
smaller parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results -
|
|
President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first
|
|
contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive
|
|
five-year term
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1,
|
|
independents 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing
|
|
address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72,
|
|
FAX [225] 22-32-59
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar
|
|
to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green
|
|
(hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is
|
|
green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee,
|
|
cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly
|
|
sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and
|
|
to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the
|
|
economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries.
|
|
The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of
|
|
export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of
|
|
world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession,
|
|
from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing poor prices for
|
|
commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated public-sector wage
|
|
bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery in 1991.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate
|
|
-2.9% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
-0.8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
14% (1985)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm
|
|
oil, cotton
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw
|
|
materials and fuels 10%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$15.0 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,210,000 kW capacity; 2,680 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles,
|
|
fertilizer, beverage
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports;
|
|
cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels,
|
|
rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient
|
|
in bread grain and dairy products
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug
|
|
trade
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987), 346.30 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25
|
|
km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite,
|
|
and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Abidjan, San-Pedro
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,957 GRT/ 91,782 DWT; includes 5
|
|
cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
14 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique
|
|
fleet
|
|
Airports:
|
|
45 total, 39 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity;
|
|
consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
:Ivory Coast Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military
|
|
Fire Group
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,083,765; 1,597,108 fit for military service; 141,259 males
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
10,990 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
10,830 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,022 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, gypsum, limestone
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water
|
|
pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea
|
|
lanes for Panama Canal
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,506,701 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Jamaican(s); adjective - Jamaican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%,
|
|
white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican
|
|
7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United
|
|
Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some
|
|
spiritualist cults (1982)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, Creole
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990
|
|
est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5%
|
|
(1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
24% of labor force (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kingston
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint
|
|
Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint
|
|
Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 August 1962 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
6 August 1962
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day (first Monday in August)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister P. J. Patterson (since 30 March 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's National Party (PNP) P. J. Patterson; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP),
|
|
Edward SEAGA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - PNP
|
|
57%, JLP 43%; seats - (60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican
|
|
Consulates General in Miami and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center,
|
|
2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 4859, FAX (809)
|
|
926-6743
|
|
Flag:
|
|
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and
|
|
bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a
|
|
setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina
|
|
industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic
|
|
recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the
|
|
bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The
|
|
recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism
|
|
sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on
|
|
crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the
|
|
economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was
|
|
largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991,
|
|
however, growth dropped to 1.0% as a result of the US recession, lower world
|
|
bauxite prices, and monetary instability.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate
|
|
1.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
80% (1991 projected)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15.1% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991, projected)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 projected)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.8 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,520 million kWh produced, 1,012 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports;
|
|
commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and
|
|
vegetables; live-stock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk;
|
|
not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from
|
|
Central and South America to North America; government has an active
|
|
cannabis eradication program
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries,
|
|
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Jamaican dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 21.946 (January 1992), 12.116 (1991), 7.184
|
|
(1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 10 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kingston, Montego Bay
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 2 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
36 total, 23 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3
|
|
coaxial submarine cables
|
|
|
|
:Jamaica Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Jamaica Defense Force (including Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica
|
|
Constabulary Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 640,058; 454,131 fit for military service; no conscription;
|
|
26,785 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
373 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
373 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
124.1 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
10 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan
|
|
Mayen
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak,
|
|
with an elevation of 2,277 meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed
|
|
in 1970
|
|
Note:
|
|
located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland
|
|
between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent inhabitants
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Norway
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann)
|
|
resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources.
|
|
Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's
|
|
radio and meteorological stations located on the island.
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
radio and meteorological station
|
|
|
|
:Jan Mayen Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Norway
|
|
|
|
:Japan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
377,835 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto,
|
|
Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano
|
|
Islands (Kazan-retto)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
29,751 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm (3 nm in international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi,
|
|
and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group
|
|
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by
|
|
Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku
|
|
Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged and mountainous
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible mineral resources, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences
|
|
(mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location in northeast Asia
|
|
|
|
:Japan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
124,460,481 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
10 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
77 years male, 82 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Japanese (singular and plural); adjective - Japanese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add
|
|
to more than 100% - Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12%
|
|
(1985)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Japanese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction
|
|
33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and
|
|
telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%,
|
|
wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3%
|
|
|
|
:Japan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tokyo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,
|
|
Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,
|
|
Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi,
|
|
Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka,
|
|
Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori,
|
|
Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi
|
|
Independence:
|
|
660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 May 1947
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors
|
|
(Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Tamisuke
|
|
WATANUKI, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Makoto
|
|
TANABE, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman;
|
|
Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito
|
|
(Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Councillors:
|
|
last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 26 July 1992); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (263 total) LDP 114, SDPJ 71, CGP 20, JCP 14,
|
|
other 33
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 278, SDPJ 137, CGP 46,
|
|
JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 11
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 490,000 registered Communist party members
|
|
|
|
:Japan Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD,
|
|
ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
|
|
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese
|
|
Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago,
|
|
Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New
|
|
York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in
|
|
Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku
|
|
(107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO AP 96337-0001); telephone [81] (3)
|
|
3224-5000; FAX [81] (3) 3505-1862; there are US Consulates General in Naha
|
|
(Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the
|
|
center
|
|
|
|
:Japan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively
|
|
small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary
|
|
rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important
|
|
sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and
|
|
fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for
|
|
other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest
|
|
fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall
|
|
economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5%
|
|
average in the 1970s and 1980s. A major contributor to overall growth of
|
|
4.5% in 1991 was net exports, which cushioned the effect of slower growth in
|
|
domestic demand. Inflation remains low at 3.3% and is easing due to lower
|
|
oil prices and a stronger yen. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus,
|
|
$80 billion in 1991, which supports extensive investment in foreign assets.
|
|
The increased crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its
|
|
population are two major long-run problems.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $2,360.7 billion, per capita $19,000; real
|
|
growth rate 4.5% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.3% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.1% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $481 billion; expenditures $531 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures (public works only) of about $60 billion (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$314.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer
|
|
electronics 10%)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%,
|
|
Middle East 3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$236.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 21%, foodstuffs and raw materials 25%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, Communist
|
|
countries 8%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.1% (1991); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
196,000,000 kW capacity; 823,000 million kWh produced, 6,640 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals,
|
|
automobiles, fishing, telecommunications, machine tools, construction
|
|
equipment
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with
|
|
crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets,
|
|
vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;
|
|
about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,
|
|
soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988
|
|
|
|
:Japan Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1
|
|
billion in 1990 (est.)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
yen (plural - yen); 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
yen (Y) per US$1 - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96
|
|
(1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Japan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km
|
|
predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack
|
|
sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539
|
|
km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,
|
|
Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,
|
|
Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
976 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,684,459 GRT/34,683,035 DWT;
|
|
includes 10 passenger, 40 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger cargo, 89 cargo,
|
|
44 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 refrigerated cargo, 93 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 227 petroleum tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 40 liquefied gas, 9
|
|
combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 260 bulk; note - Japan also owns
|
|
a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 55% of the total number
|
|
of ships under the Panamanian flag
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
360 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
163 total, 158 usable; 131 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater);
|
|
satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia
|
|
|
|
:Japan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
|
|
(Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency
|
|
(Coast Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 32,219,754; 27,767,280 fit for military service; 1,042,493
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $36.7 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY92 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
4.5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
4.5 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
8 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh
|
|
water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,
|
|
shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats
|
|
Note:
|
|
2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south of the
|
|
Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
Population:
|
|
note:
|
|
Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a
|
|
weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned;
|
|
reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists
|
|
who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally
|
|
restricted to scientists and educators
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife
|
|
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
|
|
Wildlife Refuge System
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the
|
|
west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island
|
|
Note:
|
|
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
|
|
|
|
:Jarvis Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast
|
|
Guard
|
|
|
|
:Jersey Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
117 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
117 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
70 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
agricultural land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; about 58% of land under cultivation
|
|
Environment:
|
|
about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km from France
|
|
|
|
:Jersey People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
85,026 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
UK and Norman-French descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist,
|
|
Presbyterian
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in
|
|
country districts
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Jersey Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Bailiwick of Jersey
|
|
Type:
|
|
British crown dependency
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint Helier
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law and local statute
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Assembly of the States
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Royal Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON
|
|
(since NA 1990); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; all independents
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Assembly of the States:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party
|
|
since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland)
|
|
extending to the corners of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Jersey Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and
|
|
tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are
|
|
important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy
|
|
cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk
|
|
products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector
|
|
overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the
|
|
island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light
|
|
industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry
|
|
has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw
|
|
material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of
|
|
Jersey's food needs.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8% (1988 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1985)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral
|
|
fuels, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
50,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by France
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, banking and finance, dairy
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Jersey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986); the
|
|
Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Jersey Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (Saint Peter)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine
|
|
cables
|
|
|
|
:Jersey Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2.8 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2.8 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
10 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little
|
|
seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano (deposits worked until about 1890)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
some low-growing vegetation
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu in the
|
|
North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the
|
|
Marshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North
|
|
Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral
|
|
dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of
|
|
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS)
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,375 (December 1991); all US government personnel and contractors
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear
|
|
Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife
|
|
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
|
|
Wildlife Refuge system
|
|
Capital:
|
|
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of the US is used
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel
|
|
and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must
|
|
be imported.
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
supplied by the management and operations contractor
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Johnston Island
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 2,743 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal,
|
|
digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station),
|
|
commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marine
|
|
VHF/FM Channel 16
|
|
Note:
|
|
US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station (estimated closing date
|
|
for LORAN is December 1992)
|
|
|
|
:Johnston Atoll Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
91,880 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
91,540 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,586 km; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km,
|
|
West Bank 97 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
26 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that
|
|
separates the two countries
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley
|
|
separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates, potash, shale oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in
|
|
control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and
|
|
reaffirmed by President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the
|
|
final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their
|
|
neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated
|
|
among the concerned parties. The Camp David accords also specify that these
|
|
negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending
|
|
the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.
|
|
|
|
:Jordan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,557,304 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); Palestinians now constitute
|
|
roughly two-thirds of the population; most are Jordanian citizens
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Jordanian(s); adjective - Jordanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 10% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Amman
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al
|
|
Mafraq, `Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma`an
|
|
Independence:
|
|
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration;
|
|
formerly Transjordan)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 January 1952
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-`Umma) consists of an upper house or
|
|
House of Notables (Majlis al-A`ayan) and a lower house or House of
|
|
Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has
|
|
been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in
|
|
November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Cassation
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but
|
|
the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein
|
|
promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter
|
|
that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the
|
|
creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special
|
|
National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to
|
|
be passed by National Assembly
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist)
|
|
22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc
|
|
(mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist
|
|
bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892); telephone [962] (6)
|
|
644-371
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white
|
|
seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven
|
|
fundamental laws of the Koran
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late
|
|
1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In
|
|
the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker
|
|
remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year.
|
|
Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been
|
|
outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and
|
|
borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling
|
|
negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually
|
|
reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The
|
|
Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's
|
|
already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF
|
|
program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid
|
|
from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have
|
|
flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is
|
|
unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth rate
|
|
3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
40% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured
|
|
goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$9 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,025,000 kW capacity; 3,900 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus
|
|
fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large
|
|
net importer of food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6861 (March 1992), 0.6807 1991), 0.6636
|
|
(1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 209 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Al `Aqabah
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1
|
|
cargo and 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
23 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
19 total, 15 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations
|
|
- 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic
|
|
TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and
|
|
Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participates in a microwave
|
|
network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
|
|
|
|
:Jordan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Navy, Public
|
|
Security Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 808,725; 576,934 fit for military service; 39,310 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $404 million, 9.5% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
4.4 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
4.4 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
24.1 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Madagascar
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano deposits and other fertilizers
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 90%; other 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques
|
|
DEWATRE, resident in Reunion
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from Reunion
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
short line going to a jetty
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with non-permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
:Juan de Nova Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,717,300 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,669,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
12,012 km; China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,
|
|
Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
0 km
|
|
note:
|
|
Kazakhstan does border the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894
|
|
km)
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
dry continental, about half is desert
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
extends from the Volga to the Altai mountains and from the plains in western
|
|
Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,
|
|
molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical
|
|
pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,103,927 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-6.1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
25.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Kazakh(s); adjective - Kazakhstani
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Kazakh (Qazaq) 40%, Russian 38%, other Slavs 7%, Germans 6%, other 9%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 47% Russian Orthodox NA%, Lutheran NA%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
8,267,000 (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
official trade unions, independent coal miners' union
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Kazakhstan
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Alma-Ata (Almaty)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Aktyubinsk, Alma-Ata, Atyrau,
|
|
Chimkent, Dzhambul, Dzhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kokchetav, Kustanay, Kzyl-Orda,
|
|
Mangistauz (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Severo-Kazakhstan
|
|
(Petropavlovsk), Taldy-Kurgan, Tselinograd, Turgay (Arkalyk), Ural'sk,
|
|
Vostochno-Kazakhstan (Ust'-Kamenogorsk); note - an oblast has the same name
|
|
as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
|
|
following in parentheses)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
16 December 1991; from the Soviet Union (formerly the Kazakh Soviet
|
|
Socialist Republic)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
new postindependence constitution under preparation
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president with presidential appointed cabinet of ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since April 1990), Vice President Yerik
|
|
ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991), Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Peoples Forum Party, Olzhas SULEIMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;
|
|
Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Anuar ALIJANOV, chairman;
|
|
ZHOLTOKSAN, Hasan KOJAKHETOV, chairmen; AZAT Party, Sabitkazi AKETAEV,
|
|
chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats - (NA total) percent of seats by party NA
|
|
Communists:
|
|
party disbanded 6 September 1992
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador NA; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA; there
|
|
are NA Consulates General
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador-designate William Courtney; Embassy at Hotel Kazakhstan,
|
|
Alma-Ata, (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-3272-61-90-56
|
|
Flag:
|
|
no national flag yet adopted
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has
|
|
vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent
|
|
on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer
|
|
and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution
|
|
problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The
|
|
government in 1991 pushed privatization of the economy at a faster pace than
|
|
Russia's program. The ongoing transitional period - marked by sharp
|
|
inflation in wages and prices, lower output, lost jobs, and disruption of
|
|
time-honored channels of supply - has brought considerable social unrest.
|
|
Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quick
|
|
recovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output but
|
|
face formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western markets
|
|
only through pipelines that run across independent (and sometimes
|
|
unfriendly) former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic
|
|
Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million
|
|
Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility
|
|
of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the
|
|
formidable obstacles to the creation of a productive, technologically
|
|
advancing society.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate - 7%
|
|
(1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
83% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, industrial materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia and other former Soviet republics
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.6 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.7% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,900,000 kW capacity; 79,100 million kWh produced, 4,735 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
|
|
copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur) iron and steel,
|
|
nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric
|
|
motors, construction materials
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
employs 30% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton,
|
|
wool
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
189,000 km total (1990); 188,900 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900
|
|
km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked; inland - Guryev
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100
|
|
persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Alma-Ata has 184,000;
|
|
international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by
|
|
landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through
|
|
the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT
|
|
and Orbita
|
|
|
|
:Kazakhstan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Air, Air Defense, and Strategic Rocket)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
582,650 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
569,250 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,477 km; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km,
|
|
Uganda 933 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
536 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international
|
|
boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile
|
|
plateau in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets,
|
|
wildlife
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and
|
|
economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on
|
|
Mt. Kenya
|
|
Note:
|
|
the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural
|
|
production regions in Africa
|
|
|
|
:Kenya People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
26,164,473 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
60 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Kenyan(s); adjective - Kenyan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%,
|
|
Asian, European, and Arab 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8%
|
|
of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0%
|
|
(1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
390,000 (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Kenya
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nairobi
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North
|
|
Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979,
|
|
1983, 1986, 1988, and 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in
|
|
High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
|
|
constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state
|
|
repealed in 1991
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President
|
|
George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI,
|
|
president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy
|
|
(FORD), Oginga ODINJA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), KIBAKI; note - some
|
|
dozen other opposition parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); results -
|
|
President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); will be
|
|
first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in Los
|
|
Angeles and New York
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue and
|
|
Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi
|
|
or APO AE 09831); telephone [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838; there is
|
|
a US Consulate in Mombasa
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is
|
|
edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is
|
|
superimposed at the center
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world
|
|
- presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP
|
|
growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually
|
|
averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a
|
|
shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading
|
|
economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and
|
|
sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important
|
|
population growth figure.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.7 billion, per capita $385 (1989 est.); real
|
|
growth rate 2.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
14.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemployment
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products
|
|
15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$6.0 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap,
|
|
cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 19% of the work
|
|
force, and over 50% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple;
|
|
food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products;
|
|
food output not keeping pace with population growth
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit country
|
|
for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa,
|
|
Western Europe, and the US
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Kenyan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 28.466 (January 1992), 27.508 (1991),
|
|
22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inland
|
|
port is at Kisumu
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 483 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mombasa, Lamu
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 petroleum tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,727 GRT/5,558 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
19 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
249 total, 214 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links;
|
|
over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite
|
|
earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Kenya Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,688,543; 3,513,611 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about
|
|
1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by
|
|
Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
|
|
|
|
:Kingman Reef Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
717 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
717 km2; includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,
|
|
Phoenix Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,143 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 46%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33
|
|
islands are inhabited
|
|
Note:
|
|
Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock
|
|
islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia
|
|
and Nauru
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
74,788 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
33 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
99 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
52 years male, 56 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - I-Kiribati (singular and plural); adjective - I-Kiribati
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Micronesian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Gilbertese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Kiribati Trades Union Congress - 2,500 members
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Kiribati; note - pronounced Kiribas
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tarawa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - a new
|
|
administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line
|
|
Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed
|
|
to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang,
|
|
Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati,
|
|
Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea,
|
|
Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
12 July 1979
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 12 July (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA
|
|
(since 8 July 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party,
|
|
Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka
|
|
TENTOA; note - there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
|
|
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because
|
|
they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - Teatao
|
|
TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28%
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati)
|
|
US:
|
|
the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising
|
|
sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to
|
|
represent the ocean
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate
|
|
deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish
|
|
now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated
|
|
widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish
|
|
catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production
|
|
was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real
|
|
GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in
|
|
copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output
|
|
in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate
|
|
1.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2% (1985); considerable underemployment
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish 55%, copra 42%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.0 million (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about
|
|
95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro,
|
|
breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$273 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991),
|
|
1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
640 km of motorable roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
21 total; 20 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Kiribati Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcement
|
|
functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all
|
|
islands
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
120,540 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
120,410 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Mississippi
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,673 km; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,495 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Military boundary line:
|
|
50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the
|
|
Yellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned)
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with
|
|
South Korea
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains
|
|
wide in west, discontinuous in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold,
|
|
pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and
|
|
woodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely
|
|
populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
22,227,303 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
24 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
racially homogeneous
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhism and Confucianism; some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo;
|
|
autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored
|
|
religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Korean
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99%, (male 99%, female 99%); note - presumed to be virtually universal among
|
|
population under age 60
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled and
|
|
unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the General
|
|
Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK
|
|
Type:
|
|
Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship
|
|
Capital:
|
|
P'yongyang
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,
|
|
singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto,
|
|
Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*,
|
|
P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo,P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 September 1948
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist
|
|
legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 9 September (1948)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, State
|
|
Administration Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Central Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1945, formally President since
|
|
28 December 1972); designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born
|
|
16 February 1942)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier YON Hyong-muk (since December 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary,
|
|
and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social
|
|
Democratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG
|
|
Sin-hyok, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 17
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - President KIM
|
|
Il-song was reelected without opposition
|
|
Supreme People's Assembly:
|
|
last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of
|
|
candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few
|
|
seats
|
|
Communists:
|
|
KWP claims membership of about 3 million
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red
|
|
band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk
|
|
with a red five-pointed star
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is
|
|
collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods.
|
|
State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist
|
|
country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the
|
|
strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during
|
|
the period 1984-89 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 2-4% annually
|
|
during 1990-91, largely because of disruptions in economic relations with
|
|
the USSR. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis of
|
|
industrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal,
|
|
iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals.
|
|
Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging far
|
|
behind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation,
|
|
and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become
|
|
self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests,
|
|
coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages.
|
|
North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and
|
|
living standards.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $23.3 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth
|
|
rate -2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
officially none
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $17.3 billion; expenditures $17.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$7 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,140,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,650 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining,
|
|
metallurgy, textiles, food processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice,
|
|
corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle,
|
|
hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7
|
|
million metric tons in 1987
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s
|
|
Currency:
|
|
North Korean won (plural - won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1
|
|
(January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter
|
|
narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned
|
|
(1989)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5%
|
|
paved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 37 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong (formerly
|
|
Unggi), Kim Chaek
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
78 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 543,033 GRT/804,507 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container
|
|
Airports:
|
|
55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewer
|
|
than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radio
|
|
receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Korea, North Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security
|
|
Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 6,476,839; 3,949,568 fit for military service; 227,154 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note
|
|
- the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of
|
|
GNP (1991 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
98,480 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
98,190 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
238 km; North Korea 238 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,413 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest;
|
|
air pollution in large cities
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
44,149,199 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (24.3% of the total
|
|
population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondogyo
|
|
(religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones
|
|
founded in 19th century, about 0.1% of population
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Korean; English widely taught in high school
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21%
|
|
agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
23.4% (1989) of labor force in government-sanctioned unions
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Seoul
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,
|
|
singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo,
|
|
Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,
|
|
Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo,
|
|
Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 August 1948
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
25 February 1988
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American
|
|
law, and Chinese classical thought
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 August (1948)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
CHOI Gak Kyu (since 19 February 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party:
|
|
Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam,
|
|
chairman; KIM Chong Pil and PAK Tae Chun, co-chairmen; note - the DLP
|
|
resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification
|
|
Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9
|
|
February 1990
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Democratic Party (DP), result of a merger of the New Democratic Party and
|
|
the Democratic Party formalized 16 September 1991; KIM Dae Jung, executive
|
|
chairman; LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; several smaller parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results - ROH
|
|
Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%,
|
|
other 10.1%
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held around March 1992); results -
|
|
DJP 34%, RDP 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, other 8%; seats - (296 total) DJP 125,
|
|
PPD 70, RDP 59, NDRP 35, other 10; note - on 9 February 1990 the DJP, RDP,
|
|
and NDRP merged to form the DLP; also the PPD, later renamed the NDP, merged
|
|
with another party to form the DP in September 1991. The distribution of
|
|
seats as of December 1991 was DLP 214, DP 72, independent 9, vacant 1
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea;
|
|
National Council of College Student Representatives; National Federation of
|
|
Farmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of
|
|
Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean
|
|
Industries; Korean Traders Association
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador HYUN Hong Joo; Chancery at 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600; there are Korean Consulates
|
|
General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los
|
|
Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Donald P. GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul,
|
|
AMEMB, Unit 15550 (mailing address is APO AP 96205-0001); telephone [82] (2)
|
|
732-2601 through 2618; FAX [82] (2) 738-8845; there is a US Consulate in
|
|
Pusan
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a
|
|
different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each
|
|
corner of the white field
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned
|
|
development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial
|
|
society. Real GNP has increased more than 10% annually over the past six
|
|
years. This growth has led to an overheated situation characterized by a
|
|
tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising
|
|
current account deficit. Policymakers have stated they will focus attention
|
|
on slowing inflation. In any event, the economy will remain the envy of the
|
|
great majority of the world's peoples.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $273 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth
|
|
rate 8.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9.7% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.4% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $44 billion; expenditures $44 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear,
|
|
machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 26%, Japan 18% (1991)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$81.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport
|
|
equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 26%, US 23% (1991)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$38.2 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.5% (1991 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
24,000,000 kW capacity; 106,000 million kWh produced, 2,460 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel,
|
|
electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and
|
|
forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit;
|
|
livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs;
|
|
self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric
|
|
tons, seventh-largest in world
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries
|
|
(1970-89), $3.0 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
South Korean won (plural - won); 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon
|
|
(theoretical)
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 766.66 (January 1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76
|
|
(1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 47 km
|
|
0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km electrified;
|
|
government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial and
|
|
local roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 455 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,924,818 GRT/11,389,397 DWT;
|
|
includes 2 short-sea passenger, 140 cargo, 53 container, 11 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 14
|
|
liquefied gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 145 bulk, 3 combination bulk, 1
|
|
multifunction large-load carrier
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
93 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate domestic and international services; 4,800,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satellite
|
|
earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Korea, South Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Marines Corps, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 13,131,113; 8,456,428 fit for military service; 448,450 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion, 4.5% of GNP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
17,820 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
17,820 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
462 km; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
499 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution
|
|
687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set
|
|
forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan
|
|
and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; a UN Boundary Demarcation Commission
|
|
is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution 687, and, on
|
|
17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality of the
|
|
Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al
|
|
Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat to slightly undulating desert plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and
|
|
woodland NEGL%; other 92%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities
|
|
provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location at head of Persian Gulf
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,378,613 (July 1992), growth rate NA (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
32 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
2 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Kuwaiti(s); adjective - Kuwaiti
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Kuwaiti 50%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 85% (Shi`a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and
|
|
other 15%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English widely spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
74% (male 78%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
566,000 (1986); services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%,
|
|
manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power
|
|
and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4%; 70% of labor force was
|
|
non-Kuwaiti
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
labor unions exist in oil industry and among government personnel
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
State of Kuwait
|
|
Type:
|
|
nominal constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kuwait
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah,
|
|
Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah
|
|
Independence:
|
|
19 June 1961 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 25 February
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly (Majlis al `umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; elections for new
|
|
Assembly scheduled for October 1992
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA`UD al-`Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since
|
|
8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SALIM al-Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at
|
|
age 21; note - out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only
|
|
5% actually vote
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections are scheduled for October 1992
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi`a
|
|
fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government
|
|
policies are active
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Shaykh Sa`ud Nasir al-SABAH; Chancery at 2940 Tilden Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-0702
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.; Embassy at Bneid al-Gar (opposite the
|
|
Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City (mailing address is P.O. Box 77
|
|
SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880); telephone [965] 242-4151 through
|
|
4159; FAX [956] 244-2855
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black
|
|
trapezoid based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Up to the invasion by Iraq in August 1990, the oil sector had dominated the
|
|
economy. Kuwait has the third-largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi
|
|
Arabia and Iraq. Earnings from hydrocarbons have generated over 90% of both
|
|
export and government revenues and contributed about 40% to GDP. Most of the
|
|
nonoil sector has traditionally been dependent upon oil-derived government
|
|
revenues. Iraq's destruction of Kuwait's oil industry during the Gulf war
|
|
has devastated the economy. Iraq destroyed or damaged more than 80% of
|
|
Kuwait's 950 operating oil wells, as well as sabotaged key surface
|
|
facilities. Firefighters brought all of the roughly 750 oil well fires and
|
|
blowouts under control by November 1991. By yearend, production had been
|
|
brought back to 400,000 barrels per day; it could take two to three years to
|
|
restore Kuwait's oil production to its prewar level of about 2.0 million
|
|
barrels per day. Meanwhile, population had been greatly reduced because of
|
|
the war, from 2.1 million to 1.4 million.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $8.75 billion, per capita $6,200; real growth
|
|
rate -50% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil 90%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 19%, Netherlands 9%, US 8%, Pakistan 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 15%, Japan 12%, FRG 8%, UK 7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$7.2 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3% (1988); accounts for 52% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,100,000 kW available out of 8,290,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war;
|
|
7,300 million kWh produced, 3,311 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building
|
|
materials, salt, construction
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
virtually none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water
|
|
must be distilled or imported
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries
|
|
(1979-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Kuwaiti dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.2950 (March 1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915
|
|
(1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988), 0.2786 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
6,456 km total track length (1990); over 700 km double track; government
|
|
owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Ash Shu`aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
29 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,196,435 GRT/1,957,216 DWT; includes
|
|
2 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 18 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas; note - all
|
|
Kuwaiti ships greater than 1,000 GRT were outside Kuwaiti waters at the time
|
|
of the Iraqi invasion; many of these ships transferred to the Liberian flag
|
|
or to the flags of other Persian Gulf states; only 1 has returned to Kuwaiti
|
|
flag since the liberation of Kuwait
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
9 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
7 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm;
|
|
reconstruction is under way with some restored international and domestic
|
|
capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf war; temporary mobile satellite
|
|
ground stations provide international telecommunications; coaxial cable and
|
|
radio relay to Saudi Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational
|
|
|
|
:Kuwait Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 389,770; 234,609 fit for military service; 12,773 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.17 billion, 20.4% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
198,500 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
191,300 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,878 km; China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan
|
|
1,099 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley
|
|
area
|
|
Climate:
|
|
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana
|
|
Valley)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins
|
|
encompass entire nation
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil; also nepheline, rare earth metals,
|
|
mercury, bismuth, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,567,875 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
31 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 8.5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Kirghiz(s); adjective - Kirghiz
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Kirghiz 52%, Russian 21%, Uzbek 13%, other 14%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Kirghiz (Kyrgyz)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,894,000 (1989); agriculture 33%, other 49%, industry 18%, other NA% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Kyrgyzstan
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bishkek (formerly Frunze)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Dzhalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul',
|
|
Naryn, Osh, Talas; note - an oblast has the same name as its administrative
|
|
center
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Kirghiz Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted NA, effective 20 April 1978, amended 23 September 1989; note - new
|
|
constitution is being drafted
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral body or bicameral
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
President Askar AKAYEV; Vice President Felix KULOV; Chairman, Supreme
|
|
Soviet, Medetkav SHERIMKULOV; Spiritual leader of Kyrgyz Muslims, Sadykzhav
|
|
KAMALOV
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990), Vice President Felix KULOV
|
|
(since 2 March 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement, Zhypur ZHEKSHEYEV, Kazat AKMAKOV, and
|
|
Toshubek TURGANALIEV, co-chairmen of popular front coalition of 40 informal
|
|
groups for Democratic Renewal and Civic Accord, 117-man pro-Akayev
|
|
parliamentary faction; Civic Accord, Coalition representing nonnative
|
|
minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) Party, Asan ORMUSHEV,
|
|
chairman; Communist Party now banned
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - AKAYEV won in
|
|
uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; note -
|
|
Republic Supreme Soviet elections held 25 February 1990; presidential
|
|
elections held first by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular vote
|
|
12 October 1991
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
note - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held no later than November
|
|
1994); results - Commnunists (310) 90%, seats - (350 total)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade
|
|
Union; Union of Entrepreneurs
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, IMF, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador NA; Chancery at NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA;
|
|
there are Consulates General in NA;
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge Ralph Bresler; Interim Chancery at #66 Derzhinskiy Prospekt;
|
|
Residence: Hotel Pishpek (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone
|
|
8-011-7-3312-22-22-70
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red-orange field with yellow sun in center with folk motif medallion
|
|
inscribed
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet
|
|
Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as
|
|
goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry,
|
|
concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors,
|
|
livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and
|
|
bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being rare
|
|
earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of most types of food
|
|
and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. By early 1991, the Kirghiz
|
|
leadership had accelerated reform, primarily by privatizing business and
|
|
granting life-long tenure to farmers. In 1991 overall industrial and
|
|
livestock output declined substantially.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate
|
|
-5% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
88% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$115 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery,
|
|
tobacco
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles,
|
|
footwear
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.1% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
NA kW capacity; 13,900 million kWh produced, 3,232 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn
|
|
logs, steel, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth
|
|
metals
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep and goats) and cattle, vegetables,
|
|
meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
poppy cultivation legal
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poorly developed; connections with other CIS countries by landline or
|
|
microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow
|
|
international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT
|
|
(TV receive only)
|
|
|
|
:Kyrgyzstan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); National Guard, Civil
|
|
Defense; CIS Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Laos Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
236,800 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
230,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Utah
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,083 km; Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km,
|
|
Vietnam 2,130 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary dispute with Thailand
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to
|
|
April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 58%; other 35%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Laos People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,440,213 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
49 years male, 52 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Lao(s) or Laotian(s); adjective - Lao or Laotian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other
|
|
15%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Lao (official), French, and English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
84% (male 92%, female 76%) age 15 to 45 can read and write (1985 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1-1.5 million; 85-90% in agriculture (est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Lao Federation of Trade Unions is subordinate to the Communist party
|
|
|
|
:Laos Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
Communist state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Vientiane
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng
|
|
nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak,
|
|
Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali,
|
|
Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri,
|
|
Xiangkhoang
|
|
Independence:
|
|
19 July 1949 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
promulgated August 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic), 2
|
|
December (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, chairman and two vice chairmen of the Council of Ministers,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Supreme People's Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
People's Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN (since 15 August 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 August
|
|
1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, party chairman;
|
|
includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist
|
|
Forces; other parties moribund
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Supreme People's Assembly:
|
|
last held on 26 March 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (79 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders have fled the country
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
|
|
IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires LINTHONG PHETSAVAN; Chancery at 2222 S Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6416 or 6417
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires Charles B. SALMON, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Bartholonie,
|
|
Vientiane (mailing address is B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP
|
|
96546); telephone (856) 2220, 2357, 2384; FAX (856) 4675
|
|
|
|
:Laos Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a
|
|
large white disk centered in the blue band
|
|
|
|
:Laos Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally
|
|
planned economy with government ownership and control of productive
|
|
enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been
|
|
decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a
|
|
landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no
|
|
railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal
|
|
telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area.
|
|
Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of
|
|
GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is
|
|
rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its
|
|
survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid
|
|
from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $800 million, per capita $200; real growth rate
|
|
4% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10.4% (December 1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
21% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electricity, wood products, coffee, tin
|
|
partners:
|
|
Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.1 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
226,000 kW capacity; 1,100 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing,
|
|
construction
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence
|
|
farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years;
|
|
principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables,
|
|
corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle,
|
|
chicken
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade,
|
|
third-largest opium producer
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new kip (plural - kips); 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at
|
|
|
|
:Laos Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September
|
|
1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Laos Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
none
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km
|
|
gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and
|
|
often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional
|
|
kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 136 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none
|
|
Airports:
|
|
57 total, 47 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
service to general public considered poor; radio communications network
|
|
provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones
|
|
(1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station
|
|
|
|
:Laos Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements),
|
|
Air Force, National Police Department
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 946,289; 509,931 fit for military service; 45,232 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually; conscription age NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
64,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
64,100 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,078 km; Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
531 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
|
|
to Russia in 1944
|
|
Climate:
|
|
maritime; wet, moderate winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
27% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 39% forest
|
|
and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste
|
|
conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga heavily polluted
|
|
|
|
:Latvia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,728,937 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Latvian(s);adjective - Latvian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Byelorussian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish
|
|
2.3%, other 4.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Latvian NA% (official), Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,407,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%,
|
|
other 43% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Latvia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Riga
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction
|
|
Independence:
|
|
18 November 1918; annexed by the USSR 21 July 1940, the Latvian Soviet
|
|
Socialist Republic declared independence 6 September 1991 from USSR
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
April 1978, currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the 1922
|
|
Constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 18 November (1918)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Prime Minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chairman, Supreme Council, Anatolijs GORBUNOVS (since October 1988);
|
|
Chairmen, Andrejs KRASTINS, Valdis BIRKAVS (since NA 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since May 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the
|
|
Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman; note - Inter-Front was
|
|
banned after the coup; Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards
|
|
BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Social Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS,
|
|
chairman; Social Democratic Party of Latvia, Uldis BERZINS, chairman;
|
|
Latvian People's Front, Romualdas RAZUKAS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party,
|
|
Georg LANSMANIS, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held October 1988 (next to be held NA; note - elected by Parliament;
|
|
new elections have not been scheduled; results - percent of vote by party NA
|
|
Supreme Council:
|
|
last held 18 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - undetermined; seats
|
|
- (234 total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party
|
|
31, Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian
|
|
Farmers Union 7, 126 supported by the Latvia Popular Front
|
|
Congress of Latvia:
|
|
last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); note - the Congress of Latvia is
|
|
a quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA%;
|
|
seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IAEA, UN
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Anatol DINBERGS; Chancery at 4325 17th St. NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20011; telephone (202) 726-8213 and 8214
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Ints SILINS; (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [358]
|
|
(49) 306-067 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 325-968/185; FAX [358] (49) 308-326
|
|
(cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (middle, narrower than other two
|
|
bands) and maroon (bottom)
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy
|
|
inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been
|
|
freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural
|
|
resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable
|
|
economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined
|
|
than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly
|
|
diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer
|
|
electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its
|
|
electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial
|
|
ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward
|
|
joint ventures, technological support, and trade ties to the West. Because
|
|
of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a diet that
|
|
is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in grain and
|
|
potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the USSR. Good
|
|
relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic Russians
|
|
(34% of the population) and native Latvians.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capital NA; real growth rate - 8%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
approximately 200% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$239 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food 14%, railroad cars 13%, chemicals 12%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia 50%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 30%, West 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 35%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 9%
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,975,000 kW capacity; 6,500 million kWh produced, 2,381 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
employs 33.2% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for
|
|
energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans,
|
|
street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery,
|
|
fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals,
|
|
processed foods, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
employs 23% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding;
|
|
products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables;
|
|
fishing and fish packing
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction
|
|
of ``lat''
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,400 km (includes NA km electrified) does not include industrial lines
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
59,500 km total (1990); 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
300 km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 917,979 GRT/1,194,666 DWT; includes 14
|
|
cargo, 29 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 42 petroleum
|
|
tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - NA; international traffic carried by leased connection
|
|
to the Moscow international gateway switch and the Finnish cellular net
|
|
|
|
:Latvia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard,
|
|
Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, Border Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
NA% of GDP; 3-5% of Latvia's budget (1992)
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
10,400 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
10,230 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
454 km; Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
225 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern
|
|
Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October
|
|
1976
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa` (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and
|
|
Anti-Lebanon Mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 21%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 8%; other 61%; includes irrigated 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous
|
|
factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion; air and water pollution; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international
|
|
boundary
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,439,115 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
43 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Lebanese (singular and plural); adjective - Lebanese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Islam 75%, Christian 25%, Judaism NEGL%; 17 legally recognized groups - 5
|
|
Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Isma`ilite, Shi`a, Sunni); 11 Christian,
|
|
consisting of 4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox,
|
|
Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 6 Catholic (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek
|
|
Catholic, Maronite, Roman Catholic, and Syrian Catholic) and the
|
|
Protestants; 1 Jewish
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
650,000; industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government
|
|
10% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
250,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Lebanon; note - may be changed to Lebanese Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Beirut
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, `Al Janub, Ash
|
|
Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French
|
|
administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
26 May 1926 (amended)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no
|
|
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 22 November (1943)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a
|
|
Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of
|
|
the legislature is a Shi`a Muslim
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee
|
|
Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and
|
|
one court for criminal cases)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Rashid SULH (since 13 May 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines;
|
|
numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political
|
|
figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic
|
|
considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still
|
|
involved in occasional clashes
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized for women at age 21 with
|
|
elementary education
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
elections should be held every four years, but security conditions have
|
|
prevented elections since May 1972; in June 1991, the Cabinet appointed 40
|
|
new deputies to fill vacancies and balance Christian and Muslim
|
|
representation; the legislature's mandate expires in 1994
|
|
Communists:
|
|
the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers
|
|
estimated at 2,000-3,000
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador - no ambassador at present; Mission is headed by Charge; Chancery
|
|
at 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6300;
|
|
there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER; Embassy at Antelias, Beirut (mailing address is
|
|
P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836); telephone [961] 417774 or
|
|
415802, 415803, 402200, 403300
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a
|
|
green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Government
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil war between its
|
|
Christians - then aided by Syrian troops - and its Muslims and their
|
|
Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the
|
|
domestic political groups generally held for about six years, despite
|
|
occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force
|
|
by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's move toward supporting
|
|
the Lebanese Muslims, and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for
|
|
Lebanese Christians, brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no
|
|
progress was made toward national reconciliation or political reforms - the
|
|
original cause of the war. Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian
|
|
presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982.
|
|
Israeli forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and
|
|
mounted a summer-long siege of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of
|
|
the PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multinational
|
|
force (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops. Within days of the
|
|
departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was
|
|
assassinated; his elder brother Amin was elected to succeed him. In the
|
|
immediate wake of Bashir's death, however, Christian militiamen massacred
|
|
hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the
|
|
return of the MNF to ease the security burden on Lebanon's weak Army and
|
|
security forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units withdrew. In 1988,
|
|
President Gemayel completed his term of office. Because parliamentarians
|
|
failed to elect a presidential successor, Gemayel appointed then Lebanese
|
|
Armed Forces (LAF) Commander Gen. Michel Awn acting president. Lebanese
|
|
parliamentarians met in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, in late 1989 and concluded a
|
|
national reconciliation pact that codified a new power-sharing formula,
|
|
specifying reduced powers for the Christian president and giving Muslims
|
|
more authority. Rene MUAWAD was subsequently elected president on 4 November
|
|
1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had no president and
|
|
rival Muslim and Christian governments. MUAWAD was assassinated 17 days
|
|
later, on 22 November; on 24 November, Ilyas Harawi was elected to succeed
|
|
MUAWAD. In October 1990, the civil war was apparently brought to a
|
|
conclusion when Syrian and Lebanese forces ousted renegade Christian General
|
|
Awn from his stronghold in East Beirut. Awn had defied the legitimate
|
|
government and established a separate ministate within East Beirut after
|
|
being appointed acting Prime Minister by outgoing President Gemayel in 1988.
|
|
Awn and his supporters feared Ta'if would diminish Christian power in
|
|
Lebanon and increase the influence of Syria. Awn was granted amnesty and
|
|
allowed to travel in France in August 199l. Since the removal of Awn, the
|
|
Lebanese Government has made substantial progress in strengthening the
|
|
central government, rebuilding government institutions, and extending its
|
|
authority throughout the nation. The LAF has deployed from Beirut north
|
|
along the coast road to Tripoli, southeast into the Shuf mountains, and
|
|
south to Sidon and Tyre. Many militiamen from Christian and Muslim groups
|
|
have evacuated Beirut for their strongholds in the north, south, and east of
|
|
the country. Some heavy weapons possessed by the militias have been turned
|
|
over to the government, or sold outside the country, which has begun a plan
|
|
to integrate some militiamen into the military and the internal security
|
|
forces. Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in
|
|
May 1991. Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian troops, which
|
|
are deployed in Beirut, its southern suburbs, the Bekaa Valley, and northern
|
|
Lebanon. Iran also maintains a small contingent of revolutionary guards in
|
|
the Bekaa Valley to support Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups. Israel
|
|
withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south in 1985, although it still
|
|
retains troops in a 10-km-deep security zone north of its border with
|
|
Lebanon. Israel arms and trains the Army of South Lebanon (ASL), which also
|
|
occupies the security zone and is Israel's first line of defense against
|
|
attacks on its northern border. The following description is based on the
|
|
present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system.
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic
|
|
infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's
|
|
position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October
|
|
1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin
|
|
restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port
|
|
and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by
|
|
a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale
|
|
manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and
|
|
farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main
|
|
sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991,
|
|
industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial
|
|
gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country could provide a
|
|
major stimulus to the economy in 1992, provided that the political and
|
|
military situation remains reasonably calm.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate
|
|
NA (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
30% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
35% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$700 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals
|
|
and jewelry, metals and metal products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$900 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,381,000 kW capacity; 3,870 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita
|
|
(1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals,
|
|
jewelry, some metal fabricating
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits,
|
|
vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, and goats; not
|
|
self-sufficient in grain
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade;
|
|
opium poppy production in Al Biqa` is increasing; hashish production is
|
|
shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, and the Middle East
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Lebanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 879.00 (January 1992), 928.23 (1991), 695.09
|
|
(1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988), 224.60 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
system in disrepair, considered inoperable
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km
|
|
improved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 72 km (none in operation)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil`ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 236,196 GRT/346,760 DWT; includes 36
|
|
cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1
|
|
container, 8 livestock carrier, 1 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 3
|
|
bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
19 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
9 total, 8 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; none
|
|
under the direct control of the Lebanese Government
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of microwave relay, cable;
|
|
325,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM (numerous AM and FM
|
|
radio stations are operated inconsistently by various factions), 13 TV; 1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station,
|
|
erratic operations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; radio relay to Jordan
|
|
inoperable, but operational to Syria, coaxial cable to Syria
|
|
|
|
:Lebanon Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) (including Army, Navy, and Air Force)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 750,319; 465,938 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
30,350 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
30,350 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
909 km; South Africa 909 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 66%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 24%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in
|
|
overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will
|
|
control, store, and redirect water to South Africa
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,848,925 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
35 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
60 years male, 63 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural); adjective - Basotho
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Sotho 99.7%; Europeans 1,600, Asians 800
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
59% (male 44%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population engaged in
|
|
subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in
|
|
South Africa
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
there are two trade union federations; the government favors formation of a
|
|
single, umbrella trade union confederation
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Lesotho
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Maseru
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek,
|
|
Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
4 October 1966, suspended January 1970
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in
|
|
January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990
|
|
to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it
|
|
has no legislative authority
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father,
|
|
exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the Military Council Col. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April
|
|
1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress
|
|
Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI;
|
|
Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Bernard M. KHAKETLA; United Democratic
|
|
Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), J. M. KENA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged
|
|
elections will take place in June 1992
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Tseliso THAMAE; Chancery at 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5534
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at address NA, Maseru
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho); telephone [266]
|
|
312-666; FAX (266) 310-116
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white
|
|
bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club;
|
|
the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural
|
|
resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light
|
|
manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($153
|
|
million in 1989). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods
|
|
from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on
|
|
farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries;
|
|
other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering.
|
|
Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and
|
|
economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for Lesotho's
|
|
economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - typically
|
|
about 40% of GDP.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $420 million, per capita $240; real growth rate
|
|
4.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $132 million
|
|
(FY92-93)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$59 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$604 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines,
|
|
petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$370 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
power supplied by South Africa
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly
|
|
primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are
|
|
corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
loti (plural - maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
maloti (M) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990),
|
|
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Basotho loti is at
|
|
par with the South African rand
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
|
|
soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth (1988)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
28 total, 28 usable; 3 with permanent surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system,
|
|
and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Lesotho Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho
|
|
Mounted Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 408,003; 220,129 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13.1% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
111,370 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
96,320 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Tennessee
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,585 km; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
579 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights;
|
|
wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low
|
|
mountains in northeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and
|
|
woodland 39%; other 55%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Liberia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,462,276 (July 1992), growth rate 29.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
265 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
119 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
54 years male, 59 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Liberian(s); adjective - Liberian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano,
|
|
Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella 95%; descendants of
|
|
repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language
|
|
group; English used by about 20%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
40% (male 50%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy; agriculture 70.5%,
|
|
services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%; non-African
|
|
foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs;
|
|
52% of population of working age
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Liberia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Monrovia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru,
|
|
Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 July 1847
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
6 January 1986
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the
|
|
modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for
|
|
indigenous sector
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 26 July (1847)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower
|
|
house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
People's Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); Vice President,
|
|
vacant (since August 1991); note - this is an interim government appointed
|
|
by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be
|
|
replaced after elections are held under a West African - brokered peace
|
|
plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are
|
|
challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous
|
|
cease-fire; the former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on
|
|
9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman;
|
|
Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP),
|
|
Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus
|
|
MATTHEWS, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel
|
|
Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note -
|
|
President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON; Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437 through 0440; there is a
|
|
Liberian Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Peter J. de VOS; Embassy at 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813; telephone [231]
|
|
222991 through 222994; FAX (231) 223-710
|
|
Flag:
|
|
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;
|
|
there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side
|
|
corner; the design was based on the US flag
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Civil war during 1990 destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the
|
|
infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Expatriate businessmen fled the
|
|
country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return.
|
|
Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate
|
|
favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic
|
|
products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in
|
|
scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction
|
|
and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who fled to neighboring
|
|
countries. In 1991, the political impasse between the interim government and
|
|
the rebel leader Charles Taylor prevented restoration of normal economic
|
|
life.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $988 million, per capita $400; real growth rate
|
|
1.5% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
43% urban (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $29.5 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, EC, Netherlands
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other
|
|
foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.6 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm
|
|
oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal
|
|
products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil,
|
|
sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports
|
|
25% of rice consumption
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Liberian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial
|
|
parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow
|
|
gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign
|
|
steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
|
|
Highways:
|
|
10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km
|
|
dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads
|
|
open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1,564 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,049,124 DWT/ 95,338,925 DWT;
|
|
includes 19 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 145 cargo, 51 refrigerated
|
|
cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 62 vehicle carrier, 89 container, 4 barge
|
|
carrier, 460 petroleum tanker, 105 chemical, 57 combination ore/oil, 50
|
|
liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 465 bulk, 1 multifunction large-load
|
|
carrier, 27 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; all
|
|
ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags are US 18%, Japan 16%, Hong
|
|
Kong 10%, and Norway 9%
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
66 total, 49 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is
|
|
Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
earth stations; most telecommunications services inoperable due to
|
|
insurgency movement
|
|
|
|
:Liberia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Monrovia-based Armed Forces of Liberia (Army only) along with a police
|
|
force; rest of country controlled by the army of the National Patriotic
|
|
Front of Liberia (NPFL) insurgent group
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 585,224; 312,420 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Libya Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,759,540 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,759,540 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,383 km; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan
|
|
383 km, Tunisia 459 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,770 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Gulf of Sidra closing line:
|
|
32 degrees 30 minutes N
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime
|
|
boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern
|
|
Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, gypsum
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in
|
|
spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources
|
|
Note:
|
|
the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the
|
|
world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to
|
|
coastal cities
|
|
|
|
:Libya People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,484,795 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
36 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
60 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Libyan(s); adjective - Libyan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis,
|
|
Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim 97%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; industry 31%,
|
|
services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil
|
|
and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied
|
|
Workers
|
|
|
|
:Libya Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
|
Digraph:
|
|
Tripoli Administration divisions *** 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular
|
|
- baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al `Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al
|
|
Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az
|
|
Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha,
|
|
Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan
|
|
Type:
|
|
Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace
|
|
through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tripoli Administration divisions
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah,
|
|
Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al
|
|
Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,
|
|
Misratah, Murzuq Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq,
|
|
Yafran, Zlitan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
24 December 1951 (from Italy)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious
|
|
courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier),
|
|
General People's Committee (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General People's Congress
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu`ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September
|
|
1969)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd `umar DURDA
|
|
(since 7 October 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection
|
|
(Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning
|
|
clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Libya Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
|
|
|
|
:Libya Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil
|
|
sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about
|
|
one-third of GDP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and the
|
|
resulting decline in export revenues have adversely affected economic
|
|
development. In 1988 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but
|
|
GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response to changes in
|
|
the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient resource
|
|
allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although
|
|
the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the
|
|
Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages.
|
|
Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the
|
|
government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure
|
|
development projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in
|
|
late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current
|
|
account surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing
|
|
and construction sectors, which account for about 22% of GDP, have expanded
|
|
from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals,
|
|
iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for about 5% of
|
|
GDP, it employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor
|
|
soils severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food
|
|
requirements.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $28.9 billion, per capita $6,800; real growth
|
|
rate 9% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2% (1988 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$11 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, peanuts, hides
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy, USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy, USSR, Germany, UK, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.5 billion, excluding military debt (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 4%; accounts for 22% of GDP (not including oil) (1989)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,700,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 3,100 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits,
|
|
peanuts; 75% of food is imported
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$242 million; no longer a recipient
|
|
|
|
:Libya Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Libyan dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2743 (March 1992), 0.2669 (1991), 0.2699
|
|
(1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Libya Communications
|
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km
|
|
(includes liquid petroleum gas 256 km)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,969 GRT/1,209,084 DWT; includes 3
|
|
short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
59 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
133 total, 120 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable,
|
|
tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine
|
|
cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric
|
|
scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations
|
|
|
|
:Libya Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (including Army, Navy, Air and
|
|
Air Defense Command), National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,056,686; 624,027 fit for military service; 50,916 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, 11.1% of GDP (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
160 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
160 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
78 km; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to
|
|
moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydroelectric potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and
|
|
woodland 19%; other 18%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
28,642 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Liechtensteiner(s); adjective - Liechtenstein
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
German (official), Alemannic dialect
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
19,905, of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and
|
|
Switzerland to work each day; industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services
|
|
45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Principality of Liechtenstein
|
|
Type:
|
|
hereditary constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Vaduz
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin,
|
|
Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
|
|
Independence:
|
|
23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 October 1921
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Assumption Day, 15 August
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of
|
|
government
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Diet (Landtag)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court
|
|
(Obergericht) for civil cases
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26
|
|
August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11
|
|
June 1968)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert
|
|
WILLE (since 2 February 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP),
|
|
Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FW)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Diet:
|
|
last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 12
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CE, CSCE, EBRD, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU,
|
|
WIPO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the
|
|
Swiss Embassy
|
|
US:
|
|
the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US
|
|
Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the
|
|
hoist side of the blue band
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and
|
|
tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector
|
|
45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of
|
|
postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low
|
|
business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules
|
|
have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to
|
|
establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated
|
|
solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied
|
|
closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living
|
|
standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.4% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.5% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.6 billion
|
|
commodities:
|
|
small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery
|
|
partners:
|
|
EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4%
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food
|
|
products, precision instruments, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1
|
|
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.5079 (March 1992),
|
|
1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and
|
|
included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
|
|
Highways:
|
|
130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
none
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;
|
|
linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international
|
|
telephone, radio, and TV services
|
|
|
|
:Liechtenstein Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Police Department
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of Switzerland
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
65,200 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
65,200 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,273 km; Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad)
|
|
227 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
108 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman
|
|
River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as
|
|
by international standards
|
|
Climate:
|
|
maritime; wet, moderate winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
peat
|
|
Land use:
|
|
49.1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 22.2% meadows and pastures; 16.3%
|
|
forest and woodland; 12.4% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,788,542 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Lithuanian(s); adjective - Lithuanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Poles 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Catholic NA%, Lutheran NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Lithuanian (official), Polish NA%, Russian NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,836,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%,
|
|
other 40% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Lithuanian Trade Union Association; Labor Federation of Lithuania; Union of
|
|
Workers
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Lithuania
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Vilnius
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1918; annexed by the Soviet Union 3 August 1940; restored independence 11
|
|
March 1990; and regained indpendence from the USSR 6 September 1991
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
NA; Constitutional Commission has drafted a new constitution that will be
|
|
sent to Parliament for ratification
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 16 February; Defenders of Freedom Day, 13 January
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers, Government,
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Council, Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; district and city courts; Procurator
|
|
General of Lithuania
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chairman, Supreme Council Vytautas LANDSBERGIS (since March 1990), Deputy
|
|
Chairmen Bronius KUZMICKAS (since March 1990), Ceslovas STANKEVICIUS (since
|
|
March 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Gediminas VAGNORIUS (since January 1991); Deputy Prime
|
|
Ministers Algis DOBROVOLSKAS (since January 1991), Vytantas PAKALNISKIS
|
|
(since January 1991), Zigmas VAISVILA (since January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Party, FNU KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party
|
|
of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic
|
|
Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena
|
|
IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS,
|
|
chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman;
|
|
Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberals Union,
|
|
Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas
|
|
SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS,
|
|
chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held March 1990 (elected by Parliament); results - LANDSBERGIS,
|
|
BRAZAUSKAS
|
|
Supreme Council:
|
|
last held 24 February 1990; results - Sajudis (nationalist movement won a
|
|
large majority) (90) 63%; seats - (141 total)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IAEA, ILO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.; Embassy at 2622 16th St. NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-5860, 2639
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Darryl JOHNSON; Embassy at Mykolaicio putino 4, Vilnius; (mailing
|
|
address is APO AE 09862); telephone [7] (01-22) 628-049
|
|
Flag:
|
|
yellow, green, and red horizontal stripes
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Lithuania is striving to become a small, independent, largely privatized
|
|
economy rather than a segment of a huge, centrally planned economy. Although
|
|
substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old
|
|
USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic
|
|
development. It is ahead of its Baltic neighbors, however, in implementing
|
|
market reform. The country has no important natural resources aside from its
|
|
arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported
|
|
materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania
|
|
benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail
|
|
and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between
|
|
Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a
|
|
small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine
|
|
tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Thanks to nuclear power,
|
|
Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus
|
|
to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR,
|
|
however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety
|
|
standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet
|
|
Union. Lithuania holds first place in per capita consumption of meat, second
|
|
place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products.
|
|
Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. As to
|
|
economic reforms, Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at
|
|
least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing)
|
|
having already sold many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other
|
|
government priorities include stimulating foreign investment by protecting
|
|
the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from
|
|
Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment,
|
|
Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials,
|
|
grains, and markets for its products.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -13%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
200% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues 4.8 billion rubles; expenditures 4.7 billion rubles (1989 economic
|
|
survey); note - budget revenues and expenditures are not given for other
|
|
former Soviet republics; implied deficit from these figures does not have a
|
|
clear interpretation
|
|
Exports:
|
|
700 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electronics 18%, petroleum products 16%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia 60%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 20%, West 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
2.2 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA%
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -1.3% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,875,000 kW capacity; 25,500 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
employs 25% of the labor force; its shares in the total production of the
|
|
former USSR are metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%;
|
|
television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other production
|
|
includes petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making,
|
|
textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical
|
|
equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
employs 29% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables,
|
|
meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, and fish; most developed are the livestock
|
|
and dairy branches - these depend on imported grain; Lithuania is a net
|
|
exporter of meat, milk, and eggs
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
|
|
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction
|
|
of ``litas''
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,010 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
44,200 km total (1990); 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
600 km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,854 GRT/315,690 DWT; includes 27
|
|
cargo, 24 timber carrier, 1 container, 3 railcar carrier, 11 combination
|
|
bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
better developed than in most other former USSR republics; 22.4 telephones
|
|
per 100 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV;
|
|
landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the
|
|
Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite
|
|
earth stations - (8 channels to Norway)
|
|
|
|
:Lithuania Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops),
|
|
National Guard/Volunteers; Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air
|
|
Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,586 km
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,586 km
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
359 km; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to
|
|
slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in
|
|
the southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore (no longer exploited)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 21%; other 34%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
392,405 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Luxembourger(s); adjective - Luxembourg
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents
|
|
from Portugal, Italy, and European countries
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Luxembourgisch, German, French; many also speak English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
177,300; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal,
|
|
Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture
|
|
3.4% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Luxembourg
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1839
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 October 1868, occasional revisions
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June
|
|
(1921)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of
|
|
State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the
|
|
Chamber of Deputies
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of
|
|
Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister
|
|
Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party
|
|
(LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre
|
|
HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV
|
|
31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%;
|
|
seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale
|
|
Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor
|
|
unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,
|
|
EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,
|
|
OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Alphonse BERNS; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg
|
|
Consulates General in New York and San Francisco
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535
|
|
Luxembourg City; PSC 11 (mailing address is APO AE 09132-5380); telephone
|
|
[352] 460123; FAX [352] 461401
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to
|
|
the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design
|
|
was based on the flag of France
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible
|
|
unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive
|
|
family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by
|
|
steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward
|
|
high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial
|
|
sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services,
|
|
especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy.
|
|
Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most
|
|
financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the
|
|
Netherlands.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $7.83 billion, per capita $20,200; real growth
|
|
rate 2.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.7% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.3% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other
|
|
industrial products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 75%, US 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$131.6 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products,
|
|
engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products -
|
|
barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising
|
|
widespread
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Luxembourg franc (plural - francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991),
|
|
33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987); note - the
|
|
Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely
|
|
in Luxembourg
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km
|
|
limited access divided highway
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
37 km; Moselle River
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 48 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mertert (river port)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,592,985 GRT/2,642,249 DWT; includes
|
|
3 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical
|
|
tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 1 passenger, 8 bulk, 6
|
|
combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
13 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried
|
|
cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3
|
|
channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast
|
|
satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system
|
|
|
|
:Luxembourg Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, National Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 100,994; 83,957 fit for military service; 2,320 reach military
|
|
age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Macau Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
16 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
16 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
0.34 km; China 0.34 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
40 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
not known
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally flat
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to
|
|
the peninsula on mainland
|
|
Note:
|
|
27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China
|
|
|
|
:Macau People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
473,333 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
78 years male, 84 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Macanese (singular and plural); adjective - Macau
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2%
|
|
(1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
180,000 (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Macau Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China in 1999
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Macau
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13
|
|
April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint
|
|
declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic
|
|
systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by
|
|
Beijing awaiting final approval
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
Portuguese civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Day of Portugal, 10 June
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
President of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Legislative Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group
|
|
to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7
|
|
appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy
|
|
pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the
|
|
Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over
|
|
administration
|
|
Member of:
|
|
IMO (associate), WTO (associate)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in
|
|
the US are represented by Portugal
|
|
US:
|
|
the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US
|
|
Consulate General in Hong Kong
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of Portugal is used
|
|
|
|
:Macau Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and
|
|
fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small
|
|
industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector
|
|
has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided
|
|
about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented 36%
|
|
of GDP in 1991. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water,
|
|
and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw
|
|
materials and capital goods.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate
|
|
6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, clothing, toys
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$91 million (1985)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
NA
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
220,000 kW capacity; 520 million kWh produced, 1,165 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on
|
|
imports for food requirements
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
pataca (plural - patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044
|
|
(1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of
|
|
1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Macau Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
42 km paved
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Macau
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and
|
|
international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM,
|
|
no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio
|
|
communication facility; access to international communications carriers
|
|
provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Macau Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 135,923; 76,414 fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of Portugal
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Header
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally
|
|
recognized as a state by the United States.
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
25,333 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
24,856 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Vermont
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
748 km; Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and
|
|
Montenegro 221 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean
|
|
Macedonia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes,
|
|
each divided by a frontier line
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore,
|
|
asbestos, sulphur, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 30%; other 40%; includes irrigated NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical
|
|
plants
|
|
Note:
|
|
major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,174,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Macedonian 67%, Albanian 20%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 7%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, unknown 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
89.1% (male 94.2%, female 83.8%) age 10 and over can read and write (1992
|
|
est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
507,324; agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Macedonia
|
|
Type:
|
|
emerging democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Skopje
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
NA
|
|
Independence:
|
|
20 November 1991 from Yugoslavia
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
presidency, Council of Ministers, prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Nikola KLJUSEV (since March 1991), Deputy Prime Ministers
|
|
Jovan ANDONOV (since March 1991), Blaze RISTOVSKI (since March 1991), and
|
|
Bezir ZUTA (since March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Social Democratic Alliance (SDA; former Communist Party), Branko
|
|
CRVENKOVSKI, chairman; Party of Democratic Prosperity, (PDP), Nevzat HALILI,
|
|
chairman; National Democratic Party, Iliaz HALIMI, chairman; Alliance of
|
|
Reform Forces of Macedonia (MARF), Sojan ANDOV, chairman; Socialist Party,
|
|
chairman NA; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic
|
|
Party for Macedonian National Unity (IMRO-DPMNU), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI,
|
|
chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOREV won
|
|
Assembly:
|
|
last held 11 November 1990 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (120 total) IMRO-DPMNU 37, SDA 31, PDP 25, MARF 17, Party
|
|
of Yugoslavs 1, Socialists 5, others 4
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK), IMRU-Democratic Party, League for
|
|
Democracy, Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal Party
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
has not been formerly recognized by the US
|
|
Flag:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a disintegrated
|
|
Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own
|
|
agricultural and coal resources. As a breakaway republic, however, it will
|
|
move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are
|
|
reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia, Albania, Greece, and
|
|
Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas
|
|
and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both
|
|
internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of
|
|
trade patterns and economic rules of the game. Inflation in early 1992 was
|
|
out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in
|
|
economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the
|
|
country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. Macedonia's geographical
|
|
isolation, technological backwardness, and political instability place it
|
|
far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Recognition
|
|
of Macedonia by the EC and an internal commitment to economic reform would
|
|
help to encourage foreign investment over the long run.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$7.1 billion, per capita $3,110; real growth rate -18% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20% (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$578 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous
|
|
manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals
|
|
5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7%
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Albania
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1,112 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport
|
|
equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials
|
|
10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -18% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 3,103 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation
|
|
only; produces basic fuels; mining and manufacturing processes result in the
|
|
extraction and production of coal as well as metallic chromium, lead, zinc,
|
|
and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and
|
|
tobacco
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
provides 12% of Macedonia's GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal
|
|
crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton,
|
|
sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of
|
|
the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical
|
|
industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is
|
|
highly labor intensive
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
denar (plural - denars); 1 denar (NA) = 100 NA
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
denar (NA) per US$1 - 240 (January 1991)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
NA
|
|
Highways:
|
|
10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
none
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 main
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;
|
|
370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none
|
|
|
|
:Macedonia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air and Air Defense Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 590,613; NA fit for military service; 22,913 reach military age
|
|
(18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 7.0 billion dinars (est.), NA% of GDP (1992);
|
|
note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
587,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
581,540 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4,828 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova
|
|
Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious
|
|
stones, mica, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
12,596,263 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
93 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
51 years male, 55 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Malagasy (singular and plural); adjective - Malagasy
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
basic split between highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin
|
|
(Merina and related Betsileo) on the one hand and coastal tribes,
|
|
collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and
|
|
Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), on the other;
|
|
there are also small French, Indian, Creole, and Comoran communities; no
|
|
current, accurate assessment of tribal numbers is available
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian about 41%, Muslim 7%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French and Malagasy (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence
|
|
agriculture; 175,000 wage earners - agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%,
|
|
industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation
|
|
6%, other 2%; 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
4% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Democratic Republic of Madagascar
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Antananarivo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 provinces (plural - NA, singular - faritanin'); Antananarivo, Antsiranana,
|
|
Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliary
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
21 December 1975; note - a new constitution is to be in place before 1993
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note -
|
|
the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 in
|
|
preparation for new legislative and presidential elections. In its place, an
|
|
interim High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council
|
|
have been established
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour
|
|
Constitutionnelle)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Guy RASANAMAZY (since 8 August 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of
|
|
which are the Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier
|
|
RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM),
|
|
RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival
|
|
(AKFM-R), Pastor Richard ANDRIAMANJATO; Movement for National Unity (VONJY),
|
|
Dr. Marojama RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA),
|
|
Norbert ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian
|
|
Regime (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence
|
|
of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of
|
|
Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Didier
|
|
RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA (MFM/MFT) 20%, Dr. Jerome
|
|
Marojama RAZANABAHINY (VONJY) 15%, Monja JAONA (MONIMA) 3%
|
|
Popular National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held 1992); results - AREMA 88.2%, MFM
|
|
5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, MFM
|
|
7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO; Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-5525 or 5526; there is
|
|
a Malagasy Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo,
|
|
Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo);
|
|
telephone [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band
|
|
of the same width on hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture,
|
|
including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting
|
|
for over 40% of GDP, employing about 80% of the labor force, and
|
|
contributing to more than 70% of total export earnings. Industry is largely
|
|
confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile
|
|
manufacturing; in 1990 it accounted for only 16% of GDP and employed almost
|
|
5% of the labor force. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year
|
|
development plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by
|
|
1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After
|
|
mid-1991, however, output dropped sharply because of protracted
|
|
antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political reform.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate
|
|
-3.8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $390 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $240 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$290 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$436 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer
|
|
goods 14%, food 13%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Germany, UK, other EC, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.4 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries,
|
|
tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries
|
|
(textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves,
|
|
cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising
|
|
widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for
|
|
domestic consumption
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Malagasy franc (plural - francs); 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,943.4 (March 1992), 1,835.4 (1991),
|
|
1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989) , 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
|
|
soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des
|
|
Pangalanes
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,255 GRT/81,509 DWT; includes 9
|
|
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1
|
|
liquefied gas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
148 total, 103 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay,
|
|
and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations
|
|
- 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36
|
|
repeaters) TV
|
|
|
|
:Madagascar Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces,
|
|
Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential
|
|
Security Regiment
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,730,713; 1,625,335 fit for military service; 114,687 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Malawi Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
118,480 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
94,080 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Pennsylvania
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,881 km; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 25%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 50%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Malawi People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
9,605,342 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992); note - 900,000 Mozambican
|
|
refugees in Malawi (1990 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
52 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-17 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
48 years male, 51 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Malawian(s); adjective - Malawian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian,
|
|
European
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%; traditional indigenous
|
|
beliefs are also practiced
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
22% (male 34%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
428,000 wage earners; agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services
|
|
15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other
|
|
permanently employed 6% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
small minority of wage earners are unionized
|
|
|
|
:Malawi Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Malawi
|
|
Type:
|
|
one-party state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Lilongwe
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga,
|
|
Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza,
|
|
Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima,
|
|
Thyolo, Zomba
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as
|
|
President for Life 6 July 1971)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative
|
|
secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary
|
|
general vacant since 1983
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held by May 1992); results - MCP is the
|
|
only party; seats - (133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR; Embassy in new capital city development
|
|
area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe); telephone
|
|
[265] 730-166; FAX [265] 732-282
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant,
|
|
rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of
|
|
Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed
|
|
on the hoist side of the black and red bands
|
|
|
|
:Malawi Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The
|
|
economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population
|
|
living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export
|
|
revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved
|
|
significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based
|
|
economic adjustment effort by the government. The economy depends on
|
|
substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and
|
|
individual donor nations.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion, per capita $200; growth rate 4.2%
|
|
(1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$390 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$560 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.8 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
185,000 kW capacity; 550 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer
|
|
goods
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and
|
|
corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock -
|
|
cattle and goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Malawian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 2.7200 (January 1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289
|
|
(1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Malawi Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
789 km 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
|
|
soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake
|
|
Malawi)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
5 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
48 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications
|
|
stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
Note:
|
|
a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira or
|
|
Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of insurgent
|
|
activity and damage to rail lines
|
|
|
|
:Malawi Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including
|
|
paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,000,406; 1,016,901 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
329,750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
328,550 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,669 km; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782, Thailand 506 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4,675 km; Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation, specified boundary in the South
|
|
China Sea
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
|
|
Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by
|
|
the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that
|
|
divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to
|
|
February) monsoons
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and
|
|
woodland 63%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to flooding; air and water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
18,410,920 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Malaysian(s); adjective - Malaysian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly
|
|
Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - Muslim 38%, Christian 17%,
|
|
other 45%; Sarawak - tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%,
|
|
Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil;
|
|
Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka
|
|
dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin,
|
|
numerous tribal languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
78% (male 86%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
7,258,000 (1991 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
640,000; 10% of total labor force (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy nominally
|
|
headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular
|
|
Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are
|
|
appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments
|
|
are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20
|
|
seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal
|
|
security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak -
|
|
self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of
|
|
Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other
|
|
powers delegated to federal government
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kuala Lumpur
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories*
|
|
(wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah,
|
|
Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau
|
|
Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 August 1957 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when Federation of Malaya became
|
|
Federation of Malaysia
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the
|
|
Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 31 August (1957)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime
|
|
minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan
|
|
Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26
|
|
April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26
|
|
April 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United
|
|
Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad;
|
|
Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat
|
|
Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S.
|
|
Samy VELLU
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph
|
|
Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Government
|
|
|
|
Sarawak:
|
|
coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra
|
|
Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United
|
|
People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National
|
|
Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk
|
|
Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM
|
|
Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results -
|
|
National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP
|
|
20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO
|
|
got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed; Chancery at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700; there are Malaysian
|
|
Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala
|
|
Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur);
|
|
telephone [60] (3) 248-9011; FAX [60] (3) 242-2207
|
|
Flag:
|
|
fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white
|
|
(bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
|
|
yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the
|
|
star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of
|
|
the US
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
During the period 1988-91 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to
|
|
recover from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.8% in 1989,
|
|
10% in 1990, and 8.6% in 1991, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing
|
|
output, further increases in foreign direct investment - particularly from
|
|
Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home - and increased oil
|
|
production. Malaysia has become the world's third-largest producer of
|
|
semiconductor devices (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest
|
|
exporter of semiconductor devices. Inflation has remained low; unemployment
|
|
has stood at 6% of the labor force; and the government has followed prudent
|
|
fiscal/monetary policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and
|
|
some of the rural population subsist at the poverty level. Malaysia's high
|
|
export dependence leaves it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries
|
|
or a fall in world commodity prices.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $48.0 billion, per capita $2,670; real growth
|
|
rate 8.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $12.2 billion; expenditures $14.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $3.2 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$35.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electrical manufactures, crude petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
Singapore, US, Japan, EC
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$38.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, crude oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment,
|
|
chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, US, Singapore, Germany, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$21.3 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced, 940 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing
|
|
industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing
|
|
timber
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
logging, petroleum production
|
|
Sarawak:
|
|
agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
natural rubber, palm oil, rice
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Economy
|
|
|
|
Sarawak:
|
|
rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch
|
|
of 608,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe,
|
|
and the Third World
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
ringgit (plural - ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6930 (January 1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048
|
|
(1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
136 km 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous-surface treatment, and
|
|
4,248 km unpaved)
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
3,782 km
|
|
Sarawak:
|
|
1,644 km
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Peninsular Malaysia:
|
|
3,209 km
|
|
Sabah:
|
|
1,569 km
|
|
Sarawak:
|
|
2,518 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang,
|
|
Sandakan, Tawau
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,653,633 GRT/2,444,393 DWT; includes
|
|
1 passenger-cargo, 1 short-sea passenger, 64 cargo, 27 container, 2 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum tanker, 5
|
|
chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 21 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
53 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
115 total, 108 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good intercity service provided to Peninsular Malaysia mainly by radio
|
|
relay; adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via
|
|
Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and television
|
|
broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33
|
|
TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable
|
|
links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic
|
|
|
|
:Malaysia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal
|
|
Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,728,103; 2,878,574 fit for military service; 179,486 reach
|
|
military age (21) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Maldives Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
300 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
300 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
644 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
35-310 nm (defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides with
|
|
maritime boundary with India)
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy,
|
|
southwest monsoon (June to August)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 84%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls
|
|
Note:
|
|
archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in
|
|
Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Maldives People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
234,371 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Maldivian(s); adjective - Maldivian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Maldivians are a generally homogenous admixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian,
|
|
Arab, Austrolasian, and African
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by
|
|
most government officials
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
92% (male 92%, female 92%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
66,000 (est.); 25% engaged in fishing industry
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Maldives Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Maldives
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Male
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu,
|
|
Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa,
|
|
Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 July 1965 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
4 June 1964
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in
|
|
commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the
|
|
past eight centuries
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results -
|
|
President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected
|
|
Citizens' Council:
|
|
last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission
|
|
in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic
|
|
visits there; US Consular Agency, Midhath Hilmy, Male; telephone 2581
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white
|
|
crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Maldives Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is
|
|
limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10%
|
|
of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the
|
|
work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important
|
|
source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one of the
|
|
most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry
|
|
accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have
|
|
increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $174 million, per capita $770 (1988); real growth
|
|
rate 10.1% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10.7% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NEGL%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $67 million; expenditures $82 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $45 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$52.0 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish 57%, clothing 25%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, UK, Sri Lanka
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$128.9 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods 54%, intermediate and capital goods 33%, petroleum products
|
|
13%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$70 million (December 1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 6% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut
|
|
processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important
|
|
than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most
|
|
staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
rufiyaa (plural - rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.234 (January 1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990),
|
|
9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Maldives Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Male, Gan
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,293 GRT/56,246 DWT; includes 11
|
|
cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Maldives Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
National Security Service (paramilitary police force)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 52,195; 29,162 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.8 million, NA% of GDP (1984 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Mali Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,240,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,220,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
7,243 km; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532
|
|
km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted
|
|
to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ
|
|
issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;
|
|
Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the
|
|
tripoint with Niger
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild
|
|
June to November; cool and dry November to February
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south,
|
|
rugged hills in northeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore,
|
|
manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and
|
|
woodland 7%; other 66%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Mali People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,641,178 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
52 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
21 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
43 years male, 47 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Malian(s); adjective - Malian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%,
|
|
Tuareg and Moor 5%, other 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous
|
|
African languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
32% (male 41%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,666,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce
|
|
1% (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization for over 13
|
|
national unions
|
|
|
|
:Mali Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Mali
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; an interim government appointed by the national reform conference
|
|
has organized a series of democratic elections and is scheduled to hand over
|
|
power to an elected government on 26 March 1992
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bamako
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti,
|
|
Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou
|
|
Independence:
|
|
22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981 and March 1985;
|
|
new constitution presented during national reform conference in August 1991;
|
|
a constitutional referendum is scheduled for 16 January 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25
|
|
members, predominantly civilian
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Soumana SAKO (since 2 April 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
formerly the only party, the Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), was
|
|
disbanded after the coup of 26 March 1991, and the new regime legalized the
|
|
formation of political parties on 5 April 1991; new political parties are
|
|
Union of Democratic Forces (UFD), Demba DIALLO; Union for Democracy and
|
|
Development (UDD), Moussa Bala COULIBALY; Sudanese Union/African Democratic
|
|
Rally (US-RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA; African Party for Solidarity and
|
|
Justice (ADEMA), Alpha Oumar KONARE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP),
|
|
Idrissa TRAORE; Democratic Party for Justice (PDJ), Abdul BA; Rally for
|
|
Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almany SYLLA; Party for the Unity of Malian
|
|
People (PUPM), Nock AGATTIA; Hisboulah al Islamiya, Hamidou DRAMERA; Union
|
|
of Progressive Forces (UFP), Yacouba SIDIBE; National Congress of Democratic
|
|
Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Assembly for Justice and Progress, Kady
|
|
DRAME; Sudanese Progressive Party (PPS), Sekene Mody SISSOKO; numerous small
|
|
parties formed in 1991; 46 total parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held March 1992); results - Gen. Moussa
|
|
TRAORE was reelected without opposition
|
|
|
|
:Mali Government
|
|
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held NA 1992); results - UDPM was the
|
|
only party; seats - (82 total) UDPM 82; note - following the military coup
|
|
of 26 March 1991, President TRAORE was deposed and the UDPM was disbanded;
|
|
the 25-member CTSP has instituted a multiparty system, and presidential
|
|
elections are to be held on 26 March 1992 and legislative elections on 9
|
|
February 1992 (new National Assembly to have 116 seats)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Mohamed Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery at 2130 R Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Herbert D. GELBER; Embassy at Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed
|
|
V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone [223] 225470;
|
|
FAX [233] 22-80-59
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the
|
|
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Mali Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land
|
|
area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the
|
|
riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as
|
|
nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and
|
|
fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, per capita $265; real growth rate
|
|
2.2% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
-1.6% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $178 (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly franc zone and Western Europe
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$513 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals
|
|
partners:
|
|
mostly franc zone and Western Europe
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.2 billion (1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 19.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold,
|
|
fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms;
|
|
cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops -
|
|
millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, and
|
|
goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mali Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth,
|
|
10,360 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,815 km navigable
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
35 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio
|
|
relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in
|
|
progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Mali Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National
|
|
Police, Surete Nationale
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,701,050; 966,293 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Malta Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
320 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
320 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
140 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
25 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
limestone, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 38%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 59%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce - increasing
|
|
reliance on desalination
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily, 290 km
|
|
north of Libya
|
|
|
|
:Malta People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
359,231 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Maltese (singular and plural); adjective - Maltese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 98%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Maltese and English (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
84% (male 86%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
127,200; government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing
|
|
22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 40% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Malta Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Malta
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Valletta
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (administration directly from Valletta)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
21 September 1964 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 21 September
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred
|
|
SANT
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results -
|
|
NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note -
|
|
additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to
|
|
ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after
|
|
adjustment)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET; Chancery at 2017 Connecticut Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611 or 3612; there is a
|
|
Maltese Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint
|
|
Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535,
|
|
Valletta); telephone [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654;
|
|
FAX same as phone numbers
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red
|
|
|
|
:Malta Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a
|
|
productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has
|
|
limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources.
|
|
Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services.
|
|
Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy.
|
|
Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and
|
|
textile industries major contributors. In 1990 inflation was held to a low
|
|
3.0%. Per capita GDP at $7,000 places Malta in the middle-income range of
|
|
the world's nations.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $7,000 (1991 est.); real
|
|
growth rate 5.5% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3.8% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $380 million (1992 plan)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$l.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
clothing, textiles, footwear, ships
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$90 million, medium and long term (December 1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing,
|
|
textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 3% of GDP; overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products -
|
|
potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers,
|
|
green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of
|
|
vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in
|
|
grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Maltese lira (plural - liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3257 (March 1992), 0.3004 (1991), 0.3172
|
|
(1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Malta Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35
|
|
km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Valletta, Marsaxlokk
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
658 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,003,001 GRT/15,332,287 DWT;
|
|
includes 3 passenger, 13 short-sea passenger, 241 cargo, 14 container, 2
|
|
passenger-cargo, 16 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 barge carrier, 15
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 11 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, 2
|
|
specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 124 petroleum tanker, 176 bulk, 23
|
|
combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships,
|
|
former republics of the USSR own 52 ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6,
|
|
Yugoslavia owns 9, Romania owns 4
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
7 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones;
|
|
excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine
|
|
cable and radio relay between islands; international service by 1 submarine
|
|
cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Malta Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 95,661; 76,267 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
588 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
588 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
113 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
hills in north and south bisected by central valley
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
lead, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%; extensive arable land and forests
|
|
Environment:
|
|
strong westerly winds prevail
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland, and Ireland
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
64,068 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
11 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Manxman, Manxwoman; adjective - Manx
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of
|
|
Friends
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, Manx Gaelic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education ages 5 to 16
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
25,864 (1981)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
22 labor unions patterned along British lines
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
British crown dependency
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Douglas
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English law and local statute
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Tynwald Day, 5 July
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister, Executive Council
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a
|
|
lower house or House of Keys
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court of Justice
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
|
|
Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
there is no party system and members sit as independents
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Keys:
|
|
last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA;
|
|
no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three
|
|
legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes
|
|
pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used
|
|
ria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the
|
|
knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the
|
|
flag, a two-sided emblem is used
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy.
|
|
The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies
|
|
and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding
|
|
employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture
|
|
and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their
|
|
shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing
|
|
about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.5% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
timber, fertilizers, fish
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,930 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
an important offshore financial center; financial services, light
|
|
manufacturing, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Manx pound (plural - pounds); 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0. 6102 (1987); the Manx pound is at
|
|
par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
36 km electric track, 24 km steam track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
640 km motorable roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Douglas, Ramsey, Peel
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,436,196 GRT/2,479,432 DWT; includes
|
|
12 cargo, 7 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off, 30 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical
|
|
tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 11 bulk; note - a captive register of the United
|
|
Kingdom, although not all ships on the register are British owned
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV
|
|
|
|
:Man, Isle of Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
181.3 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
181.3 km2; includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
370.4 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims US territory of Wake Island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low coral limestone and sand islands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 60%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 40%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30
|
|
atolls and 1,152 islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about
|
|
two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and
|
|
Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War
|
|
II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
50,004 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
47 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
52 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
61 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Marshallese (singular and plural); adjective - Marshallese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
almost entirely Micronesian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English universally spoken and is the official language; two major
|
|
Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 100%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,800 (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of the Marshall Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of
|
|
Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Majuro
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship; formerly the
|
|
Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 May 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
|
|
common, and customary laws
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Nitijela (parliament)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Amata KABUA (since 1979)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional)
|
|
leader
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata
|
|
KABUA was reelected
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL; Chancery at 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-5414
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William BODDE, Jr.; Embassy at NA address (mailing address is P.
|
|
O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379); telephone
|
|
(011) 692-4011; FAX (011) 692-4012
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange
|
|
(top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small
|
|
rays on the hoist side above the two stripes
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural
|
|
production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial
|
|
crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches
|
|
supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to
|
|
handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary
|
|
source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The
|
|
islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987
|
|
the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese
|
|
budget of $55 million.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA
|
|
(1987 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, beverages, building materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore
|
|
banking (embryonic)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs, chickens
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide
|
|
approximately $40 million in aid annually
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-,
|
|
or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Majuro
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,312 GRT/4,630,172 DWT; includes
|
|
2 cargo, 1 container, 9 petroleum tanker, 18 bulk carrier, 2 combination
|
|
ore/oil; note - a flag of convenience registry
|
|
Airports:
|
|
17 total, 16 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services;
|
|
islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government
|
|
purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system
|
|
on Kwajalein
|
|
|
|
:Marshall Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,060 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
290 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 26%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an
|
|
average of one major natural disaster every five years
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Martinique People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
371,803 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Martiniquais (singular and plural); adjective - Martiniquais
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian,
|
|
Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French, Creole patois
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 92%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
100,000; service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%,
|
|
agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
11% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Department of Martinique
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas department of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Fort-de-France
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French legal system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
government commissioner
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of
|
|
the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council:
|
|
last held in October 1988 (next to be held by March 1991); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Regional Assembly:
|
|
last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by March 1992); results -
|
|
UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 41.3%, other 8.9%; seats -
|
|
(41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
1,000 (est.)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution
|
|
Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary
|
|
Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar;
|
|
Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, WCL
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented
|
|
in the US by France
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac,
|
|
Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206);
|
|
telephone [596] 63-13-03
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry.
|
|
Agriculture accounts for about 12% of GDP and the small industrial sector
|
|
for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used
|
|
for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to
|
|
France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be
|
|
imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual
|
|
transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than
|
|
agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the
|
|
work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1986
|
|
per capita GDP was relatively high at $6,000. During 1986 the unemployment
|
|
rate was 30% and was particularly severe among younger workers.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1986)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.9% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1986)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$196 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing
|
|
and other consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,703 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal
|
|
crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane
|
|
for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$10.1 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Fort-de-France
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland radio relay
|
|
links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6
|
|
FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Martinique Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French Forces, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 95,235; NA fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,030,700 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,030,400 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,074 km; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara
|
|
1,561 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
754 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary with Senegal
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and
|
|
woodland 5%; other 56%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April;
|
|
desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,059,187 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
89 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
44 years male, 50 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mauritanian(s); adjective - Mauritanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim, nearly 100%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Hasaniya Arabic (official); Hasaniya Arabic, Pular, Soninke, Wolof
|
|
(official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
34% (male 47%, female 21%) age 10 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980); agriculture 47%, services
|
|
29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%; 53% of population of working
|
|
age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a
|
|
palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to
|
|
power; he was elected in 1992
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nouakchott
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet
|
|
Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri,
|
|
Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza; note - there may be a new capital district of
|
|
Nouakchott
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 November 1960 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
currently 12 July 1991; 20 May 1961 Constitution abrogated after coup of 10
|
|
July 1978; provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned
|
|
in 1981; constitutional charter published 27 February 1985 after Taya came
|
|
to power; latest constitution approved after general referendum 12 July 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) and Senate
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991; emerging parties include
|
|
Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya
|
|
Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), coalition of seven
|
|
opposition factions, three leaders: Mohameden Ould BABAH, Diop Mamadou
|
|
AMADOU, and Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR; Assembly for Democracy (RDU), Mohamed
|
|
Ould SIDI BABA; Rally for Democracy and Unity (RDUN), Mohamed Ould Sidi
|
|
BABA; Popular Social and Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH;
|
|
Progressive Popular Alliance (APP), Taleb Ould Jiddou Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF;
|
|
Mauritanian Party for Renewal (PMR), Moulaye El Hassan Ould JEYID; National
|
|
Avant-Garde Party (PAN or PAGN), Khattry Ould Taleb JIDDOU; Mauritanian
|
|
Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADI; Union for
|
|
Planning and Construction (UPC), Mohamed Ould EYAHA; Democratic Justice
|
|
Party (PJD), Mohamed Abdallahi Ould EL BANE; Party for Liberty, Equality,
|
|
and Justice (PLEJ), Ba Mamadou ALASSANE; Labor and National Unity Party
|
|
(PTUN), Ali Bouna Ould OUENINA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held January 1992 (next to be held NA)
|
|
results:
|
|
President Col. Maabuya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA elected
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (next to be held April 1998)
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Government
|
|
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held NA 1997)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO,
|
|
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA; Chancery at 2129 Leroy Place NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott (mailing
|
|
address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63; FAX
|
|
[222] (2) 515-92
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent;
|
|
the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green
|
|
are traditional symbols of Islam
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for
|
|
a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers
|
|
were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s.
|
|
Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50%
|
|
of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led
|
|
to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest
|
|
fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens
|
|
this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near
|
|
Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with
|
|
Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a
|
|
substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second
|
|
stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the
|
|
IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major
|
|
setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's
|
|
support of Saddam Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi
|
|
Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $535; real growth rate
|
|
3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$436 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded
|
|
but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Ivory Coast 3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$389 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.9 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and
|
|
nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops -
|
|
dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large
|
|
food deficit in years of drought
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277
|
|
million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
ouguiya (plural - ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 79.300 (January 1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 (1990),
|
|
83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by
|
|
government mining company
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
|
|
improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Nouadhibou, Nouakchott
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
28 total, 28 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor radio relay links, and radio
|
|
communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast stations - 2
|
|
AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2
|
|
ARABSAT, with six planned
|
|
|
|
:Mauritania Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National
|
|
Police, Presidential Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 436,897; 213,307 fit for military service; conscription law not
|
|
implemented
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,860 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,850 km2; includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint
|
|
Brandon), and Rodrigues
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
177 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of
|
|
Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims
|
|
French-administered Tromelin Island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to
|
|
November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central
|
|
plateau
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
arable land, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 54%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by
|
|
reefs
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,092,130 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mauritian(s); adjective - Mauritian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Hindu 52%, Christian (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%) 28.3%, Muslim
|
|
16.6%, other 3.1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
82.8 % (male 88.7%, female 77.1%) age 13 and over can read and write (1985
|
|
UNESCO estimate)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
335,000; government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing
|
|
22%, other 22%; 43% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
35% of labor force in more than 270 unions
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Port Louis
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados
|
|
Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port
|
|
Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 March 1968 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
12 March 1968
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in
|
|
certain areas
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 12 March (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
government coalition:
|
|
Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; Mauritian Militant Movement
|
|
(MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis
|
|
Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; Socialist Workers Front,
|
|
Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996);
|
|
results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM
|
|
alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3
|
|
Communists:
|
|
may be 2,000 sympathizers
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
various labor unions
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Penne Percy KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers House, John
|
|
Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767; FAX
|
|
[230] 208-9534
|
|
Flag:
|
|
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism.
|
|
Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for
|
|
40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on
|
|
industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification,
|
|
and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real
|
|
growth and low unemployment.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate
|
|
6.1% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
13.2% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $111 million (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum
|
|
products 8%, chemicals 7%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, US, South Africa, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$869 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 12.9% (FY87); accounts for 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
235,000 kW capacity; 425 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel,
|
|
chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery,
|
|
tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other
|
|
products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net
|
|
food importer, especially rice and fish
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Mauritian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 15.198 (January 1992), 15.652 (1991),
|
|
14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port Louis
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 94,710 GRT/150,345 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
7 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
small system with good service utilizing primarily radio relay; new
|
|
microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries;
|
|
over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Mauritius Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Unit, National Police
|
|
Force, National Coast Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 307,237; 157,246 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89)
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
375 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
375 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
185.2 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Comoros
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon
|
|
(November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to cyclones during rainy season
|
|
Note:
|
|
part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about halfway
|
|
between Africa and Madagascar
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
86,628 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
50 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 59 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mahorais (singular and plural); adjective - Mahoran
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 99%; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
|
|
Type:
|
|
territorial collectivity of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mamoutzou
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
government commissioner
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council (Conseil General)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since
|
|
NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran
|
|
Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic
|
|
(RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council:
|
|
last held June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, other 2
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented
|
|
in the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including
|
|
fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must
|
|
import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The
|
|
economy and future development of the island is heavily dependent on French
|
|
financial assistance.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (1985)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
ylang-ylang, vanilla
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
|
|
Industries:
|
|
newly created lobster and shrimp industry
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla,
|
|
ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$402 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
42 km total; 18 km bituminous
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Dzaoudzi
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
small system administered by French Department of Posts and
|
|
Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio
|
|
communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Mayotte Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,972,550 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,923,040 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,538 km; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
9,330 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
natural prolongation of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims Clipperton Island (French possession)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical to desert
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and
|
|
woodland 24%; other 24%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in
|
|
the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north,
|
|
inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast;
|
|
deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in
|
|
Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location on southern border of US
|
|
|
|
:Mexico People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
92,380,721 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mexican(s); adjective - Mexican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%,
|
|
Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish; various Mayan dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
87% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
26,100,000 (1988); services 31.4%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and
|
|
fishing 26%, commerce 13.9%, manufacturing 12.8%, construction 9.5%,
|
|
transportation 4.8%, mining and quarrying 1.3%, electricity 0.3% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
35% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
United Mexican States
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic operating under a centralized government
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mexico
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito
|
|
federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche,
|
|
Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,
|
|
Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit,
|
|
Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,
|
|
Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
|
|
Independence:
|
|
16 September 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 February 1917
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper
|
|
chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
(recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Genaro BORREGO
|
|
Estrada; National Action Party (PAN), Luis ALVAREZ; Popular Socialist Party
|
|
(PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD),
|
|
Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano; Cardenist Front for the National
|
|
Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of
|
|
the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - Carlos
|
|
SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%,
|
|
Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller
|
|
parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National
|
|
Democratic Front (FDN)
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held on 18 August 1988 (next to be held midyear 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) number of
|
|
seats by party; PRI 61, PRD 2, PAN 1
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI
|
|
53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats -
|
|
(500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation
|
|
of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of
|
|
Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), UNE (no
|
|
expansion), Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party
|
|
(PDM), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional
|
|
Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of the
|
|
Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation Industries
|
|
(CANACINTRA), Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), CARICOM (observer) CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6,
|
|
G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
|
|
LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide; Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 728-1600; there are Mexican
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los
|
|
Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio, San Diego, and
|
|
Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas),
|
|
Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas
|
|
(Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City (Missouri),
|
|
Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California),
|
|
Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Paul
|
|
(Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto
|
|
Rico), and Seattle
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la Reforma 305,
|
|
06500 Mexico, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX
|
|
78044-3087); telephone [52] (5) 211-0042; FAX [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373;
|
|
there are US Consulates General in Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey,
|
|
and Tijuana, and Consulates in Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and
|
|
Nuevo Laredo
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat
|
|
of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered
|
|
in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably
|
|
oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and
|
|
traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic
|
|
difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum
|
|
prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply;
|
|
and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute.
|
|
Growth in national output, however, is recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988
|
|
to 4% in 1990 and again in 1991. The US is Mexico's major trading partner,
|
|
accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum,
|
|
border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign
|
|
exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic
|
|
agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster
|
|
growth. In 1991 the government began negotiations with the US and Canada on
|
|
a free trade agreement.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $289 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate
|
|
4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
18.8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
14-17% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $41.0 billion; expenditures $47.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $6.3 billion (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton,
|
|
consumer electronics
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 68%, EC 14%, Japan 6% (1990 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$36.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 69%, EC 13%, Japan 6% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$98.4 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
26,150,000 kW capacity; 114,277 million kWh produced, 1,270 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining,
|
|
textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small
|
|
farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans;
|
|
cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million
|
|
metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active
|
|
government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues
|
|
as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992),
|
|
3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989),
|
|
2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
24,500 km total; breakdown NA
|
|
Highways:
|
|
212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
|
|
62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000
|
|
km unimproved earth roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;
|
|
petrochemical 1,400 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso,
|
|
Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4
|
|
short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30
|
|
petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination
|
|
bulk, 4 container
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
186 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in
|
|
December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120
|
|
domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
|
|
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Mexico Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
702 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
6,112 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;
|
|
located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral
|
|
atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling
|
|
607 islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s),
|
|
Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural)
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant;
|
|
other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day
|
|
Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall
|
|
within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian
|
|
languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and
|
|
Kosrean
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages
|
|
of 15 and 65
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of
|
|
Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built
|
|
about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the
|
|
Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the
|
|
Pacific Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 May 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
|
|
common, and customary laws
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Congress
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since
|
|
21 May 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
no formal parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President
|
|
Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA
|
|
Congress:
|
|
last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of
|
|
vote NA; seats - (14 total)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20036; telephone (202) 223-4383
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address
|
|
is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone
|
|
691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are
|
|
arranged in a diamond pattern
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The
|
|
islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade
|
|
phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness
|
|
of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.
|
|
Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the
|
|
US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical
|
|
isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to
|
|
long-term growth.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $20 million (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and
|
|
pearls
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and
|
|
vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3
|
|
billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or
|
|
laterite-surfaced roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands
|
|
interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);
|
|
16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5
|
|
AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5.2 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
15 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low, nearly level
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish and wildlife
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
coral atoll
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian
|
|
Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed
|
|
to the public
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
453 US military personnel (1992)
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under
|
|
command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed
|
|
cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
|
|
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;
|
|
legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within
|
|
the State of Hawaii
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the US flag is used
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations
|
|
located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
supplied by US Military
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
32 km total
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
7.8 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Sand Island
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
:Midway Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
33,700 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
33,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas;
|
|
northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR;
|
|
internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the
|
|
South
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mild winters, warm summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Moldova People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%,
|
|
Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other
|
|
1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic
|
|
population are not churchgoers (1991 figures)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Moldova
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Chisinau (Kishinev)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger
|
|
districts at some future point
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of
|
|
Moldova)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has
|
|
been heavily amended during the past few years
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not
|
|
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 27 August 1991
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Moldovan Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei
|
|
SANGHELI (since June 1990)
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990)
|
|
Head of Legislature:
|
|
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991);
|
|
1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial
|
|
PLASICHUK, NA
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990);
|
|
Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth
|
|
Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote
|
|
Moldovan Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%,
|
|
Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front
|
|
Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club
|
|
110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats
|
|
probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan
|
|
legislative proceedings
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social
|
|
Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology
|
|
Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic
|
|
League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian
|
|
Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples
|
|
Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of
|
|
Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of
|
|
Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, UN
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador vacant
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich,
|
|
Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94
|
|
at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev
|
|
Flag:
|
|
same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),
|
|
yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a
|
|
cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the
|
|
most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population,
|
|
labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living
|
|
standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys
|
|
a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on
|
|
agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry
|
|
accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than
|
|
one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the
|
|
former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic
|
|
equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles.
|
|
Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the
|
|
other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and
|
|
has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land.
|
|
Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward
|
|
a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other
|
|
former Soviet republics and Romania.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
97% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals
|
|
(1991)
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer
|
|
durables
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -7% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where
|
|
known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and
|
|
freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar
|
|
(3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total
|
|
output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%),
|
|
sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes
|
|
(20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%)
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA
|
|
and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial
|
|
lines
|
|
Highways:
|
|
20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
NA
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for
|
|
telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline
|
|
and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow
|
|
|
|
:Moldova Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces
|
|
(Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Monaco Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1.9 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1.9 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4.4 km; France 4.4 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4.1 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
hilly, rugged, rocky
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
almost entirely urban
|
|
Note:
|
|
second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City)
|
|
|
|
:Monaco People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
7 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
4,000 members in 35 unions
|
|
|
|
:Monaco Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Principality of Monaco
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Monaco
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,
|
|
Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 December 1962
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 19 November
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Council (Conseil National)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT
|
|
Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco
|
|
Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 25
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Council:
|
|
last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los
|
|
Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates
|
|
in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington
|
|
US:
|
|
no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is
|
|
accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12
|
|
Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE
|
|
09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
|
|
Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and
|
|
red
|
|
|
|
:Monaco Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort,
|
|
attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has
|
|
successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added,
|
|
nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes
|
|
and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established
|
|
residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices.
|
|
About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels,
|
|
banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism.
|
|
Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in
|
|
prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $475 million, per capita $16,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
full employment (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
|
|
Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs
|
|
union with France
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
|
|
Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs
|
|
union with France
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
10,000 kW standby capacity (1991); power supplied by France Indus
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Monaco Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
none; city streets
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Monaco
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 petroleum tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone
|
|
system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no
|
|
communication satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Monaco Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,565,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,565,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi
|
|
Desert in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
|
|
wolfram, fluorspar, gold
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and
|
|
woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
harsh and rugged
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mongolian(s); adjective - Mongolian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%); previously limited
|
|
religious activity because of Communist regime
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include
|
|
Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in
|
|
the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled
|
|
labor
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU)
|
|
controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now
|
|
being formed
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Mongolia
|
|
Type:
|
|
in transition from Communist state to republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ulaanbaatar
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,
|
|
singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,
|
|
Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,
|
|
Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
|
|
Independence:
|
|
13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
12 February 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional
|
|
provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
State Great Hural
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but
|
|
to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President
|
|
Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party:
|
|
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,
|
|
general secretary
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association,
|
|
Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress,
|
|
GANBOLD
|
|
other:
|
|
Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note -
|
|
opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The
|
|
Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's
|
|
Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be
|
|
officially registered because of low rates of membership
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results -
|
|
Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural
|
|
State Great Hural:
|
|
first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution,
|
|
the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly
|
|
elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Government
|
|
|
|
People's Small Hural:
|
|
last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%,
|
|
MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note -
|
|
People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled
|
|
Communists:
|
|
MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING;
|
|
Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO
|
|
AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
|
|
unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity
|
|
traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -
|
|
Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In
|
|
recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet
|
|
support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,
|
|
tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
|
|
and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is
|
|
struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the
|
|
economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and
|
|
development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the
|
|
dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak
|
|
for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly
|
|
due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.
|
|
The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned
|
|
economy through privatization and price reform.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate
|
|
-3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
100% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
deficit of $67 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$279 million (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
|
|
nonferrous metals
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$360 million (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
|
|
chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -12% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
|
|
beverage, mining (particularly coal)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the
|
|
population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but
|
|
also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR
|
|
and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170
|
|
million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,
|
|
including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over
|
|
$200 million from donor countries projected in 1992
|
|
Currency:
|
|
tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
397 km of principal routes (1988)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
25 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with
|
|
runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18
|
|
provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at
|
|
least 1 earth station
|
|
|
|
:Mongolia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 551,548; 359,904 fit for military service; 25,275 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
100 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
40 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 30%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to severe hurricanes from June to November
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
12,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4 (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Montserratian(s); adjective - Montserratian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mostly black with a few Europeans
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist,
|
|
other Christian denominations
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%,
|
|
trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture,
|
|
forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Plymouth
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1960
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English common law and statute law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David
|
|
TAYLOR (since NA 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation
|
|
Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand
|
|
OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat
|
|
of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a
|
|
black cross
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and
|
|
construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of
|
|
GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The
|
|
economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to
|
|
fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts
|
|
sold to the US.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $54.2 million, per capita $4,500 (1988); real
|
|
growth rate 10% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.8% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3.0% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $3.2 million (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods,
|
|
fuels, lubricants, and related materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.05 million (1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions,
|
|
peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Plymouth
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV
|
|
|
|
:Montserrat Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Police Force
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
446,550 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
446,300 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,002 km; Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,835 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN
|
|
is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been
|
|
currently in effect since September 1991 Spain controls five places of
|
|
sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the
|
|
coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the
|
|
islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas
|
|
Chafarinas
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 28%; forest and
|
|
woodland 12%; other 41%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
:Morocco People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
26,708,587 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
- 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Moroccan(s); adjective - Moroccan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab-Berber 99.1%, non-Moroccan 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is often the language of
|
|
business, government, and diplomacy
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 61%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT)
|
|
and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT)
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Morocco
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Rabat
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al
|
|
Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,
|
|
El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,
|
|
Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache,
|
|
Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,
|
|
Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate,
|
|
Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit
|
|
Independence:
|
|
2 March 1956 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 March 1972
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne), 3
|
|
March (1961)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Istiqlal, M'Hamed
|
|
BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); Popular Movement (MP),
|
|
Secretariat General; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;
|
|
National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for
|
|
Progress and Socialism (PPS); Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Chamber of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but
|
|
postponed until NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
|
|
(306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24,
|
|
other 14
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 2,000
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO,
|
|
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM,
|
|
OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT; Chancery at 1601 21st Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979; there is a Moroccan Consulate General in
|
|
New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Frederick VREELAND; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718; telephone
|
|
[212] (7) 76-22-65; FAX [212] (7) 76-56-61; there is a US Consulate General
|
|
in Casablanca
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's
|
|
seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a
|
|
trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile
|
|
sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker
|
|
remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling
|
|
agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped
|
|
real GDP advance by 4.2%, although nonagricultural output grew by less than
|
|
1%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered
|
|
rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand,
|
|
import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by
|
|
phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new
|
|
12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February
|
|
1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt.
|
|
This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan
|
|
authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations
|
|
without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high
|
|
unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain
|
|
severe long-term problems.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $27.3 billion, per capita $1,060; real growth
|
|
rate 4.2% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.1% (1991 )
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
16% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,
|
|
phosphates 17%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and
|
|
lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$20 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4% (1989 est.); accounts for an estimated 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,270,000 kW capacity; 8,170 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,
|
|
textiles, construction, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
50% of employment and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food;
|
|
cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus
|
|
fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch of 491,000 metric tons in
|
|
1987
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic
|
|
and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to
|
|
Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America
|
|
destined for Western Europe.
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5
|
|
billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby
|
|
agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242
|
|
(1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km
|
|
electrified)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved
|
|
earth, and unimproved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,
|
|
Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 315,249 GRT/487,479 DWT; includes 10
|
|
cargo, 2 container, 12 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 3 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
28 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
75 total, 67 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio relay links; principal
|
|
centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech,
|
|
Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 20 AM,
|
|
7 FM, 26 TV and 26 additional rebroadcast sites; 5 submarine cables;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio
|
|
relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave
|
|
to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,
|
|
Algeria, and Morocco
|
|
|
|
:Morocco Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal
|
|
Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 6,604,712; 4,196,449 fit for military service; 293,204 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually; limited conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
801,590 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
784,090 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km,
|
|
Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,470 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical to subtropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest,
|
|
mountains in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, titanium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
15,469,150 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); note - 1.5 million
|
|
Mozambican refugees; 900,000 in Malawi (1991 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
46 years male, 49 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Mozambican(s); adjective - Mozambican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
majority from indigenous tribal groups; Europeans about 10,000,
|
|
Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
33% (male 45%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
225,000 workers belong to a single union, the Mozambique Workers'
|
|
Organization (OTM)
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Mozambique
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Maputo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,
|
|
Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
|
|
Independence:
|
|
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
30 November 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
People's Courts at all levels
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) - formerly a Marxist
|
|
organization with close ties to the USSR - was the only legal party before
|
|
30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a
|
|
multiparty system; note - the government plans multiparty elections as early
|
|
as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique
|
|
(PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National
|
|
Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly
|
|
elections
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 200,000 FRELIMO members; note - FRELIMO no longer considers itself a
|
|
Communist party
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO; Chancery at Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193
|
|
Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone [258] (1)
|
|
49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50; FAX [258] (1) 49-01-14
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in
|
|
white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a
|
|
crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the
|
|
economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and
|
|
transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and
|
|
investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of
|
|
internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing
|
|
foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic
|
|
reform policy, has resulted in successive years of economic growth since
|
|
1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981
|
|
level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of
|
|
capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat.
|
|
The continuation of civil strife through 1991 has dimmed chances of foreign
|
|
investment, and growth was a mere 1%. Living standards, already abysmally
|
|
low, dropped by 3-4% in both 1990 and 1991.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $120; real growth rate
|
|
1.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
40.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
50% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $369 million; expenditures $860 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $432 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$117 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$870 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.), including aid
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Western Europe, USSR
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.9 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products,
|
|
textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 80% of the labor force, 50% of GDP, and about 90% of exports;
|
|
cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops -
|
|
cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
metical (plural - meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,358 (1 May 1992), 1,811.18 (1991), 929.00 (1990),
|
|
800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;
|
|
Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to
|
|
closure because of insurgency
|
|
Highways:
|
|
26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized
|
|
soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 3,750 km of navigable routes
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Maputo, Beira, Nacala
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806 GRT/12,873 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
7 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
195 total, 137 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast
|
|
stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
|
|
3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Mozambique Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards, Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,490,554; 2,004,913 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $107 million, 6-7% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
824,290 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
823,290 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than half the size of Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km,
|
|
Zambia 233 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,489 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with
|
|
Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
|
|
is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands
|
|
administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to
|
|
jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be
|
|
covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at
|
|
this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over
|
|
the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Sidudu Island
|
|
in the Linyanti River
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,
|
|
vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,
|
|
and iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 64%; forest and
|
|
woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia
|
|
|
|
:Namibia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,574,927 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
66 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
58 years male, 63 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Namibian(s); adjective - Namibian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%; about 50% of the population belong to the
|
|
Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos tribe
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Christian
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English is official language; Afrikaans is common language of most of
|
|
population and about 60% of white population, German 32%, English 7%;
|
|
several indigenous languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
38% (male 45%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1960)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
500,000; agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government
|
|
7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20 trade unions representing about 90,000 workers
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Namibia
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Windhoek
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
the former administrative structure of 26 districts has been abolished and
|
|
14 temporary regions are still being determined; note - the 26 districts
|
|
were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein,
|
|
Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango,
|
|
Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru,
|
|
Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek
|
|
Independence:
|
|
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
ratified 9 February 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 21 March (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral; House of Review (upper house, to be established with elections in
|
|
late 1992 by planned new regional authorities); National Assembly (lower
|
|
house elected by universal suffrage)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; Democratic
|
|
Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus
|
|
GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic
|
|
Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans
|
|
DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam
|
|
NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National
|
|
Assembly)
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results
|
|
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4,
|
|
ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CECA (associate), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO,
|
|
IMF, ITU, NAM, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, WCL, WFTU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH; Chancery at 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC
|
|
20043); telephone (202) 986-0540
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Genta Hawkins HOLMES; Embassy at Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St.,
|
|
Windhoek (mailing address is P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000, Namibia);
|
|
telephone [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680; FAX [264] (61) 229-792
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section,
|
|
and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the
|
|
triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow
|
|
white-edge borders
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and
|
|
process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia
|
|
is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's
|
|
fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the
|
|
richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality
|
|
diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver,
|
|
and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal. More than half the
|
|
population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its
|
|
livelihood.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate
|
|
5.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
17% (1991 - Windhoek)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
over 25% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $144 million (FY 92)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1,021 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
uranium, diamonds, zinc, copper, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins
|
|
partners:
|
|
Switzerland, South Africa, FRG, Japan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$894 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa, FRG, US, Switzerland
|
|
External debt:
|
|
about $250 million; under a 1971 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
|
ruling, Namibia may not be liable for debt incurred during its colonial
|
|
period
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 6% (1990 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc,
|
|
diamond, uranium)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income;
|
|
crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million
|
|
metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric
|
|
tons; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
|
|
$47.2 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
South African rand (plural - rand); 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
South African rand (R) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863
|
|
(1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
137 total, 112 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires
|
|
extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV
|
|
|
|
:Namibia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
National Defense Force (Army), Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 320,277; 189,997 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY 92)
|
|
|
|
:Nauru Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
21 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
21 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
30 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate
|
|
plateau in center
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
only 53 km south of Equator
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, Nauru is one of the
|
|
three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are
|
|
Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia
|
|
|
|
:Nauru People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
9,460 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Nauruan(s); adjective - Nauruan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely
|
|
understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Nauru Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Nauru
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu,
|
|
Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK);
|
|
formerly Pleasant Island
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
29 January 1968
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
own Acts of Parliament and British common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - Bernard
|
|
DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18
|
|
Member of:
|
|
C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador-designate Theodore Conrad MOSES resident in Melbourne
|
|
(Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam)
|
|
US:
|
|
the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large
|
|
white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates
|
|
the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and
|
|
the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
|
|
|
|
:Nauru Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are
|
|
expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans
|
|
one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually.
|
|
Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including
|
|
fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the
|
|
replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems.
|
|
Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help
|
|
cushion the transition.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1989)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
0%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$93 million (f.o.b., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
phosphates
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, NZ
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$73 million (c.i.f., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, UK, NZ, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$33.3 million
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and water
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2834 (1991),
|
|
1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Nauru Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing
|
|
facilities on the southwest coast
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Nauru
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft, one on order
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate local and international radio communications provided via
|
|
Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations -
|
|
1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Nauru Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA - no formal defense structure
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5.2 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5.2 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
8 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Haiti
|
|
Climate:
|
|
marine, tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical
|
|
white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
guano
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 90%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense
|
|
stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the Caribbean Sea;
|
|
160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
|
|
:Navassa Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
140,800 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
136,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Arkansas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers
|
|
and mild winters in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region,
|
|
rugged Himalayas in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small
|
|
deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 17%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
|
|
woodland 33%; other 37%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion;
|
|
water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; strategic location between China and India
|
|
|
|
:Nepal People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
20,086,455 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
38 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
90 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
51 years male, 51 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Nepalese (singular and plural); adjective - Nepalese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus,
|
|
Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups
|
|
Religions:
|
|
only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between
|
|
many Hindu (about 90% of population) and Buddhist groups (about 5% of
|
|
population); Muslims 3%, other 2% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
26% (male 38%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
8,500,000 (1991 est.); agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%; severe
|
|
lack of skilled labor
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Teachers' Union and many other nonofficially recognized unions
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Nepal
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kathmandu
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri,
|
|
Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti,
|
|
Sagarmatha, Seti
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
9 November 1990
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a
|
|
lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24
|
|
February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son
|
|
of the King (born 21 June 1971)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party:
|
|
Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH,
|
|
Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI
|
|
center:
|
|
the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand),
|
|
Lokinra Bahadur CHAND, and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa),
|
|
Surya Bahadur THAPA - the two factions announced a merger in late 1991;
|
|
Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, G. N. Naryan SINGH
|
|
Communist:
|
|
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan
|
|
ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL;
|
|
Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE;
|
|
Democratic Party, leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%,
|
|
CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana
|
|
Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats -
|
|
(205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6,
|
|
NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note
|
|
- the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gives Nepal a multiparty democracy
|
|
system for the first time in 32 years
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party of Nepal (CPN)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small,
|
|
radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UNIFIL, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA; Chancery at 2131 Leroy Place NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a Nepalese
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu; telephone
|
|
[977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890; FAX [977] (1) 419963
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right
|
|
triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the
|
|
larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world.
|
|
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over
|
|
90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is
|
|
limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute,
|
|
sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has
|
|
expanded recently and accounted for 87% of foreign exchange earnings in
|
|
FY89. Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable
|
|
natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production
|
|
in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population
|
|
growth of 2.6%. Forty percent or more of the population is undernourished
|
|
partly because of poor distribution. Since May 1991, the government has been
|
|
encouraging privatization and foreign investment. It has introduced policies
|
|
to eliminate many business licenses and registration requirements in order
|
|
to simplify domestic and foreign investment procedures. Economic prospects
|
|
for the 1990s remain poor because the economy starts from such a low base.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, per capita $165; real growth rate
|
|
3.5% (FY91)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15.0% (December 1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $294.0 million; expenditures $624.0 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $396 (FY92 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$180 million (f.o.b., FY91) but does not include unrecorded border trade
|
|
with India
|
|
commodities:
|
|
clothing, carpets, leather goods, grain
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, India, Germany, UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$545 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%
|
|
partners:
|
|
India, Singapore, Japan, Germany
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.5 billion (April 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
280,000 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet,
|
|
cement, and brick production; tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn,
|
|
wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in
|
|
food, particularly in drought years
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Nepalese rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 42.7 (January 1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370
|
|
(1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
16 July - 15 July
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian
|
|
border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone;
|
|
also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
37 total, 37 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast
|
|
service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000
|
|
telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Nepal Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,798,984; 2,488,749 fit for military service; 225,873 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY92)
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
37,330 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
33,920 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
451 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 26%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 32%; forest and
|
|
woodland 9%; other 32%; includes irrigated 16%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from the North Sea by
|
|
dikes
|
|
Note:
|
|
located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse,
|
|
Schelde)
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
15,112,064 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective - Dutch
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Dutch
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,300,000; services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government
|
|
15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
29% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of the Netherlands
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland,
|
|
Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland,
|
|
Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1579 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 February 1983
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the
|
|
Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States
|
|
General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or
|
|
First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede
|
|
Kamer)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent
|
|
WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April
|
|
1967)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice
|
|
Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK;
|
|
Liberal (VVD), Joris VOORHOEVE; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a
|
|
host of minor parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
First Chamber:
|
|
last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by
|
|
the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by
|
|
party NA
|
|
Second Chamber:
|
|
last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results -
|
|
CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31. 9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150
|
|
total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 6,000
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement
|
|
(comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade
|
|
union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the
|
|
nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV -
|
|
Interchurch Peace Council
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN,
|
|
COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT,
|
|
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO,
|
|
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
|
|
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN; Chancery at 4200 Linnean Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300; there are Dutch Consulates
|
|
General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS, Jr.; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague
|
|
(mailing address PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715); telephone [31] (70)
|
|
310-9209; FAX [31] (70) 361-4688; there is a US Consulate General in
|
|
Amsterdam
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the
|
|
flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise.
|
|
The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations,
|
|
permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic
|
|
activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of
|
|
GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the
|
|
food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly
|
|
mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but
|
|
provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing
|
|
industry. An unemployment rate of 6.2% and a sizable budget deficit are
|
|
currently the most serious economic problems.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $249.6 billion, per capita $16,600; real
|
|
growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $98.7 billion; expenditures $110.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$131.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals,
|
|
metal products, textiles, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US
|
|
4.7% (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$125.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation
|
|
equipment, crude oil, food products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%, UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
none
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh produced, 4,300 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and
|
|
equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains,
|
|
potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and
|
|
oils
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synethic drugs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or
|
|
florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7753 (January
|
|
1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and 1,800 km double track);
|
|
2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS);
|
|
166 km privately owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access,
|
|
divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or
|
|
larger
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden,
|
|
Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,630,962 GRT/3,687,598 DWT; includes
|
|
3 short-sea passenger, 191 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 24 container, 12
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 2 livestock carrier, 10 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
|
22 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 9
|
|
bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered
|
|
on the captive Netherlands Antilles register
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
98 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant
|
|
system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links;
|
|
9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, 12 (39
|
|
repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 communication
|
|
satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service
|
|
and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,144,477; 3,649,746 fit for military service; 111,952 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
960 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
960 km2; includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
|
|
(Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
364 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally hilly, volcanic interiors
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 92%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely
|
|
threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes
|
|
from July to October
|
|
Note:
|
|
consists of two island groups - Curacao and Bonaire are located off the
|
|
coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius lie 800 km to
|
|
the north
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
184,325 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective - Netherlands Antillean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mixed African 85%; remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and Oriental
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect
|
|
predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
94% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
89,000; government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
60-70% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Digraph:
|
|
political parties are indigenous to each island ***
|
|
Type:
|
|
part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Willemstad
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (part of the Dutch realm)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of
|
|
Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
legislature (Staten)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Joint High Court of Justice
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by
|
|
Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served
|
|
from September 1984 to November 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
political parties are indigenous to each island
|
|
Bonaire:
|
|
Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire
|
|
(PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN
|
|
Curacao:
|
|
National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement
|
|
(MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson
|
|
(Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE;
|
|
Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA
|
|
Saba:
|
|
Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba
|
|
Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS
|
|
Sint Eustatius:
|
|
Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward
|
|
Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL
|
|
Sint Maarten:
|
|
Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic
|
|
Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Staten:
|
|
last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2,
|
|
DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the
|
|
government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several
|
|
parties
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO
|
|
(associate), UPU, WCL, WMO, WTO (associate)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in
|
|
the US are represented by the Netherlands
|
|
US:
|
|
Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at Sint Anna Boulevard
|
|
19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158, Willemstad,
|
|
Curacao); telephone [599] (9) 613066; FAX [599] (9) 616489
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical
|
|
red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an
|
|
oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the
|
|
five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint
|
|
Maarten
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the
|
|
economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed
|
|
infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many
|
|
Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large
|
|
international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with
|
|
the US being the major supplier.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $7,600; real growth rate
|
|
1.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
21% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $454 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $42 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products 98%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 40%, Italy 6%, The Bahamas 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
Venezuela 42%, US 18%, Netherlands 6%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$701.2 million (December 1987)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,985 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum
|
|
transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing
|
|
(Curacao)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes,
|
|
sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in
|
|
food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$513 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden,
|
|
or florins); 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79
|
|
(fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 607,010 GRT/695,864 DWT; includes 4
|
|
passenger, 27 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off,
|
|
11 multifunction large-load carrier, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1
|
|
bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - all but a few are foreign owned, mostly in the
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
7 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland radio relay links;
|
|
broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Netherlands Antilles Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National
|
|
Guard, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49 49,082; 27,656 fit for military service; 1,673 reach military
|
|
age (20) annually
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
19,060 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
18,760 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,254 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal plains with interior mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest
|
|
and woodland 51%; other 35%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
typhoons most frequent from November to March
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
174,805 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - New Caledonian(s); adjective - New Caledonian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%,
|
|
Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French; 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
91% (male 91%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna,
|
|
Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas territory of France since 1956
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Noumea
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative
|
|
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named
|
|
Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence
|
|
will be held in 1998, with a review of the issue in 1992
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands;
|
|
formerly under French law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French President, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Territorial Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain
|
|
CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Territorial Assembly:
|
|
last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS
|
|
28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19,
|
|
FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - RPR
|
|
83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are represented
|
|
in the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In
|
|
recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international
|
|
demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a
|
|
negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts
|
|
for about 25% of imports.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $6,000 (1991 est.); real
|
|
growth rate 2.4% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.1% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
16.0% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1985)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$671 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
nickel metal 87%, nickel ore
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$764 million (c.i.f., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
nickel mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60%
|
|
self-sufficient in beef
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for
|
|
some families
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$4,185 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January
|
|
1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27
|
|
(1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
29 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:New Caledonia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Gendarmerie, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 46,388; NA fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
268,680 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
268,670 km2; includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands,
|
|
Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about the size of Colorado
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
15,134 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 53%; forest and
|
|
woodland 38%; other 7%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
earthquakes are common, though usually not severe
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,347,369 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 80 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - New Zealander(s); adjective - New Zealand
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist
|
|
2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Maori
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,603,500 (June 1991); services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary
|
|
production 9.3% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986)
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none; abbreviated NZ
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Wellington
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton,
|
|
Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha,
|
|
Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston,
|
|
Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*,
|
|
Hawke's Bay, Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui,
|
|
Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie,
|
|
Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton,
|
|
Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*,
|
|
Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*,
|
|
Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland,
|
|
Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo,
|
|
Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo,
|
|
Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa,
|
|
Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*,
|
|
Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei,
|
|
Whangaroa, Woodville
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 September 1907 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including
|
|
certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986
|
|
was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for
|
|
Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6
|
|
February (1840)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party
|
|
(NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON;
|
|
Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE
|
|
and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin
|
|
RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS; note - the
|
|
New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition in
|
|
September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Government
|
|
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held October 1993); results - NP
|
|
49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29,
|
|
NLP 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC,
|
|
AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM, (cooperating country), EBRD,
|
|
ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
MTCR, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador - Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN; Chancery at 37 Observatory Circle
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800; there are New Zealand
|
|
Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Della M. NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon,
|
|
Wellington (mailing address is P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1,
|
|
FPO AP 96531-1001); telephone [64] (4) 722-068; FAX [64] (4) 723-537; there
|
|
is a US Consulate General in Auckland
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red
|
|
five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag;
|
|
the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent
|
|
on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can
|
|
compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth
|
|
would boost real incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the
|
|
expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is
|
|
down from double-digit levels, but growth has been sluggish and
|
|
unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May
|
|
1991. In 1988, GDP fell by 1%, in 1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%, and was flat
|
|
in 1990-91.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $46.2 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth
|
|
rate - 0.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.0% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.7% (September 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $17.6 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$9.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals,
|
|
forestry products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea
|
|
3.1%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$8.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$17.4 billion (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,800,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,
|
|
transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 9% of GDP and 10% of the work force; livestock
|
|
predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat,
|
|
barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and vegetables; surplus producer of farm
|
|
products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991),
|
|
1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km
|
|
electrified; over 99% government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,609 km; of little importance to transportation
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate 150 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2
|
|
cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas,
|
|
5 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
about 40 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
118 total, 118 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to
|
|
Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:New Zealand Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 874,703; 739,923 fit for military service; 30,297 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY92)
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
129,494 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
120,254 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New York State
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
910 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain)
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specified
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y
|
|
Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; unresolved maritime boundary in Golfo de
|
|
Fonseca
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains;
|
|
narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 9%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 12%; including irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional
|
|
severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,878,150 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
37 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
57 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
60 years male, 66 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Nicaraguan(s); adjective - Nicaraguan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic
|
|
coast
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
57% (male 57%, female 57%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,086,000; service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
35% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Nicaragua
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Managua
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 administrative regions encompassing 17 departments (departamentos,
|
|
singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli,
|
|
Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic
|
|
Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South
|
|
Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
January 1987
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President
|
|
Virgilio GODOY (since 25 April 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling coalition:
|
|
National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 14-party alliance - National
|
|
Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS; Conservative Popular Alliance
|
|
Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; National Conservative Action Party (PANC),
|
|
Hernaldo ZUNIGA; National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin
|
|
JARQUIN; Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO; Neo-Liberal
|
|
Party (PALI), Andres ZUNIGA; Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose
|
|
Ernesto SOMARRIBA; National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo RIVAS; Nicaraguan
|
|
Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Communist Party of Nicaragua
|
|
(PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO; Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis
|
|
Humberto GUZMAN; Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social
|
|
Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY; Central American Integrationist
|
|
Party (PIAC), Alejandro PEREZ
|
|
opposition parties:
|
|
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American
|
|
Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of
|
|
Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN),
|
|
Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER;
|
|
Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party
|
|
(PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando
|
|
AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ;
|
|
Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 16
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results -
|
|
Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN)
|
|
40.8%, other 4.5%
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO
|
|
53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39,
|
|
PSC 1, MUR 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
15,000-20,000
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor
|
|
unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST), Farm Workers Association (ATC),
|
|
Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD), National Union of Employees (UNE),
|
|
National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN), Union of Journalists
|
|
of Nicaragua (UPN), Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional
|
|
Associations (CONAPRO), and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers
|
|
(UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four
|
|
non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS),
|
|
Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General
|
|
Confederation of Labor (CGT-I), and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS);
|
|
Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior
|
|
Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ernesto PALAZIO; Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6570
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Harry W. SHLAUDEMAN; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur.,
|
|
Managua (mailing address is APO AA 34021); telephone [505] (2) 666010 or
|
|
666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34; FAX [505] (2)
|
|
666046
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the
|
|
national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features
|
|
a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and
|
|
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which
|
|
features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN
|
|
LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of
|
|
Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the
|
|
white band
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although
|
|
the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four
|
|
private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign
|
|
trade and abolished price controls on most goods. Over 50% of the
|
|
agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista economic
|
|
policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation
|
|
of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural commodities,
|
|
largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989 and 4%
|
|
in 1990, and remained about even in 1991. The agricultural sector employs
|
|
44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of export
|
|
earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes
|
|
about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in 1990, and
|
|
remained flat in 1991; output still is below pre-1979 levels. External debt
|
|
is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In 1991 the
|
|
inflation rate was 766%, down sharply from the 13,490% of 1990.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, per capita $425; real growth rate
|
|
-1.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
766% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
13%; underemployment 50% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$342 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$738 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15%
|
|
(1990 est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for about 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
423,000 kW capacity; 1,409 million kWh produced, 376 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum
|
|
refining and distribution, beverages, footwear
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas,
|
|
sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans;
|
|
variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
cordoba (plural - cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 25,000,000 (March 1992), 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655
|
|
(1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not
|
|
operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect
|
|
with mainline)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km
|
|
earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,220 km, including 2 large lakes
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 56 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
9 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
228 total, 155 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Nicaragua Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 878,066; 541,090 fit for military service; 42,997 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 3.8% of GDP (1991 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Niger Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,267,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,266,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km,
|
|
Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of
|
|
international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border
|
|
incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon,
|
|
Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary
|
|
demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south;
|
|
hills in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 2%; other 88%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal
|
|
agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Niger People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,052,945 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
58 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
23 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
42 years male, 45 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Nigerien(s); adjective - Nigerien
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Hausa 56%; Djerma 22%; Fula 8.5%; Tuareg 8%; Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%; Arab,
|
|
Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%; about 4,000 French expatriates
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Hausa, Djerma
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
28% (male 40%, female 17%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,500,000 wage earners (1982); agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%,
|
|
government 4%; 51% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
negligible
|
|
|
|
:Niger Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Niger
|
|
Type:
|
|
as of November 1991, transition government appointed by national reform
|
|
conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected
|
|
government in January 1993
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Niamey
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso,
|
|
Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic
|
|
Reform Conference
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Republic Day, 18 December (1958)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president (ceremonial), prime minister (interim), Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post
|
|
since national conference (1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Interim Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tanda MAMADOU;
|
|
Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA;
|
|
Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo
|
|
BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of
|
|
Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; Niger Social
|
|
Democrat Party (PSDN-ALHERI), Mallam Adji WAZIRI; Niger Party for Democracy
|
|
and Socialism (PNDS-TARAYA), Issoufou MAHAMADOU; Democratic and Social
|
|
Convention (CDS-RAHAMA), Mahamane OUSMANE; Union for Democracy and Progress
|
|
(UDP), Bello TCHIOUSSO; Union for Democracy and Social Progress
|
|
(UDPS-AMANA), Akoli DAOUEL; Masses Union for Democratic Action (UMAD-AIKI),
|
|
Belko GARBA; Worker's Liberation Party (PLT), Idi Ango OUMAROU; Convention
|
|
for Social Rehabilitation (CRS), Abdoul Karim SEYNI; Popular Movement for
|
|
Democracy in Niger (MPDN), Abdou SANDA; Popular Front for National
|
|
Liberation (FPLN), Diallo SABO; Republican Party for Freedom and Progress in
|
|
Niger (PRLPN), Alka ALMOU; other parties forming
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the
|
|
presidency is now a largely ceremonial position
|
|
|
|
:Niger Government
|
|
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only
|
|
party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held
|
|
a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a
|
|
transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE; Chancery at 2204 R Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224 through 4227
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD; Embassy at Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone [227] 72-26-61 through
|
|
64
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small
|
|
orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to
|
|
the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Niger Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising,
|
|
activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also
|
|
depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium
|
|
production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s
|
|
when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany,
|
|
Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for
|
|
uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe
|
|
trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate
|
|
-3.4% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $220 million; expenditures $446 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $190 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$320 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$439 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts,
|
|
electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals,
|
|
foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 32%, Ivory Coast 11%, Germany 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.8 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 18% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a
|
|
few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops -
|
|
cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice;
|
|
livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought
|
|
years
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
:Niger Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Niger Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470
|
|
km earthen, 23,000 km tracks
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier
|
|
from mid-December through March
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
29 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links
|
|
concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned
|
|
|
|
:Niger Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican National Guard, National police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,724,293; 928,177 fit for military service; 83,528 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
923,770 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
910,770 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
853 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
30 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has
|
|
led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification
|
|
by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with
|
|
Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet
|
|
convened
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies - equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in
|
|
southeast, plains in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural
|
|
gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 31%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
|
|
woodland 15%; other 28%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural
|
|
activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
126,274,589 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992); note - a new population
|
|
figure of 88.5 million is in the process of being incorporated into revised
|
|
Census Bureau figures (April 1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
48 years male, 50 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Nigerian(s); adjective - Nigerian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the
|
|
southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the population; about
|
|
27,000 non-Africans
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages
|
|
also widely used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
51% (male 62%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
42,844,000; agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%,
|
|
government 15%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade unions, which come
|
|
under a single national labor federation - the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federal Republic of Nigeria
|
|
Type:
|
|
military government since 31 December 1983
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from
|
|
Lagos to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion
|
|
of facilities in Abuja
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa
|
|
Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo,
|
|
Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo,
|
|
Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 October 1960 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 October (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, Armed Forces Ruling Council,
|
|
National Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly was dissolved after the military coup of 31 December 1983
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA
|
|
(since 27 August 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
two political parties established by the government in 1989 - Social
|
|
Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for
|
|
late 1992
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
first elections since it was dissolved after the 31 December 1983 coup
|
|
scheduled for 4 July 1992
|
|
Communists:
|
|
the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of the Nigerian
|
|
left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor
|
|
organization but have little influence on the government
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE; Chancery at 2201 M Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500; there is a Nigerian Consulate General in
|
|
New York
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos); telephone [234] (1) 610097; FAX [234] (1)
|
|
610257; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna; note - the US Government
|
|
has requested Nigerian Government permission to open an Embassy Branch
|
|
Office in Abuja; the US Embassy will remain in Lagos until a later date,
|
|
when the Branch Office in Abuja will become the Embassy and the Embassy in
|
|
Lagos will become a Consulate General
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor
|
|
with a $250 per capita GDP. In 1991 massive government spending, much of it
|
|
to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget
|
|
deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal
|
|
discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an
|
|
18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious
|
|
targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign
|
|
companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to
|
|
reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary
|
|
growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment
|
|
funds and endemic corruption. Living standards continue to deteriorate from
|
|
the higher level of the early 1980s oil boom.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $250; real growth rate
|
|
5.2% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
40% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $10 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$13.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
oil 95%, cocoa, rubber
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 51%, US 32%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$32 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.2% (1990); accounts for 8.5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,740,000 kW capacity; 11,280 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries -
|
|
palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing
|
|
industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear,
|
|
chemical, printing, ceramics, steel
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale
|
|
farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer;
|
|
cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice,
|
|
sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs;
|
|
fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking; marijuana cultivation for
|
|
domestic consumption and export; major transit country for heroin en route
|
|
from southeast and southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US;
|
|
growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to
|
|
Western Europe and the US
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
naira (plural - naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
naira (N) per US$1 - 10.226 (February 1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990),
|
|
7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment);
|
|
25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km
|
|
unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17
|
|
cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 petroleum tanker, 1
|
|
chemical tanker, 1 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
57 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
76 total, 64 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in
|
|
progress; radio relay and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 AM, 17 FM,
|
|
28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
|
|
|
|
:Nigeria Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 28,778,532; 16,451,582 fit for military service; 1,256,440
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 1% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
:Niue Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
260 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
260 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
64 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, arable land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 61%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 19%; other 12%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons
|
|
Note:
|
|
one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km east of Tonga
|
|
|
|
:Niue People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,751 (July 1992), growth rate - 6.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Niuean(s); adjective - Niuean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) - a Protestant church closely related to the
|
|
London Missionary Society 75%, Mormon 10%, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's
|
|
Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 14
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in
|
|
government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Niue Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully
|
|
responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for
|
|
external affairs
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Alofi
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19
|
|
October 1974
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6
|
|
February (1840)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, premier, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Legislative Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand
|
|
Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since October 1974)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of
|
|
vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of
|
|
the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in
|
|
the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
|
|
|
|
:Niue Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government
|
|
expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants
|
|
from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The
|
|
agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some
|
|
cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small
|
|
factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The
|
|
sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of
|
|
revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of
|
|
population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
9.6% (1984)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$175,274 (f.o.b., 1985)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root
|
|
crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants,
|
|
chemicals, drugs
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourist, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro,
|
|
yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991),
|
|
1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Niue Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383
|
|
telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1
|
|
FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Niue Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Police Force
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
34.6 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
34.6 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
32 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 75%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons (especially May to July)
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,620 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Norfolk Islander(s); adjective - Norfolk Islander(s)
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian and New Zealand
|
|
settlers
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and
|
|
ancient Tahitian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of Norfolk Island
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Australia
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Norfolk Island Act of 1957
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act
|
|
of 1979; Supreme Court
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive
|
|
Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator H.
|
|
B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed by the Governor General of
|
|
Australia
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party
|
|
NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of Australia)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large
|
|
green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of
|
|
prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of
|
|
visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89.
|
|
Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and
|
|
helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production
|
|
of beef, poultry, and eggs.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$400,000 (FY89)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small
|
|
quantities of avocados
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
|
|
External debt:
|
|
NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit,
|
|
cattle, poultry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991),
|
|
1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral
|
|
surfaced
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (Australian owned)
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones
|
|
(1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Norfolk Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of Australia
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
477 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
477 km2; comprises 16 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,482 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal
|
|
temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to
|
|
October
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs;
|
|
northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu
|
|
on Saipan)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
arable land, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons during the rainy
|
|
season
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
|
|
Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
47,168 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
35 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German,
|
|
Japanese admixtures
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and
|
|
taboos may still be found
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught
|
|
in school
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
12,788 local; 18,799 foreign workers (1990 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
commonwealth in political union with the US and administered by the Office
|
|
of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saipan
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (commonwealth in political union with the US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
US President; governor, lieutenant governor
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Commonwealth Court and the Federal District Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE
|
|
(since 20 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant
|
|
Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Republican Party, Alonzo IGISOMAR; Democratic Party, Felicidad OGUMORO
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote
|
|
in US presidential elections
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor:
|
|
last held in November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results -
|
|
Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held on November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republications 6, Democrats 3
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held in November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) Republicans 5, Democrats 10
|
|
US House of Representatives:
|
|
the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it
|
|
has an elected official ``resident representative'' located in Washington,
|
|
DC; seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ESCAP (associate), SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a
|
|
latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An
|
|
agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million
|
|
for capital development, government operations, and special programs.
|
|
Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about
|
|
10% of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural
|
|
sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts,
|
|
breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature - mostly
|
|
handicrafts and fish processing.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $165 million, per capita $3,498; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1982); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $112.2 million, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (February 1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$153.9 million (1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, garments, vegetables, beef, pork
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$313.7 million, a 43% increase over previous year (1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
none
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
381.5 km total (134.5 km first-grade primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local)
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saipan, Rota, Tinian
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
stations
|
|
|
|
:Northern Mariana Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Norway Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
324,220 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
307,860 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,515 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
21,925 km; includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords,
|
|
numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
10 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged
|
|
Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen; maritime boundary
|
|
dispute with Russia over portion of Barents Sea
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior;
|
|
rainy year-round on west coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile
|
|
valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords;
|
|
arctic tundra in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish,
|
|
timber, hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and
|
|
woodland 27%; other 70%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to
|
|
sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest
|
|
coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land
|
|
boundary with Russia
|
|
|
|
:Norway People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,294,876 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Norwegian(s); adjective - Norwegian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000
|
|
Lapps
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran (state church) 87.8%, other Protestant and Roman
|
|
Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and
|
|
manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and
|
|
communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing
|
|
6.4% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
66% of labor force (1985)
|
|
|
|
:Norway Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Norway
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Oslo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud,
|
|
Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag,
|
|
Oppland, Oslo, OCstfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag,
|
|
Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
|
|
Independence:
|
|
26 October 1905 (from Sweden)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 May 1814, modified in 1884
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;
|
|
Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower
|
|
Chamber (Odelsting)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Hoiesterett)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON
|
|
MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; Center
|
|
Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK;
|
|
Socialist Left, Erick SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN;
|
|
Progress, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Storting:
|
|
last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results -
|
|
Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%,
|
|
Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%;
|
|
seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left
|
|
17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist
|
|
Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE,
|
|
EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
|
|
|
|
:Norway Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in
|
|
Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and
|
|
Consulates in Miami and New Orleans
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09707); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50; FAX [47] (2)
|
|
43-07-77
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the
|
|
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
|
|
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
:Norway Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity
|
|
and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the
|
|
vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state enterprises and
|
|
extensively subsidizes agricultural, fishing, and other sectors. Norway also
|
|
maintains an extensive welfare system that helps propel public-sector
|
|
expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the
|
|
highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high
|
|
dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of raw
|
|
materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and
|
|
medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. The
|
|
country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower,
|
|
fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil sector to
|
|
keep its economy afloat. Although one of the government's main priorities is
|
|
to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve for years
|
|
to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and
|
|
diversify the economy through tax reform and an expansionary 1992 budget.
|
|
Forecasters predict that economic growth will rise slightly in 1992 because
|
|
of public-sector expansion and moderate improvements in private investment
|
|
and demand. Inflation will remain about 3%, while unemployment continues at
|
|
record levels of over 5% because of the weakness of the economy outside the
|
|
oil sector. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, is continuing to
|
|
deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European
|
|
Economic Area (EEA) - which creates a EC/EFTA market with free movement of
|
|
capital, goods, services, and labor - which takes effect in 1993.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $72.9 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth
|
|
rate 4.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.5% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5.4% (1991, excluding people in job-training programs)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $47.9 billion; expenditures $52.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$34.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products 36.5%, natural gas 7.5%, fish 7%, aluminum
|
|
6%, ships 6.2%, pulp and paper
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 66.5%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 7.8%, US 4.6%, Japan
|
|
1.9% (1991)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals,
|
|
foodstuffs, clothing, ships
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 46.8%, Nordic countries 26.1%, developing countries 12.3%, US 7.8%, Japan
|
|
4.7% (1991)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10.2 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.7% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Norway Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products,
|
|
metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 2.8% of GDP and 6.4% of labor force; among world's top 10
|
|
fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food
|
|
needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.1956 (January 1992), 6.4829 (1991),
|
|
6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Norway Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates
|
|
4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other
|
|
Highways:
|
|
79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
refined products 53 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
864 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,978,202 GRT/40,128,177 DWT;
|
|
includes 12 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 118 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo,
|
|
19 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 22 vehicle
|
|
carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 180 oil tanker, 93 chemical tanker, 83 liquefied
|
|
gas, 28 combination ore/oil, 211 bulk, 10 combination bulk; note - the
|
|
government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship
|
|
Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS
|
|
enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by
|
|
Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now
|
|
registered with the NIS
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
76 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
103 total, 102 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex
|
|
services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters)
|
|
TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations
|
|
operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and
|
|
domestic systems
|
|
|
|
:Norway Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,129,871; 944,290 fit for military service; 33,175 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Oman Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
212,460 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
212,460 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Kansas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,092 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
to be defined
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far
|
|
north; there is a proposed treaty with Yemen (which has not yet been
|
|
formally accepted) to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary
|
|
Climate:
|
|
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest
|
|
summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum,
|
|
natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest
|
|
and woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse
|
|
natural freshwater resources
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling
|
|
Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going
|
|
from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)
|
|
|
|
:Oman People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,587,581 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
41 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Omani(s); adjective - Omani
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mostly Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and South Asian (Indian,
|
|
Pakistani, Bangladeshi) groups
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Ibadhi Muslim 75%; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi`a Muslim, some Hindu
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
430,000; agriculture 60% (est.); 58% are non-Omani
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
:Oman Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Sultanate of Oman
|
|
Type:
|
|
absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Muscat
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
|
|
Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat);
|
|
Musqat, Musandam, Zufar
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1650, expulsion of the Portuguese
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
none
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan;
|
|
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 18 November
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
sultan, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa`id Al Sa`id (since 23 July 1970)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
elections scheduled for October 1992
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
|
|
NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard W. BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address
|
|
is P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat); telephone [968] 698-989; FAX
|
|
[968] 604-316
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double
|
|
width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
|
|
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in
|
|
scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band
|
|
|
|
:Oman Economy
|
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Overview:
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Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry.
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Petroleum accounts for more than 90% of export earnings, about 80% of
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government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of
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4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate
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of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population,
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urban centers depend on imported food.
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GDP:
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exchange rate conversion - $10.6 billion, per capita $6,925 (1990); real
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growth rate 0.5% (1989)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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1.3% (1989)
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Unemployment rate:
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NA%
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Budget:
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revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital
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expenditures of $825 million (1990)
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Exports:
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$5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
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commodities:
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petroleum, reexports, fish, processed copper, fruits and vegetables
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partners:
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Japan 35%, South Korea 21%, Singapore 7%, US 6%
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Imports:
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$2.5 billion (f.o.b, 1990)
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commodities:
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machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock,
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lubricants
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partners:
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UK 20%, UAE 20%, Japan 17%, US 7%
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External debt:
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$3.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
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Industrial production:
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growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector
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Electricity:
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1,120,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh per capita
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(1991)
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Industries:
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crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction,
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cement, copper
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Agriculture:
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accounts for 6% of GDP and 60% of the labor force (including fishing); less
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than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes,
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bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food;
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annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons
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Economic aid:
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US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US)
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countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC
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bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million
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Currency:
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Omani rial (plural - rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza
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Exchange rates:
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Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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:Oman Communications
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Highways:
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26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
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Ports:
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Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut
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Merchant marine:
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1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT
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Civil air:
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19 major transport aircraft
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Airports:
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134 total, 127 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
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3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications:
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fair system of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations;
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limited coaxial cable 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7
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TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8
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domestic
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:Oman Defense Forces
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Branches:
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Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police
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Manpower availability:
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males 15-49, 359,394; 204,006 fit for military service
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Defense expenditures:
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exchange rate conversion - $1.73 billion, 16% of GDP (1992 budget)
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Geography
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Total area:
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458 km2
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Land area:
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458 km2
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Comparative area:
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slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
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Land boundaries:
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none
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Coastline:
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1,519 km
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Maritime claims:
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Contiguous zone:
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12 nm
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Continental shelf:
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200 m (depth)
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Exclusive fishing zone:
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200 nm
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Territorial sea:
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3 nm
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Disputes:
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none
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Climate:
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wet season May to November; hot and humid
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Terrain:
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about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main
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island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier
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reefs
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Natural resources:
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forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products; deep-seabed minerals
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Land use:
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arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
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woodland NA%; other NA%
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Environment:
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subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups
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totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain
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Note:
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important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines; includes World War
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II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the People
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Population:
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15,775 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
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Birth rate:
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23 births/1,000 population (1992)
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Death rate:
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7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
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Net migration rate:
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2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
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Infant mortality rate:
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25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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69 years male, 73 years female (1992)
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Total fertility rate:
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3.0 children born/woman (1992)
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Nationality:
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noun - Palauan(s); adjective - Palauan
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Ethnic divisions:
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Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races
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Religions:
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predominantly Christian, including Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists,
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Jehovah's Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and
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Latter-Day Saints; a third of the population observes the Modekngei
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religion, indigenous to Palau
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Languages:
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English is an official language, though Palauan is also official in 13 of
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Palau's 16 states, and Tobi and Sonsorolese are official in the 3 other
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states
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Literacy:
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92% (male 93%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
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Labor force:
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NA
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Organized labor:
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NA
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government
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Long-form name:
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Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (no short-form name); may change to
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Republic of Palau after independence; note - Belau, the native form of
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Palau, is sometimes used
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Type:
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UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional government signed a
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Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never
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approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is
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terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US
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administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific
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Islands
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Capital:
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Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern
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Babelthuap
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Administrative divisions:
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there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
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Government, but there are 16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel,
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Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar,
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Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi
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Independence:
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still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship (the last polity remaining
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under the trusteeship; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated
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States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas have left);
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administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US
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Department of Interior
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Constitution:
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1 January 1981
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Legal system:
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based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common,
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and customary laws
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National holiday:
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Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
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Executive branch:
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US president, US vice president, national president, national vice president
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house
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or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court, National Court, and Court of Common Pleas
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Leaders:
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Chief of State:
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President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); represented by the Assistant
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Secretary for Territorial Affairs, US Department of the Interior, Stella
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GUERRA (since 21 July 1989) and J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16
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December 1990)
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Head of Government:
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President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988), Vice-President Kuniwo
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NAKAMURA (since 2 November 1988)
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Suffrage:
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universal at age 18
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Elections:
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House of Delegates:
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last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results -
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percent of vote NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA
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President:
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last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results -
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Ngiratkel ETPISON 26.3%, Roman TMETUCHL 25.9%, Thomas REMENGESAU 19.5%,
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other 28.3%
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government
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Senate:
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last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results -
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percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA
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Member of:
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ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer)
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Diplomatic representation:
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none
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US:
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US Liaison Officer Lloyed W. MOSS; US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas,
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Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940); telephone (680)
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488-2920; (680) 488-2911
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Flag:
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light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly
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to the hoist side
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Economy
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Overview:
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The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing.
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Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of
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Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The
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government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on
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financial assistance from the US.
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GDP:
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purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth
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rate NA% (1986); note - GDP numbers reflect US spending
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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NA%
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Unemployment rate:
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20% (1986)
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Budget:
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revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA
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(1986)
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Exports:
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$0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986)
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commodities:
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NA
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partners:
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US, Japan
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Imports:
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$27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986)
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commodities:
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NA
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partners:
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US
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External debt:
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about $100 million (1989)
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Industrial production:
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growth rate NA%
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Electricity:
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16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990)
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Industries:
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tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and
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agriculture
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Agriculture:
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subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes
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Economic aid:
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US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US)
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countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million
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Currency:
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US currency is used
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Exchange rates:
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US currency is used
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Fiscal year:
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1 October - 30 September
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Communications
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Highways:
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22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991)
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Ports:
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Koror
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Airports:
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2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications:
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broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
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station
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:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Defense Forces
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Note:
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defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN
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trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes
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into effect
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:Pacific Ocean Geography
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Total area:
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165,384,000 km2
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Land area:
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165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering
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Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar
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Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China
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Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies
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Comparative area:
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slightly less than 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed
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by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about
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one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the
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world
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Coastline:
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135,663 km
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Disputes:
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some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
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Climate:
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the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer
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months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a
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dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land
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mass back to the ocean
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Terrain:
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surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre
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(broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a
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counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and Sea
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of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from Antarctica
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in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East
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Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches; the
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world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench
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Natural resources:
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oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer
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deposits, fish
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Environment:
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endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals,
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turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea;
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dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the
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southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in
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southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to
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October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike
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Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and
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September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica;
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occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade
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winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing
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the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently,
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the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds
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to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source
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Note:
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the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait,
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and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the
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North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to
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superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme
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south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June
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to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent
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volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring
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of Fire
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:Pacific Ocean Economy
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Overview:
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The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and
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particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides cheap
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sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds,
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offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the
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construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish
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catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish
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catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and
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gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of
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Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering
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offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil
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since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings.
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Industries:
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fishing, oil and gas production
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:Pacific Ocean Communications
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Ports:
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Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan
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(South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China),
|
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Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ),
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Yokohama (Japan)
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Telecommunications:
|
|
several submarine cables with network focused on Guam and Hawaii
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|
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:Pakistan Geography
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|
|
Total area:
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803,940 km2
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Land area:
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778,720 km2
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Comparative area:
|
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slightly less than twice the size of California
|
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Land boundaries:
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6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909
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km
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Coastline:
|
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1,046 km
|
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Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
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24 nm
|
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Continental shelf:
|
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edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
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Exclusive economic zone:
|
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200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary with India; border question (Durand line); water sharing problems
|
|
with upstream riparian India over the Indus
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
|
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Terrain:
|
|
flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan
|
|
plateau in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal,
|
|
iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
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woodland 4%; other 64%; includes irrigated 19%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west;
|
|
flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation;
|
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soil erosion; desertification; water logging
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional invasion routes between
|
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Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
|
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|
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:Pakistan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
121,664,539 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
43 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
105 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
56 years male, 57 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Pakistani(s); adjective - Pakistani
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India
|
|
and their descendents)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi`a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Urdu and English (both official); total spoken languages - Punjabi 64%,
|
|
Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%; English is lingua
|
|
franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official
|
|
policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%;
|
|
extensive export of labor (1987 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 10% of industrial work force
|
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|
|
:Pakistan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Islamabad
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally
|
|
Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West
|
|
Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note - the Pakistani-administered portion of the
|
|
disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern
|
|
Areas
|
|
Independence:
|
|
14 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December
|
|
1985
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's
|
|
stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic), 23 March (1956)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
and a lower house or National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari`at) Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI) - the Pakistan
|
|
Muslim League (PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the
|
|
IJI; Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note - in September 1990
|
|
the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA),
|
|
an electoral alliance including the following four parties - PPP, Solidarity
|
|
Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the Implementation of Shi`a
|
|
Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik
|
|
faction); Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN; Awami National Party
|
|
(ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN;
|
|
Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan National
|
|
Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO; Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP),
|
|
leader NA; Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP),
|
|
Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
|
|
Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial
|
|
assemblies
|
|
|
|
:Pakistan Government
|
|
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) IJI
|
|
57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3,
|
|
PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by NA October 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15,
|
|
ANP 6, JUI 2, JWP 2, PNP 2, PKMP 1, independents 14, religious minorities
|
|
10, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
the Communist party is officially banned but is allowed to operate openly
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
military remains dominant political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists,
|
|
and small merchants also influential
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Abida HUSSAIN; Chancery at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200; there is a Pakistani
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE
|
|
09812-2000); telephone [92] (51) 826161 through 79; FAX [92] (51) 822004;
|
|
there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore and a Consulate in
|
|
Peshawar
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent
|
|
and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
|
|
green are traditional symbols of Islam
|
|
|
|
:Pakistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of
|
|
rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy
|
|
dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large
|
|
military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan
|
|
refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has
|
|
enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and
|
|
small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a
|
|
sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic
|
|
private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government
|
|
has denationalized several state-owned firms and has attracted some foreign
|
|
investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards
|
|
because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth,
|
|
population would double in 25 years.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $45.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate
|
|
4.8% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.3% (FY91)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.6 billion (FY92 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton, textiles, clothing, rice
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 31%, Japan 9%, US 13% (FY90)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$7.9 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment,
|
|
vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 21%, US 14%, Japan 13% (FY90)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$20.1 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
8,500,000 kW capacity; 35,000 million kWh produced, 300 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing,
|
|
paper products, shrimp
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation
|
|
system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and
|
|
vegetables; live-stock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient
|
|
in food grain
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade;
|
|
government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success
|
|
|
|
:Pakistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
(including Bangladesh only before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im
|
|
(FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
|
|
commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3
|
|
billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Pakistani rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 24.980 (March 1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707
|
|
(1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Pakistan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less
|
|
than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified;
|
|
all government owned (1985)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km
|
|
improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,227 GRT/495,425 DWT; includes 3
|
|
passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
40 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
112 total, 104 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good international communication service over microwave and INTELSAT
|
|
satellite; domestic communications poor; 813,000 telephones (1990);
|
|
broadcast service good; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV; satellite
|
|
earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Pakistan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 27,811,099; 17,064,073 fit for military service; 1,287,041
|
|
reach military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
11.9 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
11.9 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
14.5 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
equatorial, hot, and very rainy
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 100%; other 0%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like
|
|
trees up to 30 meters tall
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the
|
|
Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
|
|
Interior
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the
|
|
southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate
|
|
vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built
|
|
during the war are unserviceable and overgrown
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
:Palmyra Atoll Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Panama Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
78,200 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
75,990 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than South Carolina
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,490 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short
|
|
dry season (January to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains;
|
|
coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and
|
|
woodland 54%; other 23%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
dense tropical forest in east and northwest
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting
|
|
North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic
|
|
Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Panama People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,529,902 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
25 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Panamanian(s); adjective - Panamanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white
|
|
10%, Indian 6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic over 93%, Protestant 6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official); English as native tongue 14%; many Panamanians bilingual
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
88% (male 88%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
770,472 (1987); government and community services 27.9%; agriculture,
|
|
hunting, and fishing 26.2%; commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16%;
|
|
manufacturing and mining 10.5%; construction 5.3%; transportation and
|
|
communications 5.3%; finance, insurance, and real estate 4.2%; Canal Zone
|
|
2.4%; shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
17% of labor force (1986)
|
|
|
|
:Panama Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Panama
|
|
Type:
|
|
centralized republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Panama
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca);
|
|
Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama,
|
|
San Blas*, Veraguas
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November
|
|
1821)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, two vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) currently being
|
|
reorganized
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
|
|
First Vice President Ricardo ARIAS Calderon (since 20 December 1989, elected
|
|
7 May 1989); Second Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 20 December
|
|
1989, elected 7 May 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
government alliance:
|
|
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;
|
|
Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA),
|
|
Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER;
|
|
opposition parties:
|
|
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic
|
|
Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Gerardo GONZALEZ;
|
|
Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Carlos LOPEZ Guevara; Liberal Party (PL),
|
|
Roderick ESQUIVEL; Popular Action Party (PAPO); Socialist Workers Party
|
|
(PST, leftist), Jose CAMBRA; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist),
|
|
Graciela DIXON
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held NA May
|
|
1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of
|
|
the total votes cast
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total)
|
|
progovernment parties:
|
|
PDC 28, MOLIRENA 16, PA 7, PLA 4
|
|
|
|
:Panama Government
|
|
|
|
opposition parties:
|
|
PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President
|
|
Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991
|
|
Communists:
|
|
People's Party (PdP), mainline Communist party, did not obtain the necessary
|
|
3% of the total vote in the 1984 election to retain its legal status; about
|
|
3,000 members
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private
|
|
Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE);
|
|
National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES,
|
|
LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jaime FORD; Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and
|
|
Consulates has not yet been determined
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado
|
|
6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E, APO AA 34002); telephone
|
|
(507) 27-1777; FAX (507) 27-1964
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue
|
|
five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom
|
|
quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star
|
|
in the center
|
|
|
|
:Panama Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
GDP expanded by roughly 9.3% in 1991, following growth of 4.6% in 1990 and a
|
|
0.4% contraction in 1989. Delay in coming to terms with the international
|
|
financial institutions on policies to implement structural reform in Panama
|
|
generated uncertainty in the private sector and tempered the pace of
|
|
business expansion in 1991. Public investment was limited as the
|
|
administration kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and
|
|
economic reform are the two major issues the government must face in
|
|
1992-93.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $2,040; real growth rate
|
|
9.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
17% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $140 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$380 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas 28%, shrimp 14%, sugar 12%, clothing 5%, coffee 4%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 44%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1991 est.)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 13%, crude oil 12%, foodstuffs 10%, consumer goods, chemicals
|
|
(1990)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 37%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1989
|
|
est.)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.4 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 9.4% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,135,000 kW capacity; 3,397 million kWh produced, 1,372 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing,
|
|
cement and other construction material, sugar mills
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 12% of GDP (1991 est.), 25% of labor force (1989); crops -
|
|
bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food
|
|
grain, vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
balboa (plural - balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Panama Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km
|
|
improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 130 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3,004 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,314,623 GRT/73,325,176 DWT;
|
|
includes 20 passenger, 22 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,046
|
|
cargo, 205 refrigerated cargo, 175 container, 65 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111
|
|
vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 4 multifunction large-load carrier,
|
|
340 petroleum tanker, 177 chemical tanker, 23 combination ore/oil, 101
|
|
liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 659 bulk, 35 combination bulk, 1 barge
|
|
carrier; note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign
|
|
owners are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and the US 7%; (China owns at
|
|
least 128 ships, Vietnam 4, former Yugoslavia 4, Cuba 4, Cyprus 5, and the
|
|
republics of the former USSR 12)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
5 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
112 total, 102 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into
|
|
Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations -
|
|
2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Panama Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
note - the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military
|
|
institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December
|
|
1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces into a civilian police
|
|
service under the new name of Panamanian Public Forces (PPF); a Council of
|
|
Public Security and National Defense under Menalco SOLIS in the office of
|
|
the president coordinates the activities of the security forces; the
|
|
Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is attached to the
|
|
presidency
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 661,101; 455,412 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $75.5 million, 1.5% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
461,690 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
451,710 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
820 km; Indonesia 820 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
5,152 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to
|
|
October); slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest
|
|
and woodland 71%; other 28%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos;
|
|
frequent earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,006,509 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 56 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Papua New Guinean(s); adjective - Papua New Guinean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and
|
|
Polynesian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary
|
|
Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%,
|
|
other Protestant sects 10%; indigenous beliefs 34%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread,
|
|
Motu spoken in Papua region
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
52% (male 65%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20 members
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Port Moresby
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East
|
|
Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New
|
|
Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western,
|
|
Western Highlands, West New Britain
|
|
Independence:
|
|
16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
16 September 1975
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
National Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of
|
|
Assembly)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Rabbie NAMALIU; People's
|
|
Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka
|
|
DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul
|
|
TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA;
|
|
Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament:
|
|
last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by
|
|
party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10,
|
|
independents 30, others 18
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM
|
|
(observer), SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 745-3680
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND; Embassy at Armit Street, Port Moresby (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553); telephone [675]
|
|
211-455 or 594, 654; FAX [675] 213-423
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red
|
|
with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black
|
|
with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
centered
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation
|
|
has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an
|
|
infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the
|
|
population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts
|
|
for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and
|
|
development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy.
|
|
Robust growth in 1991 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large
|
|
new gold mine featured in the advance.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate
|
|
9% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6.8% (first half 1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
5% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.26 billion; expenditures $1.46 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $273 million (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper ore, gold, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.18 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.2 billion (April 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.4% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing, wood chip
|
|
production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and
|
|
favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops -
|
|
coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet
|
|
potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban
|
|
centers
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
kina (plural - kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0413 (March 1992), 1.0508 (1991), 1.0467 (1990),
|
|
1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
none
|
|
Highways:
|
|
19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
10,940 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,102 GRT/16,016 DWT; includes 2
|
|
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 bulk, 1 container
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
about 15 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
503 total, 460 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,
|
|
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and
|
|
international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to
|
|
Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2
|
|
FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Papua New Guinea Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,013,812; 564,081 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $42 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
NA
|
|
Land area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
518 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea about one-third of the
|
|
way between Vietnam and the Philippines
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent inhabitants
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently
|
|
under expansion
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 on Woody Island
|
|
|
|
:Paracel Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
occupied by China
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
406,750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
397,300 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the
|
|
Rio Parana) has not been determined
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west
|
|
of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and
|
|
thorny scrub elsewhere
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains
|
|
may become boggy (early October to June)
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,929,446 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
33 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Paraguayan(s); adjective - Paraguayan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 90%; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official) and Guarani
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 92%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,418,000 (1991 est.); agriculture, industry and commerce, services,
|
|
government (1986)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 2% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Paraguay
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Asuncion
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto
|
|
Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco,
|
|
Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion,
|
|
Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro
|
|
Independence:
|
|
14 May 1811 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was
|
|
promulgated on 20 June 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of
|
|
Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
(Camara de Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Colorado Party, Luis Maria ARGANA, acting president; Authentic Radical
|
|
Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan Manuel BENITEZ Florentin; Christian Democratic
|
|
Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Victor
|
|
BAREIRO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - Gen.
|
|
RODRIGUEZ 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4%
|
|
Chamber of Senators:
|
|
last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF
|
|
1
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1994); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2,
|
|
PDC 1, other 2
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Oscar CREYDT faction and Miguel Angel SOLER faction (both illegal); 3,000 to
|
|
4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard
|
|
core; party beginning to return from exile is small and deeply divided
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS,
|
|
OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ; Chancery at 2400 Massachusetts
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960 through 6962;
|
|
there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and New York, and a
|
|
Consulate in Houston
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Jon D. GLASSMAN; Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion
|
|
(mailing address is C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001); telephone
|
|
[595] (21) 213-715; FAX [595] (21) 213-728
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem
|
|
centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on
|
|
each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of
|
|
arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words
|
|
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at
|
|
the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of
|
|
Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
|
|
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs
|
|
about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has
|
|
no known significant mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large
|
|
hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared
|
|
with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual
|
|
rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five
|
|
years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose.
|
|
Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the
|
|
completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak
|
|
international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy
|
|
experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and
|
|
stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery
|
|
continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a
|
|
major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in
|
|
March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes
|
|
Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. During 1991 the government began to more
|
|
seriously address its arrearages with international creditors and its
|
|
domestic fiscal problems. Inflation was cut in third, but the foreign trade
|
|
deficit widened to more than $1 billion. For the long run, the government
|
|
must press forward with general market-oriented economic reforms.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.0 billion, per capita $1,460; real growth rate
|
|
3.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
14% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $487 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$642 million (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.85 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw
|
|
materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.7 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,578,000 kW capacity; 15,447 million kWh produced, 3,219 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light
|
|
consumer goods, cement, construction
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton,
|
|
sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits,
|
|
and vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer
|
|
of timber; self-sufficient in most foods
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important
|
|
transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
guarani (plural - guaranies); 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8
|
|
(1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989),
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
|
|
470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,100 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Asuncion
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11
|
|
cargo, 2 petroleum tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used
|
|
commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
9 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
845 total, 716 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 0 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 66 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Paraguay Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Peru Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,285,220 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,280,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia
|
|
2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,414 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),
|
|
eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,
|
|
potash
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and
|
|
woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in
|
|
Lima
|
|
Note:
|
|
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with
|
|
Bolivia
|
|
|
|
:Peru People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%;
|
|
black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
predominantly Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%,
|
|
industry 19% (1988 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Peru Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Peru
|
|
Type:
|
|
in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution
|
|
and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Lima
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional
|
|
province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
|
|
Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La
|
|
Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,
|
|
Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and
|
|
legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions
|
|
(regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous
|
|
economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been
|
|
constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
|
|
Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa),
|
|
Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de
|
|
Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari
|
|
(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno),
|
|
Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin
|
|
(from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has
|
|
been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to
|
|
merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the
|
|
central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities
|
|
and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure
|
|
Independence:
|
|
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the
|
|
Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect
|
|
the following year); suspended 5 April 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister,
|
|
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate
|
|
(Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados);
|
|
note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and
|
|
second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)
|
|
|
|
:Peru Government
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis
|
|
BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty
|
|
Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
|
|
(APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and
|
|
Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent
|
|
Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader
|
|
NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of
|
|
the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no
|
|
longer maintain a formal alliance
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto
|
|
FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension
|
|
of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are
|
|
senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1;
|
|
note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and
|
|
expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA
|
|
17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4,
|
|
other 1 (January 1992)
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of
|
|
constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU
|
|
16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO
|
|
and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been
|
|
reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4,
|
|
FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
leftist guerrilla groups:
|
|
Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor
|
|
SERPA and Victor POLAY
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General
|
|
are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New
|
|
Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca
|
|
Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
|
1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14)
|
|
316682
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the
|
|
coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
|
|
bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow
|
|
cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
|
|
|
|
:Peru Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large
|
|
dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In
|
|
the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita
|
|
output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World
|
|
Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity
|
|
program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in
|
|
July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic
|
|
activity, but the slide halted late in the year, and output rose 2.4% in
|
|
1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated
|
|
government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the
|
|
single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since
|
|
mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders
|
|
in September 1991, and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its
|
|
external debt, is working to pay some $1.8 billion of these to the IMF and
|
|
World Bank by 1993.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $20.6 billion, per capita $920; real growth rate
|
|
2.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
139% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15.0%; underemployment 65% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $250 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined
|
|
silver, coffee, cotton
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,
|
|
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$19.4 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,896,000 kW capacity; 15,851 million kWh produced, 709 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing,
|
|
cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops -
|
|
coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains,
|
|
coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient
|
|
in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Peru Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under
|
|
cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine
|
|
base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of
|
|
cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into
|
|
cocaine for the international drug market
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
(S/.) nuevo sol (plural - nuevos soles); 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 0.960 (March 1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990),
|
|
2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988), 0.017 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Peru Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved
|
|
earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 286,313 GRT/461,233 DWT; includes 14
|
|
cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum tanker, 7
|
|
bulk; note - in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes
|
|
used commercially
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
44 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
221 total, 201 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic
|
|
|
|
:Peru Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza
|
|
Aerea del Peru), National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,863,227; 3,964,930 fit for military service; 236,484 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
300,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
298,170 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Arizona
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
36,289 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898
|
|
treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South
|
|
China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
|
|
Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon
|
|
(May to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six
|
|
cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,
|
|
destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water
|
|
pollution
|
|
|
|
:Philippines People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
67,114,060 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
53 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Filipino(s); adjective - Philippine
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%,
|
|
government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million
|
|
members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of the Philippines
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Manila
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del
|
|
Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,
|
|
Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,
|
|
Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan,
|
|
Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
|
|
Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu
|
|
City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del
|
|
Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,
|
|
Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*,
|
|
Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao
|
|
del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,
|
|
Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro
|
|
Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental,
|
|
Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,
|
|
Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,
|
|
Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto
|
|
Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San
|
|
Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San
|
|
Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan
|
|
Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,
|
|
Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,
|
|
Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 July 1946 (from US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado)
|
|
and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President
|
|
Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Alliance of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES and Jose (Peping)
|
|
COJUANGCO; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Fidel Valdes RAMOS; Liberal
|
|
Party, Jovito SALONGA; New Society Movement (KBL), Amelda MARCOS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 15
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998);results - Fidel
|
|
Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Government
|
|
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP
|
|
66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 24, NPC 5,
|
|
Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP
|
|
43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%;seats - (200 total) LDP
|
|
87, Lakas-NUCD 51, NPC 47, Liberal 10, KBL 5
|
|
Communists:
|
|
the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 15,500-16,500
|
|
full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second
|
|
Communist party, Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine
|
|
Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles,
|
|
New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Frank G. WISNER II; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
|
|
(mailing address is APO AP 96440); telephone [63] (2) 521-7116; FAX [63] (2)
|
|
522-4361; there is a US Consulate in Cebu
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral
|
|
triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow
|
|
sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in
|
|
each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Following the recession of 1984-85, the Philippine economy grew on the
|
|
average of 5.0% per year during 1986-89. It slowed again during the period
|
|
1990-91. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays
|
|
an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and
|
|
providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter
|
|
of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 35% of
|
|
GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $47 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate
|
|
0.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
17.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
$8.4 billion; expenditures $9.36 billion, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$1.8 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products
|
|
10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$12.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$28.9 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate - 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,500,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,
|
|
electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops -
|
|
rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products -
|
|
pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million
|
|
metric tons annually
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are
|
|
producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication
|
|
efforts
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Philippine peso (plural - pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.810 (March 1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311
|
|
(1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone,
|
|
or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 357 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,150,425 GRT/13,624,527 DWT;
|
|
includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo,
|
|
22 refrigerated cargo, 23 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 13
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 35 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker,
|
|
6 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 247 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note -
|
|
many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the
|
|
purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are
|
|
principally in Japan and Germany
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
53 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
278 total, 244 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and
|
|
interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267
|
|
AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables
|
|
extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth
|
|
stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11
|
|
domestic
|
|
|
|
:Philippines Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 16,719,421; 11,816,366 fit for military service; 698,683 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
47 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
47 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
51 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season
|
|
(November to March)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
|
|
woodland NA%; other NA%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
|
|
Note:
|
|
located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New
|
|
Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
52 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective - Pitcairn Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
descendants of Bounty mutineers
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence
|
|
farming and fishing
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Adamstown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Local Government Ordinance of 1964
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
local island by-laws
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June
|
|
1989
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, island magistrate
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Island Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Island Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and
|
|
UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA
|
|
1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18 with three years residency
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Island Council:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA;
|
|
seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the
|
|
coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a
|
|
yellow anchor
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil
|
|
of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including
|
|
citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an
|
|
important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of
|
|
postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (FY87 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fruits, vegetables, curios
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
postage stamp sales, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and
|
|
vegetables grown; must import grain products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991),
|
|
1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
none
|
|
Highways:
|
|
6.4 km dirt roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bounty Bay
|
|
Airports:
|
|
none
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast
|
|
stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
|
|
|
|
:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Poland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
312,680 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
304,510 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km,
|
|
Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
491 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent
|
|
precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
|
|
woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and
|
|
water pollution in south
|
|
Note:
|
|
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of
|
|
natural barriers on the North European Plain
|
|
|
|
:Poland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman(1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Pole(s); adjective - Polish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and
|
|
other 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Polish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade,
|
|
transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade union pluralism
|
|
|
|
:Poland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Poland
|
|
Type:
|
|
democratic state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Warsaw
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok,
|
|
Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow,
|
|
Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno,
|
|
Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka,
|
|
Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,
|
|
Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych,
|
|
Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora
|
|
Independence:
|
|
11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democratic
|
|
Constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal
|
|
theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader
|
|
democratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper
|
|
house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Solidarity Bloc:
|
|
Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),
|
|
Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic
|
|
Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity
|
|
Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), Ryszard
|
|
BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI;
|
|
Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition in
|
|
Solidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYK
|
|
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
|
|
Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Beer
|
|
Lovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej
|
|
OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front),
|
|
Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party
|
|
(SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ
|
|
Communist origin or linked:
|
|
Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants'
|
|
Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
|
|
:Poland Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next
|
|
to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,
|
|
Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);
|
|
results -
|
|
Solidarity Bloc:
|
|
UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%,
|
|
PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11%
|
|
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
|
|
KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5%
|
|
Communist origin or linked:
|
|
PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total)
|
|
Solidarity Bloc:
|
|
UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other
|
|
local candidates 11;
|
|
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
|
|
KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5
|
|
Communist origin or linked:
|
|
PSL 8, SLD 4
|
|
Sejm:
|
|
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);
|
|
results -
|
|
Solidarity Bloc:
|
|
UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL
|
|
5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11%
|
|
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
|
|
KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70%
|
|
Communist origin or linked:
|
|
SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total)
|
|
Solidarity Bloc:
|
|
UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4,
|
|
PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast
|
|
Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1
|
|
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
|
|
KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2,
|
|
SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1,
|
|
Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants
|
|
1
|
|
Communist origin or linked:
|
|
SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3
|
|
Communists:
|
|
70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland
|
|
(KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union
|
|
Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are
|
|
Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
|
|
:Poland Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw
|
|
(mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE
|
|
09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is a
|
|
US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of
|
|
Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
|
|
|
|
:Poland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy -
|
|
with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy.
|
|
On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock
|
|
therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money
|
|
supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and
|
|
restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and
|
|
lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991.
|
|
Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external
|
|
debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, and
|
|
the private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40%
|
|
of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises,
|
|
however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing
|
|
in 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with its
|
|
IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The
|
|
increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to popular
|
|
discontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December.
|
|
The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, some
|
|
relaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but will
|
|
be constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growth
|
|
rate -5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
60% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
11.4% (end December 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.)
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991
|
|
est.)
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors
|
|
promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33
|
|
billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheres
|
|
to its IMF program
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
|
|
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
|
|
|
|
:Poland Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private
|
|
farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards;
|
|
leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of
|
|
other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the
|
|
international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2
|
|
billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and
|
|
credit guarantees to Poland
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszy
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990),
|
|
1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Poland Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge,
|
|
2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified;
|
|
government owned (1989)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone
|
|
block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000
|
|
km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on
|
|
Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes
|
|
5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1
|
|
passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
48 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
|
|
3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave;
|
|
phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million
|
|
subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations
|
|
- 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite
|
|
earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik
|
|
|
|
:Poland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note -
|
|
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
92,080 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,214 km; Spain 1,214 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,793 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea
|
|
approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
:Portugal People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - Portuguese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;
|
|
citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during
|
|
decolonization number less than 100,000
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation
|
|
of Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of
|
|
the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union
|
|
(UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents
|
|
less than half of unionized labor
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Portuguese Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Lisbon
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*
|
|
(regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,
|
|
Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,
|
|
Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,
|
|
Vila Real, Viseu
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality
|
|
of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Day of Portugal, 10 June
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council
|
|
of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist
|
|
Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio
|
|
MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic
|
|
Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel
|
|
SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU;
|
|
Communists)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr.
|
|
Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos
|
|
MARQUES 3%
|
|
Assembly of the Republic:
|
|
last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD
|
|
50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party
|
|
1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17,
|
|
Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT,
|
|
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest),
|
|
NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
|
|
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese
|
|
Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in
|
|
Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and
|
|
Providence (Rhode Island)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600
|
|
Lisbon (mailing address is PSC 83, APO AE 09726); telephone [351] (1)
|
|
726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; FAX [351] (1) 726-9109; there is a US
|
|
Consulate in Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths)
|
|
with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986
|
|
- at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest
|
|
members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is
|
|
restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major
|
|
privatization program. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to
|
|
counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991, but it is likely to recover
|
|
in 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $87.3 billion, per capita $8,400; real growth
|
|
rate 2.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
12.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $27.0 billion; expenditures $33.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $6.7 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$16.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and
|
|
timber products, resin, machinery, appliances
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 74%, other developed countries 13.2%, US 4.8%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals,
|
|
petroleum, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 69.1%, other developed countries 11.4% less developed countries 15.1%, US
|
|
3.9%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$15.0 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil
|
|
refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 6.1% of GDP and about 20% of labor force; small, inefficient
|
|
farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes,
|
|
olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat,
|
|
dairy products
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
increasingly import gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the
|
|
European market
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Portuguese escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100
|
|
centavos
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 143.09 (March 1992), 144.48 (1991),
|
|
142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km
|
|
1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track,
|
|
privately owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone),
|
|
including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;
|
|
4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by
|
|
shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal,
|
|
Sines
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 738,774 GRT/1,300,787 DWT; includes 1
|
|
short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 8 bulk, 2
|
|
vehicle carrier; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira
|
|
(MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing
|
|
benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known
|
|
to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority
|
|
of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
43 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
65 total, 62 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and radio
|
|
relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters)
|
|
FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems
|
|
(mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores
|
|
|
|
:Portugal Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal
|
|
Guard, Public Security Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,666,450; 2,166,341 fit for military service; 88,826 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2.8% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
9,104 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
8,959 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
501 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to
|
|
sea on west coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 22%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered;
|
|
south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north
|
|
Note:
|
|
important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands
|
|
group along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San
|
|
Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,776,654 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Puerto Rican(s); adjective - Puerto Rican
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
almost entirely Hispanic
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official); English is widely understood
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%,
|
|
other 40% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of
|
|
Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
|
|
Type:
|
|
commonwealth associated with the US
|
|
Capital:
|
|
San Juan
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25
|
|
July 1952
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish civil code
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
US president, US vice president, governor
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a
|
|
lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE
|
|
(since 20 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular
|
|
Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP),
|
|
Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras
|
|
and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS
|
|
Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown; Puerto
|
|
Rican Renewal Party (PRP, breakaway group from PNP), leader (vacant); Puerto
|
|
Rico Democratic Party, Richard MACHADO
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18; citizens of Puerto Rico are also US citizens, but do
|
|
not vote in US presidential elections
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor:
|
|
last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%,
|
|
Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1
|
|
US House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note -
|
|
Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of
|
|
Representatives, Jaime B. FUSTER
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National
|
|
Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua
|
|
Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular
|
|
Resistance
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;
|
|
a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white
|
|
five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region.
|
|
Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic
|
|
activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax
|
|
incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s.
|
|
Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles,
|
|
petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy
|
|
production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the
|
|
agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of
|
|
income for the island. The economy has largely recovered from the
|
|
disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism
|
|
infrastructure has been especially hard hit.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $21.6 billion, per capita $6,600; real growth
|
|
rate 2.2% (FY90)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.3% (October 1990-91)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15.5% (October 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $258 million (FY89)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage
|
|
concentrates, medical equipment, instruments
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 87% (FY90)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
NA
|
|
commodities:
|
|
chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 68% (FY90)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.8% (FY90)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products,
|
|
instruments; tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 3% of labor force; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples,
|
|
plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of
|
|
food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
none
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger
|
|
railroads
|
|
Highways:
|
|
13,762 km paved (1982)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
|
|
Airports:
|
|
30 total; 24 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
900,000 or 99% of total households have TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988);
|
|
broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Puerto Rico Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Qatar Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
11,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
11,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
563 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
location and status of Qatar's southern boundaries with Saudi Arabia and UAE
|
|
are unresolved; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands;
|
|
maritime boundary with Bahrain
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 95%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean
|
|
increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources
|
|
|
|
:Qatar People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
484,387 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
15 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
24 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Qatari(s); adjective - Qatari
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 95%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
:Qatar Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
State of Qatar
|
|
Type:
|
|
traditional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Doha
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
|
|
Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular -
|
|
baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan,
|
|
Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 September 1971 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are
|
|
being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972);
|
|
Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of
|
|
Amir)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Advisory Council:
|
|
constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no
|
|
elections have been held; seats - (30 total)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD,
|
|
ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC,
|
|
OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Hamad `Abd al-`Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New
|
|
Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin
|
|
Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
|
2399, Doha); telephone (0974) 864701 through 864703; FAX (0974) 861669
|
|
Flag:
|
|
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist
|
|
side
|
|
|
|
:Qatar Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export
|
|
earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3
|
|
billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about
|
|
25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $15,000, comparable
|
|
to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is
|
|
becoming increasingly important.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.9% (1988 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $490 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 61%, Brazil 9%, UAE 3%, Singapore 3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and
|
|
equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 13%, Japan 11%, US 8%, Italy 8%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,520,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 8,080 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel,
|
|
cement
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing
|
|
increasing in importance; most food imported
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Qatari riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Qatar Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 473,042 GRT/716,039 DWT; includes 14
|
|
cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to
|
|
Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and
|
|
UAE; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
|
|
|
|
:Qatar Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 211,812; 112,250 fit for military service; 3,414 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,510 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,500 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
201 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November,
|
|
hot and rainy from November to April
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, arable land
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
periodic devastating cyclones
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Reunion People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
626,414 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Reunionese (singular and plural); adjective - Reunionese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese,
|
|
Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 94%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Creole widely used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of
|
|
working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Department of Reunion
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas department of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint-Denis
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas department of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French president, commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
General Council, Regional Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy
|
|
(UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;
|
|
France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS),
|
|
Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council:
|
|
last held September/October 1988 (next to be held NA 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) PCR 9, PS 4, UDF 6, other
|
|
left-wing 2, RPR 4, right-wing 19
|
|
Regional Council:
|
|
last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - RPR/UDF
|
|
36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%;
|
|
seats - (45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent
|
|
1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA
|
|
1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the
|
|
French National Assembly who are voting members
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule
|
|
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district
|
|
of Le Port
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, WFTU
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in
|
|
the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been
|
|
the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for
|
|
85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist
|
|
industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third
|
|
of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is
|
|
extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and
|
|
Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the
|
|
population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups
|
|
suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the
|
|
African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991
|
|
illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic
|
|
well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from
|
|
France.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.);
|
|
real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.3% (1988)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
35% (February 1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1986)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$166 million (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and
|
|
tea 1%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation
|
|
equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops -
|
|
sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn;
|
|
imports large share of food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$14.8 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
|
|
earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Pointe des Galets
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center
|
|
Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new
|
|
microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,
|
|
13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Reunion Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 164,974; 85,370 fit for military service; 6,083 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Romania Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
237,500 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
230,340 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,508 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and
|
|
Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
225 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers
|
|
with frequent showers and thunderstorms
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the
|
|
east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on
|
|
the south by the Transylvanian Alps
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
|
|
salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and
|
|
woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure
|
|
and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova,
|
|
and the Ukraine
|
|
|
|
:Romania People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
23,169,914 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Romanian(s); adjective - Romanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,
|
|
Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%,
|
|
Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Romanian, Hungarian, German
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
10,945,700; industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General
|
|
Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist
|
|
Party; since CEAUSESCU'S overthrow, newly created trade and professional
|
|
trade unions are joining umbrella organizations, including the Organization
|
|
of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cartel; many other
|
|
trade unions have been formed
|
|
|
|
:Romania Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bucharest
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);
|
|
Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov,
|
|
Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
|
|
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,
|
|
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,
|
|
Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 December 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that
|
|
increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a
|
|
lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of
|
|
Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratuc National Salvation
|
|
Front (DNSF), Olivia GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;
|
|
National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian
|
|
and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), Toma
|
|
Gheorghe MAIORESCU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Radu CEONTEA;
|
|
there are now more than 100 other parties; note - although the Communist
|
|
Party has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the
|
|
Socialist Labor Party, have been formed
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Ion ILIESCU 85%,
|
|
Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 67%, other
|
|
33%; seats - (118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, PUNR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1,
|
|
other 1
|
|
House of Deputies:
|
|
last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 66%, UDMR 7%,
|
|
PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, PUNR 2%, other 15%; seats - (387 total) FSN 263,
|
|
UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, PUNR 9, other 33
|
|
|
|
:Romania Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Aurel MUNTEANU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 232-4747
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John R. DAVIS; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09213-5260); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40; FAX
|
|
[40] (0) 12-03-95
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the
|
|
national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been
|
|
removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
|
|
|
|
:Romania Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and
|
|
generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
|
|
persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed about a 17% drop in
|
|
industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor
|
|
unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with
|
|
flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the
|
|
dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of fuel and equipment in 1991
|
|
contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and
|
|
a poor distribution system. The new government is loosening the tight
|
|
central controls of CEAUSESCU'S command economy. It has instituted moderate
|
|
land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and
|
|
it has liberalized private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is
|
|
permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services,
|
|
handicrafts, and small-scale industry. A law providing for the privatization
|
|
of large state firms has been passed. Most of the large state firms have
|
|
been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares and
|
|
assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has halted
|
|
the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency
|
|
export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. Furthermore, real
|
|
wages in Romania fell about 20% in 1991, contributing to the unrest which
|
|
forced the resignation of ROMAN in September. The new government continues
|
|
to impose price ceilings on key consumer items.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $71.9 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth
|
|
rate - 12% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
215% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%,
|
|
manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry
|
|
products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%,
|
|
agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%,
|
|
other 6.5% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -17% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine
|
|
building, food processing, petroleum
|
|
|
|
:Romania Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn
|
|
producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk,
|
|
eggs, meat, grapes
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed
|
|
countries (1956-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
leu (plural - lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
lei (L) per US$1 - 198.00 (March 1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922
|
|
(1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Romania Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km
|
|
broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other
|
|
stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,724 km (1984)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu
|
|
Severin, Orsova
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
262 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,320,373 GRT/5,207,580 DWT; includes
|
|
1 passenger-cargo, 174 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 60 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
59 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is
|
|
automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone
|
|
density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service
|
|
(February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite
|
|
ground station using INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Romania Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,799,837; 4,909,642 fit for military service; 184,913 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 50 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991);
|
|
note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Russia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
17,075,200 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
16,995,800 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605
|
|
km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,
|
|
Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania
|
|
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland
|
|
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
37,653 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with
|
|
China, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia,
|
|
Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the
|
|
Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan;
|
|
maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no
|
|
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and
|
|
does not recognize the claims of any other nation
|
|
Climate:
|
|
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
|
|
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
|
|
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers
|
|
vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra
|
|
in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,
|
|
coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles of
|
|
climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too
|
|
far north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to
|
|
development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both
|
|
inland waterways and sea coasts
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
|
|
relation to major sea lanes of the world
|
|
|
|
:Russia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Russian(s); adjective - Russian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry
|
|
13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other
|
|
28.2%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Russia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Russian Federation
|
|
Type:
|
|
federation
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Moscow
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnaya
|
|
respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),
|
|
Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan
|
|
(Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik),
|
|
Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk),
|
|
Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia
|
|
(Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan
|
|
(Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts
|
|
(oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk,
|
|
Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo,
|
|
Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov,
|
|
Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan,
|
|
Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod,
|
|
Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan',
|
|
Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov,
|
|
Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly
|
|
Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh,
|
|
Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk,
|
|
Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - the
|
|
cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative
|
|
division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the
|
|
administrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4
|
|
more administrative divisions will be added
|
|
Independence:
|
|
24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet Union; formerly
|
|
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum on
|
|
independence passed
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
a new constitution is in the process of being drafted
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not
|
|
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Security Council, President's Administration,
|
|
Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
President Boris YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991), Vice President Aleksandr
|
|
RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991), State Secretary Gennadiy BURBULIS (since July
|
|
1991); 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yegor GAYDAR (since
|
|
March 1992), 2nd Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandr
|
|
SHOKHIN (since 7 November 1991)
|
|
|
|
:Russia Government
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Russia, A. Lev PONOMAREV and Gleb YAKUNIN, cochairmen; Democratic
|
|
Party of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN, chairman; People's Party of Free Russia,
|
|
Aleksandr RUTSKOY, chairman; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms,
|
|
Gavriil POPOV, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA%
|
|
Congress of People's Deputies:
|
|
last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF, INTERPOL, IMO,
|
|
INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO,
|
|
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZG
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036;
|
|
telephone (202) 628-7551
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23,
|
|
Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 09721); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450
|
|
through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad);
|
|
future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok
|
|
Flag:
|
|
tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom)
|
|
|
|
:Russia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural
|
|
resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it
|
|
had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60%
|
|
of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of
|
|
oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency
|
|
earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel
|
|
production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia's
|
|
machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world
|
|
standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial
|
|
sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food
|
|
processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital
|
|
equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the
|
|
product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the
|
|
transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of
|
|
supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods
|
|
and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption.
|
|
Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and
|
|
is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these
|
|
plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's
|
|
farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old
|
|
USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated
|
|
in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have
|
|
lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market
|
|
institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic
|
|
situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to
|
|
suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to
|
|
realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform
|
|
program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles
|
|
before it will lead to sustained economic growth.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
89% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal,
|
|
nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military
|
|
manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat,
|
|
semifinished metal products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$40 billion (end of 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
-8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products,
|
|
-2% before this adjustment (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Russia Economy
|
|
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,
|
|
chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to
|
|
high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail
|
|
transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
|
|
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
|
|
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
|
|
durables
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location
|
|
Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for
|
|
illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries,
|
|
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries
|
|
(1971-86), $NA million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Russia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
|
|
include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk,
|
|
Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi,
|
|
Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod
|
|
(Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow,
|
|
Rostov, Volgograd
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT;
|
|
includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2
|
|
specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country,
|
|
consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched
|
|
automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for
|
|
telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11
|
|
per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land
|
|
line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally
|
|
unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles
|
|
international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for
|
|
Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310
|
|
TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations -
|
|
INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita
|
|
|
|
:Russia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and
|
|
sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled
|
|
to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS
|
|
control
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341
|
|
reach military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
26,340 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
24,950 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild
|
|
in mountains with frost and snow possible
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
|
|
hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
|
|
woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
52 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
51 years male, 55 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
8.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other
|
|
25%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and
|
|
commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Rwanda
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on
|
|
31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to
|
|
serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political
|
|
system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular
|
|
referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a
|
|
president and prime minister
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kigali
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,
|
|
singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,
|
|
Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
18 June 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial
|
|
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
|
|
ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of
|
|
State in joint session)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj.
|
|
Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized
|
|
independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political
|
|
parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the
|
|
National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself
|
|
as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National
|
|
Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND);
|
|
significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement
|
|
(MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist
|
|
Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved
|
|
in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan
|
|
Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based
|
|
organization
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult, exact age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
|
|
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Government
|
|
|
|
National Development Council:
|
|
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
|
|
MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
|
|
(mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603;
|
|
FAX [250] 72128
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a
|
|
large black letter R
|
|
centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of
|
|
Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up
|
|
80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and
|
|
deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector
|
|
in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses
|
|
mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy
|
|
remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international
|
|
prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to
|
|
decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in
|
|
October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any
|
|
prospects for economic improvement.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate
|
|
-6.8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.2% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
|
|
partners:
|
|
Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,
|
|
petroleum products, cement and construction material
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$911 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement,
|
|
agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture,
|
|
shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops
|
|
- coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food
|
|
crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency
|
|
declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up
|
|
with a 3.8% annual growth in population
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58
|
|
million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment
|
|
Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and
|
|
the US $25 million in support of this program
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60
|
|
(1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700
|
|
km unimproved
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
2 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali;
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
|
|
|
|
:Rwanda Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
410 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale
|
|
Island, and Tristan da Cunha
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
60 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no
|
|
minerals
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 83%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
very few perennial streams
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South
|
|
America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the
|
|
remains were taken to Paris in 1840
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
10 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint Helenian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
NA
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional
|
|
and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and
|
|
fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Jamestown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan
|
|
da Cunha*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1967
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June
|
|
1989
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor A. N. HOOLE
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader
|
|
NA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ICFTU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint
|
|
Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features
|
|
a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local
|
|
population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and
|
|
sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the
|
|
work force has left to seek employment overseas.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
-1.1% (1986)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of NA (1984)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa, UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor
|
|
vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK, South Africa
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing
|
|
on Tristan da Cunha
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$198 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100
|
|
pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991),
|
|
0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian pound
|
|
is at par with the British pound
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on
|
|
Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550
|
|
telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into
|
|
worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine
|
|
cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Saint Helena Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
269 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
269 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
135 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature
|
|
variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic with mountainous interiors
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
|
|
woodland 17%; other 41%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes (July to October)
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
22 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 69 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, Nevisian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mainly of black African descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
20,000 (1981)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
6,700
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis; formerly Federation of Saint
|
|
Christopher and Nevis
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Basseterre
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George
|
|
Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John
|
|
Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre,
|
|
Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint
|
|
Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
|
|
Independence:
|
|
19 September 1983 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
19 September 1983
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously
|
|
Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,
|
|
previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy
|
|
Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP),
|
|
Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2,
|
|
NRP 2, CCM 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL,
|
|
OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim
|
|
Aubrey Eric HART; Chancery at Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20037; telephone (202) 833-3550
|
|
US:
|
|
no official presence since the Charge resides in Saint John's (Antigua and
|
|
Barbuda)
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing
|
|
two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper
|
|
triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of
|
|
sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism
|
|
and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $146.6 million, per capita $3,650; real growth
|
|
rate 2.1% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.2% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $31.5 million (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$26.4 million (1988)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,117 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,
|
|
beverages
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas;
|
|
fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane
|
|
Highways:
|
|
300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved
|
|
earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations -
|
|
2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
|
|
|
|
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
620 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
610 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
158 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to
|
|
April, rainy season from May to August
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal
|
|
potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
151,774 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Saint Lucian(s); adjective - Saint Lucian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), French patois
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983
|
|
est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Castries
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet,
|
|
Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort
|
|
Independence:
|
|
22 February 1979 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
22 February 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor
|
|
General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP),
|
|
Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by 27 April 1992); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint
|
|
Lucian Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges
|
|
of the arrowhead have a white border
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of
|
|
almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia
|
|
also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment
|
|
in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The
|
|
economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural
|
|
sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic
|
|
droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the
|
|
UK for bananas may end in 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $295 million, per capita $1,930; real growth rate
|
|
4.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.2% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
16.0% (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$127 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$270 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and
|
|
live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$54.5 million (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 732 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes,
|
|
tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts,
|
|
vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist
|
|
industry
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$120 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Castries
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link
|
|
with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland
|
|
troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
|
|
|
|
:Saint Lucia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
242 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon
|
|
groups
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
120 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France
|
|
Climate:
|
|
cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly barren rock
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, deepwater ports
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 4%; other 83%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
vegetation scanty
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,513 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
9 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 98%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,850 (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Workers' Force trade union
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
|
Type:
|
|
territorial collectivity of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Saint-Pierre
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territorial collectivity of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territorial collectivity of France); note - has been under French
|
|
control since 1763
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French president, commissioner of the Republic
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral General Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989);
|
|
President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
General Council:
|
|
last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and
|
|
other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6
|
|
French President:
|
|
last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second
|
|
ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF/CDS 1; note - Saint
|
|
Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French
|
|
National Assembly who are voting members
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, WFTU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in
|
|
the US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by
|
|
servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The
|
|
economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at
|
|
Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an
|
|
agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's
|
|
trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years.
|
|
The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish
|
|
exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports
|
|
come primarily from Canada and France.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $60 million, per capita $9,500; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.6% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $5.5 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500
|
|
metric tons (1989)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$500 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
|
|
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint Pierre
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio
|
|
communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French
|
|
domestic satellite system
|
|
|
|
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
340 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
340 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
84 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to
|
|
November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat
|
|
Note:
|
|
some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
115,339 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives - Saint Vincentian
|
|
or Vincentian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East
|
|
Indian, Carib Indian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, some French patois
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
67,000 (1984 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
10% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kingstown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George,
|
|
Saint Patrick
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 October 1979 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
27 October 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
David JACK (since 29 September 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party
|
|
(SVLP), Vincent BEACHE; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;
|
|
Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party
|
|
(NRP), Joel MIGUEL
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly:
|
|
last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6
|
|
appointed senators) NDP 15
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WCL, WFTU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE; 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone NA
|
|
US:
|
|
no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green;
|
|
the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of
|
|
the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist
|
|
industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high
|
|
unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued
|
|
banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward
|
|
diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $146 million, per capita $1,300; real growth rate
|
|
5.9% (1989)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$75 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets, flour
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$130 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and
|
|
fuels
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$50.9 million (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
16,594 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet
|
|
metal, beverage
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports;
|
|
products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of
|
|
cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kingstown
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes
|
|
3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4
|
|
liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock
|
|
carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of
|
|
convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF
|
|
interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF
|
|
links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV
|
|
(cable)
|
|
|
|
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
60 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
60 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
39 km; Italy 39 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
rugged mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
building stones
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 83%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
dominated by the Appenines
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy
|
|
|
|
:San Marino People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
23,404 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
8 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sanmarinese (singular and plural); adjective - Sanmarinese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Sanmarinese, Italian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Italian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
about 4,300
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has
|
|
about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400
|
|
members
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of San Marino
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,
|
|
Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
|
|
Serravalle
|
|
Independence:
|
|
301 AD (by tradition)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a
|
|
constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is
|
|
wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of
|
|
state for internal affairs
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Co-Chiefs of State:
|
|
Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1
|
|
October 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino
|
|
Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party
|
|
(PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;
|
|
Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;
|
|
San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino
|
|
Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Great and General Council:
|
|
last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7
|
|
Communists:
|
|
about 300 members
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York
|
|
and an honorary Consulate in Detroit
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is
|
|
accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci,
|
|
38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39]
|
|
(55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national
|
|
coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield
|
|
(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown
|
|
and above a scroll bearing the word
|
|
Flag:
|
|
AS (Liberty)
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP.
|
|
The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income
|
|
producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and
|
|
agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of
|
|
living are comparable to northern Italy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
6% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.5% (1985)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (1983)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade
|
|
consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
|
|
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
|
|
manufactures
|
|
Imports:
|
|
see
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
supplied by Italy
|
|
Industries:
|
|
wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives,
|
|
meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy
|
|
for food imports
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also
|
|
mints its own coins
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1
|
|
(1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
104 km
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700
|
|
telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into
|
|
Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
|
|
|
|
:San Marino Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
public security or police force of less than 50 people
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
960 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
960 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
209 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic, mountainous
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 75%; other 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North
|
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
38 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao Tomean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of
|
|
freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and
|
|
Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and
|
|
Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Portuguese (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and
|
|
fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of
|
|
population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Sao Tome
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
|
|
Independence:
|
|
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister
|
|
Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation
|
|
of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic
|
|
Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO),
|
|
leader NA; other small parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel
|
|
TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty
|
|
presidential election
|
|
National People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results -
|
|
PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55
|
|
total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty
|
|
election in Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue,
|
|
Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident
|
|
basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with
|
|
two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow
|
|
band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained
|
|
independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has
|
|
gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987
|
|
output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a
|
|
shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments
|
|
problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm
|
|
kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of
|
|
exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense
|
|
of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs.
|
|
It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years,
|
|
Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to
|
|
roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for
|
|
development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to
|
|
expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a
|
|
Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule
|
|
external debt service payments in cooperation with the International
|
|
Development Association and Western lenders.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate
|
|
1.5% (1989)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
36% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $22.5 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Portugal, GDR, Angola, China
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$147 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.1% (1986)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa
|
|
(85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya,
|
|
beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827
|
|
(1987), 36.993 (1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in
|
|
need of repair
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
10 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,945,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,945,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km,
|
|
Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,510 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
18 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specific
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia's
|
|
boundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and
|
|
Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and
|
|
woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal
|
|
seawater desalination facilities; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on
|
|
shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the population
|
|
figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that
|
|
reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers;
|
|
estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
39 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 68 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi Arabian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 100%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil
|
|
28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|
|
Type:
|
|
monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Riyadh
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah,
|
|
Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir,
|
|
Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
|
|
Independence:
|
|
23 September 1932 (unification)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial
|
|
disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council
|
|
of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Council of Justice
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June
|
|
1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al
|
|
Sa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
none
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian
|
|
Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic
|
|
Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh;
|
|
International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307);
|
|
telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates General
|
|
in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no
|
|
God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal
|
|
saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of
|
|
Islam
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% of
|
|
GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves
|
|
of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and
|
|
plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to
|
|
encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of
|
|
turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional
|
|
Islamic values.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate
|
|
1.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
0% (1989 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum and petroleum products 85%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials,
|
|
processed food products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement,
|
|
small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic
|
|
sector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes,
|
|
melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching
|
|
self-sufficiency in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033
|
|
(1986)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km,
|
|
includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al
|
|
Sinaiyah
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3
|
|
container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7
|
|
chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
104 major transport aircraft available
|
|
Airports:
|
|
211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable
|
|
systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV;
|
|
radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan;
|
|
coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and
|
|
Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
|
|
|
|
:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast
|
|
Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
196,190 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
192,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than South Dakota
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali
|
|
419 km, Mauritania 813 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
531 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the
|
|
International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its
|
|
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal
|
|
- that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast
|
|
winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, phosphates, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and
|
|
woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
|
|
desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
The Gambia is almost an enclave
|
|
|
|
:Senegal People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
54 years male, 57 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - Senegalese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%,
|
|
European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners -
|
|
private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of
|
|
working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying
|
|
membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of
|
|
Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Senegal
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic under multiparty democratic rule
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Dakar
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack,
|
|
Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
|
|
Independence:
|
|
20 August 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on
|
|
12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of
|
|
a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was
|
|
dissolved on 30 September 1989
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 March 1963, last revised in 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in
|
|
Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party
|
|
(PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results -
|
|
Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1%
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - PS
|
|
71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Katherine SHIRLEY; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of
|
|
Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221]
|
|
23-42-96 or 23-34-24; FAX [221] 22-29-91
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a
|
|
small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
|
|
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides
|
|
employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total
|
|
cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The
|
|
principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million
|
|
or about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated
|
|
by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of
|
|
reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10
|
|
years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate
|
|
3.6% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
2.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
3.5% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital
|
|
expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$814 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%,
|
|
phosphates 10%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, other EC members, Mali, Ivory Coast, India
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.05 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%,
|
|
capital goods 14%
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, other EC, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.9 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining,
|
|
building materials
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force;
|
|
major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,
|
|
tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food;
|
|
fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June; note - in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar
|
|
year
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar
|
|
to Thies
|
|
Highways:
|
|
14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 7,676 GRT/12,310 DWT; includes 1
|
|
cargo, 1 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
25 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations -
|
|
8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Senegal Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,814,452; 947,723 fit for military service; 88,271 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
102,350 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2
|
|
while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724
|
|
km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Maine
|
|
while Montenegro is slightly larger than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro),
|
|
Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro),
|
|
Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151
|
|
km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary between
|
|
Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
|
|
Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the
|
|
former Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian
|
|
minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic
|
|
Climate:
|
|
in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers with
|
|
well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean
|
|
climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers
|
|
and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone
|
|
ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the
|
|
southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of
|
|
largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist related
|
|
areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial
|
|
cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into the
|
|
Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
|
|
Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33
|
|
years male, 82.27 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and Montenegrin
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Serbo-Croatian 100%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Belgrade
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*;
|
|
Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
|
|
Independence:
|
|
NA April 1992
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
NA April 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July
|
|
1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Aleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav
|
|
SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVIC
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
NA
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33,
|
|
other 32
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, UN
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none; US does not recognize Serbia and Montenegro
|
|
Flag:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloody
|
|
ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup
|
|
of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and
|
|
Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military
|
|
strife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the other
|
|
former Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sister
|
|
republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and
|
|
manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of
|
|
technology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as did
|
|
the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small
|
|
number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp
|
|
drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the
|
|
destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the
|
|
economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic
|
|
situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a
|
|
Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military
|
|
mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economic
|
|
sanctions by the leading industrial nations.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
60% per month
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25-40%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,
|
|
miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live
|
|
animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco
|
|
1%
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC,
|
|
the former USSR, East European countries, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,
|
|
manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,
|
|
miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal
|
|
for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, EC
|
|
countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and
|
|
weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel,
|
|
aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining
|
|
(coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods
|
|
(textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum
|
|
products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the
|
|
former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina
|
|
also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production;
|
|
Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long
|
|
growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock
|
|
production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo province
|
|
produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the
|
|
mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat
|
|
husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the
|
|
coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus,
|
|
grapes, and rice
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990),
|
|
15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
NA
|
|
Highways:
|
|
46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Bar; inland - Belgrade
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19
|
|
cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1
|
|
passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro also
|
|
operates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and the
|
|
Grenadines
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000
|
|
radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Serbia and Montenegro Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, and Air Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach military
|
|
age (18) annually (est.)
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
455 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
455 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
491 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims Tromelin Island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to
|
|
September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are
|
|
coral, flat, elevated reefs
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, copra, cinnamon trees
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 18%; other 60%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts
|
|
possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50
|
|
coralline islands
|
|
Note:
|
|
located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
69,519 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
23 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Seychellois (singular and plural); adjective - Seychelles
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and French (official); Creole
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
85% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%,
|
|
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of population
|
|
of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
three major trade unions
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Seychelles
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Victoria
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse
|
|
Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel
|
|
Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on
|
|
Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,
|
|
Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka
|
|
Independence:
|
|
29 June 1976 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
5 June 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert
|
|
RENE; note - in December 1991, President RENE announced that the Seychelles
|
|
would begin an immediate transition to a multiparty political system;
|
|
registration of new political parties was scheduled to begin in January 1992
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 17
|
|
Elections:
|
|
election of delegates to a multiparty constitutional conference is scheduled
|
|
for June 1992
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results - President
|
|
France Albert RENE reelected without opposition
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - SPPF
|
|
was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
trade unions, Roman Catholic Church
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery
|
|
(temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017; telephone
|
|
(212) 687-9766
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard W. CARLSON; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House,
|
|
Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251,
|
|
Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO AE 09815-2501); telephone (248) 25256;
|
|
FAX (248) 25189
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band
|
|
is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs
|
|
about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency
|
|
earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment
|
|
in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the
|
|
government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting
|
|
the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $350 million, per capita $5,200; real growth rate
|
|
-4.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.8% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $32 million (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports)
|
|
partners:
|
|
France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation
|
|
equipment, petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6%
|
|
(1987)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$189 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat
|
|
building, printing, furniture, beverage
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts,
|
|
cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas;
|
|
broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna
|
|
fishing under way
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Seychelles rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2946 (March 1992), 5.2893 (1991),
|
|
5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Victoria
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal
|
|
countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
|
|
|
|
:Seychelles Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 17,739; 9,096 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
71,740 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
71,620 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than South Carolina
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
402 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry
|
|
season (December to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,
|
|
mountains in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and
|
|
woodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil
|
|
degradation
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
4,456,737 (July 1992), growth rate -0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-28 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
148 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
43 years male, 48 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sierra Leonean(s); adjective - Sierra Leonean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, and
|
|
Asian 1%; 13 tribes
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal
|
|
vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of
|
|
the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English,
|
|
Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); only
|
|
about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
35% of wage earners
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Sierra Leone
|
|
Type:
|
|
military government
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Freetown
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
Western Area and 3 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 April 1961 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 October 1991; amended September 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Republic Day, 27 April (1961)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
National Provisional Ruling Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was ousted in coup of 29 April 1992;
|
|
succeeded by Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council Valentine
|
|
STRASSER (since 29 April 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
status of existing political parties are unknown following 29 April 1992
|
|
coup
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party
|
|
elections sometime in the future
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,
|
|
OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;
|
|
telephone (202) 939-9261
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens
|
|
Street, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 226-481; FAX [232] (22) 225471
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence
|
|
agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and
|
|
employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which
|
|
accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw
|
|
materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining
|
|
provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high
|
|
unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing
|
|
dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to
|
|
get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic
|
|
policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since
|
|
March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and
|
|
eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined
|
|
efforts to institute economic reforms.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate
|
|
3% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
110% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$138 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3%
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$146 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light
|
|
industrial goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$572 million (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
NA
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages,
|
|
textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely
|
|
subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of
|
|
food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages
|
|
53,000 metric tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
leone (plural - leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
leones (Le) per US$1 - 476.74 (March 1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990),
|
|
58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis
|
|
because the mine at Marampa is closed
|
|
Highways:
|
|
7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainder
|
|
improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
800 km; 600 km navigable year round
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave system
|
|
unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1
|
|
FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Sierra Leone Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, National Police Force, Special Security Detachment
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 976,147; 472,112 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
632.6 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
622.6 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
193 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
two islands in dispute with Malaysia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons;
|
|
thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and
|
|
nature preserve
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, deepwater ports
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 5%; other 84%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mostly urban and industrialized
|
|
Note:
|
|
focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
|
|
|
|
:Singapore People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,792,092 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Singaporean(s); adjective - Singapore
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim
|
|
(minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,485,800; financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing
|
|
28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Singapore
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic within Commonwealth
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Singapore
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore
|
|
Constitution
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 9 August (1965)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Ministers ONG Teng
|
|
Cheong (since 2 January 1985) and LEE Hsien Loong
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
government:
|
|
People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general;
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP),
|
|
CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis
|
|
(BS, Socialist Front), leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results -
|
|
President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note - Communist party
|
|
illegal
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;
|
|
telephone (202) 667-7555
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailing
|
|
address is FPO AP 96534); telephone [65] 338-0251; FAX [65] 338-4550
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of
|
|
the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward
|
|
the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged
|
|
in a circle
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and
|
|
manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from
|
|
its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded
|
|
rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is
|
|
among the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991,
|
|
down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand and
|
|
lower growth in the financial and business services sector.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth
|
|
rate 6.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber,
|
|
electronics, manufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum,
|
|
chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$3.8 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing
|
|
and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot
|
|
trade, financial services, biotechnology
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in
|
|
poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber,
|
|
copra, fruit, vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125
|
|
(1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,597 km total (1984)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Singapore
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT;
|
|
includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off
|
|
cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144
|
|
petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized
|
|
tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger;
|
|
note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
38 major transport aircraft (est.)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and
|
|
television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13
|
|
AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular
|
|
Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Singapore Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
20,296 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
20,296 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
32 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocal
|
|
minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot
|
|
summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to
|
|
Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and
|
|
toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air
|
|
pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to
|
|
flooding and earthquakes
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Slovene(s); adjective - Slovenia
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Slovenia
|
|
Type:
|
|
emerging democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ljubljana
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
62 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
25 June 1991; 15 January 1992 from Yugoslavia
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, 4 vice presidents
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - will
|
|
take effect after next election
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); Vice President Matjaz KMECL
|
|
(since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ivan OMAN (since 11 April 1990); Vice
|
|
President Dusan PLUT (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ciril ZLOBEC
|
|
(since 11 April 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Christian Democratic, Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic, Janez
|
|
DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social Democratic, Joze PUNIK, chairman; Socialist,
|
|
Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens, Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic,
|
|
Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman;
|
|
Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA)
|
|
State Assembly:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA);
|
|
State Council:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA)
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IMF, UN
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Representative Ernest PETRIC; Chancery at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20036; telephone (202) 828-1650
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Ignac GOLOB, Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO AE 09862);
|
|
telephone NA
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
a three color flag, white (hoist side), blue, and red of equal width with
|
|
the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a
|
|
blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting
|
|
seas and rivers; around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an
|
|
inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag
|
|
centered in the white and blue band
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the old Yugoslav republics, with
|
|
a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not far
|
|
below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong
|
|
ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during internecine
|
|
fighting in Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the
|
|
former Yugoslav republics for economic reform and recovery over the next few
|
|
years. The political and economic disintegration of Yugoslavia, however, has
|
|
led to severe short-term dislocations in production, employment, and trade
|
|
ties. For example, overall industrial production fell 10% in 1991;
|
|
particularly hard hit were the iron and steel, machine-building, chemical,
|
|
and textile industries. Meanwhile, fighting has continued in other republics
|
|
leading to further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an
|
|
influx of tens of thousands of Croatian refugees. As in other former
|
|
Communist areas in Eastern Europe, economic reform has often sputtered not
|
|
only because of the vested interests of old bosses in retaining old rules of
|
|
the game but also because of the tangible losses experienced by
|
|
rank-and-file people in the transition to a more market-oriented system. The
|
|
key program for breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms has not
|
|
yet begun. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's
|
|
comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and
|
|
its Western business attitudes. Slovenia in absolute terms is a small
|
|
economy, and a little Western investment would go a long way.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$21 billion, per capita $10,700; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15-20% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
10% (April 1992)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4,120 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%,
|
|
chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and
|
|
tobacco less than 1%
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$4,679 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%,
|
|
chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live
|
|
animals 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, former USSR, US,
|
|
Hungary, Italy, and Austria
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.5 billion
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
industrial production has been declining at a rate of about 1% per month
|
|
(1991-92), mostly because of lost markets in the other former Yugoslav
|
|
republics
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,900,000 kW capacity; 12,250 million kWh produced, 6,447 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled
|
|
products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military
|
|
electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles,
|
|
chemicals, machine tools
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops
|
|
are potatoes, hops, hemp, and flax; although self-sufficient and having an
|
|
export surplus in these commodities, Slovenia must import many other
|
|
agricultural products and has a negative overall trade balance in this
|
|
sector
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
NA
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Slovene Tolar (plural - Tolars); 1 Tolar (SLT) = 100 NA
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Tolars (SLT) per US$1 - 28 (January 1992)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
NA
|
|
Highways:
|
|
14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Koper
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
0 ships (1,000 GRT or over) are under Slovenian flag; note - Slovenian
|
|
owners control 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,995 GRT/558,621
|
|
DWT; includes 14 bulk carriers and 7 general cargo ships all under Saint
|
|
Vincent and the Grenadines flag
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 main airports
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios;
|
|
330,000 TVs
|
|
|
|
:Slovenia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 444,030; NA fit for military service; 18,219 reach military age
|
|
(18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - 13.5 billion Slovene Tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1992);
|
|
note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current
|
|
exchange rate could produce misleading results
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
28,450 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
27,540 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Maryland
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
5,313 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 93%; other 4%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active
|
|
region with frequent earth tremors
|
|
Note:
|
|
located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
360,010 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
40 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Solomon Islander(s); adjective - Solomon Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Melanesian 93.0%, Polynesian 4.0%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese
|
|
0.3%, other 0.4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%,
|
|
Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%,
|
|
other Protestant 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua
|
|
franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
23,448 economically active; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%;
|
|
services 25%; construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%; commerce,
|
|
transport, and finance 4.7% (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade union representation
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Honiara
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira,
|
|
Malaita, Temotu, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
7 July 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general
|
|
since 7 July 1988)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands
|
|
Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress
|
|
(NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Parliament:
|
|
last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4,
|
|
LP 2, independents 9
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
IOC, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands)
|
|
US:
|
|
the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands;
|
|
Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is American Embassy, P. O.
|
|
Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23890; FAX (677) 23488
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner;
|
|
the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars
|
|
arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and
|
|
forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and
|
|
forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors
|
|
being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to
|
|
GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The
|
|
islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc,
|
|
nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986
|
|
that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $200 million, per capita $600; real growth rate
|
|
6.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10.2% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $44 million; expenditures $45 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $22 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$67.3 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$86.0 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%,
|
|
China 3% (1985)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$128 million (1988 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copra, fish (tuna)
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly
|
|
subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels,
|
|
timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs;
|
|
not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500
|
|
metric tons was exported (1988)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89),
|
|
$250 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Solomon Islands dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) =
|
|
100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 2.8740 (March 1992), 2.7148 (1991),
|
|
2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800
|
|
private logging and plantation roads of varied construction
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Honiara, Ringi Cove
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
33 total, 30 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Solomon Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
637,660 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
627,340 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,025 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative
|
|
Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to
|
|
Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic
|
|
Somalis
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon
|
|
(May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili)
|
|
between monsoons
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite,
|
|
copper, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and
|
|
woodland 14%; other 38%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer;
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el
|
|
Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal
|
|
|
|
:Somalia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,235,226 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
56 years male, 57 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Somali(s); adjective - Somali
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Somali 85%, rest mainly Bantu; Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800
|
|
Religions:
|
|
almost entirely Sunni Muslim
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
24% (male 36%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture,
|
|
government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%; 53% of population
|
|
of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
General Federation of Somali Trade Unions was controlled by the government
|
|
prior to January 1991; the fall of SIAD regime may have led to collapse of
|
|
Trade Union organization
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
none
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mogadishu
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
16 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay,
|
|
Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal,
|
|
Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent
|
|
from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became
|
|
independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to
|
|
form the Somali Republic)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January
|
|
1991; note - formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist
|
|
Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army
|
|
Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD
|
|
was reelected without opposition
|
|
People's Assembly:
|
|
last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only
|
|
party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali
|
|
Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27
|
|
January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically
|
|
elected government will be established
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate
|
|
General in New York; note - Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at K-7, AFGOI Road, Mogadishu (mailing address
|
|
is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone [252] (01) 39971; note - US Embassy
|
|
evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based
|
|
on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few
|
|
resources. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, with the
|
|
livestock sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export
|
|
earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their
|
|
livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production
|
|
generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main
|
|
export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic
|
|
market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of
|
|
agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Greatly
|
|
increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a substantial drop in
|
|
output, with widespread famine a grim fact of life.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate
|
|
-1.4% (1988)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
210% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $190 million; expenditures $195 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $111 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$58.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$249 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.9 billion (1989)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
75,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum
|
|
refining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops -
|
|
bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food;
|
|
fishing potential largely unexploited
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Somali shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100
|
|
centesimi
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7
|
|
(1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986)
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
15,215 km total; including 2,335 km paved, 2,880 km gravel, and 10,000 km
|
|
improved earth or stabilized soil (1983)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 15 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu, Bosaso
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo,
|
|
1 refrigerated cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
53 total, 40 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
minimal telephone and telegraph service; microwave and troposcatter system
|
|
centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
|
|
scheduled to receive an ARABSAT ground station
|
|
|
|
:Somalia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
NA
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,673,542; 942,153 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1,221,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1,221,040 km2; includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km,
|
|
Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,881 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered
|
|
by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer
|
|
the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint
|
|
administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and
|
|
Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire
|
|
area
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates,
|
|
tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 65%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water
|
|
conservation and control measures
|
|
Note:
|
|
Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely
|
|
surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland
|
|
|
|
:South Africa People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
41,688,360 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992); includes the 10 so-called
|
|
homelands, which are not recognized by the US
|
|
Population:
|
|
four independent homelands:
|
|
Bophuthatswana 2,489,347, growth rate 2.86%; Ciskei 1,088,476, growth rate
|
|
2.99%; Transkei 4,746,796, growth rate 4.13%; Venda 718,207, growth rate
|
|
3.81%
|
|
six other homelands:
|
|
Gazankulu 803,806, growth rate 3.96%; Kangwane 597,783, growth rate 3.60%;
|
|
KwaNdebele 373,012, growth rate 3.40%; KwaZulu 5,748,950, growth rate 3.58%;
|
|
Lebowa 2,924,584, growth rate 3.90%; QwaQwa 288,155, growth rate 3.60%
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
62 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - South African(s); adjective - South African
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks are Christian; about 60% of
|
|
Indians are Hindu; Muslim 20%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Afrikaans, English (both official); many vernacular languages, including
|
|
Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
76% (male 78%, female 75%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
11,000,000 economically active (1989); services 34%, agriculture 30%,
|
|
industry and commerce 29%, mining 7% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 17% of total labor force belongs to a registered trade union (1989);
|
|
African unions represent 15% of black labor force
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10
|
|
homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei,
|
|
Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu,
|
|
Lebowa, QwaQwa)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 May 1910 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 September 1984
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Republic Day, 31 May (1910)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the
|
|
three houses of Parliament)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly
|
|
(Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers;
|
|
Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
white political parties and leaders:
|
|
National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative
|
|
Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party);
|
|
Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER
|
|
Colored political parties and leaders:
|
|
Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); Freedom Party; note -
|
|
the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were
|
|
disbanded in May 1991
|
|
Indian political parties and leaders:
|
|
Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP),
|
|
Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Assembly (whites):
|
|
last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP
|
|
58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34;
|
|
note - by February 1992 because of byelections, changes in number of seats
|
|
held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 42, DP 33, vacant 1
|
|
House of Representatives (Coloreds):
|
|
last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69,
|
|
DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - since the National
|
|
Party became multiracial, by February 1992 many representatives from other
|
|
parties have changed their allegiance causing the following changes in
|
|
seating: LP 39, NP 38, Freedom Party 1, independents 7
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Government
|
|
|
|
House of Delegates (Indians):
|
|
last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995);
|
|
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected)
|
|
Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note
|
|
- due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of February 1992
|
|
is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 5,
|
|
independents 5, vacancy 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
South African Communist Party, Chris HANI, secretary general, and Joe SLOVO,
|
|
national chairman
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom
|
|
Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC),
|
|
Clarence MAKWETU, president
|
|
Member of:
|
|
BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF,
|
|
INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO (suspended)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ; Chancery at 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400; there are South African
|
|
Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New
|
|
York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House, 225 Pretorius
|
|
Street, Pretoria; telephone [27] (12) 28-4266, FAX [27] (12) 21-92-78; there
|
|
are US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg
|
|
Flag:
|
|
actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center
|
|
of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three
|
|
equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags
|
|
are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal
|
|
flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old
|
|
Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes,
|
|
material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of
|
|
Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from
|
|
the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment, lack of job
|
|
skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and
|
|
outputs thus do not move smoothly into the most productive employments, and
|
|
the effectiveness of the market is further lowered by international
|
|
constraints on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy
|
|
lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports.
|
|
Average growth of less than 2% in output in recent years falls far short of
|
|
the 5% to 6% level needed to absorb some 300,000 new entrants to the labor
|
|
force annually. Economic developments in the 1990s will be driven partly by
|
|
the changing relations among the various ethnic groups.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $2,600; real growth rate
|
|
- 0.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15.7% (March 1992)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
40% (1991); well over 50% in some homeland areas (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $29.4 billion; expenditures $35.0 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $1.1 billion (FY93 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
gold 25-30%, minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC members, Hong Kong
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$18.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles,
|
|
scientific instruments, base metals
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, Japan, UK, US, Italy
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$19.0 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile
|
|
assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical,
|
|
fertilizer, foodstuffs
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified
|
|
agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep,
|
|
wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables;
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
rand (plural - rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
rand (R) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990),
|
|
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage
|
|
(counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm
|
|
gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or
|
|
improved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai,
|
|
Walvis Bay
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4
|
|
container, 1 vehicle carrier
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
90 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
901 total, 732 usable; 132 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 224 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity
|
|
in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables,
|
|
radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key
|
|
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth,
|
|
and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM,
|
|
67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:South Africa Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical
|
|
Services), South African Police (SAP)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 10,051,202; 6,133,484 fit for military service; 420,275 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or
|
|
Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be
|
|
17; national service obligation is one year; figures include the so-called
|
|
homelands not recognized by the US
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, about 3% of GDP (FY92)
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
4,066 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
4,066 km2; includes Shag and Clerke Rocks, South Georgia, Bird Island, South
|
|
Sandwich Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina
|
|
Climate:
|
|
variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with
|
|
periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and
|
|
mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered
|
|
mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some
|
|
active volcanoes
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%; largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some
|
|
sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen
|
|
Environment:
|
|
reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather
|
|
conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich
|
|
Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism
|
|
Note:
|
|
the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good
|
|
anchorage
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on South
|
|
Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird
|
|
Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no short-form name)
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
3 October 1985
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, commissioner
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner
|
|
William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands)
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of
|
|
income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from
|
|
postage stamps produced in the UK.
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of
|
|
$NA (FY88 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Grytviken on South Georgia
|
|
Airports:
|
|
5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
|
|
2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations
|
|
|
|
:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Spain Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
504,750 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of
|
|
sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta,
|
|
Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la
|
|
Gomera
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal
|
|
1,214 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
4,964 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty
|
|
(plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves
|
|
of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of
|
|
Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along
|
|
coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in
|
|
north
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc,
|
|
lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and
|
|
woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; air pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
:Spain People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
39,118,399 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
11 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Spaniard(s); adjective - Spanish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque
|
|
2%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9%
|
|
(1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
less 10% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Spain Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Spain
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Madrid
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad
|
|
autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La
|
|
Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura,
|
|
Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note
|
|
- there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco
|
|
(Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de
|
|
la Gomera) with administrative status unknown
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 12 October
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime
|
|
minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales)
|
|
consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress
|
|
of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
principal national parties, from right to left - Popular Party (PP), Jose
|
|
Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social
|
|
Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers
|
|
Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS),
|
|
Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA;
|
|
chief regional parties - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in
|
|
Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque
|
|
Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon
|
|
IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro
|
|
PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR);
|
|
Valencian Union (UV)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10,
|
|
PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5
|
|
|
|
:Spain Government
|
|
|
|
Congress of Deputies:
|
|
last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE
|
|
39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%,
|
|
HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU
|
|
17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11
|
|
Communists:
|
|
PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly
|
|
60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in
|
|
the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left;
|
|
remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions
|
|
trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a
|
|
membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986
|
|
national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First
|
|
of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the
|
|
government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the
|
|
Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union
|
|
of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO);
|
|
the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university
|
|
students
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC,
|
|
EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),
|
|
ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer),
|
|
OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates
|
|
General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New
|
|
York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing
|
|
address is APO AE 09642); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000, FAX [34] (1)
|
|
577-5735; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in
|
|
Bilbao
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the
|
|
national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms
|
|
includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two
|
|
promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the
|
|
Strait of Gibraltar
|
|
|
|
:Spain Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. In accordance with its
|
|
accession treaty, Spain has almost wholly liberalized trade and capital
|
|
markets. Foreign and domestic investment has spurred average growth of 4%
|
|
per year. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to
|
|
fight inflation - around 7% in 1989 and 1990. As a result growth slowed to
|
|
2.5% in 1991. Spanish policymakers remain concerned with inflation - still
|
|
hovering at 6%. Government officials also are worried about 16%
|
|
unemployment, although many people listed as unemployed work in the
|
|
underground economy. Spanish economists believe that structural adjustments
|
|
due to the ongoing integration of the European market are likely to lead to
|
|
more displaced workers.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $487.5 billion, per capita $12,400; real
|
|
growth rate 2.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
16.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $111.0 billion; expenditures $115.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $20.8 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$60.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$93.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs,
|
|
consumer goods, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$45 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced, 3,980 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and
|
|
metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools,
|
|
tourism
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain,
|
|
vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork,
|
|
poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million
|
|
metric tons is among top 20 nations
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the
|
|
European market
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not
|
|
currently a recipient
|
|
|
|
:Spain Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 104.79 (March 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990),
|
|
118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Spain Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km
|
|
1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE
|
|
(government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly
|
|
1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate
|
|
918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km
|
|
double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access
|
|
divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate
|
|
bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local
|
|
roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,045 km, but of minor economic importance
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon
|
|
de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La
|
|
Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa
|
|
Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
278 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,915,409 GRT/5,228,378 DWT; includes
|
|
2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 86 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 15
|
|
container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 48 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 45 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
210 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
105 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast
|
|
stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22
|
|
coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations
|
|
operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT,
|
|
and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links
|
|
|
|
:Spain Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil
|
|
Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 10,205,741; 8,271,151 fit for military service; 337,407 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $8.7 billion, 2% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
NA but less than 5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
less than 5 km2; includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts
|
|
scattered over the South China Sea
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
926 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
undetermined
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts
|
|
of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei
|
|
established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but
|
|
has not publicly claimed the island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, guano; undetermined oil and natural gas potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and
|
|
coral reefs
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central
|
|
South China Sea; serious navigational hazard
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no permanent inhabitants; garrisons
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing, proximity to nearby oil-
|
|
and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas
|
|
deposits, but the Spratlys region is largely unexplored, and there are no
|
|
reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to
|
|
be developed.
|
|
Industries:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
no natural harbors
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
|
|
:Spratly Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
44 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines,
|
|
Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
65,610 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
64,740 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,340 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest
|
|
monsoon (June to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 16%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
|
|
woodland 37%; other 23%; includes irrigated 8%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea
|
|
lanes
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,631,528 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992); note - about 120,000 people
|
|
fled to India in 1991 because of fighting between government forces and
|
|
Tamil insurgents; about 200,000 Tamils will be repatriated in 1992
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
20 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sri Lankan(s); adjective - Sri Lankan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Sinhalese 74%; Tamil 18%; Moor 7%; Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
|
|
spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English
|
|
commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
86% (male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and
|
|
transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 30% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and
|
|
coconut estates
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Colombo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
the administrative structure now includes 9 provinces - Central, Eastern,
|
|
North, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and
|
|
Western and 24 districts - Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa,
|
|
Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla,
|
|
Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya,
|
|
Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya; note - in the
|
|
future there may be only 8 provinces (combining the two provinces of North
|
|
and Eastern into one province of North Eastern) and 25 districts (adding
|
|
Kilinochchi to the existing districts)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
31 August 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim,
|
|
Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party
|
|
(SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M.
|
|
ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's
|
|
United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam
|
|
Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation
|
|
Front (TULF), leader (vacant); Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students
|
|
(EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama
|
|
Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP,
|
|
or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party
|
|
(SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party,
|
|
K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; note - the
|
|
United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and
|
|
CP/B
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -
|
|
Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Government
|
|
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results -
|
|
UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%;
|
|
seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist
|
|
groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front);
|
|
Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028; there is a Sri
|
|
Lankan Consulate in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.; Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo); telephone [94] (1) 44180107,
|
|
FAX [94] (1) 43-73-45
|
|
Flag:
|
|
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical
|
|
bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red
|
|
rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf
|
|
in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the
|
|
entire flag and extends between the two panels
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of
|
|
the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops
|
|
of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The
|
|
economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s.
|
|
Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in
|
|
1991 as domestic conditions began to improve.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate
|
|
5.0% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
10% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
14% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $500 million (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles and garment, teas, petroleum products, coconut, rubber,
|
|
agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 25%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and
|
|
equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, Iran, US 7.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, FRG, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.8 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 8% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities;
|
|
cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important
|
|
staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses,
|
|
oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products
|
|
- milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Sri Lankan rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 43.112 (March 1992), 41.372 (1991),
|
|
40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no
|
|
electrification; government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887
|
|
km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth;
|
|
several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Colombo, Trincomalee
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 310,173 GRT/489,378 DWT; includes 13
|
|
cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport (including 1 leased)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); broadcast stations -
|
|
12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Sri Lanka Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 4,709,203; 3,678,952 fit for military service; 177,554 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $432 million, 6% of GDP (1991)
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,505,810 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,376,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt
|
|
1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km,
|
|
Zaire 628 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
853 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
18 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international
|
|
boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with
|
|
international boundary
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten,
|
|
mica, silver, crude oil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and
|
|
woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
largest country in Africa
|
|
|
|
:Sudan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
28,305,046 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
83 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
53 years male, 54 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sudanese (singular and plural); adjective - Sudanese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%, Christian (mostly in
|
|
south and Khartoum) 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic,
|
|
Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in
|
|
process
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%; labor
|
|
shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52%
|
|
of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989 coup; now in process of being
|
|
legalized anew
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of the Sudan
|
|
Type:
|
|
military; civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30
|
|
June 1989 coup
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Khartoum
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*,
|
|
Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al
|
|
Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim
|
|
constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the
|
|
Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states
|
|
of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and
|
|
Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic
|
|
law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states
|
|
regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
executive and legislative authority vested in a 12-member Revolutionary
|
|
Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July
|
|
1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function
|
|
as advisers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1
|
|
January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative
|
|
authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national
|
|
elections
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar
|
|
Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command
|
|
Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed
|
|
(since 9 July 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
none
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,
|
|
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador `Abdallah Ahmad `ABDALLAH; Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a
|
|
Sudanese Consulate General in New York
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador James R. CHEEK (will be replaced summer of 1992); Embassy at
|
|
Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699,
|
|
Khartoum, or APO AE 09829); telephone 74700 or 74611; Telex 22619
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green
|
|
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse
|
|
weather, high inflation, and counterproductive economic policies. The
|
|
economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70%
|
|
of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are
|
|
agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating
|
|
1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work
|
|
force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic
|
|
performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual
|
|
rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high
|
|
foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the
|
|
International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan
|
|
noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite
|
|
subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the
|
|
World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the
|
|
incentive to take economic risks.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, per capita $450; real growth rate
|
|
0% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
95% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (FY91 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$325 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3%
|
|
(FY88)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.40 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment,
|
|
medicines and chemicals, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$14.6 billion (June 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY89)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling,
|
|
shoes, petroleum refining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds
|
|
of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products -
|
|
cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally
|
|
self-sufficient in most foods
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Sudanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 90.1 (March 1992), 5.4288
|
|
(1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); note - free market
|
|
rate 83 (December 1991)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge
|
|
plantation line
|
|
Highways:
|
|
20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated, 3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km
|
|
improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
5,310 km navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
refined products 815 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port Sudan, Swakin
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3
|
|
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
18 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
72 total, 57 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and
|
|
poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave, cable, radio
|
|
communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14
|
|
stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT
|
|
|
|
:Sudan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 6,432,270; 3,949,518 fit for military service; 302,696 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
163,270 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
161,470 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Georgia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
386 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini
|
|
(both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper
|
|
Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small
|
|
amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest
|
|
and woodland 97%; other 3%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
mostly tropical rain forest
|
|
|
|
:Suriname People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
410,016 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
66 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Surinamer(s); adjective - Surinamese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Hindustani (East Indian) 37.0%, Creole (black and mixed) 31.0%, Javanese
|
|
15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1.0%,
|
|
other 1.1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant (predominantly
|
|
Moravian) 25.2%, indigenous beliefs about 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes
|
|
called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger
|
|
population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani
|
|
(a variant of Bhoqpuri) and Javanese
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
104,000 (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
49,000 members of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Suriname
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Paramaribo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne,
|
|
Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini,
|
|
Wanica
|
|
Independence:
|
|
25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands Guiana or Dutch
|
|
Guiana)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
ratified 30 September 1987
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 25 November (1975)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council
|
|
of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains
|
|
significant power
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Ronald VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and
|
|
Prime Minister Jules AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
traditional ethnic-based parties:
|
|
The New Front (NF), a coalition formed of four parties following the 24
|
|
December 1990 military coup - Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath
|
|
LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck ARRON; Indonesian Peasants
|
|
Party (KTPI), Willie SOEMITA; and Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DERBY;
|
|
promilitary:
|
|
National Democratic Party (NDP), Orlando VAN AMSON; Democratic Alternative
|
|
'91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of five parties formed in
|
|
January 1991 - Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN;
|
|
Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood
|
|
and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano ALLENDY; Pendawalima, Marsha JAMIN;
|
|
and Independent Progressive Group, Karam RAMSUNDERSINGH;
|
|
leftists:
|
|
Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael NAARENDORP; Progressive Workers
|
|
and Farmers (PALU), Iwan KROLIS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected
|
|
by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules
|
|
WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes)
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of
|
|
vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 12, DA '91 9
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
|
|
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through
|
|
7492; there is a Surinamese Consulate General in Miami
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129,
|
|
Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo); telephone [597]
|
|
472900, 477881, or 476459; FAX [597] 410025
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple
|
|
width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow
|
|
five-pointed star centered in the red band
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for about
|
|
70% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The economy has been in
|
|
trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world
|
|
bauxite prices which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986
|
|
was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that
|
|
crippled the important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since
|
|
ebbed and the bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990
|
|
reflected continued political instability and deterred investment and
|
|
economic reform. High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market
|
|
activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate
|
|
0% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
50% (1989 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
33% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$549 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish,
|
|
bananas
|
|
partners:
|
|
Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%,
|
|
other 10%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 37%, Netherlands 15%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%,
|
|
Brazil 5%, UK 3%, other 20%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$138 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for 22% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 5,015 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing,
|
|
fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GDP; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and
|
|
represents 60% of total farm output; other products - bananas, palm kernels,
|
|
coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of
|
|
increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foods
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or
|
|
florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate)
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km
|
|
1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts
|
|
ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Paramaribo, Moengo
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo,
|
|
1 container
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
1 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
46 total, 40 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones;
|
|
broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Suriname Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force
|
|
element), Civil Police, People's Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 109,551; 65,250 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
62,049 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,587 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway, not recognized by Russia
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
4 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and
|
|
Russia
|
|
Climate:
|
|
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters;
|
|
North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen,
|
|
keeping water open and navigable most of the year
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of
|
|
ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%; there are no trees and the only bushes are
|
|
crowberry and cloudberry
|
|
Environment:
|
|
great calving glaciers descend to the sea
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
|
|
Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,181 (July 1992), growth rate -3.9% (1992); about one-third of the
|
|
population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on
|
|
Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Russian areas (Barentsburg and
|
|
Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research
|
|
station
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Russian, Norwegian
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through
|
|
a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9
|
|
February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Longyearbyen
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of Norway is used
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9
|
|
February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to
|
|
exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,
|
|
Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies
|
|
still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are
|
|
essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs
|
|
nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local
|
|
services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some
|
|
trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.5189 (March 1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597
|
|
(1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay
|
|
Airports:
|
|
4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations
|
|
- 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian
|
|
mainland
|
|
|
|
:Svalbard Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
17,360 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
17,200 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical to near temperate
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and
|
|
diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 67%; forest and
|
|
woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
913,008 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-6 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
98 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
52 years male, 60 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Swazi(s); adjective - Swazi
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 97%, European 3%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage
|
|
earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%,
|
|
community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other
|
|
21%; 16,800 employed in South Africa mines (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 10% of wage earners
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Swaziland
|
|
Type:
|
|
monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 September 1968 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new
|
|
constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally
|
|
presented to the people
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
|
|
traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate
|
|
and a lower house or House of Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
indirect parliamentary election through Swaziland's Tinkhundala System
|
|
scheduled for November 1992
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
|
|
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA; Chancery at 3400 International Drive NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-6683
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner
|
|
Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone [268]
|
|
46441 through 5; FAX [268] 45959
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red
|
|
band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white
|
|
shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all
|
|
placed horizontally
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the
|
|
labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes
|
|
a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP.
|
|
Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore
|
|
deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for
|
|
asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of
|
|
hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with
|
|
Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it
|
|
receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $563 million, per capita $725; real growth rate
|
|
5.0% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
13% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $335.4 million; expenditures $360.5 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY93 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$557 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa 50% (est.), EC, Canada
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$632 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products,
|
|
foodstuffs, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$290 million (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence
|
|
agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus
|
|
fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts,
|
|
cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
lilangeni (plural - emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
emalangeni (E) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863
|
|
(1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Swazi
|
|
emalangeni is at par with the South African rand
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
|
|
soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
4 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
23 total, 21 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity
|
|
microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV;
|
|
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Swaziland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 197,654; 114,204 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $11 million, about 2% of GNP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
449,964 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
410,928 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,218 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy
|
|
summers; subarctic in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and
|
|
woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
water pollution; acid rain
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
|
|
|
|
:Sweden People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,602,157 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Swede(s); adjective - Swedish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or
|
|
first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks,
|
|
Turks) about 12%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5%
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak
|
|
native languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,552,000 community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and
|
|
manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking,
|
|
insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture,
|
|
fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
80% of labor force (1990 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Sweden
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Stockholm
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan,
|
|
Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan,
|
|
Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads
|
|
Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan,
|
|
Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan,
|
|
Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan,
|
|
Vastmanlands Lan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1975
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral parliament (Riksdag)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess
|
|
VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative),
|
|
Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof
|
|
JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social
|
|
Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian
|
|
WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER; Swedish Communist
|
|
Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green
|
|
Party, no formal leader
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Riksdag:
|
|
last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results -
|
|
Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal
|
|
People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New
|
|
Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%;
|
|
seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80,
|
|
Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New
|
|
Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats
|
|
in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote
|
|
Communists:
|
|
VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to have
|
|
roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the 1988 election;
|
|
VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains a Marxist ideology
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA,
|
|
FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM
|
|
(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU,
|
|
WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue
|
|
NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish
|
|
Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89
|
|
Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300; FAX [46] (8) 661-1964
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical
|
|
part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog
|
|
(Danish flag)
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through
|
|
World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a
|
|
mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has
|
|
essentially full employment, a modern distribution system, excellent
|
|
internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber,
|
|
hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is
|
|
heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for
|
|
about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for
|
|
50% of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this
|
|
extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation, growing
|
|
absenteeism, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets.
|
|
The new center-right government, facing a sagging economic situation which
|
|
is unlikely to improve until 1993, is pushing full steam ahead with economic
|
|
reform proposals to end Sweden's recession and to prepare for possible EC
|
|
membership in 1995. The free-market-oriented reforms are designed to spur
|
|
growth, maintain price stability, lower unemployment, create a more
|
|
efficient welfare state, and further adapt to EC standards. The measures
|
|
include: cutting taxes, particularly the value-added tax (VAT) and levies on
|
|
new and small business; privatization; liberalizing foreign ownership
|
|
restrictions; and opening the welfare system to competition and private
|
|
alternatives, which the government will still finance. Growth is expected to
|
|
remain flat in 1992, but increase slightly in 1993, while inflation should
|
|
remain around 3% for the next few years. On the down side, unemployment may
|
|
climb to slightly over 4% in 1993, and the budget deficit will reach nearly
|
|
$9 billion in 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $147.6 billion, per capita $17,200; real
|
|
growth rate -1.1% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.0% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.7% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $67.5 billion; expenditures $78.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$54.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel
|
|
products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, (FRG, UK, Denmark), US, Norway
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$50.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles,
|
|
foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 55.3%, US 8.4% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10.7 billion (November 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -5.3% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts,
|
|
armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for
|
|
37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
|
|
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Swedish krona (plural - kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.0259 (March 1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188
|
|
(1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km
|
|
0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways - 511
|
|
km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified); 371 km 0.891-meter gauge
|
|
(all electrified)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 84 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous
|
|
secondary and minor ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
186 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,665,902 GRT/3,646,165 DWT; includes
|
|
10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12
|
|
vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 33 petroleum tanker, 28 chemical tanker,
|
|
4 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1
|
|
combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
115 major transports
|
|
Airports:
|
|
254 total, 252 usable; 139 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones;
|
|
mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network;
|
|
parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone
|
|
channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly
|
|
repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables;
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Sweden Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,129,996; 1,858,944 fit for military service; 57,492 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion, about 4% of GDP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
41,290 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
39,770 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein
|
|
41 km, Germany 334 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool
|
|
to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau
|
|
of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydropower potential, timber, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
dominated by Alps
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
6,828,023 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
76 years male, 83 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Swiss (singular and plural); adjective - Swiss
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
|
|
6%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other
|
|
1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other
|
|
4%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other
|
|
1%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,310,000; 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian; services 50%, industry
|
|
and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
20% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Swiss Confederation
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bern
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular -
|
|
cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau,
|
|
Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve,
|
|
Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden,
|
|
Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino,
|
|
Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 August 1291
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
29 May 1874
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative
|
|
acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory
|
|
character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French -
|
|
Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee
|
|
Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or
|
|
Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian -
|
|
Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German -
|
|
Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Federal Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Rene FELBER (1992 calendar year; presidency rotates annually);
|
|
Vice President Adolf OGI (term runs concurrently with that of president)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic
|
|
Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party
|
|
(CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans
|
|
UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile
|
|
Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER,
|
|
president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party
|
|
(EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean
|
|
SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS),
|
|
Gilbert COUTAU, president
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Council of States:
|
|
last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3,
|
|
LdU 1, Ticino League 1
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Government
|
|
|
|
National Council:
|
|
last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP
|
|
25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other
|
|
2
|
|
Communists:
|
|
4,500 members (est.)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA,
|
|
FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest),
|
|
NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900; there are Swiss Consulates
|
|
General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San
|
|
Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN; Embassy at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern;
|
|
telephone [41] (31) 437-011; FAX [41] (31) 437-344; there is a Branch Office
|
|
of the Embassy in Geneva and a Consulate General in Zurich
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not
|
|
extend to the edges of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Switzerland's economic success is matched in few other nations. Per capita
|
|
output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and
|
|
diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Economic stability helps promote the
|
|
important banking and tourist sectors. Since World War II, Switzerland's
|
|
economy has adjusted smoothly to the great changes in output and trade
|
|
patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust to the challenges of the 1990s,
|
|
particularly to the further economic integration of Western Europe and the
|
|
amazingly rapid changes in East European political and economic prospects.
|
|
After 8 years of growth, the economy experienced a mild recession in 1991
|
|
because monetary policy was tightened to combat inflation and because of the
|
|
weak international economy. In the second half of 1992, however, Switzerland
|
|
is expected to resume growth, despite inflation and unemployment problems.
|
|
GDP growth for 1992 may be just under 1%, inflation should drop from 5.9% to
|
|
3.5%, and the trade deficit will continue to decline after dropping by over
|
|
15% to $5 billion, due to increased exports to Germany. Unemployment,
|
|
however, is forecast to rise to 1.6% in 1992, up from 1.3% in 1991 and 0.5%
|
|
in 1990.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $147.4 billion, per capita $21,700; real
|
|
growth rate -0.2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.9% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.3% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs,
|
|
textiles and clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals,
|
|
textiles, construction materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 78% (EC 71%, other 7%), US 6%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced, 8,930 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages -
|
|
fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs,
|
|
fruits, vegetables, meat
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1
|
|
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4037 (January 1992),
|
|
1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned and 2,203 km are nongovernment
|
|
owned; the government network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard
|
|
gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99%
|
|
electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter
|
|
standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge
|
|
track, 100% electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are
|
|
national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable
|
|
lakes
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Basel (river port)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 325,234 GRT/576,953 DWT; includes 5
|
|
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 9
|
|
bulk, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
89 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
66 total, 65 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000
|
|
telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7
|
|
AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station
|
|
operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system
|
|
|
|
:Switzerland Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,798,632; 1,544,191 fit for military service; 43,952 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, about 2% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Syria Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
185,180 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than North Dakota
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km,
|
|
Turkey 822 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
193 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
6 nm beyond territorial sea limit
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
35 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli
|
|
occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over
|
|
Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by
|
|
Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy
|
|
winters (December to February) along coast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in
|
|
west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock
|
|
salt, marble, gypsum
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and
|
|
woodland 3%; other 20%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
|
|
|
|
:Syria People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
13,730,436 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992); in addition, there are at
|
|
least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan
|
|
Heights (1992 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Syrian(s); adjective - Syrian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab 90.3%; Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian
|
|
(various sects) 10%, tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and
|
|
Aleppo
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely
|
|
understood
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
64% (male 78%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,400,000; miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%,
|
|
industry and construction 32%; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
(1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
5% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Syria Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Damascus
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah,
|
|
Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar`a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,
|
|
Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
|
|
Independence:
|
|
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration);
|
|
formerly United Arab Republic
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
13 March 1973
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 17 April (1946)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime
|
|
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation,
|
|
State Security Courts
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd
|
|
al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad
|
|
Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
|
|
YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since
|
|
NA May 1985)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba`th) Party; the
|
|
Progressive National Front is dominated by Ba`thists but includes
|
|
independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab
|
|
Socialist Union (ASU), Syrian Communist Party (SCP), Arab Socialist Unionist
|
|
Movement, and Democratic Socialist Union Party
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results -
|
|
President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with
|
|
99.98% of the vote
|
|
People's Council:
|
|
last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th
|
|
53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,
|
|
Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250
|
|
total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,
|
|
Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's
|
|
Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
|
|
|
|
:Syria Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
non-Ba`th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party
|
|
ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Walid MOUALEM; Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 232-6313
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street
|
|
No. 2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus); telephone [963]
|
|
(11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232; FAX
|
|
[963] (11) 718-687
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small
|
|
green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
|
|
similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq,
|
|
which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal
|
|
line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which
|
|
has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Syria Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Syria's state-dominated Ba`thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war,
|
|
increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic
|
|
growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil
|
|
production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991
|
|
provided Syria an aid windfall of several billion dollars from Arab,
|
|
European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's
|
|
war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears,
|
|
restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian
|
|
purchases. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large
|
|
number of poorly performing public sector firms; investment levels remain
|
|
low; and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term
|
|
concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when
|
|
its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate
|
|
11% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
25% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum 40%, farm products 13%, textiles, phosphates (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%,
|
|
textiles, petroleum products (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab
|
|
countries 6% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,005,000 kW capacity; 8,800 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining,
|
|
petroleum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops
|
|
(wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land
|
|
causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs,
|
|
poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral
|
|
aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Syrian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters
|
|
|
|
:Syria Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 11.2250
|
|
(fixed rate 1987-90), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Syria Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,350 km total; 2,035 km standard gauge, 315 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
28,000 km total; 22,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km
|
|
improved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
672 km; minimal economic importance
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,417 GRT/138,078 DWT; includes 25
|
|
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 2 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
35 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
104 total, 100 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600
|
|
telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations
|
|
- 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik, 1 submarine cable; coaxial
|
|
cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
|
|
|
|
:Syria Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air
|
|
Defense Forces, Police and Security Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 3,012,671; 1,691,660 fit for military service; 145,976 reach
|
|
military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 8% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
35,980 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,448 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
|
|
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by
|
|
China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered
|
|
Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);
|
|
cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in
|
|
west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and
|
|
woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to earthquakes and typhoons
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also used
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil
|
|
administration 7% (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
2,728,000 or about 44% (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in
|
|
March, 1989
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Taipei
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in
|
|
keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2
|
|
provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular
|
|
and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province
|
|
including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island
|
|
of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced
|
|
administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien,
|
|
singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2
|
|
special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,
|
|
Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,
|
|
Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung,
|
|
T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,
|
|
T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at
|
|
Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for
|
|
romanization
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
|
|
reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of
|
|
the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Judicial Yuan
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu
|
|
(since 20 May 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990);
|
|
Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA
|
|
July 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist
|
|
Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive
|
|
Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President
|
|
LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly
|
|
Vice President:
|
|
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI
|
|
Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Government
|
|
|
|
Legislative Yuan:
|
|
last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT
|
|
65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP
|
|
21, independents 3
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementary
|
|
election in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991
|
|
Member of:
|
|
expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971
|
|
and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;
|
|
expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT;
|
|
attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972,
|
|
but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC,
|
|
AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US
|
|
are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council
|
|
for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field
|
|
offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and
|
|
telephone numbers NA
|
|
US:
|
|
unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are
|
|
maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan
|
|
(AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3,
|
|
telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road,
|
|
telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at
|
|
Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333
|
|
Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
|
|
white sun with 12 triangular rays
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government
|
|
guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of
|
|
some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about
|
|
9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster
|
|
and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes
|
|
about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13
|
|
among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are
|
|
steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive
|
|
industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,
|
|
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets
|
|
has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth
|
|
rate 5.2% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment
|
|
14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and
|
|
wood products 1.6% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemical
|
|
products 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.1 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar
|
|
milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers);
|
|
heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea;
|
|
livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat,
|
|
soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
|
|
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108
|
|
(1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km
|
|
industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708
|
|
km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection
|
|
was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and
|
|
operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications;
|
|
industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises
|
|
Highways:
|
|
20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed
|
|
stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes
|
|
1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk
|
|
Airports:
|
|
40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;
|
|
extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcast
|
|
stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000
|
|
TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1
|
|
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to
|
|
Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
|
|
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
|
|
|
|
:Taiwan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General Garrison
|
|
Headquarters, Ministry of National Defense
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706
|
|
currently reach military age (19) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92)
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
143,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
142,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Wisconsin
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,
|
|
Uzbekistan 1,161 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary with China under dispute
|
|
Climate:
|
|
midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in
|
|
north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, small
|
|
production of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten
|
|
Land use:
|
|
6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
NA
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
40 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 70 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tajik(s); adjective - Tajik
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Tajik (official) NA%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%,
|
|
other 35% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Tajikistan
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Dushanbe
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;
|
|
Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - the
|
|
rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast
|
|
usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the
|
|
administrative center name following in parentheses)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted NA April 1978
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government of
|
|
National Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular head
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Davlat USMON
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), Tohir
|
|
ABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV,
|
|
Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth
|
|
Party and Rastokhoz Party 30%
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party
|
|
99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leader
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CSCE, IMF, UN
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii
|
|
Street; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE
|
|
09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
NA; still in the process of designing one
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakest
|
|
economic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is the
|
|
main economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment and
|
|
featuring cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots including
|
|
electric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizable
|
|
hydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production of
|
|
metal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in food
|
|
supplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of food
|
|
throughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, the
|
|
general disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, and
|
|
political instability have meant that the republic's leadership could make
|
|
little progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
84% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
25% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$706 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.3 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (end of 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -2.0% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil,
|
|
metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,
|
|
yaks
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
|
|
include industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and
|
|
Termez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the other
|
|
republics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in Uzbekistan
|
|
Highways:
|
|
29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with
|
|
other CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscow
|
|
international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -
|
|
Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)
|
|
|
|
:Tajikistan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
945,090 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than twice the size of California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756
|
|
km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,424 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint
|
|
in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the
|
|
indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
|
Climate:
|
|
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones,
|
|
gold, natural gas, nickel
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and
|
|
woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected
|
|
marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
49 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
50 years male, 55 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - Tanzanian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian,
|
|
European, and Arab 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar -
|
|
almost all Muslim
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce,
|
|
administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and
|
|
generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of
|
|
most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in
|
|
Swahili
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
15% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
United Republic of Tanzania
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma,
|
|
which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro,
|
|
Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South,
|
|
Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar
|
|
Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi
|
|
Independence:
|
|
Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under
|
|
British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from
|
|
UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United
|
|
Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29
|
|
October 1964
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to
|
|
provisions of the union Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to
|
|
matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Union Day, 26 April (1964)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice
|
|
president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President
|
|
John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR
|
|
(since 9 November 1990)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan
|
|
MWINYI, party chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali
|
|
Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM
|
|
is the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Government
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo
|
|
Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam);
|
|
telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701
|
|
Flag:
|
|
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side
|
|
corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is
|
|
blue
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is
|
|
heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP,
|
|
provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
|
|
accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural
|
|
products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced
|
|
in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and
|
|
financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the
|
|
International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to
|
|
rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991
|
|
was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase
|
|
in output of minerals led by gold.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); real
|
|
growth rate 4.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
16.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $118 million (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold,
|
|
coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar)
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece
|
|
goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.2 billion (December 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),
|
|
diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood
|
|
products, fertilizer
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit
|
|
cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea,
|
|
cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco,
|
|
cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and
|
|
vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient
|
|
in food grain production
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991),
|
|
195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km
|
|
double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter
|
|
gauge planned by end of decade
|
|
Highways:
|
|
total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
|
|
improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 982 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake
|
|
Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2
|
|
passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and
|
|
troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1
|
|
Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Tanzania Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air
|
|
Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
514,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
511,770 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506
|
|
km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,219 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry,
|
|
cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot
|
|
and humid
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,
|
|
lignite, fluorite
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
|
|
|
|
:Thailand People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
20 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - Thai
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional
|
|
dialects
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including
|
|
government) 14% (1989 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
309,000 union members (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Thailand
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Bangkok
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,
|
|
Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,
|
|
Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen,
|
|
Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong
|
|
Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon
|
|
Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai,
|
|
Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,
|
|
Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,
|
|
Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi,
|
|
Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram,
|
|
Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri,
|
|
Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai
|
|
Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991
|
|
military coup
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers,
|
|
interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the
|
|
military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set
|
|
up
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or
|
|
Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives
|
|
(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Sarndika)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
|
|
WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; Thai
|
|
Citizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat
|
|
Party (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party;
|
|
Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai Party
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Government
|
|
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote
|
|
by party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, New
|
|
Aspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, Solidarity
|
|
Party 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1
|
|
Communists:
|
|
illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents
|
|
throughout Thailand total 200 (est.)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates
|
|
General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
|
|
(mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2)
|
|
254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in
|
|
Songkhla and Udorn
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and
|
|
red
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a
|
|
year of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11%
|
|
growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing
|
|
sector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing and
|
|
service sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth.
|
|
Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become less
|
|
important to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued to
|
|
increase in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grew
|
|
marginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew,
|
|
especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairly
|
|
sound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from the
|
|
fast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplus
|
|
in 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially for
|
|
telecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish the
|
|
country's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military's
|
|
shooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have caused
|
|
international businessmen to question Thailand's political stability.
|
|
Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming the
|
|
continuation of the government's progrowth measures.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth
|
|
rate 8% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.6% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
4.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK
|
|
4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6%
|
|
(1990)
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%,
|
|
South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$25.1 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments,
|
|
agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light
|
|
manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components,
|
|
integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten
|
|
producer and third-largest tin producer
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and
|
|
exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,
|
|
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from
|
|
Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication
|
|
efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some
|
|
production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been
|
|
affected by eradication efforts
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990),
|
|
25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October-30 September
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under
|
|
development
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or
|
|
more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
|
|
shallow-draft native craft
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1
|
|
short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9
|
|
liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2
|
|
combination bulk, 1 passenger
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government
|
|
activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500
|
|
telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in
|
|
government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system being
|
|
developed
|
|
|
|
:Thailand Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal
|
|
Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Togo Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
56,790 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
54,390 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than West Virginia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
56 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
30 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
|
|
coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates, limestone, marble
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent
|
|
droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
|
|
|
|
:Togo People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
54 years male, 58 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - Togolese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1%
|
|
European and Syrian-Lebanese
|
|
Religions:
|
|
indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are
|
|
Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
|
|
between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union until
|
|
Spring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: Labor
|
|
Federation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of Independent
|
|
Syndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil service
|
|
unions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates of
|
|
Togo (CTSA)
|
|
|
|
:Togo Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Togo
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic; under transition to multiparty democratic rule
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Lome
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame
|
|
(Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar
|
|
(Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),
|
|
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse
|
|
(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,
|
|
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures
|
|
(prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for
|
|
individual units are included in parentheses
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly
|
|
French Togo)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition
|
|
constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to
|
|
High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to be
|
|
put to public referendum in NA 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French-based court system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day 27 April (1960)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member
|
|
interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature
|
|
during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled
|
|
to be held in NA
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only
|
|
party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;
|
|
more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally
|
|
registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place
|
|
10 July-28 August 1991
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMA
|
|
was reelected without opposition
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to
|
|
be held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77
|
|
total) RPT 77
|
|
|
|
:Togo Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue
|
|
Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91
|
|
through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52
|
|
Flag:
|
|
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with
|
|
yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
|
|
hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Togo Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts
|
|
for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force.
|
|
Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together
|
|
account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in
|
|
basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector
|
|
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate
|
|
exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo
|
|
serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the
|
|
past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number
|
|
of economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreign
|
|
investment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures.
|
|
Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reform
|
|
program and has disrupted vital economic activity.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate
|
|
2% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.0% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.0% (1987)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$396 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$502 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.3 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles,
|
|
beverages
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans,
|
|
rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish
|
|
catch, 10,000-14,000 tons
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
|
|
:Togo Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March
|
|
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Togo Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
50 km Mono River
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire
|
|
lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth
|
|
stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
|
|
|
|
:Togo Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
10 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
10 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
101 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
lies in Pacific typhoon belt
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about
|
|
halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,760 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
NA children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tokelauan(s); adjective - Tokelauan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu,
|
|
all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman
|
|
Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian
|
|
Church predominant
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
territory of New Zealand
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; each atoll has its own administrative center
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
British and local statutes
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New
|
|
Zealand), 6 February (1840)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs
|
|
in New Zealand), official secretary
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Administrator Neil WALTER (since NA February 1988); Official Secretary
|
|
Casimilo J. PEREZ, Office of Tokelau Affairs
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
NA
|
|
Elections:
|
|
NA
|
|
Member of:
|
|
SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of New Zealand is used
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain
|
|
economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The
|
|
people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual
|
|
aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue
|
|
come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts.
|
|
Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1988 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures
|
|
of $37,300 (FY87)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
stamps, copra, handicrafts
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ
|
|
External debt:
|
|
none
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft
|
|
goods; stamps, coins; fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas;
|
|
pigs, poultry, goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), l.7265 (1991),
|
|
1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
:Tokelau Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Tonga Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
748 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
718 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
419 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
no specific limits
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool
|
|
season (May to December)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;
|
|
others have limestone overlying volcanic base
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish, fertile soil
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
|
|
woodland 12%; other 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to
|
|
April); deforestation
|
|
Note:
|
|
located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of
|
|
the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Tonga People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
103,114 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-11 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 70 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tongan(s); adjective - Tongan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Polynesian; about 300 Europeans
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Tongan, English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple
|
|
message in Tongan or English (1976)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Tonga Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Kingdom of Tonga
|
|
Type:
|
|
hereditary constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Nuku`alofa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
three island groups; Ha`apai, Tongatapu, Vava`u
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet), Privy Council
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S.
|
|
Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3
|
|
traditionalist
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL,
|
|
IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London
|
|
US:
|
|
the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to
|
|
Tonga and makes periodic visits
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side
|
|
corner
|
|
|
|
:Tonga Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor
|
|
force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are
|
|
the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a
|
|
high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing
|
|
sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard
|
|
currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid
|
|
and remittances to offset its trade deficit.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $92 million, per capita $900; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (FY90 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.9% (third quarter 1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans,
|
|
fruits, vegetables, fish
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 35%, Australia 22%, US 13%, Fiji 5% (FY90)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,
|
|
chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 30%, Australia 23%, US 12%, Japan 7% (FY90)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$42.0 million (FY89)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa,
|
|
coffee, ginger, black pepper
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
pa'anga (plural - pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2987 (January 1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990),
|
|
1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July-30 June
|
|
|
|
:Tonga Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava`u); 94 km unsealed roads usable
|
|
only in dry weather
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,511 GRT/17,816 DWT; includes 2
|
|
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no
|
|
FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Tonga Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal
|
|
Tongan Guard, Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5,130 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5,130 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Delaware
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
362 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (June to December)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, asphalt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and
|
|
woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 11 km from Venezuela
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,299,301 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 73 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective - Trinidadian, Tobagonian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%,
|
|
Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and
|
|
quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
22% of labor force (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Port-of-Spain
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,
|
|
Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San
|
|
Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 August 1962 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
31 August 1976
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the
|
|
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house
|
|
or House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress
|
|
(UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson
|
|
CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;
|
|
National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996);results - PNM
|
|
32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council,
|
|
James MILLETTE
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
|
|
LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
|
|
WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a
|
|
Consulate General in New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Sally GROOMS-COWAL; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West,
|
|
Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone
|
|
(809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176; FAX (809) 628-5462
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy
|
|
depression in 1990 and 1991. The economy fell sharply through most of the
|
|
1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts
|
|
for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in
|
|
response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures
|
|
that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed
|
|
signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices.
|
|
Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3%
|
|
of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large
|
|
numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its
|
|
export base.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion, per capita $3,600; real growth rate
|
|
0.7% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
11.1% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
21% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products
|
|
9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 54%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods
|
|
26% (1988)
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 41%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.5 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP,
|
|
including petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,708 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton
|
|
textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane
|
|
acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry
|
|
sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of
|
|
food needs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar
|
|
(TT$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (March 1992), 4.2500
|
|
(1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando
|
|
Highways:
|
|
8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved
|
|
earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
14 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
6 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados
|
|
and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2
|
|
AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad
|
|
and Tobago Police Service
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 344,990; 248,912 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
1 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
1 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3.7 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
sandy
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other - scattered bushes 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
wildlife sanctuary
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian
|
|
Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
uninhabited
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques
|
|
DEWATRE (since NA July 1991), resident in Reunion
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered by France from Reunion
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
no economic activity
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; offshore anchorage only
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with runway less than 1,220 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
important meteorological station
|
|
|
|
:Tromelin Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
163,610 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
155,360 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Georgia
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,148 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria
|
|
under discussion
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in
|
|
south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the
|
|
Sahara
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and
|
|
woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across
|
|
the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,445,656 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
25 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tunisian(s); adjective - Tunisian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of
|
|
Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic
|
|
Party
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Tunisia; note - may be changed to Tunisian Republic
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tunis
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan,
|
|
Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul,
|
|
Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
20 March 1956 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 June 1959
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 20 March (1956)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official
|
|
ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA;
|
|
five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 20
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - Gen. Zine
|
|
el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%,
|
|
independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD
|
|
141
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Ismail KHELIL; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador John T. McCARTHY; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002
|
|
Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566; FAX [216] (1) 789-719
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling
|
|
a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of
|
|
Islam
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports
|
|
of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic
|
|
decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a
|
|
bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment.
|
|
Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for
|
|
the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic
|
|
reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its
|
|
IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign
|
|
debt.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, per capita $1,320; real growth
|
|
rate 3.5% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8.2% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $5.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $970 million (1992 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, USSR
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer
|
|
goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$8.6 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles,
|
|
footwear, food, beverages
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to
|
|
severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives,
|
|
dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes,
|
|
poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200
|
|
metric tons (1987)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Tunisian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9272 (March 1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783
|
|
(1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter
|
|
gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,069 GRT/218,791 DWT; includes 1
|
|
short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker,
|
|
6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
19 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
29 total, 26 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire
|
|
lines, coaxial cable, and radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse,
|
|
Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19
|
|
TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria and
|
|
Libya; radio relay to Algeria, and Libya
|
|
|
|
:Tunisia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,117,864; 1,217,819 fit for military service; 88,619 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $520 million, 5% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
780,580 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
770,760 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia
|
|
252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
7,200 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former
|
|
USSR
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in
|
|
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with
|
|
downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the
|
|
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and
|
|
woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;
|
|
air pollution; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of
|
|
Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas
|
|
|
|
:Turkey People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 populatition (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Turk(s); adjective - Turkish
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000
|
|
Turks work abroad (1989)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
10% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Turkey
|
|
Type:
|
|
republican parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ankara
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,
|
|
Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
|
|
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
|
|
Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,
|
|
Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman
|
|
Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,
|
|
Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
|
|
Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,
|
|
Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
|
|
Independence:
|
|
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
7 November 1982
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Cassation
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut
|
|
YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party
|
|
(RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;
|
|
Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP),
|
|
Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party
|
|
(BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand
|
|
National Party (GNP), leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 21
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Grand National Assembly:
|
|
last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP
|
|
27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,
|
|
independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP
|
|
19, DSP 7, other 5
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT,
|
|
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
|
|
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD,
|
|
OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
|
|
WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC;
|
|
20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in
|
|
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
|
|
(mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone
|
|
[90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates General
|
|
in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist
|
|
side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey
|
|
launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita
|
|
GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance
|
|
has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain
|
|
high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a
|
|
country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled
|
|
to a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector,
|
|
employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and
|
|
contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a
|
|
multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which
|
|
includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to
|
|
generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned
|
|
tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious
|
|
concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish
|
|
economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than
|
|
Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt
|
|
primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the
|
|
coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth
|
|
rate 1.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
71.1% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
11.1% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and
|
|
meat products 19%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals,
|
|
pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$49.0 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals),
|
|
steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products -
|
|
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety
|
|
of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government
|
|
maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output
|
|
of poppy straw concentrate
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5
|
|
billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies
|
|
(1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6
|
|
(1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000
|
|
km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 1,200 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes
|
|
7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5
|
|
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37
|
|
petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination
|
|
ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
52 major transport aircraft (1991)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited
|
|
open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM;
|
|
357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic
|
|
Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable
|
|
|
|
:Turkey Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast
|
|
Guard, Gendarmerie
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach
|
|
military age (20) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget)
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
488,100 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
488,100 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,
|
|
Uzbekistan 1,621 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
0 km
|
|
note:
|
|
Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical desert
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
NA
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
36 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
59 years male, 66 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%,
|
|
other 37% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou,
|
|
Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic
|
|
jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center
|
|
except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag
|
|
Independence:
|
|
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted 18 May 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
Majlis
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta
|
|
CHARYYEV (since NA 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman
|
|
opposition:
|
|
Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad
|
|
NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)
|
|
Majlis:
|
|
last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but
|
|
Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats
|
|
Communists:
|
|
renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat
|
|
(Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011)
|
|
7-3630-24-49-08
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpet
|
|
pattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in the
|
|
upper left corner to the right of the carpet gels
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous
|
|
problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central
|
|
planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, local
|
|
government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process
|
|
requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and
|
|
monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily
|
|
weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas
|
|
and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet
|
|
republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,
|
|
where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6%
|
|
(1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
85% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
20-25% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$239 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$970 million (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$650 million (end of 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 4.1% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita
|
|
(1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cotton, fruits, vegetables
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,120 km all 1.520-meter gauge
|
|
Highways:
|
|
23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
inland - Krasnovodsk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave to
|
|
other CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscow
|
|
international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -
|
|
Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)
|
|
|
|
:Turkmenistan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
430 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
430 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
389 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
spiny lobster, conch
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 98%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
22 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
no noun or adjectival forms
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
majority of African descent
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,
|
|
other 19.9% (1980)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
|
|
(1970)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence
|
|
agriculture
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Saint George's Industrial Trade Union
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
dependent territory of the UK
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (dependent territory of the UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional
|
|
Commission is currently reviewing its contents
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica
|
|
and The Bahamas
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael
|
|
J. BRADLEY (since 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National
|
|
Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel
|
|
MISSICK
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CDB
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos
|
|
Islands are represented in the US by the UK
|
|
US:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
|
|
colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow
|
|
and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only
|
|
subsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that
|
|
most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1986)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
12% (1989)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, UK
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more
|
|
important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$110 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
121 km, including 24 km tarmac
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,
|
|
no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
|
|
station
|
|
|
|
:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the UK
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
26 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
26 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
24 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly
|
|
gales and heavy rain (November to March)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
severe tropical storms are rare
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
61 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - Tuvaluan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
96% Polynesian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i
|
|
1%, other 0.6%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Tuvaluan, English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Funafuti
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 October 1978
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament (Palamene)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
|
|
Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime
|
|
Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results
|
|
- percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant)
|
|
US:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the
|
|
outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
|
|
five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.
|
|
The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence
|
|
farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too
|
|
small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government
|
|
revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker
|
|
remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international
|
|
trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and
|
|
supported also by Japan and South Korea.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1989 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
3.9% (1984)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra
|
|
partners:
|
|
Fiji, Australia, NZ
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Fiji, Australia, NZ
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
fishing, tourism, copra
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
coconuts, copra
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar
|
|
($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March
|
|
1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267
|
|
(1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
8 km gravel
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Funafuti, Nukufetau
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;
|
|
108 telephones
|
|
|
|
:Tuvalu Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
236,040 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
199,710 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,
|
|
Zaire 765 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June
|
|
to August); semiarid in northeast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly plateau with rim of mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and
|
|
woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Uganda People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
51 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
50 years male, 52 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - Ugandan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
|
|
languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
125,000 union members
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Uganda
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kampala
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,
|
|
Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
9 October 1962 (from UK)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary
|
|
law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ
|
|
jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
|
|
Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Resistance Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Court of Appeal, High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice
|
|
President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda Patriotic
|
|
Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and
|
|
Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political
|
|
activities
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Resistance Council:
|
|
last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -
|
|
NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210
|
|
members elected without party affiliation
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army
|
|
(UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
|
|
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing
|
|
address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793,
|
|
259795
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and
|
|
red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested
|
|
crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular
|
|
rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has
|
|
been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and
|
|
civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita
|
|
income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as
|
|
does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the
|
|
economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export
|
|
crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government
|
|
has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency
|
|
reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum
|
|
prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially
|
|
aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and
|
|
boosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, the
|
|
economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the
|
|
rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and
|
|
exports, and gradually improving domestic security.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate
|
|
4.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
35% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$208 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coffee 97%, cotton, tea
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$209 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation
|
|
equipment, food
|
|
partners:
|
|
Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.9 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;
|
|
cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,
|
|
corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169
|
|
million
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991),
|
|
428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and
|
|
laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria
|
|
Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,
|
|
both on Lake Victoria
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
6 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast
|
|
stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1
|
|
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Uganda Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
603,700 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
603,700 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km,
|
|
Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west)
|
|
362 km, Russia 1,576 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,782 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
NA meter depth
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
NA nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and
|
|
southern Odessa oblast
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;
|
|
precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,
|
|
lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to
|
|
cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the
|
|
country, hot in the south
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains
|
|
being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsula
|
|
in the extreme south
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,
|
|
titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around
|
|
Chernobyl nuclear plant
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest
|
|
country in Europe
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 75 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.0 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - Ukrainian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian
|
|
Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%,
|
|
health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and
|
|
communication 7%, other 7% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kiev (Kyyiv)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*
|
|
(avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk,
|
|
Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev,
|
|
Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava,
|
|
Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod),
|
|
Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as its
|
|
administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
|
|
following in parentheses)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly the
|
|
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
currently being drafted
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Council
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
being organized
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First Deputy
|
|
Prime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May
|
|
1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since
|
|
21 May 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, Yuriy
|
|
SHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman;
|
|
Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party,
|
|
Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH,
|
|
Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Party
|
|
of Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, Jerhiy
|
|
PLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid
|
|
KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,
|
|
Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57%
|
|
Supreme Council:
|
|
last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late
|
|
1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total)
|
|
number of seats by party NA
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party of Ukraine was banned by decree of the Supreme Council on 30
|
|
August 1991
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Ukraninan People's Movement for Restructuring (RUKH)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, CE, ECE, IAEA, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
|
|
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Oleh H. BILORUS; Embassy at 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 711,
|
|
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 296-6960
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Roman POPADIUK; Embassy at ;10 Vul. Yuriy Kotsubinskoho, Kiev
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone (044) 244-7349; FAX (044)
|
|
244-7350
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two horizontal bars of equal size: azure (sky blue) top half, golden yellow
|
|
bottom half (represents grainfields under a blue sky)
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Because of its size, geographic location, Slavic population, and rich
|
|
resources, the loss of Ukraine was the final and most bitter blow to the
|
|
Soviet leaders wishing to preserve some semblance of the old political,
|
|
military, and economic power of the USSR. After Russia, the Ukrainian
|
|
republic was far and away the most important economic component of the
|
|
former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the
|
|
next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth
|
|
of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
|
|
of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its
|
|
well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw
|
|
materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the USSR. In
|
|
early 1992 the continued wholesale disruption of economic ties and the lack
|
|
of an institutional structure necessary to formulate and implement economic
|
|
reforms preclude a near-term recovery of output.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
83% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
not finalized as of May 1992
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$13.5 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery
|
|
and transport equipment, grain, meat
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$16.7 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles
|
|
partners:
|
|
none
|
|
*** No entry for this item ***
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10.4 billion (end of 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -4.5% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
NA kW capacity; 298,000 million kWh produced, 5,758 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport
|
|
equipment, chemicals, food-processing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
grain, vegetables, meat, milk
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
$NA
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Economy
|
|
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of August 1992 using ruble and Ukrainian coupons as legal tender; Ukraine
|
|
plans to withdraw the ruble from circulation and convert to a coupon-based
|
|
economy on 1 October 1992; Ukrainian officials claim this will be an interim
|
|
move toward introducing a Ukrainian currency - the hryvnya - possibly as
|
|
early as January 1993
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
22,800 km all 1.500-meter gauge; does not include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km perennially navigable
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
maritime - Berdyansk, Il'ichevsk Kerch', Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly
|
|
Zhdanov), Nikolayev, Odessa, Sevastopol', Yuzhnoye; inland - Kiev
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,117,595 GRT/5,403,685 DWT; includes
|
|
221 cargo, 11 container, 9 barge carriers, 59 bulk cargo, 9 petroleum
|
|
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 24 passenger
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
inheriting part of the former USSR system, Ukraine has about 7 million
|
|
telephone lines (13.5 telephones for each 100 persons); as of 31 January
|
|
1990, 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied;
|
|
international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS
|
|
countries, and through the Moscow international switching center; satellite
|
|
earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik
|
|
|
|
:Ukraine Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground Navy, Air, and Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
83,600 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
83,600 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Maine
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,448 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
boundary with Qatar is unresolved; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no
|
|
defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north;
|
|
claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e
|
|
Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims
|
|
island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu
|
|
Musa or Abu Musa,)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
desert; cooler in eastern mountains
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert
|
|
waste- land; mountains in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil and natural gas
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest
|
|
and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being
|
|
overcome by desalination plants; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital
|
|
transit point for world crude oil
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
2,522,315 (July 1992), growth rate 5.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
3 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
27 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 74 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Emirian(s), adjective - Emirian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other
|
|
expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the
|
|
population are UAE citizens (1982)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim 96% (Shi`a 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
|
|
Urdu
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not
|
|
available (1980)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%,
|
|
government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
trade unions are illegal
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE
|
|
Type:
|
|
federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and
|
|
other powers reserved to member emirates
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Abu Dhabi
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), `Ajman, Al
|
|
Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
|
|
Independence:
|
|
2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
2 December 1971 (provisional)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several
|
|
member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 2 December (1971)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy
|
|
prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Union Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971),
|
|
ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since
|
|
8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990),
|
|
ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since
|
|
20 November 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
none
|
|
Elections:
|
|
none
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
a few small clandestine groups may be active
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
|
|
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New
|
|
Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi
|
|
(mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691,
|
|
afterhours 338730; FAX [971] (2) 318441; there is a US Consulate General in
|
|
Dubayy (Dubai)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker
|
|
vertical red band on the hoist side
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per
|
|
capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and
|
|
the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities.
|
|
Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound
|
|
transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to
|
|
a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of
|
|
production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $33.7 billion, per capita $14,100 (1990); real
|
|
growth rate 11% (1989)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NEGL (1988)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 35%, Singapore 6%, US 4%, Korea 3%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
food, consumer and capital goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan 14%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 9%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
NA
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
5,800,000 kW capacity; 17,000 million kWh produced, 7,115 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat
|
|
building, handicrafts, pearling
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food
|
|
products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25%
|
|
self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries
|
|
(1979-89)
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Emirian dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal `Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid,
|
|
Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,866 GRT/1,772,646 DWT; includes
|
|
18 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 20 petroleum tanker, 4 bulk, 1
|
|
refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
10 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
37 total, 34 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
adequate system of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi
|
|
and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV;
|
|
satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2
|
|
Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain,
|
|
India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave to Saudi
|
|
Arabia
|
|
|
|
:United Arab Emirates Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 974,288; 533,673 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
244,820 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Oregon
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
360 km; Ireland 360 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
12,429 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon
|
|
boundaries
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain;
|
|
Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South
|
|
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego
|
|
Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute
|
|
involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a
|
|
boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica
|
|
(British Antarctic Territory)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic
|
|
Current; more than half of the days are overcast
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and
|
|
southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,
|
|
gypsum, lead, silica
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and
|
|
woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily
|
|
indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
|
|
Note:
|
|
lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now
|
|
being linked by tunnel under the English Channel
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
57,797,514 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
73 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective - British
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West
|
|
Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million,
|
|
Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
|
|
(about 60,000 in Scotland)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
26,177,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government
|
|
8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1991)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
40% of labor force (1991)
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
London
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands
|
|
areas
|
|
England:
|
|
39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,
|
|
Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset,
|
|
Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater
|
|
Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle
|
|
of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,
|
|
Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford,
|
|
Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and
|
|
Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire
|
|
Northern Ireland:
|
|
26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,
|
|
Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,
|
|
Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt,
|
|
Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane
|
|
Scotland:
|
|
9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,
|
|
Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,
|
|
Western Isles*
|
|
Wales:
|
|
8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South
|
|
Glamorgan, West Glamorgan
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1801, United Kingdom established
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands,
|
|
Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey,
|
|
Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and
|
|
the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no
|
|
judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
|
|
with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a
|
|
lower house or House of Commons
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
House of Lords
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES
|
|
(son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Government
|
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH;
|
|
Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party,
|
|
Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster
|
|
Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist
|
|
Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party
|
|
(Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party
|
|
(SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry
|
|
ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Democratic Left,
|
|
Nina TEMPLE
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Commons:
|
|
last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results -
|
|
Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats
|
|
- (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24
|
|
Communists:
|
|
15,961
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers'
|
|
Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE,
|
|
EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10,
|
|
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
|
|
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,
|
|
NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN
|
|
Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates
|
|
General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New
|
|
York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London,
|
|
W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO AE 09498-4040); telephone [44] (71)
|
|
499-9000; FAX 409-1637; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and
|
|
Edinburgh
|
|
Flag:
|
|
blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in
|
|
white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint
|
|
of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint
|
|
Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
|
|
the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a
|
|
number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and
|
|
others
|
|
Note:
|
|
Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in
|
|
1997
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and
|
|
its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is
|
|
essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare
|
|
programs and government ownership. Prime Minister MAJOR has continued the
|
|
basic thrust of THATCHER's efforts to halt the expansion of welfare measures
|
|
and promote extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector.
|
|
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European
|
|
standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor
|
|
force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing
|
|
about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an
|
|
energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary
|
|
energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any
|
|
industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight
|
|
years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one
|
|
quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above
|
|
those of her major trading partners, declined significantly in 1991. Between
|
|
1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but crept back up to
|
|
8% in 1991 because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the
|
|
UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings
|
|
in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry,
|
|
and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $915.5 billion, per capita $15,900; real
|
|
growth rate -1.9% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5.8% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
8.1% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $435 billion; expenditures $469 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$186.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,
|
|
transport equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 53.2% (FRG 12.7%, France 10.5%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 12.4%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$211.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer
|
|
goods
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 52.2% (FRG 15.6%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.5%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$10.5 billion (1990)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 0% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Economy
|
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment,
|
|
equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment,
|
|
shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and
|
|
communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and
|
|
paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer
|
|
goods
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and
|
|
efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced;
|
|
about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000
|
|
metric tons (1987)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
British pound or pound sterling (plural - pounds); 1 British pound (#) = 100
|
|
pence
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
|
|
(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 April-31 March
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
Great Britain - 16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km
|
|
1.435-meter (standard) gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or
|
|
multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge
|
|
lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR)
|
|
operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, including 190 km double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km
|
|
limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved,
|
|
592 km gravel)
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km;
|
|
other, 979 km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km,
|
|
natural gas 12,800 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe,
|
|
Southampton
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
224 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,905,571 GRT/4,840,862 DWT; includes
|
|
7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 27 container, 14
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar
|
|
carrier, 66 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1
|
|
combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 26 bulk, 1 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
618 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
498 total, 385 usable; 249 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000
|
|
telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems;
|
|
excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525
|
|
(mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine
|
|
cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large
|
|
international switching centers
|
|
|
|
:United Kingdom Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 14,462,820; 12,122,497 fit for military service; no
|
|
conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $42 billion, 4.3% of GDP (FY91)
|
|
|
|
:United States Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
9,372,610 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
9,166,600 km2; includes only the 50 states and District of Colombia
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about three-tenths the size of Russia; about one-third the size of Africa;
|
|
about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil);
|
|
slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of
|
|
Western Europe
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
12,248.1 km; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,326
|
|
km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
19,924 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
not specified
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait
|
|
of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only
|
|
mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease;
|
|
Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica
|
|
(but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
|
|
any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid
|
|
to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east;
|
|
rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic
|
|
topography in Hawaii
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron,
|
|
mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas,
|
|
timber
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 20%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and
|
|
woodland 29%; other 25%; includes irrigated 2%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
pollution control measures improving air and water quality; acid rain;
|
|
agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse
|
|
natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and
|
|
earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in northern
|
|
Alaska is a major impediment to development
|
|
Note:
|
|
world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)
|
|
|
|
:United States People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
254,521,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
72 years male, 79 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - American(s); adjective - American
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
white 84.1%, black 12.4%, other 3.5% (1989)
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 25 and over having completed 5 or more years
|
|
of schooling (1989)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
126,867,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed); civilian labor force
|
|
125,303,000 (1991)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
16,568,000 members; 16.1% of total wage and salary employment which was
|
|
102,786,000 (1991)
|
|
|
|
:United States Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
United States of America; abbreviated US or USA
|
|
Type:
|
|
federal republic; strong democratic tradition
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Washington, DC
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,
|
|
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,
|
|
Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,
|
|
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,
|
|
Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York,
|
|
North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
|
|
Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont,
|
|
Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
|
|
Independence:
|
|
4 July 1776 (from England)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789
|
|
Dependent areas:
|
|
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island; Jarvis Island, Johnston
|
|
Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana
|
|
Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or
|
|
House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE
|
|
(since 20 January 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Republican Party, Richard N. BOND, national committee chairman; Jeanie
|
|
AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, Ronald H. BROWN, national committee
|
|
chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
George BUSH (Republican Party) 53.37%, Michael DUKAKIS (Democratic Party)
|
|
45.67%, other 0.96%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
Democratic Party 51%, Republican Party 47%, other 2%; seats - (100 total)
|
|
Democratic Party 56, Republican Party 44
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 44%, other 4%; seats - (435 total)
|
|
Democratic Party 267, Republican Party 167, Socialist 1
|
|
|
|
:United States Government
|
|
|
|
Communists:
|
|
Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus HALL, general
|
|
secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack BARNES,
|
|
national secretary
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD,
|
|
ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
|
|
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council,
|
|
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
US Representative to the UN, Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799
|
|
United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4050, after
|
|
hours (212) 415-4444; FAX (212) 415-4443
|
|
Flag:
|
|
thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with
|
|
white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50
|
|
small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of
|
|
six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars
|
|
represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
|
|
known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number
|
|
of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
|
|
Note:
|
|
since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the
|
|
Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with
|
|
three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a
|
|
Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986);
|
|
Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved
|
|
by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in
|
|
Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory
|
|
of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
|
|
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of
|
|
the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US
|
|
(effective 21 October 1986)
|
|
|
|
:United States Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy
|
|
in the world, with a per capita GDP of $22,470, the largest among major
|
|
industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made
|
|
by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of
|
|
goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the
|
|
economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the
|
|
longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and
|
|
consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of
|
|
the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a
|
|
combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates,
|
|
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and
|
|
a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output failed
|
|
to recover, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature.
|
|
Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic
|
|
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade
|
|
deficits.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $5,673 billion, per capita $22,470; real
|
|
growth rate -0.7% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
4.2% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
6.6% (1991)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1,054 billion; expenditures $1,323 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$428.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer
|
|
goods, agricultural products
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$499.4 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods,
|
|
industrial raw materials, food and beverages
|
|
partners:
|
|
Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -1.9% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
776,550,000 kW capacity; 3,020,000 million kWh produced, 12,080 kWh per
|
|
capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel,
|
|
motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food
|
|
processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils
|
|
support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second
|
|
largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer;
|
|
fish catch of 5.0 million metric tons (1988)
|
|
|
|
:United States Economy
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production
|
|
estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;
|
|
ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not
|
|
reduced production
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
United States dollar (plural - dollars); 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100
|
|
cents
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
British pounds:
|
|
(#) per US$ - 0.5599 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099
|
|
(1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987)
|
|
Canadian dollars:
|
|
(Can$) per US$ - 1.1926 (March 1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840
|
|
(1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987)
|
|
French francs:
|
|
(F) per US$ - 5.6397, (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801
|
|
(1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
|
|
Italian lire:
|
|
(Lit) per US$ - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990),
|
|
1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987)
|
|
Japanese yen:
|
|
(Y) per US$ - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96
|
|
(1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987)
|
|
German deutsche marks:
|
|
(DM) per US$ - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800
|
|
(1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:United States Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
270,312 km
|
|
Highways:
|
|
6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum 275,800 km, natural gas 305,300 km (1985)
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland,
|
|
Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,
|
|
Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York,
|
|
Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco,
|
|
Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
396 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,969 GRT/20,179 DWT; includes 3
|
|
passenger-cargo, 38 cargo, 25 bulk, 174 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 14
|
|
liquefied gas, 129 intermodal; in addition, there are 231 government-owned
|
|
vessels
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
8,252 commercial multiengine transport aircraft (weighing 9,000 kg and over)
|
|
including 6,036 jet, 831 turboprop, 1,382 piston (December 1989)
|
|
Airports:
|
|
14,177 total, 12,417 usable; 4,820 with permanent-surface runways; 63 with
|
|
runways over 3,659 m; 325 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2,524 with runways
|
|
1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
182,558,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4,892 AM, 5,200 FM (including
|
|
3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including 796
|
|
commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable);
|
|
495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite
|
|
ground stations - 45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:United States Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps),
|
|
Department of the Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 66,458,000; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $323.5 billion, 5.7% of GNP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
176,220 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
173,620 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Washington State
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
660 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections
|
|
of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of
|
|
the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the
|
|
Uruguay)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 78%; forest and
|
|
woodland 4%; other 10%; includes irrigated 1%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
3,141,533 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
69 years male, 76 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Uruguayan(s); adjective - Uruguayan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly)
|
|
66%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
1,355,000 (1991 est.); government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%,
|
|
commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%,
|
|
other services 21% (1988 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers' Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor
|
|
Federation
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Montevideo
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones,
|
|
Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado,
|
|
Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano,
|
|
Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
|
|
Independence:
|
|
25 August 1828 (from Brazil)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new
|
|
constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 25 August (1828)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber
|
|
or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber
|
|
of Representatives (Camera de Representantes)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo
|
|
AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez;
|
|
Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes Communist Party led
|
|
by Jaime PEREZ and National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros led by
|
|
Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; New Space Coalition consists of the Party of
|
|
the Government of the People (PGP), Hugo BATALLA; Christian Democratic Party
|
|
(PDC), leader NA; and Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -
|
|
Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado)
|
|
29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20%
|
|
Chamber of Senators:
|
|
last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -
|
|
Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total)
|
|
Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2
|
|
Chamber of Representatives:
|
|
last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -
|
|
Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats -
|
|
(99 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
Communists:
|
|
50,000
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Government
|
|
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
|
|
ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO
|
|
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA,
|
|
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
|
|
WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLICUDDY; Chancery at 1918 F Street NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316; there are Uruguayan
|
|
Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in
|
|
New Orleans
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Richard C. BROWN; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo
|
|
(mailing address is APO AA 34035); telephone [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77;
|
|
FAX [598] (2) 48-86-11
|
|
Flag:
|
|
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with
|
|
blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow
|
|
sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately
|
|
triangular and wavy
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of the early 1980s.
|
|
In 1988 real GDP grew by only 0.5% and in 1989 by 1.5%. The recovery was led
|
|
by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture alone
|
|
contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and
|
|
generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock,
|
|
particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In 1991,
|
|
domestic growth improved somewhat over 1990, but various government factors,
|
|
including concentration on the external sector, adverse weather conditions,
|
|
and greater attention to bringing down inflation and reducing the fiscal
|
|
deficit kept output from expanding rapidly. In a major step toward greater
|
|
regional economic cooperation, Uruguay joined Brazil, Argentina, and
|
|
Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). President
|
|
LACALLE continues to press ahead with a broad economic reform plan to reduce
|
|
state intervention in the economy, but he faces strong opposition.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.1 billion, per capita $2,935; real growth rate
|
|
2.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
60% (1992 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
8.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $165 million (1988)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Brazil, US, Argentina, Germany
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuels and lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment,
|
|
industrial chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$4.2 billion (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,065,000 kW capacity; 5,677 million kWh produced, 1,819 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,
|
|
tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum;
|
|
self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million;
|
|
Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new Uruguayan peso (plural - pesos); 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100
|
|
centesimos
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 2,732.8 (March 1992), 2,018.8 (1991),
|
|
1,171.0 (1990), 605.5 (1989), 359.4 (1988), 226.7 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Montevideo, Punta del Este
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,737 GRT/104,143 DWT; includes 1
|
|
cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
90 total, 83 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave
|
|
network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9
|
|
shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Uruguay Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force,
|
|
Grenadier Guards, Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 745,728; 605,392 fit for military service; no conscription
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $168 million, 2.2% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
447,400 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
425,400 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
6,221 km total; Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099
|
|
km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
0 km
|
|
note:
|
|
Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km)
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana valley in east
|
|
surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in
|
|
west
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc,
|
|
tungsten, molybdenum
|
|
Land use:
|
|
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
|
|
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
|
|
Environment:
|
|
drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical
|
|
pesticides and natural salts
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
21,626,784 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - 179,000 persons left Uzbekistan
|
|
in 1990
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
65 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
64 years male, 70 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.2 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Uzbek(s); adjective - Uzbek
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Uzbek 71%, Russian 8%, Tajik 5%, other 16%; note - includes 70% of Crimean
|
|
Tatars since their World War II deportation
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (mostly Sunnis) 75-80%, other (includes Farsi) 20-25%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10%
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
7,941,000; agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%,
|
|
other 37% (1990)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Uzbekistan
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Tashkent (Toshkent)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*
|
|
(avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*
|
|
(Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Samarkand,
|
|
Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent; note - an
|
|
administrative division has the same name as its administrative center
|
|
(exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
31 August 1991 from the Soviet Union; note - formerly Uzbek Soviet Socialist
|
|
Republic in the Soviet Union
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
NA
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
NA
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
NA
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Supreme Soviet
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
NA
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Islam KARIMOV (since 29 December 1991)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (formerly Communist Party), Islam
|
|
KARIMOV, chairman; ERK, Mukhammad SOLIKH, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results -
|
|
Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%
|
|
Supreme Soviet:
|
|
last held NA March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
|
|
party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40
|
|
Communists:
|
|
NA
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
Birlik (Unity) Abdurakhim PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Renaissance Party,
|
|
Abdulljon UTAEV, chairman
|
|
Member of:
|
|
CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, UN UNCTAD
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
NA
|
|
US:
|
|
Charge d'Affaires Michael MOZUR; Embassy at Hotel Uzbekistan, ;55
|
|
Chelendarskaya, Tashkent (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [8]
|
|
(011) 7-3712-33-15-74
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands - blue (top), white, and green with a crescent
|
|
moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it
|
|
produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton. Moscow's push for ever-increasing
|
|
amounts of cotton included massive irrigation projects which caused
|
|
extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic.
|
|
Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive
|
|
pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought
|
|
to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial
|
|
sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral
|
|
fertilizers, vegetable oil, and electrical cranes. Uzbekistan also has some
|
|
important natural resources including gold (about 30% of Soviet production),
|
|
uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek government has encouraged land reform
|
|
but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.9%
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
83% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.5 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.5 billion (1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods
|
|
partners:
|
|
principally other former Soviet republics
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2 billion (end of 1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1.8% (1991)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
11,400,000 kW capacity; 54,100 million kWh produced, 2,662 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and
|
|
livestock
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
|
|
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
|
|
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
NA
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,460 km all 1.520-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
|
|
include industrial lines (1990)
|
|
Highways:
|
|
78,400 km total (1990); 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
NA km
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
NA
|
|
Airports:
|
|
NA
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with
|
|
CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international
|
|
gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and
|
|
INTELSAT (TV receive only)
|
|
|
|
:Uzbekistan Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
|
|
Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
|
|
annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
14,760 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
14,760 km2; includes more than 80 islands
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Connecticut
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
0 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,528 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
manganese, hardwood forests, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 1%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and
|
|
woodland 1%; other 91%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism
|
|
causes minor earthquakes
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about
|
|
three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
174,574 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
35 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
67 years male, 72 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural); adjective - Ni-Vanuatu
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and
|
|
various Pacific Islanders
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%,
|
|
Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
53% (male 57%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
7 registered trade unions - largest include Oil and Gas Workers' Union,
|
|
Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Vanuatu
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Port-Vila
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula,
|
|
Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea
|
|
Independence:
|
|
30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
30 July 1980
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
unified system being created from former dual French and British systems
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
(cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on
|
|
matters of custom and land
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister
|
|
Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge
|
|
VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party
|
|
(NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel
|
|
Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after
|
|
election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the
|
|
National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats -
|
|
(46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO,
|
|
IOC, ITU, NAM, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington
|
|
US:
|
|
the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
|
|
Flag:
|
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a black
|
|
isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged
|
|
yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face
|
|
the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a
|
|
boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a
|
|
living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other
|
|
mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has
|
|
no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the
|
|
local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $142 million, per capita $900 (1988 est.); real
|
|
growth rate 6% (1990)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
5% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $90.0 million; expenditures $103.0 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $45.0 million (1989 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%,
|
|
raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$30 million (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish;
|
|
subsistence crops - copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$606 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
vatu (plural - vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.55 (March 1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990),
|
|
116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
none
|
|
Highways:
|
|
1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
121 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,093,443 GRT/3,168,822 DWT; includes
|
|
26 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1
|
|
livestock carrier, 5 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas,
|
|
51 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a
|
|
flag of convenience registry
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
no major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
33 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; satellite ground
|
|
stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Vanuatu Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
no military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile
|
|
Force (VMF)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
912,050 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
882,050 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than twice the size of California
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
2,800 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
15 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute
|
|
with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains
|
|
(llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower,
|
|
diamonds
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
|
|
woodland 39%; other 37%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing
|
|
industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo
|
|
Note:
|
|
on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
20,675,970 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
71 years male, 78 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Venezuelan(s); adjective - Venezuelan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in
|
|
the remote interior
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
88% (male 87%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
5,800,000; services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
32% of labor force
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Venezuela
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Caracas
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* (territorios, singular
|
|
- territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal
|
|
dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua,
|
|
Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias
|
|
Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda,
|
|
Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy,
|
|
Zulia; note - the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled
|
|
island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
|
|
Independence:
|
|
5 July 1811 (from Spain)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
23 January 1961
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation
|
|
Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an
|
|
upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
|
|
(Camara de Diputados)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Carlos Andres PEREZ (since 2 February 1989)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Eduardo
|
|
FERNANDEZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI,
|
|
president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward
|
|
Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary
|
|
general
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
|
|
Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4;
|
|
note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate
|
|
seats
|
|
Chamber of Deputies:
|
|
last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - AD
|
|
43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI
|
|
67, MAS 18, other 19
|
|
Communists:
|
|
10,000 members (est.)
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of
|
|
Workers, the Democratic Action - dominated labor organization
|
|
Member of:
|
|
AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,
|
|
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
|
|
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro; Chancery at 1099 30th Street NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2214; there are Venezuelan
|
|
Consulates General in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New
|
|
Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL; Embassy at Avenida Francisco de Miranda and
|
|
Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address is P. O. Box
|
|
62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037); telephone [58] (2) 285-2222; FAX
|
|
[58] (2) 285-0336; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of
|
|
arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white
|
|
five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted for 23% of GDP,
|
|
80% of central government revenues, and 80% of export earnings in 1991.
|
|
President PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed
|
|
office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and price supports, a free market
|
|
exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy into
|
|
confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy
|
|
recovered part way in 1990, and grew by 9.2% in 1991, led by the petroleum
|
|
sector.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $52.3 billion, per capita $2,590; real growth
|
|
rate 9.2% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
30.7% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1991)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$15.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum 80%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic
|
|
manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment
|
|
partners:
|
|
US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989)
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$30.9 billion (1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5.4% (1991 est.); accounts for one-fourth of GDP, including
|
|
petroleum
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
20,128,000 kW capacity; 55,753 million kWh produced, 2,762 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing,
|
|
textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum,
|
|
sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish;
|
|
not self-sufficient in food other than meat
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade
|
|
on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country
|
|
from Colombia
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries
|
|
(1970-89), $10 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
bolivar (plural - bolivares); 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 65.39 (March 1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990),
|
|
34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88)
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government
|
|
owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned
|
|
Highways:
|
|
77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads,
|
|
and 15,835 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 790,108 GRT/1,257,637 DWT; includes 1
|
|
short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 22 cargo, 1 container, 2
|
|
roll-on/roll-off, 17 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 8
|
|
bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
56 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
308 total, 287 usable; 135 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no
|
|
FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground
|
|
stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic
|
|
|
|
:Venezuela Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (including Navy, Marines, Coast Guard),
|
|
Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard)
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 5,365,880; 3,884,558 fit for military service; 210,737 reach
|
|
military age (18) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991)
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
329,560 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
325,360
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
3,444 km; excludes islands
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute
|
|
over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and
|
|
possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime
|
|
boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied
|
|
by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to
|
|
mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in
|
|
far north and northwest
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits,
|
|
forests
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 22%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
|
|
woodland 40%; other 35%; includes irrigated 5%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
68,964,018 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Vietnamese (singular and plural); adjective - Vietnamese
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
predominantly Vietnamese 85-90%; Chinese 3%; ethnic minorities include
|
|
Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic,
|
|
Protestant
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
|
|
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
88% (male 92%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
32.7 million; agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are members of the Vietnam
|
|
Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU)
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV
|
|
Type:
|
|
Communist state
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Hanoi
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho,
|
|
singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh
|
|
Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Las, Dong Nai, Dong Tay, Gia Lai,
|
|
Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi
|
|
Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang
|
|
Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu
|
|
Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc
|
|
Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien
|
|
Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai; note -
|
|
diacritical marks are not included
|
|
Independence:
|
|
2 September 1945 (from France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
18 December 1980; new Constitution to be approved Spring 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme People's Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Vo Chi CONG (since 18 June 1987)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Phan
|
|
Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 19 April 1987 (next to be held 19 July 1992); results - VCP is the
|
|
only party; seats - (496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496; note - number of
|
|
seats under new government 395
|
|
Communists:
|
|
nearly 2 million
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IIB,
|
|
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
This is a formerly centrally planned, developing economy with extensive
|
|
government ownership and control of productive facilities. The economy is
|
|
primarily agricultural; the sector employs about 70% of the labor force and
|
|
accounts for half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of
|
|
maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown. The government
|
|
permits sale of surplus grain on the open market. Most of the mineral
|
|
resources are located in the north, including coal, which is an important
|
|
export item. Oil was discovered off the southern coast in 1986 with
|
|
production reaching 70,000 barrels per day in 1991 and expected to increase
|
|
in the years ahead. Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy-handed
|
|
government measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the
|
|
agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources of the
|
|
north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received
|
|
assistance from UN agencies, France, Australia, Sweden, and Communist
|
|
countries. Inflation, although down from recent triple-digit levels, is
|
|
still a major weakness and is showing signs of accelerating upwards again.
|
|
Per capita output is among the world's lowest. Since late 1986 the
|
|
government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more
|
|
economic activity over to the private sector.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $15 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate
|
|
2.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
80% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $551 million; expenditures $830 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $58 million (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores,
|
|
seafood
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals,
|
|
medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$16.8 billion (1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -3.6% (1989); accounts for 30% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,200 million kWh produced, 140 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical
|
|
fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm
|
|
output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal
|
|
products other 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish
|
|
catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Economy
|
|
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new dong (plural - new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,100 (May 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280
|
|
(December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note -
|
|
1985-89 figures are end of year
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard)
|
|
gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service
|
|
after war damage
|
|
Highways:
|
|
about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth,
|
|
26,900 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by
|
|
vessels up to 1.8 meter draft
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 150 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 400,430 GRT/643,877 DWT; includes 73
|
|
cargo 4 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk;
|
|
note - Vietnam owns 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 134,719 DWT
|
|
under the registries of Panama and Malta
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
controlled by military
|
|
Airports:
|
|
100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways
|
|
2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
25 telephones per 10,000 persons (1991); broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 2
|
|
TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers; 3 satellite earth stations
|
|
|
|
:Vietnam Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 16,839,400; 10,739,128 fit for military service; 787,026 reach
|
|
military age (17) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
352 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
349 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
188 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity,
|
|
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
sun, sand, sea, surf
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 15%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and
|
|
woodland 6%; other 47%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods,
|
|
earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources
|
|
Note:
|
|
important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of Puerto
|
|
Rico, along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal;
|
|
Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
98,942 (July 1992), growth rate -1.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
21 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-26 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
74 years male, 77 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
2.7 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Virgin Islander(s); adjective - Virgin Islander; US citizens
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the
|
|
West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%,
|
|
white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
45,500 (1988)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
90% of the government labor force
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Virgin Islands of the United States
|
|
Type:
|
|
organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of
|
|
Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Charlotte Amalie
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on US
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Senate
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15
|
|
years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial Court handles civil
|
|
matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and
|
|
traffic cases
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Governor Alexander A.
|
|
FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek M. HODGE (since 5
|
|
January 1987)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM),
|
|
Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Governor:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results -
|
|
Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS
|
|
(independent) 38.5%
|
|
Senate:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA
|
|
US House of Representatives:
|
|
last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - Ron
|
|
DE LUGO reelected as nonvoting delegate seats - (1 total); seat by party NA;
|
|
note - the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative to the US
|
|
House of Representatives
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ECLAC (associate), IOC, applied for associate membership in OECS in February
|
|
1990
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
Flag:
|
|
white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue
|
|
initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in
|
|
one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of
|
|
vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of
|
|
GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile,
|
|
electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural
|
|
sector is small, most food being imported. International business and
|
|
financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. The
|
|
world's largest petroleum refinery is at Saint Croix.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion, per capita $11,000; real growth
|
|
rate NA% (1987)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
2.0% (1990)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY90)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
refined petroleum products
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Puerto Rico
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Puerto Rico
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 12%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
358,000 kW capacity; 532 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction,
|
|
pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
US currency is used
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 October - 30 September
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
856 km total
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown
|
|
Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m;
|
|
international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
44,280 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV; modern system
|
|
using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite
|
|
facilities; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Virgin Islands Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
6.5 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
6.5 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
19.3 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
200 m (depth)
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central
|
|
lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less
|
|
than four meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
none
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 100%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to occasional typhoons
|
|
Note:
|
|
strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
|
|
about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands;
|
|
emergency landing location for transpacific flights
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
no indigenous inhabitants; 381 temporary population (US Air Force personnel,
|
|
civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors) (January
|
|
1992); note - population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during
|
|
the Vietnam conflict
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under
|
|
an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none; administered from Washington, DC
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the US flag is used
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel
|
|
and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must
|
|
be imported.
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
supplied by US military
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island Communications
|
|
|
|
Ports:
|
|
none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large
|
|
ships
|
|
Airports:
|
|
1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit
|
|
off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television
|
|
Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite;
|
|
broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
Note:
|
|
formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military
|
|
and some commercial cargo planes
|
|
|
|
:Wake Island Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of the US
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
274 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
274 km2; includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile
|
|
Alofi, and 20 islets
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Washington, DC
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
129 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to
|
|
October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
volcanic origin; low hills
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 5%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 75%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
both island groups have fringing reefs
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about
|
|
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
17,095 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
29 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
70 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.6 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective -
|
|
Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
almost entirely Polynesian
|
|
Religions:
|
|
largely Roman Catholic
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
50% (male 50%, female 51%) at all ages can read and write (1969)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
|
|
Type:
|
|
overseas territory of France
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
Independence:
|
|
none (overseas territory of France)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
French
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional
|
|
kings with limited powers
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief
|
|
administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and
|
|
there is a magistrate in Mata Utu
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la
|
|
Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des
|
|
Radicaux de Gauche (MRG)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Territorial Assembly:
|
|
last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent
|
|
of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4
|
|
French Senate:
|
|
last held NA September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results
|
|
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1
|
|
French National Assembly:
|
|
last held 12 June 1988 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
FZ, SPC
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the
|
|
US by France
|
|
Flag:
|
|
the flag of France is used
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about
|
|
80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and
|
|
vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the
|
|
population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government
|
|
subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import
|
|
taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and
|
|
Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but
|
|
its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $25 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (1983)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
negligible
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copra, handicrafts
|
|
partners:
|
|
NA
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel
|
|
partners:
|
|
France, Australia, New Zealand
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
|
|
bananas, and herds of pigs and goats
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
|
|
$118 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF)
|
|
= 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 102.53 (March
|
|
1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27
|
|
(1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
none
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mata-Utu, Leava
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:Wallis and Futuna Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
defense is the responsibility of France
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Header
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
|
The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in
|
|
control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
|
|
Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by
|
|
President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the
|
|
West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a
|
|
peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the
|
|
concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will
|
|
resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process,
|
|
it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
|
|
has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank
|
|
describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian
|
|
administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to
|
|
negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a
|
|
distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank
|
|
because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a
|
|
negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in
|
|
character from that of the rest of the West Bank.
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
5,860 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
5,640 km2; includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No
|
|
Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt.
|
|
Scopus
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Delaware
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Israeli occupied with status to be determined
|
|
Climate:
|
|
temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot
|
|
summers, cool to mild winters
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
negligible
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 27%, permanent crops 0%, meadows and pastures 32%, forest and
|
|
woodland 1%, other 40%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14
|
|
Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
:West Bank People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
1,362,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992); in addition, there are
|
|
95,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992
|
|
est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
35 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
37 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
68 years male, 71 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
NA
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 80%, Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - small industry, commerce, and
|
|
business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other
|
|
23.6% (1984)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Note:
|
|
The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and
|
|
Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the
|
|
West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.
|
|
These negotiations will determine how the area is to governed.
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military
|
|
administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah).
|
|
Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have
|
|
been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli
|
|
policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not
|
|
productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli
|
|
industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers
|
|
employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf
|
|
dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake
|
|
of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West
|
|
Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of
|
|
the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to
|
|
curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living
|
|
standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak.
|
|
GNP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,200; real growth rate
|
|
-10% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
11% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
15% (1990 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $NA (FY88)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
Jordan, Israel
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
NA
|
|
partners:
|
|
Jordan, Israel
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
power supplied by Israel
|
|
Industries:
|
|
generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap,
|
|
olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have
|
|
established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and
|
|
industrial centers
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables,
|
|
beef, and dairy products
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels) and Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars);
|
|
1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) =
|
|
1,000 fils
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991),
|
|
2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars
|
|
(JD) per US$1 - 0.6760 (January 1992), 0.6810 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704
|
|
(1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1
|
|
January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service
|
|
new settlements
|
|
Airports:
|
|
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no
|
|
AM, no FM, no TV
|
|
|
|
:West Bank Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
NA
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
266,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
266,000 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Colorado
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,110 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the
|
|
UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered
|
|
cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991
|
|
Climate:
|
|
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy
|
|
dew
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising
|
|
to small mountains in south and northeast
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
phosphates, iron ore
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and
|
|
woodland 0%; other 81%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring;
|
|
widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting
|
|
visibility; sparse water and arable land
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
201,467 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
20 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
159 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
43 years male, 45 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s); adjective - Sahrawian, Sahraouian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Arab and Berber
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Muslim
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
none
|
|
Type:
|
|
legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory
|
|
contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation
|
|
of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally
|
|
proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|
|
(SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976,
|
|
with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from
|
|
Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
|
|
Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since
|
|
asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was
|
|
seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued
|
|
sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September
|
|
1991
|
|
Capital:
|
|
none
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
none (under de facto control of Morocco)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
none
|
|
Member of:
|
|
none
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
none
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little
|
|
rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing,
|
|
and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population.
|
|
Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and
|
|
other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
$60 million, per capita $300; real growth rate NA% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
NA%
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
phosphates 62%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are
|
|
included in overall Moroccan accounts
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
|
|
partners:
|
|
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are
|
|
included in overall Moroccan accounts
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$NA
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate NA%
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
phosphate, fishing, handicrafts
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in
|
|
nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food
|
|
imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic
|
|
natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.071 (1991), 8.242
|
|
(1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
roads and tracks
|
|
Ports:
|
|
El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla
|
|
Airports:
|
|
13 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave,
|
|
tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to
|
|
Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV
|
|
|
|
:Western Sahara Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
NA
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
NA
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,860 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,850 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
none
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
403 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
none
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
hardwood forests, fish
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and
|
|
woodland 47%; other 10%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism
|
|
Note:
|
|
located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about
|
|
halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
194,992 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
65 years male, 70 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
4.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Western Samoan(s); adjective - Western Samoan
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%,
|
|
Europeans 0.4%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London
|
|
Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist,
|
|
Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Samoan (Polynesian), English
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
Public Service Association (PSA)
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Independent State of Western Samoa
|
|
Type:
|
|
constitutional monarchy under native chief
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Apia
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
11 districts; A`ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa`asaleleaga, Gaga`emauga,
|
|
Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa`itea, Tuamasaga, Va`a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
|
|
Independence:
|
|
1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
1 January 1962
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not
|
|
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
National Day, 1 June
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962
|
|
until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National
|
|
Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal adult over age 21, but only matai (head of family) are able to run
|
|
for the Legislative Assembly
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Legislative Assembly:
|
|
last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14,
|
|
independents 3
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU,
|
|
LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at suite 510,
|
|
1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 833-1743
|
|
US:
|
|
the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing
|
|
address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631; FAX (685) 22-030
|
|
Flag:
|
|
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five
|
|
white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to
|
|
GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from
|
|
the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant
|
|
remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times
|
|
export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and
|
|
construction of the first international hotel is under way.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $115 million, per capita $690 (1989); real growth
|
|
rate -4.5% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
15% (1990)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%; shortage of skilled labor
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $41 million (FY92)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$9 million (f.o.b., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3%
|
|
partners:
|
|
NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$75 million (c.i.f., 1990)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%
|
|
partners:
|
|
New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$83 million (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
timber, tourism, food processing, fishing
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
tala (plural - tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2,4284 (March 1992), 2,3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990),
|
|
2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or
|
|
earth
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Apia
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
3 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
|
|
3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1
|
|
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station
|
|
|
|
:Western Samoa Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Department of Police and Prisons
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:World Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
510,072,000 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
148,940,000 km2 (29.2%)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
land area about 16 times the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
442,000 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
356,000 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
range from 3 to 200 nm; 1 claim is rectangular; 112 states claim a 12 nm
|
|
limit; note - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many
|
|
countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm;
|
|
41 nations and other areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra,
|
|
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina,
|
|
Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
|
|
Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino,
|
|
Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan,
|
|
Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
39 states claim contiguous zone, 33 of which have 24 nm limits
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
approximately 78 states have specific continental shelf claims, the limit of
|
|
42 claims is based on depth (200 m) plus exploitability, 21 claims define
|
|
the continental shelf as 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
23 claims with limits ranging from 12 nm to 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
|
|
83 states claim an EEZ, with most limits being 200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
claims range from 3 to 200 nm, 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - 41
|
|
nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and comprise Afghanistan,
|
|
Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina,
|
|
Burundi, Byelarus, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macebia,
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
major international land boundary or territorial diputes - Bahrain-Qatar,
|
|
Chad-Libya, China-India, China-Russia, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras,
|
|
Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, Japan-Russia, North Korea-South Korea, Saudi
|
|
Arabia-Yemen, South China Sea
|
|
Climate:
|
|
two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate
|
|
zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is
|
|
the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the
|
|
Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of
|
|
forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and
|
|
the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and
|
|
the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and
|
|
peoples are only beginning to address
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and
|
|
woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6%
|
|
|
|
:World Geography
|
|
|
|
Environment:
|
|
large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters
|
|
(earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation,
|
|
industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances),
|
|
loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
|
|
wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
|
|
|
|
:World People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
5,515,617,484 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
26 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
63 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
61 years male, 65 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2.24 billion (1992)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:World Government
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
187 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations
|
|
International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court)
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
there are 178 members of the UN
|
|
|
|
:World Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Aggregate world output in 1991 increased by 1.3%, in contrast to estimated
|
|
2% growth in 1990 and 3% growth in 1989. In 1991, the developed countries
|
|
grew by 2.5% and the LDCs by 3.5%, these gains being offset by a 10-15% drop
|
|
in the former Communist-dominated areas of the USSR and Eastern Europe. As
|
|
usual, results among individual countries differed widely. In the developed
|
|
group, Japan led with 4.5%, the West European members averaged 1.2%, and the
|
|
recession-plagued United States lagged,with GDP down 0.7%. As for the 15
|
|
former Soviet republics and the seven nations of Eastern Europe, output
|
|
plummeted in many economic sectors because of fundamental changes in the
|
|
rules of the game and in the channels of production and exchange. China and
|
|
the Four Dragons performed well in 1991 but many of the other developing
|
|
countries are mired in poverty and political instability. For the world as a
|
|
whole, the addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already
|
|
overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution,
|
|
desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine.
|
|
GWP (gross world product):
|
|
purchasing power equivalent - $25 trillion, per capita $4,600; real growth
|
|
rate 1.3% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
developed countries 5%; developing countries 50%, with wide variations (1991
|
|
est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$3.34 trillion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
|
|
partners:
|
|
in value, about 75% of exports from developed countries
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$3.49 trillion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
|
|
partners:
|
|
in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1991 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 3% (1990 est.)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per
|
|
capita (1990)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in
|
|
computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical
|
|
equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small
|
|
portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these
|
|
technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial
|
|
nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid
|
|
development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating
|
|
already grim environmental problems
|
|
|
|
:World Economy
|
|
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last
|
|
20 years. The annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%,
|
|
from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons;
|
|
production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than
|
|
increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for
|
|
aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains
|
|
malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide
|
|
for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for
|
|
food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in
|
|
recent years has exacerbated the consequences of all other factors
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
:World Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track;
|
|
251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of
|
|
electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far
|
|
East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in
|
|
North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by
|
|
France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New
|
|
Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
23,596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,736,000 GRT/637,493,000 DWT;
|
|
includes 348 passenger-cargo, 12,441 freighters, 5,446 bulk carriers, and
|
|
5,361 tankers (January 1991)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
14,500-16,000 major transport aircraft with gross take-off weight of 9,000
|
|
kg (20,000 lbs) or more (1992 est.)
|
|
|
|
:World Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,400,000,000; NA fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
$1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.)
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
527,970 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or
|
|
North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or
|
|
South Yemen)
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
1,906 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Contiguous zone:
|
|
North - 18 nm; South - 24 nm
|
|
Continental shelf:
|
|
North - 200 meters (depth); South - edge of continental margin or 200 nm
|
|
Exclusive economic zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with
|
|
Oman; there is a proposed treaty with Oman (which has not yet been formerly
|
|
accepted) to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary
|
|
Climate:
|
|
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western
|
|
mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh
|
|
desert in east
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains;
|
|
dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of
|
|
the Arabian Peninsula
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead,
|
|
nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and
|
|
woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater
|
|
resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden,
|
|
one of world's most active shipping lanes
|
|
|
|
:Yemen People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
10,394,749 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
51 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
118 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
49 years male, 52 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
7.3 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Yemeni(s); adjective - Yemeni
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
North - Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South - almost all Arabs; a few
|
|
Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
|
|
Religions:
|
|
North - Muslim almost 100% (45% Sunni and 55% Zaydi Shi`a); NEGL Jewish;
|
|
South - Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Arabic
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
North - NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and
|
|
expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South - 477,000 with agriculture 45.2%,
|
|
services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6%
|
|
(1983)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
North - NA; South - 348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the
|
|
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Yemen
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Sanaa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, `Adan, Al Bayda',
|
|
Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb,
|
|
Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa`dah, San`a', Shabwah, Ta`izz
|
|
Independence:
|
|
Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the
|
|
Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated
|
|
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen};
|
|
previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the
|
|
Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967
|
|
(from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition
|
|
period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both
|
|
legislatures
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
16 April 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary
|
|
law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members
|
|
from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral House of Representatives
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
North - State Security Court; South - Federal High Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President `Ali `Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of
|
|
North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, and
|
|
Secretary General of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council
|
|
Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim
|
|
al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime
|
|
Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-`ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of
|
|
South Yemen)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
General People's Congress, `Ali `Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party
|
|
(YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front,
|
|
Ba`th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform
|
|
or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
House of Representatives:
|
|
last held NA (next to be held NA November 1992); results - percent of vote
|
|
NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of
|
|
the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative
|
|
Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111
|
|
members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members)
|
|
Communists:
|
|
small number in North, greater but unknown number in South
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Government
|
|
|
|
Other political or pressure groups:
|
|
conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions - pro-Iraqi
|
|
Ba`thists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF)
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN,
|
|
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire
|
|
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is
|
|
a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel
|
|
District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen
|
|
or Sanaa - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330); telephone [967]
|
|
(2) 238-842 through 238-852; FAX [967] (2) 251-563
|
|
Flag:
|
|
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the
|
|
flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green
|
|
stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the
|
|
white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
|
|
centered in the white band
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen,
|
|
the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the
|
|
economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily
|
|
on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's
|
|
willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet
|
|
economic support.
|
|
Overview:
|
|
North:
|
|
The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen
|
|
dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade
|
|
deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad
|
|
and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has
|
|
become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit,
|
|
and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic
|
|
shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export
|
|
revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about
|
|
$800 million.
|
|
South:
|
|
This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of
|
|
about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population,
|
|
and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy
|
|
has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The
|
|
economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public
|
|
sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly
|
|
stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment
|
|
allocation, and import choices.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate
|
|
NA% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
North:
|
|
16.9% (1988)
|
|
South:
|
|
0% (1989)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
North:
|
|
13% (1986)
|
|
South:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
North:
|
|
revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.)
|
|
South:
|
|
revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including
|
|
capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
North:
|
|
$606 million (f.o.b., 1989)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables
|
|
partners:
|
|
FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12%
|
|
South:
|
|
$113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Economy
|
|
|
|
partners:
|
|
Japan, North Yemen, Italy
|
|
Imports:
|
|
North:
|
|
$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988)
|
|
Imports:
|
|
commodities:
|
|
textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar,
|
|
grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement
|
|
partners:
|
|
Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985)
|
|
South:
|
|
$553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals
|
|
partners:
|
|
USSR, UK, Ethiopia
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$5.75 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
North:
|
|
growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988)
|
|
South:
|
|
growth rate NA% in manufacturing
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
700,000 kW capacity; 1,200 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of
|
|
cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing;
|
|
small aluminum products factory; cement
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
North:
|
|
accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products - grain,
|
|
fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy,
|
|
poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain
|
|
South:
|
|
accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products - grain, qat
|
|
(mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major
|
|
exports; most food imported
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4
|
|
billion
|
|
Currency:
|
|
North Yemeni riyal (plural - riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils;
|
|
South Yemeni dinar (plural - dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12,1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991),
|
|
9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South
|
|
Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Communications
|
|
|
|
Highways:
|
|
15,500 km; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo,
|
|
1 petroleum tanker
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
11 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
46 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
since unification in 1990, efforts are being made to create a national
|
|
domestic civil telecommunications network and to revitalize the
|
|
infrastructure of a united Yemen; the network consists of microwave, cable
|
|
and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM,
|
|
10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti
|
|
|
|
:Yemen Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,981,710; 1,127,391 fit for military service; 130,405 reach
|
|
military age (14) annually
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990)
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
2,345,410 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
2,267,600 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly more than one-quarter the size of US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic
|
|
1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia
|
|
1,930 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
37 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
Exclusive fishing zone:
|
|
200 nm
|
|
Territorial sea:
|
|
12 nm
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be
|
|
indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
|
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the
|
|
Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been
|
|
made)
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in
|
|
southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator
|
|
- wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of
|
|
Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold,
|
|
silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore,
|
|
coal, hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
|
|
woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands;
|
|
periodic droughts in south
|
|
Note:
|
|
straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo
|
|
River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
:Zaire People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
39,084,400 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
45 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
97 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
52 years male, 56 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.1 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Zairian(s); adjective - Zairian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes
|
|
- Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up
|
|
about 45% of the population
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other
|
|
syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13%
|
|
(1981); population of working age 51% (1985)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized
|
|
trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking
|
|
official recognition
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Zaire
|
|
Type:
|
|
republic with a strong presidential system
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Kinshasa
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu,
|
|
Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental,
|
|
Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu
|
|
Independence:
|
|
30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville,
|
|
then Congo/Kinshasa)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April
|
|
1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1992
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif)
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State:
|
|
President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24
|
|
November 1965)
|
|
Head of Government:
|
|
Prime Minister Jean NGUZ a Karl-i-Bond (since 26 November 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution
|
|
(MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS),
|
|
Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC),
|
|
Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ
|
|
a Karl-I-Bond; and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L)
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal and compulsory at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National
|
|
Conference); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition
|
|
Legislative Council:
|
|
last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National
|
|
Conference); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210;
|
|
note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other
|
|
parties
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77,
|
|
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
|
|
INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
|
|
UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
|
|
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Government
|
|
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa
|
|
(mailing address is APO AE 09828); telephone [243] (12) 21532, 21628; FAX
|
|
[243] (12) 21232; the US Consulate General in Lubumbashi was closed and
|
|
evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation
|
|
Flag:
|
|
light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a
|
|
red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist
|
|
side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources Zaire had a GDP per capita of
|
|
only about $260, putting it among the desperately poor African nations. The
|
|
country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1991, with copper and cobalt
|
|
production down 20-30%, inflation near 8,000% in 1991 as compared with 100%
|
|
in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the
|
|
institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy,
|
|
employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main
|
|
potential for economic development has been the extractive industries.
|
|
Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and
|
|
three-quarters of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest
|
|
producer of diamonds and cobalt.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, per capita $260; real growth rate
|
|
-3% (1990 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
8,000% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital
|
|
expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil
|
|
partners:
|
|
US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment,
|
|
fuels
|
|
partners:
|
|
South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$7.9 billion (December 1990 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -7.3%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP (1989)
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear,
|
|
and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava,
|
|
bananas, root crops, corn
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
zaire (singular and plural); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
zaire (Z) per US$1 - 111,196 (March 1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381
|
|
(1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987)
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Economy
|
|
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km
|
|
1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge;
|
|
limited trackage in use because of civil strife
|
|
Highways:
|
|
146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth;
|
|
97,500 unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 390 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Matadi, Boma, Banana
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,921 GRT/30,332 DWT; includes 1
|
|
passenger cargo, 1 cargo
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
45 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
284 total, 239 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4
|
|
FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
|
|
|
|
:Zaire Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard,
|
|
Special Presidential Division
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 8,521,292; 4,333,492 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988)
|
|
|
|
:Zambia Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
752,610 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
740,720 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia
|
|
233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement;
|
|
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be
|
|
indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
|
|
Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
|
|
hydropower potential
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and
|
|
woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Zambia People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
8,745,284 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
77 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
55 years male, 59 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
6.9 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Zambian(s); adjective - Zambian
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, remainder indigenous beliefs 1%
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); about 70 indigenous languages
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
2,455,000; agriculture 85%; mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%;
|
|
transport and services 9%
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
about 238,000 wage earners are unionized
|
|
|
|
:Zambia Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Zambia
|
|
Type:
|
|
multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into
|
|
law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty
|
|
system in Zambia ending 17 years of one-party rule
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Lusaka
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern,
|
|
North-Western, Southern, Western
|
|
Independence:
|
|
24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
NA August 1991
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
|
|
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted
|
|
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
president, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National Assembly
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National
|
|
Independence Party (UNIP), none; elections pending
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
President:
|
|
last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick
|
|
CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16%
|
|
National Assembly:
|
|
last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of
|
|
vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
|
|
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC,
|
|
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
|
|
DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and
|
|
United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka);
|
|
telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603; FAX [2601] 251-578
|
|
Flag:
|
|
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and
|
|
orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
|
|
|
|
:Zambia Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports
|
|
and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop
|
|
in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP
|
|
fell by 2%. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a
|
|
decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate
|
|
has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate
|
|
-2% (1991)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
100% (1991)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
NA%
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, Japan, South Africa, US, India
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$8 billion (December 1991)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita
|
|
(1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs,
|
|
beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple),
|
|
sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava;
|
|
cattle, goats, beef, eggs
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Zambian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 128.2051 (March 1992), 61.7284 (1991),
|
|
28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
calendar year
|
|
|
|
:Zambia Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track
|
|
Highways:
|
|
36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or
|
|
stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
crude oil 1,724 km
|
|
Ports:
|
|
Mpulungu (lake port)
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
12 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
117 total, 104 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave
|
|
connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9
|
|
TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean
|
|
INTELSAT
|
|
|
|
:Zambia Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 1,818,545; 953,718 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Geography
|
|
|
|
Total area:
|
|
390,580 km2
|
|
Land area:
|
|
386,670 km2
|
|
Comparative area:
|
|
slightly larger than Montana
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km,
|
|
Zambia 797 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
none - landlocked
|
|
Disputes:
|
|
quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement
|
|
Climate:
|
|
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in
|
|
east
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,
|
|
lithium, tin, platinum group metals
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and
|
|
woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL%
|
|
Environment:
|
|
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil
|
|
erosion; air and water pollution
|
|
Note:
|
|
landlocked
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe People
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
40 births/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
60 years male, 64 years female (1992)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
5.4 children born/woman (1992)
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean
|
|
Ethnic divisions:
|
|
African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian
|
|
1%
|
|
Religions:
|
|
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%,
|
|
indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim
|
|
Languages:
|
|
English (official); Shona, Sindebele
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining,
|
|
manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)
|
|
Organized labor:
|
|
17% of wage and salary earners have union membership
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Government
|
|
|
|
Long-form name:
|
|
Republic of Zimbabwe
|
|
Type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital:
|
|
Harare
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland
|
|
West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
|
|
Independence:
|
|
18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia)
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
21 December 1979
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral Parliament
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
Supreme Court
|
|
Leaders:
|
|
Chief of State and Head of Government:
|
|
Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice
|
|
President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President
|
|
Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE;
|
|
Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE;
|
|
Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel
|
|
MAGOCHE
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
universal at age 18
|
|
Elections:
|
|
Executive President:
|
|
last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert
|
|
MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7%
|
|
Parliament:
|
|
last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results -
|
|
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117,
|
|
ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1
|
|
Member of:
|
|
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
|
|
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM,
|
|
OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic representation:
|
|
Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus
|
|
Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC
|
|
20009; telephone (202) 332-7100
|
|
US:
|
|
Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue,
|
|
Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4)
|
|
794-521
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Government
|
|
|
|
Flag:
|
|
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and
|
|
green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist
|
|
side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in
|
|
the center of the triangle
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Economy
|
|
|
|
Overview:
|
|
Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40%
|
|
of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining,
|
|
produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for
|
|
only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals
|
|
account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in
|
|
agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven
|
|
growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in
|
|
population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program,
|
|
output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991
|
|
suggests rough going for 1992.
|
|
GDP:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate
|
|
3.5% (1991 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
25% (1991 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
at least 30% (1991 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital
|
|
expenditures of $330 million (FY91)
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%,
|
|
ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%
|
|
partners:
|
|
Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa
|
|
10%, other 10%), US 5%
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
|
|
commodities:
|
|
machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%,
|
|
chemicals 16%, fuels 15%
|
|
partners:
|
|
EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4%
|
|
External debt:
|
|
$2.96 billion (December 1989 est.)
|
|
Industrial production:
|
|
growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP
|
|
Electricity:
|
|
3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991)
|
|
Industries:
|
|
mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer,
|
|
beverage, transportation equipment, wood products
|
|
Agriculture:
|
|
accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area
|
|
divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops -
|
|
corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts;
|
|
livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food
|
|
Economic aid:
|
|
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)
|
|
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC
|
|
bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134
|
|
million
|
|
Currency:
|
|
Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Economy
|
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991),
|
|
2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
|
1 July - 30 June
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Communications
|
|
|
|
Railroads:
|
|
2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified
|
|
Highways:
|
|
85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel,
|
|
stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth
|
|
Inland waterways:
|
|
Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
petroleum products 8 km
|
|
Civil air:
|
|
12 major transport aircraft
|
|
Airports:
|
|
491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
|
|
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
|
|
Telecommunications:
|
|
system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor
|
|
maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio
|
|
communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18
|
|
FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
|
|
|
|
:Zimbabwe Defense Forces
|
|
|
|
Branches:
|
|
Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police
|
|
(including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia
|
|
Manpower availability:
|
|
males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service
|
|
Defense expenditures:
|
|
exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)
|
|
|
|
********
|
|
|
|
Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
Text (264 nations, dependent areas, and other entities)
|
|
|
|
Afghanistan
|
|
Albania
|
|
Algeria
|
|
American Samoa
|
|
Andorra
|
|
Angola
|
|
Anguilla
|
|
Antarctica
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
Arctic Ocean
|
|
Argentina
|
|
Armenia
|
|
Aruba
|
|
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
|
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Australia
|
|
Austria
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
|
|
|
Bahamas, The
|
|
Bahrain
|
|
Baker Island
|
|
Bangladesh
|
|
Barbados
|
|
Bassas da India
|
|
Belarus
|
|
Belgium
|
|
Belize
|
|
Benin
|
|
Bermuda
|
|
Bhutan
|
|
Bolivia
|
|
Bosnia and Hercegovina
|
|
Botswana
|
|
Bouvet Island
|
|
Brazil
|
|
British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
British Virgin Islands
|
|
Brunei
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
Burkina
|
|
Burma
|
|
Burundi
|
|
|
|
Cambodia
|
|
Cameroon
|
|
Canada
|
|
Cape Verde
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
|
Central African Republic
|
|
Chad
|
|
Chile
|
|
China (also see separate Taiwan entry)
|
|
Christmas Island
|
|
Clipperton Island
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Colombia
|
|
Comoros
|
|
Congo
|
|
Cook Islands
|
|
Coral Sea Islands
|
|
Costa Rica
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Cuba
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
Czechoslovakia
|
|
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Djibouti
|
|
Dominica
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
|
|
|
Ecuador
|
|
Egypt
|
|
El Salvador
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Estonia
|
|
Ethiopia
|
|
Europa Island
|
|
|
|
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
|
Fiji
|
|
Finland
|
|
France
|
|
French Guiana
|
|
French Polynesia
|
|
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
|
|
Gabon
|
|
Gambia, The
|
|
Gaza Strip
|
|
Georgia
|
|
Germany
|
|
Ghana
|
|
Gibraltar
|
|
Glorioso Islands
|
|
Greece
|
|
Greenland
|
|
Grenada
|
|
Guadeloupe
|
|
Guam
|
|
Guatemala
|
|
Guernsey
|
|
Guinea
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Guyana
|
|
|
|
Haiti
|
|
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Honduras
|
|
Hong Kong
|
|
Howland Island
|
|
Hungary
|
|
|
|
Iceland
|
|
India
|
|
Indian Ocean
|
|
Indonesia
|
|
Iran
|
|
Iraq
|
|
Ireland
|
|
Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries)
|
|
Italy
|
|
Ivory Coast
|
|
|
|
Jamaica
|
|
Jan Mayen
|
|
Japan
|
|
Jarvis Island
|
|
Jersey
|
|
Johnston Atoll
|
|
Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry)
|
|
Juan de Nova Island
|
|
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
Kenya
|
|
Kingman Reef
|
|
Kiribati
|
|
Korea, North
|
|
Korea, South
|
|
Kuwait
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
|
|
|
Laos
|
|
Latvia
|
|
Lebanon
|
|
Lesotho
|
|
Liberia
|
|
Libya
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
|
Lithuania
|
|
Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
Macau
|
|
Macedonia
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
Malawi
|
|
Malaysia
|
|
Maldives
|
|
Mali
|
|
Malta
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
Martinique
|
|
Mauritania
|
|
Mauritius
|
|
Mayotte
|
|
Mexico
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Midway Islands
|
|
Moldova
|
|
Monaco
|
|
Mongolia
|
|
Montserrat
|
|
Morocco
|
|
Mozambique
|
|
|
|
Namibia
|
|
Nauru
|
|
Navassa Island
|
|
Nepal
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
|
New Caledonia
|
|
New Zealand
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
Niger
|
|
Nigeria
|
|
Niue
|
|
Norfolk Island
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Norway
|
|
|
|
Oman
|
|
|
|
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau)
|
|
Pacific Ocean
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
Palmyra Atoll
|
|
Panama
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
Paracel Islands
|
|
Paraguay
|
|
Peru
|
|
Philippines
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
|
Poland
|
|
Portugal
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
Qatar
|
|
|
|
Reunion
|
|
Romania
|
|
Russia
|
|
Rwanda
|
|
|
|
Saint Helena
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
San Marino
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
Senegal
|
|
Serbia and Montenegro
|
|
Seychelles
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
Singapore
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
Somalia
|
|
South Africa
|
|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|
|
Spain
|
|
Spratly Islands
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
Sudan
|
|
Suriname
|
|
Svalbard
|
|
Swaziland
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Syria
|
|
|
|
Taiwan (follows Zimbabwe)
|
|
Tajikistan
|
|
Tanzania
|
|
Thailand
|
|
Togo
|
|
Tokelau
|
|
Tonga
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Tromelin Island
|
|
Tunisia
|
|
Turkey
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Tuvalu
|
|
|
|
Uganda
|
|
Ukraine
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
United States
|
|
Uruguay
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
|
|
Vanuatu
|
|
Vatican City
|
|
Venezuela
|
|
Vietnam
|
|
Virgin Islands
|
|
|
|
Wake Island
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
|
West Bank
|
|
Western Sahara
|
|
Western Samoa
|
|
World
|
|
|
|
Yemen
|
|
|
|
Zaire
|
|
Zambia
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
Taiwan
|
|
|
|
Appendixes
|
|
|
|
A: The United Nations System
|
|
B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
|
|
C: International Organizations and Groups
|
|
D: Weights and Measures
|
|
E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
|
|
|
|
|
|
Standard Time Zones of the World
|
|
|
|
Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations
|
|
|
|
There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Soviet Union,
|
|
Yugoslavia, and the Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone have been dropped. All 15
|
|
former Soviet republics have been added - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
|
|
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Bosnia and Hercegovina,
|
|
Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia have replaced
|
|
Yugoslavia. Three maps on areas of special interest have been added this
|
|
year - two maps on the Commonwealth of Independent States (European States
|
|
and Central Asian States) and a map of Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe.
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups)
|
|
|
|
avdp.: avoirdupois
|
|
|
|
c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight
|
|
|
|
CY: calendar year
|
|
|
|
DWT: deadweight ton
|
|
|
|
est.: estimate
|
|
|
|
Ex-Im: Export-Import Bank of the United States
|
|
|
|
f.o.b.: free on board
|
|
|
|
FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated
|
|
before 3 October 1990 or CY91
|
|
|
|
FY: fiscal year
|
|
|
|
GDP: gross domestic product
|
|
|
|
GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated
|
|
before 3 October 1990 or CY91
|
|
|
|
GNP: gross national product
|
|
|
|
GRT: gross register ton
|
|
|
|
km: kilometer
|
|
|
|
km2: square kilometer
|
|
|
|
kW: kilowatt
|
|
|
|
kWh: kilowatt hour
|
|
|
|
m: meter
|
|
|
|
NA: not available
|
|
|
|
NEGL: negligible
|
|
|
|
nm: nautical mile
|
|
|
|
NZ: New Zealand
|
|
|
|
ODA: official development assistance
|
|
|
|
OOF: other official flows
|
|
|
|
PDRY: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen];
|
|
used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91
|
|
|
|
UAE: United Arab Emirates
|
|
|
|
UK: United Kingdom
|
|
|
|
US: United States
|
|
|
|
USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information
|
|
dated before 25 December 1991
|
|
|
|
YAR: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information
|
|
dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91
|
|
|
|
Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order
|
|
administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on
|
|
Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on
|
|
by BGN are noted.
|
|
|
|
Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by
|
|
international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of
|
|
all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines,
|
|
excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas
|
|
are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the
|
|
entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with
|
|
Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or the Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2,
|
|
0.23 miles2, 146 acres).
|
|
|
|
Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000
|
|
population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate.
|
|
|
|
Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1992
|
|
was used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates
|
|
for 1 July 1992, with population growth rates estimated for mid-1992 through
|
|
mid-1993. Major political events have been updated through 30 June 1992.
|
|
Military age figures are for 1992.
|
|
|
|
Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000
|
|
population at midyear; also known as crude death rate.
|
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with
|
|
176 nations (the US has not yet established full diplomatic relations with
|
|
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia). The US has diplomatic
|
|
relations with 167 of the 178 UN members - the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan,
|
|
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Slovenia,
|
|
and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 9 nations
|
|
that are not in the UN - Andorra, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino,
|
|
Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vatican City.
|
|
|
|
Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from
|
|
traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or
|
|
another. Every international land boundary dispute in the ``Guide to Interna-
|
|
tional Boundaries,'' a map published by the Department of State, is included.
|
|
References to other situations may also be included that are border or
|
|
frontier relevant, such as maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or
|
|
irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute
|
|
official acceptance or recognition by the US Government.
|
|
|
|
Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official develop-
|
|
ment assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are
|
|
administered with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs
|
|
as their main objective and are concessional in character and contain a
|
|
grant element of at least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions
|
|
by the official sector whose main objective is other than development
|
|
motivated or whose grant element is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF
|
|
transactions include official export credits (such as Eximbank credits),
|
|
official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the
|
|
official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to
|
|
have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and
|
|
constitute a formal declaration of intent.
|
|
|
|
Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty,
|
|
and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others
|
|
are not officially recognized by the US Government. ``Nation'' refers to a
|
|
people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory.
|
|
``Dependent'' area refers to a broad category of political entities that are
|
|
associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually
|
|
the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The
|
|
long-form name is included in the ``Government'' section, and an entry of
|
|
``none'' indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some instances, no
|
|
short-form name exists - then the long-form name must serve for all usages.
|
|
There are 264 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as
|
|
follows:
|
|
|
|
NATIONS
|
|
|
|
177 UN members (excluding Yugoslavia)
|
|
|
|
11 nations that are not members of the UN - Andorra, Georgia, Kiribati,
|
|
Macedonia, Monaco, Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu,
|
|
Vatican City (Holy See)
|
|
|
|
OTHER
|
|
|
|
1 Taiwan
|
|
|
|
DEPENDENT AREAS
|
|
|
|
6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)
|
|
Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
|
|
|
|
2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland
|
|
|
|
16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana,
|
|
French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
|
|
Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion,
|
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
|
|
|
|
2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
|
|
|
|
3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
|
|
|
|
3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
|
|
|
|
1 Portugal - Macau
|
|
|
|
16 United Kingdom - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British
|
|
Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey,
|
|
Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena,
|
|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
|
|
15 United States - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis
|
|
Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern
|
|
Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific
|
|
Islands (Palau), Virgin Islands, Wake Island
|
|
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS
|
|
|
|
6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western
|
|
Sahara
|
|
|
|
OTHER ENTITIES
|
|
|
|
4 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean
|
|
|
|
1 World
|
|
|
|
264 total
|
|
|
|
note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent
|
|
homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa.
|
|
|
|
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced
|
|
domestically.
|
|
|
|
Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced
|
|
domestically plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners
|
|
from domestic production.
|
|
|
|
GNP/GDP methodology: In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for
|
|
the OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European
|
|
countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather
|
|
than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method
|
|
normally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are
|
|
applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy.
|
|
In addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the
|
|
statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing
|
|
for the quality of goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate
|
|
in dollars by the corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP
|
|
conversion rate. One thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods
|
|
in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP
|
|
conversion rate - will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the
|
|
LDCs, on the other hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in
|
|
local currencies to dollars at the official currency exchange rates. One
|
|
caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP
|
|
in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when
|
|
GNP/GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer
|
|
estimates the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures;
|
|
similar problems exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency
|
|
exchange rate procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the
|
|
PPP method, we hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future
|
|
editions of The World Factbook.
|
|
|
|
Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population,
|
|
resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance
|
|
of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or
|
|
negative.
|
|
|
|
Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics,
|
|
stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These
|
|
categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as
|
|
well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels.
|
|
|
|
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides
|
|
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot,
|
|
Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish
|
|
(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).
|
|
|
|
Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant
|
|
cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds
|
|
and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.
|
|
|
|
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.
|
|
|
|
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include
|
|
chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital),
|
|
benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide
|
|
(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).
|
|
|
|
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional,
|
|
or behavioral change in an individual.
|
|
|
|
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results
|
|
in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual.
|
|
|
|
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and
|
|
emotion.
|
|
|
|
Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc,
|
|
buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP,
|
|
angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others
|
|
(psilocybin, psilocyn).
|
|
|
|
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis
|
|
sativa).
|
|
|
|
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
|
|
|
|
Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).
|
|
|
|
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium,
|
|
opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium
|
|
(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol
|
|
w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and thebaine. Semisynthetic
|
|
narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid).
|
|
Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan),
|
|
methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil).
|
|
|
|
Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.
|
|
|
|
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and
|
|
semisynthetic narcotics.
|
|
|
|
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium
|
|
poppy.
|
|
|
|
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that
|
|
is chewed or drunk as tea.
|
|
|
|
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and
|
|
activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn,
|
|
Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others
|
|
(Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
|
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in
|
|
a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year.
|
|
|
|
Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land
|
|
cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize,
|
|
rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted
|
|
after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land
|
|
permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - land
|
|
under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifi-
|
|
cally mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for
|
|
irrigated land refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that
|
|
is artificially supplied with water.
|
|
|
|
Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who
|
|
represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved
|
|
with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is
|
|
the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the
|
|
government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime
|
|
Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the
|
|
chief of state and the head of government.
|
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group
|
|
of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains
|
|
constant in the future.
|
|
|
|
Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy.
|
|
Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition -
|
|
the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards
|
|
that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is
|
|
beyond the scope of this publication.
|
|
|
|
Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore-
|
|
seeable future.
|
|
|
|
Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some
|
|
national claims from being fully extended.
|
|
|
|
Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial
|
|
vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing
|
|
vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by
|
|
nationality or register.
|
|
|
|
Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession,
|
|
or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent
|
|
country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent
|
|
of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag
|
|
as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the
|
|
maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the
|
|
nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in
|
|
the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be
|
|
owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience
|
|
register, except that it is not the register of an independent state.
|
|
|
|
Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a
|
|
merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience
|
|
(FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or
|
|
nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC
|
|
registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered
|
|
actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used
|
|
for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where
|
|
the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad.
|
|
It is also referred to as an open register.
|
|
|
|
Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal
|
|
jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad.
|
|
Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned
|
|
and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register.
|
|
|
|
Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national
|
|
register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that
|
|
nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on
|
|
the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation
|
|
of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the
|
|
flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International
|
|
Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable
|
|
examples of an internal register.
|
|
Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to
|
|
flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian
|
|
and Danish flags.
|
|
|
|
Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight;
|
|
commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to
|
|
commercial vessels only.
|
|
|
|
Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with
|
|
the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual
|
|
ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality
|
|
and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag
|
|
state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.
|
|
|
|
Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless
|
|
otherwise indicated.
|
|
|
|
Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and
|
|
leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear
|
|
population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net
|
|
immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the
|
|
country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).
|
|
|
|
Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on
|
|
statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample
|
|
surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends.
|
|
|
|
Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per
|
|
woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore
|
|
children according to a given fertility rate at each age.
|
|
|
|
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as
|
|
fiscal year (FY).
|
|
|
|
Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material
|
|
in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates.
|
|
The Handbook of International Economic and Environmental Statistics,
|
|
published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains
|
|
detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation
|
|
and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent
|
|
republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and
|
|
selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World
|
|
Factbook is available.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix A:
|
|
|
|
The United Nations System
|
|
|
|
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate
|
|
agencies and bodies as follows:
|
|
|
|
1) Secretariat
|
|
|
|
2) General Assembly:
|
|
UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)
|
|
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
|
|
UNDP United Nations Development Program
|
|
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
|
|
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
|
|
UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees
|
|
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
|
|
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
|
|
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
|
|
Refugees in the Near East
|
|
UNSF United Nations Special Fund
|
|
UNU United Nations University
|
|
WFC World Food Council
|
|
WFP World Food Program
|
|
|
|
3) Security Council:
|
|
UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission
|
|
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
|
|
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus
|
|
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
|
|
UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
|
|
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
|
|
|
|
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
|
|
Specialized agencies
|
|
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|
|
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
IDA International Development Association
|
|
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
|
|
IFC International Finance Corporation
|
|
ILO International Labor Organization
|
|
IMF International Monetary Fund
|
|
IMO International Maritime Organization
|
|
ITU International Telecommunication Union
|
|
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
|
|
Organization
|
|
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
|
|
UPU Universal Postal Union
|
|
WHO World Health Organization
|
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
|
|
WMO World Meteorological Organization
|
|
Related organizations
|
|
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
|
|
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
|
|
Regional commissions
|
|
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
|
|
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
|
|
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
|
|
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
|
|
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
|
|
Functional commissions
|
|
Commission on Human Rights
|
|
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
|
|
Commission for Social Development
|
|
Commission on the Status of Women
|
|
Population Commission
|
|
Statistical Commission
|
|
|
|
5) Trusteeship Council
|
|
|
|
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
|
|
|
Appendix B
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
|
|
|
|
ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
|
|
ACC Arab Cooperation Council
|
|
ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation
|
|
ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries
|
|
AfDB African Development Bank
|
|
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
|
|
AG Andean Group
|
|
AL Arab League
|
|
ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin
|
|
American Integration Association (LAIA)
|
|
AMF Arab Monetary Fund
|
|
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
|
|
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty
|
|
APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
|
|
AsDB Asian Development Bank
|
|
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
|
|
|
|
BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement;
|
|
see African Development Bank (AfDB)
|
|
BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique;
|
|
see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
|
|
BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central
|
|
American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
|
|
BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see
|
|
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
|
|
Benelux Benelux Economic Union
|
|
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American
|
|
Development Bank (IADB)
|
|
BIS Bank for International Settlements
|
|
BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African
|
|
Development Bank (WADB)
|
|
|
|
C Commonwealth
|
|
CACM Central American Common Market
|
|
CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity
|
|
CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market
|
|
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
|
|
CDB Caribbean Development Bank
|
|
CE Council of Europe
|
|
CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West
|
|
African Economic Community (CEAO)
|
|
CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see
|
|
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
|
|
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or
|
|
Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
|
|
CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic
|
|
Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
|
|
CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European
|
|
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
|
|
CG Contadora Group
|
|
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
|
|
CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as
|
|
Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
|
|
COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls
|
|
Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as
|
|
CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991
|
|
CP Colombo Plan
|
|
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
|
|
|
|
DC developed country
|
|
|
|
EADB East African Development Bank
|
|
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
EC European Community
|
|
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
|
|
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and
|
|
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
|
|
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
|
|
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission
|
|
for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
|
|
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
|
|
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
|
|
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
|
|
ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social
|
|
Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
|
|
EFTA European Free Trade Association
|
|
EIB European Investment Bank
|
|
Entente Council of the Entente
|
|
ESA European Space Agency
|
|
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
|
|
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
|
|
|
|
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
|
|
FLS Front Line States
|
|
FZ Franc Zone
|
|
|
|
G-2 Group of 2
|
|
G-3 Group of 3
|
|
G-5 Group of 5
|
|
G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)
|
|
G-7 Group of 7
|
|
G-8 Group of 8
|
|
G-9 Group of 9
|
|
G-10 Group of 10
|
|
G-11 Group of 11
|
|
G-15 Group of 15
|
|
G-19 Group of 19
|
|
G-24 Group of 24
|
|
G-30 Group of 30
|
|
G-33 Group of 33
|
|
G-77 Group of 77
|
|
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
|
|
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
|
|
|
|
Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
|
|
HG Hexagonal Group
|
|
|
|
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
|
|
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
|
|
IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation
|
|
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
|
|
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see
|
|
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
|
|
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
|
|
ICJ International Court of Justice
|
|
ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see
|
|
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
|
|
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
|
|
IDA International Development Association
|
|
IDB Islamic Development Bank
|
|
IEA International Energy Agency
|
|
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
|
|
IFC International Finance Corporation
|
|
IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development
|
|
IIB International Investment Bank
|
|
ILO International Labor Organization
|
|
IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see
|
|
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
|
|
IMF International Monetary Fund
|
|
IMO International Maritime Organization
|
|
INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization
|
|
INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
|
|
INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization
|
|
IOC International Olympic Committee
|
|
IOM International Organization for Migration
|
|
ISO International Organization for Standardization
|
|
ITU International Telecommunication Union
|
|
|
|
LAES Latin American Economic System
|
|
LAIA Latin American Integration Association
|
|
LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)
|
|
LDC less developed country
|
|
LLDC least developed country
|
|
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
|
|
|
|
MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market
|
|
MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
|
|
|
|
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council
|
|
NAM Nonaligned Movement
|
|
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
|
|
NC Nordic Council
|
|
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency
|
|
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
|
|
NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing
|
|
economy (NIE)
|
|
NIE newly industrializing economy
|
|
NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
|
|
|
|
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
|
|
OAS Organization of American States
|
|
OAU Organization of African Unity
|
|
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
|
|
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
|
|
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
|
|
OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
|
|
and the Caribbean
|
|
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|
|
|
|
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
|
|
|
|
RG Rio Group
|
|
|
|
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
|
|
SACU Southern African Customs Union
|
|
SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference
|
|
SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic
|
|
System (LAES)
|
|
SPC South Pacific Commission
|
|
SPF South Pacific Forum
|
|
|
|
UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see
|
|
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
|
|
UN United Nations
|
|
UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission
|
|
UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also
|
|
known as Habitat)
|
|
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
|
|
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
|
|
UNDP United Nations Development Program
|
|
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
|
|
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
|
|
Organization
|
|
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus
|
|
UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population
|
|
Fund (UNFPA)
|
|
UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
|
|
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see
|
|
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
|
|
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
|
|
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
|
|
UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
|
|
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
|
|
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
|
|
in the Near East
|
|
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
|
|
UPU Universal Postal Union
|
|
USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe
|
|
|
|
WADB West African Development Bank
|
|
WCL World Confederation of Labor
|
|
WEU Western European Union
|
|
WFC World Food Council
|
|
WFP World Food Program
|
|
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
|
|
WHO World Health Organization
|
|
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
|
|
WMO World Meteorological Organization
|
|
WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)
|
|
WTO World Tourism Organization
|
|
|
|
ZC Zangger Committee
|
|
|
|
note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
|
|
|
|
Appendix C:
|
|
|
|
International Organizations and Groups
|
|
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
advanced developing countries
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly
|
|
industrializing economies (NIEs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
|
|
|
|
established - 1 April 1976
|
|
|
|
aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship
|
|
with the EC
|
|
|
|
members - (69) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,
|
|
Barbados, Belize, Benin, Boswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon,
|
|
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo,
|
|
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
|
|
Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea,
|
|
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya,
|
|
Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
|
|
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea,
|
|
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
|
|
Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
|
|
Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
|
|
Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda,
|
|
Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine
|
|
de Developpement (BAD)
|
|
|
|
established - 4 August 1963
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic and social development
|
|
|
|
regional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana,
|
|
Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
|
|
Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
|
|
Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory
|
|
Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,
|
|
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
nonregional members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria,
|
|
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands,
|
|
Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US,
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
|
|
|
|
established - 21 March 1970
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-
|
|
speaking countries
|
|
|
|
members - (32) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central
|
|
African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica,
|
|
France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg,
|
|
Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and
|
|
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam,
|
|
Zaire
|
|
|
|
associate members - (7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos,
|
|
Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia
|
|
|
|
participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec
|
|
(Canada)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
|
|
and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas
|
|
Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
|
|
|
|
established - 14 February 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and
|
|
prohibit nuclear weapons
|
|
|
|
members - (24) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
|
|
Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,
|
|
Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
|
|
Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Andean Group (AG)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote harmonious development through economic
|
|
integration
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
associate member - (1) Panama
|
|
|
|
observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
|
|
Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany,
|
|
India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay,
|
|
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
Note - The US view is that the Socialist Federal represents its
|
|
continuation. Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and
|
|
that none of the successor republics
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en
|
|
Afrique (BADEA)
|
|
|
|
established - 18 February 1974
|
|
|
|
effective - 16 September 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (16 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
|
|
Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria,
|
|
Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are
|
|
all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and
|
|
Yemen
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
|
|
|
|
established - 16 February 1989
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly
|
|
leading to an Arab Common Market
|
|
|
|
members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
|
|
|
|
established - 16 May 1968
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic and social development
|
|
|
|
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988),
|
|
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
|
|
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen,
|
|
Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab League (AL)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
|
|
|
|
established - 22 March 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military
|
|
cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
|
|
Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
|
|
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation
|
|
Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
|
|
|
|
established - 17 February 1989
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab
|
|
states of northern Africa
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
|
|
|
|
established - 27 April 1976
|
|
|
|
effective - 2 February 1977
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration
|
|
in monetary and economic affairs
|
|
|
|
members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
|
|
Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,
|
|
Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
|
|
|
|
established - NA November 1989
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
|
|
|
|
members - (15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
|
|
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China,
|
|
Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
|
|
|
|
established - 19 December 1966
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
|
|
|
|
regional members - (35) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh,
|
|
Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong,
|
|
India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia,
|
|
Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
|
|
Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga,
|
|
Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
nonregional members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain,
|
|
Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 August 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among
|
|
the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
|
|
Singapore, Thailand
|
|
|
|
observer - (1) Papua New Guinea
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Australia Group
|
|
|
|
established - 1984
|
|
|
|
aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to
|
|
chemical and biological weapons
|
|
|
|
members - (22) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Australia - New Zealand - United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
|
|
|
|
established - 1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952
|
|
|
|
aim - trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US
|
|
suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
|
|
|
|
members - (3) Australia, NZ, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
|
|
|
|
established - 20 January 1930
|
|
|
|
effective - 17 March 1930
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international
|
|
financial settlements
|
|
|
|
members - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway,
|
|
Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
|
|
|
|
Note - see African Development Bank (AfDB)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
|
|
|
|
Note - see West African Development Bank (WADB)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
|
|
|
|
established - 3 February 1958
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 November 1960
|
|
|
|
aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
|
|
|
|
members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Big Seven
|
|
|
|
Note - membership is the same as the Group of 7
|
|
|
|
established - NA
|
|
|
|
aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK)
|
|
plus the US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Big Six
|
|
|
|
Note - not to be confused with the Group of 6
|
|
|
|
established - NA
|
|
|
|
aim - economic cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
|
|
|
|
established - 4 July 1973
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 August 1973
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially
|
|
among the less developed countries
|
|
|
|
members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
|
|
Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint
|
|
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
|
|
associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos
|
|
Islands
|
|
|
|
observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican
|
|
Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico,
|
|
Suriname, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
|
|
|
|
established - 18 October 1969
|
|
|
|
effective - 26 January 1970
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development and cooperation
|
|
|
|
regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The
|
|
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman
|
|
Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico,
|
|
Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
|
|
the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands,
|
|
Venezuela
|
|
|
|
nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Cartagena Group
|
|
|
|
Note - see Group of 11
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique
|
|
Centrale
|
|
|
|
established - 8 December 1964
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1966
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common
|
|
Market
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de
|
|
l'Afrique Centrale
|
|
|
|
established - 3 December 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide loans for economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion
|
|
Economico
|
|
|
|
established - 13 December 1960
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic integration and development
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Central American Common Market (CACM)
|
|
|
|
established - 13 December 1960
|
|
|
|
effective - 3 June 1961
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common
|
|
Market
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
centrally planned economies
|
|
|
|
Note - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist
|
|
states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are
|
|
now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems;
|
|
also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist
|
|
countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania,
|
|
Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary,
|
|
North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam,
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Colombo Plan (CP)
|
|
|
|
established - 1 July 1951
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the
|
|
Pacific
|
|
|
|
nembers - (26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,
|
|
Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South
|
|
Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New
|
|
Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commission for Social Development
|
|
|
|
established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29
|
|
July 1966
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with social development
|
|
programs
|
|
|
|
members - (31) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commission on Human Rights
|
|
|
|
established - 18 February 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights
|
|
|
|
members - (43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
|
|
|
|
established - 16 February 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs
|
|
|
|
members - (38) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with
|
|
emphasis on producing and processing countries
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commission on the Status of Women
|
|
|
|
established - 21 June 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights
|
|
|
|
members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commonwealth (C)
|
|
|
|
established - 31 December 1931
|
|
|
|
aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire
|
|
and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance
|
|
|
|
members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas,
|
|
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus,
|
|
Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica,
|
|
Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta,
|
|
Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
|
|
Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,
|
|
Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
|
|
Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
|
|
|
|
established - 8 December 1991
|
|
|
|
effective - 21 December 1991
|
|
|
|
aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a
|
|
mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
|
|
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)
|
|
|
|
Note - see West African Economic Community (CEAO)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
|
|
(CEPGL)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Communist countries
|
|
|
|
Note - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with
|
|
authoritarian governments and command economies based on the
|
|
Soviet model; most of the successor states are no longer
|
|
Communist; see centrally planned economies
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
|
|
|
|
established - NA November 1972
|
|
|
|
aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews
|
|
implementation of the Helsinki Agreement
|
|
|
|
members - (52) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
|
|
Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,
|
|
Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
|
|
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
|
|
Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
|
|
Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US,
|
|
Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
|
|
|
|
Note - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Contadora Group (CG) -
|
|
Note - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island
|
|
of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America
|
|
but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia,
|
|
Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
|
|
|
|
Note - see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1949
|
|
|
|
aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical
|
|
data from member countries to proscribed destinations<ATT>
|
|
|
|
members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
|
|
Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
cooperating countries - (8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South
|
|
Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January
|
|
1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was
|
|
abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan
|
|
(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with
|
|
USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,
|
|
Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia,
|
|
Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania,
|
|
USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
|
|
|
|
established - 3 June 1957
|
|
|
|
effective - 30 May 1964
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations
|
|
|
|
members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt,
|
|
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,
|
|
UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Council of Europe (CE)
|
|
|
|
established - 5 May 1949
|
|
|
|
effective - 3 August 1949
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe
|
|
|
|
members - (28) Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
|
|
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
|
|
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
|
|
Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
|
|
Turkey, Ukraine, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Council of the Entente (Entente)
|
|
|
|
established - 29 May 1959
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
|
|
|
|
established - 15 December 1950
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters
|
|
|
|
members - (108) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
|
|
The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil,
|
|
Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African
|
|
Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
|
|
Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
|
|
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong,
|
|
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
|
|
Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea,
|
|
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
|
|
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco,
|
|
Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
|
|
Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
|
|
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South
|
|
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
|
|
Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
|
|
Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
developed countries (DCs)
|
|
|
|
Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive
|
|
hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern
|
|
Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);
|
|
includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic
|
|
nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
|
|
Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the
|
|
European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income
|
|
countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per
|
|
capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries
|
|
and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the
|
|
excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The
|
|
34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda,
|
|
Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San
|
|
Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US,
|
|
Vatican City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
developing countries
|
|
|
|
Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with
|
|
growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
East African Development Bank (EADB)
|
|
|
|
established - 6 June 1967
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 December 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
|
|
|
|
established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and
|
|
the Far East (ECAFE)
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission
|
|
for the UN's ECOSOC
|
|
|
|
members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
|
|
Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,
|
|
Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New
|
|
Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri
|
|
Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western
|
|
Samoa
|
|
|
|
associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, Hong
|
|
Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific
|
|
Islands (Palau)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western
|
|
Asia (ECWA)
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission
|
|
for the UN's ECOSOC
|
|
|
|
members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain,
|
|
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
|
|
Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN;
|
|
includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for
|
|
Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for
|
|
Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission
|
|
for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for
|
|
Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for
|
|
Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on
|
|
Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population
|
|
Commission, and Statistical Commission)
|
|
|
|
members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
|
|
|
|
established - 29 April 1958
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
|
|
the UN's ECOSOC
|
|
|
|
members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina,
|
|
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,
|
|
Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan,
|
|
Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
|
|
<p>see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
|
|
(ESCAP)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
|
|
|
|
established - 28 March 1947
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
|
|
the UN's ECOSOC
|
|
|
|
members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
|
|
Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
|
|
Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
|
|
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
|
|
<p>see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
|
|
(ECLAC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
|
|
|
|
established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin
|
|
America (ECLA)
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
|
|
the UN's ECOSOC
|
|
|
|
members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,
|
|
Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa
|
|
Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
|
|
France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,
|
|
Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal,
|
|
Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
|
|
and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US,
|
|
Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands,
|
|
Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
|
|
(ESCWA)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym
|
|
from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
|
|
|
|
established - 18 October 1983
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a
|
|
Central African Common Market
|
|
|
|
members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,
|
|
Zaire
|
|
|
|
observer - (1) Angola
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands
|
|
Lacs
|
|
|
|
established - 26 September 1976
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration
|
|
|
|
members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
|
|
|
|
established - 28 May 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana,
|
|
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania,
|
|
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
|
|
|
|
established - 15 April 1991
|
|
|
|
aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned
|
|
economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
|
|
Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies
|
|
by committing 60% of its loans to privatization
|
|
|
|
members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
|
|
Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European
|
|
Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
|
|
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
|
|
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note -
|
|
includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Community (EC)
|
|
|
|
established - 8 April 1965
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 July 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom),
|
|
the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European
|
|
Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to
|
|
establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an
|
|
eventual federation of Europe
|
|
|
|
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
|
|
|
|
associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
|
|
|
|
established - 4 January 1960
|
|
|
|
effective - 3 May 1960
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote expansion of free trade
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Investment Bank (EIB)
|
|
|
|
established - 25 March 1957
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1958
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development of the EC
|
|
|
|
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil
|
|
Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire
|
|
|
|
established - 1 July 1953
|
|
|
|
effective - 29 September 1954
|
|
|
|
aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only
|
|
|
|
members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
|
|
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
|
|
|
|
observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
European Space Agency (ESA)
|
|
|
|
established - 31 July 1973
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 May 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and
|
|
technology
|
|
|
|
members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
|
|
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
|
|
UK
|
|
|
|
associate member - (1) Finland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
First World
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized
|
|
economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries
|
|
(DCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
|
|
|
|
established - 16 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and
|
|
increase availability of agricultural products
|
|
|
|
members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
|
|
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
|
|
Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are
|
|
Cook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE)
|
|
|
|
Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually
|
|
exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former
|
|
USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed
|
|
countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic
|
|
transition and may well be grouped differently in the near
|
|
future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
|
|
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia,
|
|
Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
|
|
Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Four Dragons
|
|
|
|
Note - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that
|
|
have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as
|
|
the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea,
|
|
Singapore, Taiwan
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Four Tigers
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Franc Zone (FZ)
|
|
|
|
established - NA
|
|
|
|
aim - monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked
|
|
to the French franc
|
|
|
|
members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African
|
|
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon,
|
|
Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes
|
|
metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France
|
|
(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two
|
|
territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and
|
|
Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French
|
|
Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Front Line States (FLS)
|
|
|
|
established - NA
|
|
|
|
aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania,
|
|
Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|
|
|
|
established - 30 October 1947
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a
|
|
nondiscriminatory basis
|
|
|
|
members - (98) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
|
|
Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana,
|
|
Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central
|
|
African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland,
|
|
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
|
|
Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South
|
|
Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
|
|
Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco,
|
|
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
|
|
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
|
|
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad
|
|
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 2 (G-2)
|
|
|
|
established - informal term that came into use about 1986
|
|
|
|
aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most
|
|
powerful economic giants
|
|
|
|
members - (2) Japan, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 3 (G-3)
|
|
|
|
established - NA October 1990
|
|
|
|
aim - mechanism for policy coordination
|
|
|
|
members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 5 (G-5)
|
|
|
|
established - 22 September 1985
|
|
|
|
aim - the five major non-Communist economic powers
|
|
|
|
members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 6 (G-6)
|
|
|
|
Note - not to be confused with the Big Six
|
|
|
|
established - 22 May 1984
|
|
|
|
aim - seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 7 (G-7)
|
|
|
|
Note - membership is the same as the Big Seven
|
|
|
|
established - 22 September 1985
|
|
|
|
aim - the seven major non-Communist economic powers
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus
|
|
Canada and Italy
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 8 (G-8)
|
|
|
|
established - NA October 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the
|
|
Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in
|
|
several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
|
|
|
|
members - (8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan,
|
|
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 9 (G-9)
|
|
|
|
established - NA
|
|
|
|
aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual
|
|
interest
|
|
|
|
members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland,
|
|
Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 10 (G-10)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the Paris Club
|
|
|
|
established - NA October 1962
|
|
|
|
aim - wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money
|
|
to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name
|
|
persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
|
|
Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 11 (G-11)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the Cartagena Group
|
|
|
|
established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia
|
|
|
|
aim - forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
|
|
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 15 (G-15)
|
|
|
|
Note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement
|
|
|
|
established - 1989
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations;
|
|
to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement
|
|
|
|
members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal,
|
|
Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 19 (G-19)
|
|
|
|
established - NA October 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in
|
|
the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held
|
|
in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
|
|
|
|
members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt,
|
|
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan,
|
|
Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 24 (G-24)
|
|
|
|
established - NA January 1972
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa,
|
|
Asia, and Latin America within the IMF
|
|
|
|
members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt,
|
|
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka,
|
|
Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 30 (G-30)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1979
|
|
|
|
aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic
|
|
problems
|
|
|
|
members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international
|
|
bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized
|
|
by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 33 (G-33)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1987
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems
|
|
|
|
members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Group of 77 (G-77)
|
|
|
|
established - NA October 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries;
|
|
name persists in spite of increased membership
|
|
|
|
members - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The
|
|
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,
|
|
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
|
|
Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus,
|
|
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
|
|
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia,
|
|
Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
|
|
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica,
|
|
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,
|
|
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,
|
|
Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco,
|
|
Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
|
|
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
|
|
Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
|
|
Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
|
|
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,
|
|
Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE,
|
|
Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
|
|
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation
|
|
Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States
|
|
of the Gulf
|
|
|
|
established - 25-26 May 1981
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social,
|
|
political, and military affairs
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Habitat
|
|
|
|
Note - see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Hexagonal Group
|
|
|
|
Note - HG - the old Pentagonal Group plus one)
|
|
|
|
established - July 1991
|
|
|
|
aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the
|
|
region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland,
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
high-income countries
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for the industrialized countries with high
|
|
per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
industrial countries
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for the developed countries; see developed
|
|
countries (DCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)
|
|
|
|
established - 8 April 1959
|
|
|
|
effective - 30 December 1959
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America
|
|
|
|
members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados,
|
|
Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
|
|
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland,
|
|
France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel,
|
|
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway,
|
|
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)
|
|
|
|
established - NA January 1986
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related matters
|
|
|
|
members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 October 1956
|
|
|
|
effective - 29 July 1957
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy
|
|
|
|
members - (115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia,
|
|
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile,
|
|
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
|
|
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
|
|
Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,
|
|
Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan,
|
|
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon,
|
|
Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
|
|
Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
|
|
Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
|
|
Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
|
|
Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
|
|
Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,
|
|
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam,
|
|
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC)
|
|
|
|
Note - established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote
|
|
economic cooperation and development - members were Bulgaria,
|
|
Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland,
|
|
Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a Russian bank with a new charter
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the World Bank
|
|
|
|
established - 22 July 1944
|
|
|
|
effective - 27 December 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic
|
|
rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic
|
|
development loans
|
|
|
|
members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Brunei, Cuba, Estonia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan,
|
|
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated
|
|
States of Micronesia, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan,
|
|
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati,
|
|
Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1919
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to
|
|
represent business interests at national and international levels
|
|
|
|
members - (58 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria,
|
|
Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus,
|
|
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory
|
|
Coast, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Lebanon, Luxembourg,
|
|
Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway,
|
|
Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South
|
|
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan,
|
|
Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
|
|
|
|
established - 7 December 1944
|
|
|
|
effective - 4 April 1947
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation
|
|
in civil aviation
|
|
|
|
members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
|
|
Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Slovenia, Tajikistan,
|
|
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other members
|
|
are Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1863
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime
|
|
|
|
members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
|
|
|
|
established - NA December 1949
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the trade union movement
|
|
|
|
members - (144 national organizations in the following 103 areas)
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas,
|
|
Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana,
|
|
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African Republic,
|
|
Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
|
|
El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France,
|
|
French Polynesia, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada,
|
|
Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea,
|
|
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
|
|
Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco,
|
|
Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan,
|
|
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
|
|
Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland,
|
|
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and
|
|
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, Venezuela,
|
|
Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the World Court
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - primary judicial organ of the UN
|
|
|
|
members - (15 judges) elected by the General Assembly and
|
|
Security Council to represent all principal legal systems
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
|
|
|
|
established - 13 June 1956
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote international cooperation between criminal
|
|
police authorities
|
|
|
|
members - (152) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and
|
|
Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas,
|
|
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,
|
|
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
|
|
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark,
|
|
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
|
|
Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
|
|
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory
|
|
Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,
|
|
Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique,
|
|
Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua,
|
|
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
|
|
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
|
|
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
|
|
Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
|
|
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka,
|
|
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
|
|
Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Development Association (IDA)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 January 1960
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 September 1960
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides
|
|
economic loans for low income countries
|
|
|
|
members - (136) Part I - (22 more economically advanced
|
|
countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
|
|
France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, UAE,
|
|
UK, US
|
|
|
|
members - Part II - (114 less developed nations) Afghanistan,
|
|
Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
|
|
Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
|
|
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
|
|
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica,
|
|
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
|
|
Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece,
|
|
Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
|
|
Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory
|
|
Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon,
|
|
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,
|
|
Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal,
|
|
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New
|
|
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts
|
|
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao
|
|
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon
|
|
Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria,
|
|
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
|
|
Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
|
|
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Energy Agency (IEA)
|
|
|
|
established - 15 November 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy
|
|
matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between
|
|
oil consumers and oil producers
|
|
|
|
members - (21) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
|
|
NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
|
|
|
|
established - 25 May 1955
|
|
|
|
effective - 20 July 1956
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private
|
|
enterprise sector in economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (133) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
|
|
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma,
|
|
Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa
|
|
Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
|
|
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
|
|
Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
|
|
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
|
|
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory
|
|
Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,
|
|
Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
|
|
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
|
|
Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
|
|
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
|
|
Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
|
|
Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
|
|
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US,
|
|
Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
|
|
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
|
|
|
|
established - NA November 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural
|
|
development
|
|
|
|
members - (144) Category I - (21 industrialized aid contributors)
|
|
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
|
|
NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
members - Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors)
|
|
Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
|
|
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
members - Category III - (111 aid recipients) Afghanistan,
|
|
Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados,
|
|
Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma,
|
|
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus,
|
|
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
|
|
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana,
|
|
Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
|
|
Honduras, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya,
|
|
North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
|
|
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania,
|
|
Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger,
|
|
Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
|
|
Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
|
|
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and
|
|
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands,
|
|
Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
|
|
Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Investment Bank (IIB)
|
|
|
|
Note - established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic
|
|
development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East
|
|
Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a
|
|
Russian bank with a new charter
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Labor Organization (ILO)
|
|
|
|
established - 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December
|
|
1946)
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues
|
|
|
|
members - (150) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, The
|
|
Gambia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
|
|
Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federation of Micronesia, Moldova,
|
|
Oman, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
|
|
San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
|
|
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; other member is
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
|
|
|
|
Note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
|
|
Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982
|
|
|
|
established - 17 March 1958
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs
|
|
|
|
members - (135) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
|
|
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma,
|
|
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia,
|
|
Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
|
|
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
|
|
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
|
|
Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea,
|
|
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
|
|
Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
|
|
Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,
|
|
Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria,
|
|
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
|
|
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe,
|
|
Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
|
|
Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
|
|
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad
|
|
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu,
|
|
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire
|
|
|
|
associate members - (2) Hong Kong, Macao
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)
|
|
|
|
established - 3 September 1976
|
|
|
|
effective - 26 July 1979
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide worldwide communications for maritime and other
|
|
applications
|
|
|
|
members - (63) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus,
|
|
Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China,
|
|
Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France,
|
|
Gabon, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,
|
|
Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia,
|
|
Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
|
|
Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
|
|
Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka,
|
|
Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,
|
|
Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
|
|
|
|
established - 22 July 1944
|
|
|
|
effective - 27 December 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary
|
|
stability and economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Cuba, Estonia,
|
|
Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
Moldova, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
|
|
Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati and Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
|
|
|
|
established - 23 June 1894
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic
|
|
games: 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23
|
|
February); 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9
|
|
August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; Norway (12-27
|
|
February); 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20
|
|
July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA)
|
|
|
|
members - (167) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa,
|
|
Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba,
|
|
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
|
|
Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia,
|
|
Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria,
|
|
Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African
|
|
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands,
|
|
Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti,
|
|
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
|
|
Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
|
|
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana,
|
|
Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan,
|
|
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,
|
|
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
|
|
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
|
|
Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal,
|
|
Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
|
|
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
|
|
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania,
|
|
Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino,
|
|
Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
|
|
Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
|
|
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
|
|
Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela,
|
|
Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire,
|
|
Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Organization for Migration (IOM) - established as
|
|
Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of
|
|
Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for
|
|
European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed
|
|
Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980;
|
|
current name adopted 14 November 1989
|
|
|
|
established - 5 December 1951
|
|
|
|
aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and
|
|
immigration
|
|
|
|
members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh,
|
|
Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus,
|
|
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany,
|
|
Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay,
|
|
Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,
|
|
Thailand, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
observers - (25) Belize, Brazil, Cape Verde, Egypt, Finland,
|
|
France, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, NZ,
|
|
Pakistan, San Marino, Somalia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta,
|
|
Spain, Turkey, Uganda, UK, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
|
|
|
|
established - NA February 1947
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the development of international standards
|
|
|
|
members - (72 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria,
|
|
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil,
|
|
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
|
|
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North
|
|
Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco,
|
|
Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,
|
|
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
|
|
Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago,
|
|
Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
correspondent members - (14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea,
|
|
Hong Kong, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman,
|
|
Senegal, UAE, Uruguay
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1928
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the
|
|
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and
|
|
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in
|
|
peacetime
|
|
|
|
members - (9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5
|
|
from national societies elected by the international conference
|
|
of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 December 1932
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1934
|
|
|
|
affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world
|
|
telecommunications
|
|
|
|
members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia
|
|
and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, Kazakhstan,
|
|
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federation of
|
|
Micronesia, Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
|
|
Seychelles, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other
|
|
members are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican
|
|
City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
|
|
(INTELSAT)
|
|
|
|
established - 20 August 1971
|
|
|
|
effective - 12 February 1973
|
|
|
|
aim - to develop and operate a global commercial
|
|
telecommunications satellite system
|
|
|
|
members - (118) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
|
|
Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Central
|
|
African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa
|
|
Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
|
|
Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,
|
|
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon,
|
|
Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
|
|
Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique,
|
|
Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
|
|
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
|
|
Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore,
|
|
Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland,
|
|
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad
|
|
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
|
|
Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire,
|
|
Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
|
|
|
|
established - 15 December 1973
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development
|
|
|
|
members - (43 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei,
|
|
Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The
|
|
Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
|
|
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania,
|
|
Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,
|
|
UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Latin American Economic System (LAES) - , also known as Sistema
|
|
Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)
|
|
|
|
established - 17 October 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic and social development through regional
|
|
cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
|
|
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
|
|
Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,
|
|
Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and
|
|
Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - , also known as
|
|
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
|
|
|
|
established - 12 August 1980
|
|
|
|
effective - 18 March 1981
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote freer regional trade
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
|
|
Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
League of Arab States (LAS)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Arab League (AL)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS)
|
|
|
|
established - 5 May 1919
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime
|
|
|
|
members - (147) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
|
|
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
|
|
Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
|
|
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo,
|
|
Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,
|
|
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji,
|
|
Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
|
|
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
|
|
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy,
|
|
Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South
|
|
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
|
|
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
|
|
Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
|
|
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
|
|
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda,
|
|
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao
|
|
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
|
|
Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
|
|
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
|
|
Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa,
|
|
Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
associate members - (2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
least developed countries (LLDCs)
|
|
|
|
Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having
|
|
no significant economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally
|
|
less than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the
|
|
undeveloped countries. The 41 LLDCs are: Afghanistan,
|
|
Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
|
|
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti,
|
|
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
|
|
Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali,
|
|
Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and
|
|
Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu,
|
|
Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
|
|
Note - the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually
|
|
exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former
|
|
USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed
|
|
countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output,
|
|
living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are
|
|
generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; however, the
|
|
group also includes a number of countries with high per capita
|
|
incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth;
|
|
includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries,
|
|
Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs),
|
|
low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly
|
|
industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World,
|
|
underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries. The 173 LDCs
|
|
are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla,
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
|
|
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana,
|
|
Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
|
|
Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African
|
|
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands,
|
|
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
|
|
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Falkland
|
|
Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The
|
|
Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada,
|
|
Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
|
|
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
|
|
Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North
|
|
Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
|
|
Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle
|
|
of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius,
|
|
Mayotte, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia,
|
|
Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,
|
|
Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
|
|
Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust
|
|
Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua
|
|
New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto
|
|
Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and
|
|
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and
|
|
the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
|
|
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia,
|
|
Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu,
|
|
Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank,
|
|
Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
low-income countries
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for those less developed countries with
|
|
below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries
|
|
(LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
middle-income countries
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for those less developed countries with
|
|
above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries
|
|
(LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
|
|
|
|
established - April 1987
|
|
|
|
aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export
|
|
of key missile technologies and equipment
|
|
|
|
members - (20) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
|
|
NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
newly industrializing countries (NICs)
|
|
|
|
Note - former term for the newly industrializing economies; see
|
|
newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
|
|
|
|
Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that
|
|
has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their
|
|
economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries
|
|
(NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually
|
|
includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore,
|
|
Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
|
|
|
|
established - 1-6 September 1961
|
|
|
|
aim - political and military cooperation apart from the
|
|
traditional East or West blocs
|
|
|
|
members - (101 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
|
|
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana,
|
|
Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African
|
|
Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti,
|
|
Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia,
|
|
Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea,
|
|
Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,
|
|
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
|
|
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
|
|
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
|
|
Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
|
|
Uganda, UAE, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
observers - (9) Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Costa Rica,
|
|
Dominica, El Salvador, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
|
|
Uruguay
|
|
|
|
guests - (11) Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland,
|
|
Greece, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Nordic Council (NC)
|
|
|
|
established - 16 March 1952
|
|
|
|
effective - 12 February 1953
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental
|
|
cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note -
|
|
Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)
|
|
|
|
established - 4 December 1975
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 June 1976
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic cooperation and development
|
|
|
|
members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
North
|
|
|
|
Note - a popular term for the rich industrialized countries
|
|
generally located in the northern portion of the Northern
|
|
Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries
|
|
(DCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) - an extension of NATO
|
|
|
|
established - 8 November 1991
|
|
|
|
effective - 20 December 1991
|
|
|
|
aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual
|
|
political and security issues
|
|
|
|
members - (35) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
|
|
Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany,
|
|
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
|
|
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
|
|
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey,
|
|
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
|
|
|
|
established - 17 September 1949
|
|
|
|
aim - mutual defense and cooperation in other areas
|
|
|
|
members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
|
|
Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1958
|
|
|
|
aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of
|
|
nuclear energy
|
|
|
|
members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as the London Suppliers Group
|
|
|
|
established - 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - to establish guidelines on exports of enrichment and
|
|
processing plant assistance and nuclear exports to countries of
|
|
proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability
|
|
|
|
members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
|
|
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
|
|
UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la
|
|
America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin
|
|
America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
|
|
|
|
established - 14 December 1960, effective 30 September 1961
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic cooperation and development
|
|
|
|
members - (24) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
|
|
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
|
|
Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
special member - (1) Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
|
|
|
|
established - 25 May 1963
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states
|
|
|
|
members - (50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina,
|
|
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,
|
|
Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
|
|
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,
|
|
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,
|
|
Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of American States (OAS)
|
|
|
|
established - 30 April 1948
|
|
|
|
effective - 13 December 1951
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote peace and security as well as economic and
|
|
social development
|
|
|
|
members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,
|
|
Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa
|
|
Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962),
|
|
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,
|
|
Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,
|
|
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
|
|
Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US,
|
|
Uruguay, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
observers - (25) Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Cyprus, EC,
|
|
Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
|
|
Guyana, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands,
|
|
Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Vatican
|
|
City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 January 1968
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,
|
|
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, UAE
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
|
|
|
|
established - 18 June 1981
|
|
|
|
effective - 4 July 1981
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (8) Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands,
|
|
Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|
|
|
|
established - 14 September 1960
|
|
|
|
aim - to coordinate petroleum policies
|
|
|
|
members - (13) Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
|
|
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
|
|
|
|
established - 22-25 September 1969
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic,
|
|
social, cultural, and political affairs
|
|
|
|
members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
|
|
Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain,
|
|
Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros,
|
|
Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
|
|
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
|
|
Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra
|
|
Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE,
|
|
Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization<ATT>
|
|
|
|
observer - (1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Paris Club
|
|
|
|
Note - see Group of 10
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1899
|
|
|
|
aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes
|
|
|
|
members - (75) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium,
|
|
Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
|
|
Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican
|
|
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
|
|
India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon,
|
|
Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,
|
|
Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland,
|
|
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
|
|
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda,
|
|
Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Population Commission
|
|
|
|
established - 3 October 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with population matters
|
|
|
|
members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Rio Group (RG)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1988
|
|
|
|
aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues
|
|
|
|
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
|
|
Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note -
|
|
Panama was expelled in 1988
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Second World
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states
|
|
with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the
|
|
Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned
|
|
economies
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
socialist countries
|
|
|
|
Note - in general, countries in which the government owns and
|
|
plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term
|
|
is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist
|
|
countries
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
South
|
|
|
|
Note - a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized
|
|
countries generally located south of the developed countries; the
|
|
counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
|
|
|
|
established - 8 December 1985
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
|
|
Pakistan, Sri Lanka
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
South Pacific Commission (SPC)
|
|
|
|
established - 6 February 1947
|
|
|
|
effective - 29 July 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social
|
|
matters
|
|
|
|
members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji,
|
|
France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue,
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
|
|
(Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands,
|
|
Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna,
|
|
Western Samoa
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
South Pacific Forum (SPF)
|
|
|
|
established - 5 August 1971
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters
|
|
|
|
members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall
|
|
Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua
|
|
New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western
|
|
Samoa
|
|
|
|
observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
|
|
|
|
established - 11 December 1969
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters
|
|
|
|
members - (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia,
|
|
South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
|
|
|
|
established - 1 April 1980
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic development and reduce
|
|
dependence on South Africa
|
|
|
|
members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique,
|
|
Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Southern Cone Common Market
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
(MERCOSUR)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 March 1991
|
|
|
|
aim - regional economic cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Statistical Commission
|
|
|
|
established - 21 June 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with development and
|
|
standardization of national statistics
|
|
|
|
members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Third World
|
|
|
|
Note - another term for the less developed countries; the term is
|
|
fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
underdeveloped countries
|
|
|
|
Note - refers to those less developed countries with the
|
|
potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed
|
|
countries (LDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
undeveloped countries
|
|
|
|
Note - refers to those extremely poor less developed countries
|
|
(LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least
|
|
developed countries (LLDCs)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)
|
|
|
|
Note - see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations (UN)
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to maintain international peace and security as well as
|
|
promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and
|
|
humanitarian problems
|
|
|
|
members - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua
|
|
and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
|
|
The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium,
|
|
Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Botswana,
|
|
Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
|
|
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
|
|
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia,
|
|
Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,
|
|
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
|
|
Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
|
|
Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
|
|
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast,
|
|
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South
|
|
Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,
|
|
Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
|
|
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
|
|
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
|
|
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
|
|
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and
|
|
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino,
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
|
|
Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South
|
|
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
|
|
Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,
|
|
Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,
|
|
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa,
|
|
Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members
|
|
are represented in the General Assembly
|
|
|
|
observers - (3 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Monaco,
|
|
Switzerland, Vatican City, Palestine Liberation Organization
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM)
|
|
|
|
established - 20 December 1988
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify the
|
|
withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola
|
|
|
|
members - (10) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Czechoslovakia,
|
|
India, Jordan, Norway, Spain, Yugoslavia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS or Habitat)
|
|
|
|
established - 12 October 1978
|
|
|
|
aim - to assist in solving human settlement problems
|
|
|
|
members - (88) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN
|
|
International Children's Emergency Fund
|
|
|
|
established - 11 December 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - to help establish child health and welfare services
|
|
|
|
members - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
|
|
|
|
established - 30 December 1964
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote international trade
|
|
|
|
members - (181) all UN members plus Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga,
|
|
Vatican City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
|
|
|
|
established - 22 November 1965
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and
|
|
social development
|
|
|
|
members - (48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
|
|
|
|
established - 31 May 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973
|
|
Arab-Israeli ceasefire
|
|
|
|
members - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
|
|
(UNESCO)
|
|
|
|
established - 16 November 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 4 November 1946
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture
|
|
|
|
members - (159) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia
|
|
and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, Kazakhstan,
|
|
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands,
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia,
|
|
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UK, US,
|
|
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati,
|
|
Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga
|
|
|
|
associate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands,
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
|
|
|
|
established - 15 December 1972
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental
|
|
matters
|
|
|
|
members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
|
|
|
|
established - 4 March 1964
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to serve as a
|
|
peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
|
|
members - (8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
|
|
Ireland, Sweden, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations General Assembly
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - primary deliberative organ in the UN
|
|
|
|
members - (178) all UN members are represented in the General
|
|
Assembly
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
|
|
|
|
established - 17 November 1966
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development
|
|
especially among the members
|
|
|
|
members - (150) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda,
|
|
Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei,
|
|
Burma, Cambodia, Chad, Croatia, Djibouti, Estonia, Iceland,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
|
|
Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other
|
|
members are Switzerland, Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
|
|
|
|
established - 19 March 1978
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to confirm the
|
|
withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish
|
|
Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon
|
|
|
|
members - (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy,
|
|
Nepal, Norway, Sweden
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 August 1988
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1988
|
|
Iran-Iraq ceasefire
|
|
|
|
members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada,
|
|
Denmark, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland,
|
|
Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Senegal,
|
|
Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
|
|
(UNMOGIP)
|
|
|
|
established - 13 August 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949
|
|
India-Pakistan ceasefire
|
|
|
|
members - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway,
|
|
Sweden, Uruguay
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
|
|
(UNHCR)
|
|
|
|
established - 3 December 1949
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 January 1951
|
|
|
|
aim - to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and
|
|
find permanent solutions to refugee problems
|
|
|
|
members - (43) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium,
|
|
Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France,
|
|
Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho,
|
|
Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria,
|
|
Norway, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania,
|
|
Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City,
|
|
Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for
|
|
Population Activities
|
|
|
|
established - NA July 1967
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote assistance in dealing with population problems
|
|
|
|
members - (51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
|
|
the Near East (UNRWA)
|
|
|
|
established - 8 December 1949
|
|
|
|
aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees
|
|
|
|
members - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon,
|
|
Syria, Turkey, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Secretariat
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - primary administrative organ of the UN
|
|
|
|
members - Secretary General appointed for a five-year term by the
|
|
General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Security Council
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to maintain international peace and security
|
|
|
|
permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US
|
|
|
|
nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN
|
|
General Assembly; Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cuba
|
|
(1990-91), Ecuador (1991-92), India (1991-92), Ivory Coast (1990-
|
|
91), Romania (1990-91), Yemen (1990-91), Zaire (1990-91),
|
|
Zimbabwe (1991-92)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
|
|
|
|
established - NA May 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - initially established by the UN Security Council to
|
|
supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently
|
|
extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
|
|
members - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
|
|
Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy,
|
|
Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
United Nations Trusteeship Council
|
|
|
|
established - 26 June 1945
|
|
|
|
effective - 24 October 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to supervise the administration of the UN trust
|
|
territories; only one of the original 11 trusteeships remains -
|
|
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau)
|
|
|
|
members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
|
|
|
|
established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November
|
|
1947
|
|
|
|
effective - 1 July 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes international postal
|
|
cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (168) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda,
|
|
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Estonia,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands,
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Namibia, Slovenia,
|
|
South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members
|
|
are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, Switzerland,
|
|
Tonga, Tuvalu, UK Overseas Territories, Vatican City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Warsaw Pact (WP)
|
|
|
|
Note - was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense;
|
|
members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states
|
|
were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the
|
|
USSR
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
West African Development Bank (WADB)
|
|
|
|
Note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement
|
|
(BOAD)
|
|
|
|
established - 14 November 1973
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote economic development and integration
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
|
|
Togo
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
West African Economic Community (CEAO)
|
|
|
|
Note - acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
|
|
|
|
established - 3 June 1972
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote regional economic development
|
|
|
|
members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania,
|
|
Niger, Senegal
|
|
|
|
observer - (1) Togo
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Western European Union (WEU)
|
|
|
|
established - 23 October 1954
|
|
|
|
effective - 6 May 1955
|
|
|
|
aim - mutual defense and progressive political unification
|
|
|
|
members - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
|
|
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Bank
|
|
<p>see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|
|
(IBRD)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Bank Group
|
|
|
|
Note - includes International Bank for Reconstruction and
|
|
Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA),
|
|
and International Finance Corporation (IFC)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Confederation of Labor (WCL)
|
|
|
|
established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of
|
|
Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the trade union movement
|
|
|
|
members - (96 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua
|
|
and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium,
|
|
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil,
|
|
Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
|
|
Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus,
|
|
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France,
|
|
French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe,
|
|
Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
|
|
Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius,
|
|
Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger,
|
|
Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
|
|
Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
|
|
Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal,
|
|
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname,
|
|
Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay,
|
|
Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Court
|
|
<p>see International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
|
|
|
|
established - NA 1945
|
|
|
|
aim - to promote the trade union movement
|
|
|
|
members - (67) Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Australia,
|
|
Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia,
|
|
Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican
|
|
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia,
|
|
Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India,
|
|
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea,
|
|
Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia,
|
|
Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
|
|
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the
|
|
Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
|
|
Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela,
|
|
Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Food Council (WFC)
|
|
|
|
established - 17 December 1974
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and
|
|
recommends solutions
|
|
|
|
members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Food Program (WFP)
|
|
|
|
established - 24 November 1961
|
|
|
|
aim - ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in
|
|
development or disaster relief
|
|
|
|
members - (30) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Health Organization (WHO)
|
|
|
|
established - 22 July 1946
|
|
|
|
effective - 7 April 1948
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health matters
|
|
|
|
members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Belize, Bosnia and Hercegovina, China, Croatia, Estonia,
|
|
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
|
|
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
|
|
Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members are
|
|
Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
|
|
|
|
established - 14 July 1967
|
|
|
|
effective - 26 April 1970
|
|
|
|
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of
|
|
literary, artistic, and scientific works
|
|
|
|
members - (125) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
|
|
The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,
|
|
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central
|
|
African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa
|
|
Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El
|
|
Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany,
|
|
Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras,
|
|
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
|
|
Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South
|
|
Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
|
|
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,
|
|
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
|
|
Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
|
|
Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
|
|
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,
|
|
US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia,
|
|
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
|
|
|
|
established - 11 October 1947
|
|
|
|
effective - 4 April 1951
|
|
|
|
aim - specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological
|
|
cooperation
|
|
|
|
members - (162) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
|
|
Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea,
|
|
Estonia, Grenada, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
|
|
Lithuania, Moldova, Namibia, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
|
|
Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
|
|
Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; South Africa is included although WMO
|
|
membership is suspended; other members are British Caribbean
|
|
Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Slovenia, Netherlands
|
|
Antilles, New Caledonia, Switzerland
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
World Tourism Organization (WTO)
|
|
|
|
established - 2 January 1975
|
|
|
|
aim - promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic
|
|
development, international understanding, and peace
|
|
|
|
members - (102) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,
|
|
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil,
|
|
Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China,
|
|
Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
|
|
Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany,
|
|
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia,
|
|
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
|
|
Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,
|
|
Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
|
|
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal,
|
|
Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Portugal,
|
|
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe,
|
|
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland,
|
|
Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay,
|
|
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
|
|
|
associate members - (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles,
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
permanent observer - (1) Vatican City
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Zangger Committee (ZC)
|
|
|
|
established - early 1970s
|
|
|
|
aim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions
|
|
of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
|
|
|
|
members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
|
|
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
|
|
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
|
|
Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
|
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix D: Weights and Measures
|
|
Mathematical Notation
|
|
Mathematical Power Name
|
|
10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion
|
|
10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion
|
|
10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion
|
|
10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion
|
|
10^6 or 1,000,000 one million
|
|
10^3 or 1,000 one thousand
|
|
10^2 or 100 one hundred
|
|
10^1 or 10 ten
|
|
10^0 or 1 one
|
|
10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth
|
|
10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth
|
|
10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth
|
|
10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth
|
|
10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth
|
|
10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth
|
|
10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth
|
|
10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth
|
|
Metric Interrelationships
|
|
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters,
|
|
liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from
|
|
kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260
|
|
meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260
|
|
meters equals 9.26 kilometers)
|
|
Prefix Symbol Length, Area Volume
|
|
weight,
|
|
capacity
|
|
exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54
|
|
peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45
|
|
tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36
|
|
giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27
|
|
mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18
|
|
hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15
|
|
myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12
|
|
kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9
|
|
hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6
|
|
basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3
|
|
1 gram,
|
|
1 liter
|
|
deci d 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3
|
|
centi c 10^-2 10^-4 10^-6
|
|
milli m 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9
|
|
decimilli dm 10^-4 10^-8 10^-12
|
|
centimilli cm 10^-5 10^-10 10^-15
|
|
micro u 10^-6 10^-12 10^-18
|
|
nano n 10^-9 10^-18 10^-27
|
|
pico p 10^-12 10^-24 10^-36
|
|
femto f 10^-15 10^-30 10^-45
|
|
atto a 10^-18 10^-36 10^-54
|
|
|
|
Equivalents
|
|
|
|
Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent
|
|
acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2
|
|
acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2
|
|
acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2,
|
|
kilometers^2 statute
|
|
are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2
|
|
barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons
|
|
barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons
|
|
US)
|
|
barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons
|
|
bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks
|
|
cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms
|
|
chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet
|
|
cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3
|
|
cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US)
|
|
degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add
|
|
degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F
|
|
degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F,
|
|
1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F)
|
|
dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois
|
|
dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy
|
|
dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid
|
|
fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet
|
|
foot 30.48 centimeters
|
|
foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards
|
|
foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles,
|
|
statute
|
|
foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2
|
|
foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2
|
|
foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons
|
|
foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3
|
|
furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards
|
|
gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid
|
|
gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid
|
|
grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces,
|
|
advp.
|
|
gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces,
|
|
advp.
|
|
hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches
|
|
hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres
|
|
hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet
|
|
inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry
|
|
inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid
|
|
kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds,
|
|
avoirdupois
|
|
kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles,
|
|
statute
|
|
kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres
|
|
kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2,
|
|
statute
|
|
knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour
|
|
mi/hr)
|
|
league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical
|
|
league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute
|
|
link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches
|
|
liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3
|
|
liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry
|
|
liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid
|
|
meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards
|
|
meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2
|
|
meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3
|
|
micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches
|
|
mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch
|
|
mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles,
|
|
statute
|
|
mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute
|
|
mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs
|
|
mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section
|
|
mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical
|
|
minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces,
|
|
liquid
|
|
ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains
|
|
ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid
|
|
ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains
|
|
pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches
|
|
peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry
|
|
pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains
|
|
pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry
|
|
pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid
|
|
point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches
|
|
pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois
|
|
pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy
|
|
quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry
|
|
quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid
|
|
quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp.
|
|
rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards
|
|
scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains
|
|
section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640
|
|
acres
|
|
span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches
|
|
stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3
|
|
tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons
|
|
teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons
|
|
ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
deadweight
|
|
|
|
ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds,
|
|
avoirdupois
|
|
ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy
|
|
ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3
|
|
ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois
|
|
township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute
|
|
yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet
|
|
yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2
|
|
yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3
|
|
yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons
|
|
|
|
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
Appendix E
|
|
|
|
Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
|
|
|
|
This list indicates where various names including all United States
|
|
Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or
|
|
geographical portions of larger entities can be found in The World
|
|
Factbook. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United
|
|
States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in
|
|
parentheses; additional information is included in brackets.
|
|
|
|
Name Entry in The World Factbook
|
|
|
|
Abidjan [US Embassy] Ivory Coast
|
|
Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates
|
|
Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Accra [US Embassy] Ghana
|
|
Adana [US Consulate] Turkey
|
|
Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia
|
|
Adelaide [US Consular Agency] Australia
|
|
Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica
|
|
[claimed by France]
|
|
Aden Yemen
|
|
Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Aegean Islands Greece
|
|
Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Afars and Issas, French Djibouti
|
|
Territory of the (F.T.A.I.)
|
|
Agalega Islands Mauritius
|
|
Aland Islands Finland
|
|
Alaska United States
|
|
Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Aldabra Islands Seychelles
|
|
Alderney Guernsey
|
|
Aleutian Islands United States
|
|
Alexander Island Antarctica
|
|
Alexandria [US Consulate General] Egypt
|
|
Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria
|
|
Alhucemas, Penon de Spain
|
|
Alma-Ata Kazakhstan
|
|
Alphonse Island Seychelles
|
|
Amami Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Amindivi Islands India
|
|
Amirante Isles Seychelles
|
|
Amman [US Embassy] Jordan
|
|
Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands
|
|
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Amur China; Russia
|
|
Andaman Islands India
|
|
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan
|
|
Anjouan Comoros
|
|
Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey
|
|
Annobon Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar
|
|
Antipodes Islands New Zealand
|
|
Antwerp [US Consulate General] Belgium
|
|
Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] Chad
|
|
Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Argun China; Russia
|
|
Ascension Island Saint Helena
|
|
Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Turkmenistan
|
|
Ashkhabad [Interim Chancery] Turkmenistan
|
|
Assumption Island Seychelles
|
|
Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay
|
|
Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Atacama Chile
|
|
Athens [US Embassy] Greece
|
|
Attu United States
|
|
Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand
|
|
Auckland Islands New Zealand
|
|
Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia
|
|
Axel Heiberg Island Canada
|
|
Azores Portugal
|
|
Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean
|
|
Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Babuyan Islands Philippines
|
|
Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean
|
|
Baffin Island Canada
|
|
Baghdad Iraq
|
|
Baku Azerbaijan
|
|
Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan
|
|
Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Balearic Islands Spain
|
|
Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bali [US Consular Agency] Indonesia
|
|
Bali Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Balintang Islands Philippines
|
|
Balleny Islands Antarctica
|
|
Balochistan Pakistan
|
|
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bamako [US Embassy] Mali
|
|
Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati
|
|
Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei
|
|
Banda Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand
|
|
Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic
|
|
Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The
|
|
Banks Island Canada
|
|
Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu
|
|
Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain
|
|
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia
|
|
Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bass Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Batan Islands Philippines
|
|
Bavaria (Bayern) Germany
|
|
Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard
|
|
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Bechuanaland Botswana
|
|
Beijing [US Embassy] China
|
|
Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon
|
|
Belau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
(Palau)
|
|
Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil
|
|
Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia
|
|
Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom
|
|
Belgian Congo Zaire
|
|
Belgrade [US Embassy] Yugoslavia
|
|
Belize City [US Embassy] Belize
|
|
Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Belmopan Belize
|
|
Belorussia Belarus
|
|
Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean
|
|
Bering Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bering Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Berkner Island Antarctica
|
|
Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany
|
|
Berlin, East Germany
|
|
Berlin, West Germany
|
|
Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland
|
|
Bessarabia Romania; Moldova
|
|
Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain
|
|
Bioko Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bishbek [Interim Chancery] Kyrgyzstan
|
|
Bishop Rock United Kingdom
|
|
Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea
|
|
Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard
|
|
Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Black Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Boa Vista Cape Verde
|
|
Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia
|
|
Bombay [US Consulate General] India
|
|
Bonaire Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bonin Islands Japan
|
|
Bonn [US Embassy] Germany
|
|
Bophuthatswana South Africa
|
|
Bora-Bora French Polynesia
|
|
Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France
|
|
Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Bornholm Denmark
|
|
Bosporus Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea
|
|
Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Bounty Islands New Zealand
|
|
Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil
|
|
Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo
|
|
Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados
|
|
Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia
|
|
British East Africa Kenya
|
|
British Guiana Guyana
|
|
British Honduras Belize
|
|
British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
|
|
British Somaliland Somalia
|
|
Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium
|
|
to European Communities, US
|
|
Mission to the North Atlantic
|
|
Treaty Organization (USNATO)]
|
|
Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania
|
|
Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary
|
|
Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina
|
|
Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi
|
|
Byelorussia Belarus
|
|
|
|
Cabinda Angola
|
|
Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt
|
|
Calcutta [US Consulate General] India
|
|
Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada
|
|
California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Campbell Island New Zealand
|
|
Canal Zone Panama
|
|
Canary Islands Spain
|
|
Canberra [US Embassy] Australia
|
|
Cancun [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Canton (Guangzhou) China
|
|
Canton Island Kiribati
|
|
Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa
|
|
Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela
|
|
Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius
|
|
Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of;
|
|
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco
|
|
Cato Island Australia
|
|
Cebu [US Consulate] Philippines
|
|
Celebes Indonesia
|
|
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Central African Empire Central African Republic
|
|
Ceuta Spain
|
|
Ceylon Sri Lanka
|
|
Chafarinas, Islas Spain
|
|
Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey
|
|
Chatham Islands New Zealand
|
|
Cheju-do Korea, South
|
|
Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Chengdu [US Consulate General] China
|
|
Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia
|
|
(Iles Chesterfield)
|
|
Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand
|
|
Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean
|
|
China, People's Republic of China
|
|
China, Republic of Taiwan
|
|
Choiseul Solomon Islands
|
|
Christchurch [US Consular Agency] New Zealand
|
|
Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia
|
|
Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati
|
|
(Kiritimati)
|
|
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Ciskei South Africa
|
|
Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate Mexico
|
|
General]
|
|
Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] Bolivia
|
|
Coco, Isla del Costa Rica
|
|
Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka
|
|
Colon [US Consular Agency] Panama
|
|
Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador
|
|
(Galapagos Islands)
|
|
Commander Islands Russia
|
|
(Komandorskiye Ostrova)
|
|
Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville) Congo
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire
|
|
Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire
|
|
Con Son Islands Vietnam
|
|
Cook Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark
|
|
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua
|
|
Corsica France
|
|
Cosmoledo Group Seychelles
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast
|
|
Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin
|
|
Crete Greece
|
|
Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Cusco [US Consular Agency] Peru
|
|
|
|
Dahomey Benin
|
|
Daito Islands Japan
|
|
Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal
|
|
Daman (Damao) India
|
|
Damascus [US Embassy] Syria
|
|
Danger Atoll Cook Islands
|
|
Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Danzig (Gdansk) Poland
|
|
Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam
|
|
Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania
|
|
Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Deception Island Antarctica
|
|
Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Devon Island Canada
|
|
Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia
|
|
Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh
|
|
Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Diego Ramirez Chile
|
|
Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States
|
|
[Little Diomede]
|
|
Diu India
|
|
Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti
|
|
Dodecanese Greece
|
|
Doha [US Embassy] Qatar
|
|
Douala [US Consulate General] Cameroon
|
|
Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates
|
|
Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland
|
|
Durango [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa
|
|
Dushanbe Tajikistan
|
|
Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] Germany
|
|
Dutch East Indies Indonesia
|
|
Dutch Guiana Suriname
|
|
|
|
East China Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile
|
|
Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Strait or Tsushima Strait)
|
|
East Germany (German Democratic Germany
|
|
Republic)
|
|
East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean
|
|
Channel or Tsushima Strait)
|
|
East Pakistan Bangladesh
|
|
East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia
|
|
Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom
|
|
Elba Italy
|
|
Ellef Ringnes Island Canada
|
|
Ellesmere Island Canada
|
|
Ellice Islands Tuvalu
|
|
Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Enderbury Island Kiribati
|
|
Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands
|
|
England United Kingdom
|
|
English Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece
|
|
Eritrea Ethiopia
|
|
Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana
|
|
Etorofu Russia[de facto]
|
|
|
|
Farquhar Group Seychelles
|
|
Fernando de Noronha Brazil
|
|
Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Florence [US Consulate General] Italy
|
|
Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Formosa Taiwan
|
|
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean
|
|
Fort-de-France Martinique
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Frankfurt am Main Germany
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Franz Josef Land Russia
|
|
Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone
|
|
French Cameroon Cameroon
|
|
French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
|
|
French Guinea Guinea
|
|
French Sudan Mali
|
|
French Territory of the Afars Djibouti
|
|
and Issas (F.T.A.I.)
|
|
French Togo Togo
|
|
Friendly Islands Tonga
|
|
Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan
|
|
Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan
|
|
Funchal [US Consular Agency] Portugal
|
|
Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna
|
|
|
|
Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana
|
|
Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador
|
|
de Colon)
|
|
Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia
|
|
Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Geneva [Branch Office of the US Switzerland
|
|
Embassy, US Mission to European
|
|
Office of the UN and Other
|
|
International Organizations]
|
|
Genoa [US Consulate General] Italy
|
|
George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands
|
|
Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana
|
|
German Democratic Republic Germany
|
|
(East Germany)
|
|
German Federal Republic of Germany
|
|
(West Germany)
|
|
Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Gilbert Islands Kiribati
|
|
Goa India
|
|
Gold Coast Ghana
|
|
Golan Heights Syria
|
|
Good Hope, Cape of South Africa
|
|
Goteborg [US Consulate General] Sweden
|
|
Gotland Sweden
|
|
Gough Island Saint Helena
|
|
Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
|
|
Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands
|
|
Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean
|
|
Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Great Britain United Kingdom
|
|
Great Channel Indian Ocean
|
|
Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Green Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
Grenadines, Southern Grenada
|
|
Guadalajara Mexico
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Guadalcanal Solomon Islands
|
|
Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico
|
|
Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China
|
|
Guantanamo [US Naval Base] Cuba
|
|
Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala
|
|
Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador
|
|
|
|
Ha'apai Group Tonga
|
|
Habomai Islands Russia[de facto]
|
|
Hague,The [US Embassy] Netherlands
|
|
Haifa [US Consular Agency] Israel
|
|
Hainan Dao China
|
|
Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada
|
|
Halmahera Indonesia
|
|
Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany
|
|
Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda
|
|
Hanoi Vietnam
|
|
Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe
|
|
Hatay Turkey
|
|
Havana [US post not maintained, Cuba
|
|
representation by US Interests
|
|
Section (USINT) of the Swiss
|
|
Embassy]
|
|
Hawaii United States
|
|
Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland
|
|
Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico
|
|
Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti
|
|
Hokkaido Japan
|
|
Holy See, The Vatican City
|
|
Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong
|
|
Honiara [US Consulate] Solomon Islands
|
|
Honshu Japan
|
|
Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile
|
|
Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna
|
|
Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia
|
|
Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean
|
|
Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Inaccessible Island Saint Helena
|
|
Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
|
|
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China
|
|
Ionian Islands Greece
|
|
Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Irian Jaya Indonesia
|
|
Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan
|
|
Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey
|
|
Italian Somaliland Somalia
|
|
Iwo Jima Japan
|
|
Izmir [US Consulate General] Turkey
|
|
|
|
Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia
|
|
Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Java Indonesia
|
|
Java Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Jeddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia
|
|
Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel; West Bank
|
|
Johannesburg South Africa
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile
|
|
Juventud, Isla de la Cuba
|
|
(Isle of Youth)
|
|
|
|
Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan
|
|
Kaduna [US Consulate General] Nigeria
|
|
Kalimantan Indonesia
|
|
Kamchatka Peninsula Russia
|
|
(Poluostrov Kamchatka)
|
|
Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda
|
|
Kampuchea Cambodia
|
|
Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan
|
|
Kara Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Karimata Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal
|
|
Kattegat Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
|
Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
Kermadec Islands New Zealand
|
|
Khabarovsk Russia
|
|
Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan
|
|
Khmer Republic Cambodia
|
|
Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman
|
|
(Kuria Muria Islands)
|
|
Khyber Pass Pakistan
|
|
Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kiev [Chancery] Ukraine
|
|
Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda
|
|
Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica
|
|
Kinshasa [US Embassy] Zaire
|
|
Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan
|
|
Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati
|
|
Kishinev (Chicsinau) Moldova
|
|
Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Kodiak Island United States
|
|
Kola Peninsula Russia
|
|
(Kol'skiy Poluostrov)
|
|
Kolonia [US Special Office] Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Korea Bay Pacific Ocean
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North
|
|
Republic of
|
|
Korea, Republic of Korea, South
|
|
Korea Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Koror [US Special Office] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of
|
|
Kosovo Yugoslavia
|
|
Kowloon Hong Kong
|
|
Krakow [US Consulate] Poland
|
|
Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia
|
|
Kunashiri (Kunashir) Russia [de facto]
|
|
Kuril Islands Russia [de facto]
|
|
Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait
|
|
Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands
|
|
Kyushu Japan
|
|
Kyyiv (Kiev) Ukraine
|
|
|
|
Labrador Canada
|
|
Laccadive Islands India
|
|
Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
La Coruna [US Consular Agency] Spain
|
|
Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria
|
|
Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan
|
|
Lakshadweep India
|
|
La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia
|
|
La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] Spain
|
|
Lau Group Fiji
|
|
Leningrad see Saint Petersburg Russia
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia
|
|
Leyte Philippines
|
|
Liancourt Rocks Korea, South
|
|
[claimed by Japan]
|
|
Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon
|
|
Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi
|
|
Lima [US Embassy] Peru
|
|
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll
|
|
Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal
|
|
Lombok Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Lome [US Embassy] Togo
|
|
London [US Embassy] United Kingdom
|
|
Lord Howe Island Australia
|
|
Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea
|
|
Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia
|
|
Lubumbashi [US Consulate General] Zaire
|
|
Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia
|
|
Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg
|
|
Luzon Philippines
|
|
Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Lyon [US Consulate General] France
|
|
|
|
Macao Macau
|
|
Macedonia Bulgaria
|
|
Macquarie Island Australia
|
|
Madeira Islands Portugal
|
|
Madras [US Consulate General] India
|
|
Madrid [US Embassy] Spain
|
|
Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
|
|
Tunisia
|
|
Mahe Island Seychelles
|
|
Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua
|
|
Majorca (Mallorca) Spain
|
|
Majuro [US Special Office] Marshall Islands
|
|
Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Malabo [US Embassy] Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Malaga [US Consular Agency] Spain
|
|
Malagasy Republic Madagascar
|
|
Male [US post not maintained, Maldives
|
|
representation from Colombo,
|
|
Sri Lanka]
|
|
Mallorca (Majorca) Spain
|
|
Malpelo, Isla de Colombia
|
|
Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua
|
|
Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain
|
|
Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil
|
|
Manchukuo China
|
|
Manchuria China
|
|
Manila [US Embassy] Philippines
|
|
Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Manua Islands American Samoa
|
|
Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique
|
|
Maracaibo [US Consulate] Venezuela
|
|
Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan
|
|
Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Marion Island South Africa
|
|
Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Marquesas Islands French Polynesia
|
|
(Iles Marquises)
|
|
Marseille [US Consulate General] France
|
|
Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil
|
|
Mas a Tierra Chile
|
|
(Robinson Crusoe Island)
|
|
Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion
|
|
Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho
|
|
Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico
|
|
Mazatlan [US Consulate] Mexico
|
|
Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland
|
|
McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Medan [US Consulate] Indonesia
|
|
Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia
|
|
Melilla Spain
|
|
Mensk (Minsk) Belarus
|
|
Merida [US Consulate] Mexico
|
|
Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico
|
|
Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Milan [US Consulate General] Italy
|
|
Minami-tori-shima Japan
|
|
Mindanao Philippines
|
|
Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Minicoy Island India
|
|
Minsk Byelarus
|
|
Mogadishu [US Embassy] Somalia
|
|
Moldovia Moldova
|
|
Mombasa [US Consulate] Kenya
|
|
Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia
|
|
Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] Jamaica
|
|
Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro
|
|
Monterrey [US Consulate General] Mexico
|
|
Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay
|
|
Montreal [US Consulate General, Canada
|
|
US Mission to the International
|
|
Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
(ICAO)]
|
|
Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia
|
|
Moroni [US Embassy] Comoros
|
|
Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Moscow [US Embassy] Russia
|
|
Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean
|
|
Mulege [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Munich [US Consulate General] Germany
|
|
Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates
|
|
Muscat [US Embassy] Oman
|
|
Muscat and Oman Oman
|
|
Myanma, Myanmar Burma
|
|
|
|
Naha [US Consulate General] Japan
|
|
Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya
|
|
Nampo-shoto Japan
|
|
Naples [US Consulate General] Italy
|
|
Nassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, The
|
|
Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia
|
|
N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad
|
|
Netherlands East Indies Indonesia
|
|
Netherlands Guiana Suriname
|
|
Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
New Delhi [US Embassy] India
|
|
Newfoundland Canada
|
|
New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
|
|
New Hebrides Vanuatu
|
|
New Siberian Islands Russia
|
|
New Territories Hong Kong
|
|
New York, New York [US Mission United States
|
|
to the United Nations (USUN)]
|
|
Niamey [US Embassy] Niger
|
|
Nice [US Consular Agency] France
|
|
Nicobar Islands India
|
|
Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus
|
|
Nightingale Island Saint Helena
|
|
North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
|
|
North Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Northern Epirus Albania; Greece
|
|
Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
Northern Ireland United Kingdom
|
|
Northern Rhodesia Zambia
|
|
North Island New Zealand
|
|
North Korea Korea, North
|
|
North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean
|
|
North Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
North Vietnam Vietnam
|
|
Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean
|
|
North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen
|
|
Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania
|
|
Novaya Zemlya Russia
|
|
Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico
|
|
Nyasaland Malawi
|
|
|
|
Oahu United States
|
|
Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati
|
|
Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States
|
|
Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia
|
|
Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory
|
|
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Okinawa Japan
|
|
Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Oporto [US Consulate] Portugal
|
|
Oran [US Consulate] Algeria
|
|
Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Orkney Islands United Kingdom
|
|
Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan
|
|
Oslo [US Embassy] Norway
|
|
Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada
|
|
Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina
|
|
Outer Mongolia Mongolia
|
|
|
|
Pagan Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
|
|
Palawan Philippines
|
|
Palermo [US Consulate General] Italy
|
|
Palk Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Palma de Mallorca Spain
|
|
[US Consular Agency]
|
|
Pamirs China; Tajikistan
|
|
Panama [US Embassy] Panama
|
|
Panama Canal Panama
|
|
Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname
|
|
Parece Vela Japan
|
|
Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to France
|
|
the Organization for Economic
|
|
Cooperation and Development
|
|
(OECD), US Observer Mission at
|
|
the UN Educational, Scientific,
|
|
and Cultural Organization
|
|
(UNESCO)]
|
|
Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile
|
|
Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island
|
|
Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan
|
|
Peking (Beijing) China
|
|
Pemba Island Tanzania
|
|
Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Perim Yemen
|
|
Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean
|
|
Persian Gulf Indian Ocean
|
|
Perth [US Consulate] Australia
|
|
Pescadores Taiwan
|
|
Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan
|
|
Peter I Island Antarctica
|
|
Philip Island Norfolk Island
|
|
Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Phoenix Islands Kiribati
|
|
Pines, Isle of Cuba
|
|
(Isla de la Juventud)
|
|
Piura [US Consular Agency] Peru
|
|
Pleasant Island Nauru
|
|
Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia
|
|
Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal
|
|
Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti
|
|
Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius
|
|
Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea
|
|
Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil
|
|
Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Port Said [US Consular Agency] Egypt
|
|
Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau
|
|
Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia
|
|
Poznan [US Consulate] Poland
|
|
Prague [US Embassy] Czechoslovakia
|
|
Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde
|
|
Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa
|
|
Pribilof Islands United States
|
|
Prince Edward Island Canada
|
|
Prince Edward Islands South Africa
|
|
Prince Patrick Island Canada
|
|
Principe Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] Dominican Republic
|
|
Puerto Vallarta Mexico
|
|
[US Consular Agency]
|
|
Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea
|
|
P'yongyang Korea, North
|
|
|
|
Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada
|
|
Queen Charlotte Islands Canada
|
|
Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada
|
|
Queen Maud Land Antarctica
|
|
[claimed by Norway]
|
|
Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador
|
|
|
|
Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco
|
|
Ralik Chain Marshall Islands
|
|
Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma
|
|
Ratak Chain Marshall Islands
|
|
Recife [US Consulate] Brazil
|
|
Redonda Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
Red Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Revillagigedo Island United States
|
|
Revillagigedo Islands Mexico
|
|
Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland
|
|
Rhodes Greece
|
|
Rhodesia Zimbabwe
|
|
Rhodesia, Northern Zambia
|
|
Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe
|
|
Riga [Interim Chancery] Latvia
|
|
Rio de Janeiro Brazil
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Rio de Oro Western Sahara
|
|
Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia
|
|
Robinson Crusoe Island Chile
|
|
(Mas a Tierra)
|
|
Rocas, Atol das Brazil
|
|
Rockall [disputed] United Kingdom
|
|
Rodrigues Mauritius
|
|
Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to Italy
|
|
the UN Agencies for Food and
|
|
Agriculture (FODAG)]
|
|
Roncador Cay Colombia
|
|
Roosevelt Island Antarctica
|
|
Ross Dependency Antarctica
|
|
[claimed by New Zealand]
|
|
Ross Island Antarctica
|
|
Ross Sea Antarctica
|
|
Rota Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Rotuma Fiji
|
|
Ryukyu Islands Japan
|
|
|
|
Saba Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Sabah Malaysia
|
|
Sable Island Canada
|
|
Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia;
|
|
Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania;
|
|
Niger; Senegal
|
|
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam
|
|
Saint Brandon Mauritius
|
|
Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada
|
|
Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Saint John's [US Embassy] Antigua and Barbuda
|
|
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Saint Lawrence Island United States
|
|
Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Saint Martin Guadeloupe
|
|
Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Saint Paul Island Canada
|
|
Saint Paul Island United States
|
|
Saint Paul Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands
|
|
(Ile Saint-Paul)
|
|
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil
|
|
(Penedos de Sao Pedro e
|
|
Sao Paulo)
|
|
Saint Petersburg Russia
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Saipan Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia
|
|
Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile
|
|
Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe
|
|
Salvador de Bahia Brazil
|
|
[US Consular Agency]
|
|
Salzburg [US Consulate General] Austria
|
|
Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen
|
|
San Ambrosio Chile
|
|
San Andres y Providencia, Colombia
|
|
Archipielago
|
|
San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
San Felix, Isla Chile
|
|
San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica
|
|
San Luis Potosi Mexico
|
|
[US Consular Agency]
|
|
San Miguel Allende Mexico
|
|
[US Consular Agency]
|
|
San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador
|
|
Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] Bolivia
|
|
Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands
|
|
Santiago [US Embassy] Chile
|
|
Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic
|
|
Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] Brazil
|
|
Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil
|
|
Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil
|
|
Penedos de
|
|
Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan
|
|
Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Sarawak Malaysia
|
|
Sardinia Italy
|
|
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Sark Guernsey
|
|
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Scotland United Kingdom
|
|
Scott Island Antarctica
|
|
Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of
|
|
Seoul [US Embassy] Korea, South
|
|
Serbia Serbia and Montenegro
|
|
Serrana Bank Colombia
|
|
Serranilla Bank Colombia
|
|
Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Russia
|
|
Seville [US Consular Agency] Spain
|
|
Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands
|
|
Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
|
Shanghai [US Consulate General] China
|
|
Shenyang [US Consulate General] China
|
|
Shetland Islands United Kingdom
|
|
Shikoku Japan
|
|
Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan
|
|
Siam Thailand
|
|
Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sicily Italy
|
|
Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Sikkim India
|
|
Sinai Egypt
|
|
Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore
|
|
Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China
|
|
Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands Antilles
|
|
Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Slovakia Czechoslovakia
|
|
Society Islands French Polynesia
|
|
(Iles de la Societe)
|
|
Socotra Yemen
|
|
Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria
|
|
Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea
|
|
Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands
|
|
Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Songkhla [US Consulate] Thailand
|
|
Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean
|
|
South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
|
|
South China Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Southern Grenadines Grenada
|
|
Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe
|
|
South Georgia South Georgia and the South
|
|
Sandwich Islands
|
|
South Island New Zealand
|
|
South Korea Korea, South
|
|
South Orkney Islands Antarctica
|
|
South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean
|
|
South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South
|
|
Sandwich Islands
|
|
South Shetland Islands Antarctica
|
|
South Tyrol Italy
|
|
South Vietnam Vietnam
|
|
South-West Africa Namibia
|
|
South Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen
|
|
Republic of Yemen)
|
|
Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia,
|
|
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
|
|
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea
|
|
Spanish Sahara Western Sahara
|
|
Spitsbergen Svalbard
|
|
Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden
|
|
Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France
|
|
Stuttgart [US Consulate General] Germany
|
|
Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean
|
|
Sulu Archipelago Philippines
|
|
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Sumatra Indonesia
|
|
Sumba Indonesia
|
|
Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia
|
|
Sunda Strait Indian Ocean
|
|
Surabaya [US Consulate] Indonesia
|
|
Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Surinam Suriname
|
|
Suva [US Embassy] Fiji
|
|
Swains Island American Samoa
|
|
Swan Islands Honduras
|
|
Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia
|
|
|
|
Tahiti French Polynesia
|
|
Taipei Taiwan
|
|
Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tallin [Interim Chancery] Estonia
|
|
Tampico [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Tanganyika Tanzania
|
|
Tangier [US Consulate General] Morocco
|
|
Tarawa Kiribati
|
|
Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tashkent [Interim Chancery] Uzbekistan
|
|
Tasmania Australia
|
|
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Taymyr Peninsula Russia
|
|
(Poluostrov Taymyra)
|
|
Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras
|
|
Tehran [US post not maintained, Iran
|
|
representation by Swiss Embassy]
|
|
Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel
|
|
Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica
|
|
[claimed by France]
|
|
Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Thessaloniki Greece
|
|
[US Consulate General]
|
|
Thurston Island Antarctica
|
|
Tibet (Xizang) China
|
|
Tbilisi Georgia
|
|
Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile
|
|
Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico
|
|
Timor Indonesia
|
|
Timor Sea Indian Ocean
|
|
Tinian Northern Mariana Islands
|
|
Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean
|
|
Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan
|
|
Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
|
|
Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada
|
|
Torres Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Toshkent (Tashkent) Uzbekistan
|
|
Trans-Jordan Jordan
|
|
Transkei South Africa
|
|
Transylvania Romania
|
|
Trieste [US Consular Agency] Italy
|
|
Trindade, Ilha de Brazil
|
|
Tripoli [US post not maintained, Libya
|
|
representation by Belgian
|
|
Embassy]
|
|
Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena
|
|
Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea
|
|
Trucial States United Arab Emirates
|
|
Truk Islands Micronesia
|
|
Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia
|
|
Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia
|
|
Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia
|
|
Turin [US Consulate] Italy
|
|
Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Turkmeniya Turkmenistan
|
|
Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Tyrol, South Italy
|
|
Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
|
|
Udorn [US Consulate] Thailand
|
|
Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
|
|
Ullung-do Korea, South
|
|
Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean
|
|
Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia,
|
|
Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
|
|
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria
|
|
Upper Volta Burkina
|
|
USSR Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia,
|
|
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
|
|
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
|
|
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
Vaduz [US post not maintained, Liechtenstein
|
|
representation from Zurich,
|
|
Switzerland]
|
|
Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) Afghanistan
|
|
Valencia [US Consular Agency] Spain
|
|
Valletta [US Embassy] Malta
|
|
Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada
|
|
Vancouver Island Canada
|
|
Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
Vatican City [US Embassy] Vatican City
|
|
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain
|
|
Venda South Africa
|
|
Veracruz [US Consular Agency] Mexico
|
|
Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean
|
|
Victoria [US Embassy] Seychelles
|
|
Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission Austria
|
|
to International Organizations
|
|
in Vienna (UNVIE)]
|
|
Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos
|
|
Vilnius [Interim Chancery] Lithuania
|
|
Volcano Islands Japan
|
|
Vostok Island Kiribati
|
|
Vrangelya, Ostrov Russia
|
|
(Wrangel Island)
|
|
|
|
Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan
|
|
(now Vakhan Corridor)
|
|
Wales United Kingdom
|
|
Walvis Bay South Africa
|
|
Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland
|
|
Washington, DC [The Permanent United States
|
|
Mission of the USA to the
|
|
Organization of American
|
|
States (OAS)]
|
|
Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand
|
|
Western Channel Pacific Ocean
|
|
(West Korea Strait)
|
|
West Germany (Federal Republic Germany
|
|
of Germany)
|
|
West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
(Western Channel)
|
|
West Pakistan Pakistan
|
|
Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean
|
|
White Sea Arctic Ocean
|
|
Windhoek Namibia
|
|
Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] Canada
|
|
Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto]
|
|
|
|
Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon
|
|
Yap Islands Micronesia
|
|
Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean
|
|
Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen
|
|
Republic of Yemen]
|
|
Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
|
|
Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Yemen
|
|
Republic]
|
|
Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Yemen
|
|
Republic]
|
|
Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen
|
|
Republic of
|
|
Yemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen
|
|
Republic of Yemen]
|
|
Yerevan Armenia
|
|
Youth, Isle of Cuba
|
|
(Isla de la Juventud)
|
|
Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean
|
|
Yugoslavia Bosnia and Hercegovina; Croatia;
|
|
Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro;
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
|
|
Zagreb [US Consulate General] Yugoslavia
|
|
Zanzibar Tanzania
|
|
Zurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland
|
|
|