textfiles/etext/AUTHORS/STEVENSON/stevenson-art-650.txt

*******The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Art of Writing********
#22 in our series by Robert Louis Stevenson

Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check
the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!!

Please take a look at the important information in this header.
We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an
electronic path open for the next readers.  Do not remove this.

**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**

**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**

*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations*

Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and
further information is included below.  We need your donations.

The Art of Writing

by Robert Louis Stevenson

April, 1996  [Etext #492]

*******The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Art of Writing*******
*****This file should be named artow10.txt or artow10.zip******

Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, artow11.txt.
VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, artow10a.txt.

We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance
of the official release dates, for time for better editing.

Please note:  neither this list nor its contents are final till
midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at
Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
and editing by those who wish to do so.  To be sure you have an
up to date first edition [xxxxx10x.xxx] please check file sizes
in the first week of the next month.  Since our ftp program has
a bug in it that scrambles the date [tried to fix and failed] a
look at the file size will have to do, but we will try to see a
new copy has at least one byte more or less.

Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)

We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
fifty hours is one conservative estimate for how long it we take
to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.  This
projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If our value
per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
million dollars per hour this year as we release thirty-two text
files per month:  or 400 more Etexts in 1996 for a total of 800.
If these reach just 10% of the computerized population, then the
total should reach 80 billion Etexts.

The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext
Files by the December 31, 2001.  [10,000 x 100,000,000=Trillion]
This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
which is only 10% of the present number of computer users.  2001
should have at least twice as many computer users as that, so it
will require us reaching less than 5% of the users in 2001.

We need your donations more than ever!

All donations should be made to "Project Gutenberg/IBC", and are
tax deductible to the extent allowable by law ("IBC" is Illinois
Benedictine College).  (Subscriptions to our paper newsletter go
to IBC, too)

For these and other matters, please mail to:

Project Gutenberg
P. O. Box  2782
Champaign, IL 61825

When all other email fails try our Executive Director:
Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>

We would prefer to send you this information by email
(Internet, Bitnet, Compuserve, ATTMAIL or MCImail).

******
If you have an FTP program (or emulator), please
FTP directly to the Project Gutenberg archives:
[Mac users, do NOT point and click. . .type]

ftp uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu
login:  anonymous
password:  your@login
cd etext/etext90 through /etext96
or cd etext/articles [get suggest gut for more information]
dir [to see files]
get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files]
GET INDEX?00.GUT
for a list of books
and
GET NEW GUT for general information
and
MGET GUT* for newsletters.

**Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legal advisor**
(Three Pages)

***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START***
Why is this "Small Print!" statement here?  You know: lawyers.
They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from
someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
fault.  So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
disclaims most of our liability to you.  It also tells you how
you can distribute copies of this etext if you want to.

*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT
By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
etext, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
this "Small Print!" statement.  If you do not, you can receive
a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by
sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
you got it from.  If you received this etext on a physical
medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.

ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS
This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-
tm etexts, is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor
Michael S. Hart through the Project Gutenberg Association at
Illinois Benedictine College (the "Project").  Among other
things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules, set forth
below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this etext
under the Project's "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.

To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable
efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
works.  Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any
medium they may be on may contain "Defects".  Among other
things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
disk or other etext medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
[1] the Project (and any other party you may receive this
etext from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
time to the person you received it from.  If you received it
on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
copy.  If you received it electronically, such person may
choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
receive it electronically.

THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS".  NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
may have other legal rights.

INDEMNITY
You will indemnify and hold the Project, its directors,
officers, members and agents harmless from all liability, cost
and expense, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following that you do or cause:
[1] distribution of this etext, [2] alteration, modification,
or addition to the etext, or [3] any Defect.

DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by
disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
or:

[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
     etext or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
     if you wish, distribute this etext in machine readable
     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
     including any form resulting from conversion by word pro-
     cessing or hypertext software, but only so long as
     *EITHER*:

     [*]  The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
          does *not* contain characters other than those
          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
          author, and additional characters may be used to
          indicate hypertext links; OR

     [*]  The etext may be readily converted by the reader at
          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
          form by the program that displays the etext (as is
          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
          OR

     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
          etext in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
          or other equivalent proprietary form).

[2]  Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this
     "Small Print!" statement.

[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Project of 20% of the
     net profits you derive calculated using the method you
     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
     payable to "Project Gutenberg Association / Illinois
     Benedictine College" within the 60 days following each
     date you prepare (or were legally required to prepare)
     your annual (or equivalent periodic) tax return.

WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time,
scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty
free copyright licenses, and every other sort of contribution
you can think of.  Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg
Association / Illinois Benedictine College".

*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END*

The Art of Writing by Robert Louis Stevenson
Scanned and proofed by David Price
ccx074@coventry.ac.uk

The Art of Writing

CONTENTS

I.   ON SOME TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF STYLE IN LITERATURE
II.  THE MORALITY OF THE PROFESSION OF LETTERS
III. BOOKS WHICH HAVE INFLUENCED ME
IV.  A NOTE ON REALISM
V.   MY FIRST BOOK: 'TREASURE ISLAND'
VI.  THE GENESIS OF 'THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE'
VII. PREFACE TO 'THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE'

CHAPTER I - ON SOME TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF STYLE IN LITERATURE 
(1)

THERE is nothing more disenchanting to man than to be shown 
the springs and mechanism of any art.  All our arts and 
occupations lie wholly on the surface; it is on the surface 
that we perceive their beauty, fitness, and significance; and 
to pry below is to be appalled by their emptiness and shocked 
by the coarseness of the strings and pulleys.  In a similar 
way, psychology itself, when pushed to any nicety, discovers 
an abhorrent baldness, but rather from the fault of our 
analysis than from any poverty native to the mind.  And 
perhaps in aesthetics the reason is the same:  those 
disclosures which seem fatal to the dignity of art seem so 
perhaps only in the proportion of our ignorance; and those 
conscious and unconscious artifices which it seems unworthy 
of the serious artist to employ were yet, if we had the power 
to trace them to their springs, indications of a delicacy of 
the sense finer than we conceive, and hints of ancient 
harmonies in nature.  This ignorance at least is largely 
irremediable.  We shall never learn the affinities of beauty, 
for they lie too deep in nature and too far back in the 
mysterious history of man.  The amateur, in consequence, will 
always grudgingly receive details of method, which can be 
stated but never can wholly be explained; nay, on the 
principle laid down in HUDIBRAS, that

'Still the less they understand,
The more they admire the sleight-of-hand,'

many are conscious at each new disclosure of a diminution in 
the ardour of their pleasure.  I must therefore warn that 
well-known character, the general reader, that I am here 
embarked upon a most distasteful business:  taking down the 
picture from the wall and looking on the back; and, like the 
inquiring child, pulling the musical cart to pieces.

1.  CHOICE OF WORDS. - The art of literature stands apart 
from among its sisters, because the material in which the 
literary artist works is the dialect of life; hence, on the 
one hand, a strange freshness and immediacy of address to the 
public mind, which is ready prepared to understand it; but 
hence, on the other, a singular limitation.  The sister arts 
enjoy the use of a plastic and ductile material, like the 
modeller's clay; literature alone is condemned to work in 
mosaic with finite and quite rigid words.  You have seen 
these blocks, dear to the nursery:  this one a pillar, that a 
pediment, a third a window or a vase.  It is with blocks of 
just such arbitrary size and figure that the literary 
architect is condemned to design the palace of his art.  Nor 
is this all; for since these blocks, or words, are the 
acknowledged currency of our daily affairs, there are here 
possible none of those suppressions by which other arts 
obtain relief, continuity, and vigour:  no hieroglyphic 
touch, no smoothed impasto, no inscrutable shadow, as in 
painting; no blank wall, as in architecture; but every word, 
phrase, sentence, and paragraph must move in a logical 
progression, and convey a definite conventional import.

Now the first merit which attracts in the pages of a good 
writer, or the talk of a brilliant conversationalist, is the 
apt choice and contrast of the words employed.  It is, 
indeed, a strange art to take these blocks, rudely conceived 
for the purpose of the market or the bar, and by tact of 
application touch them to the finest meanings and 
distinctions, restore to them their primal energy, wittily 
shift them to another issue, or make of them a drum to rouse 
the passions.  But though this form of merit is without doubt 
the most sensible and seizing, it is far from being equally 
present in all writers.  The effect of words in Shakespeare, 
their singular justice, significance, and poetic charm, is 
different, indeed, from the effect of words in Addison or 
Fielding.  Or, to take an example nearer home, the words in 
Carlyle seem electrified into an energy of lineament, like 
the faces of men furiously moved; whilst the words in 
Macaulay, apt enough to convey his meaning, harmonious enough 
in sound, yet glide from the memory like undistinguished 
elements in a general effect.  But the first class of writers 
have no monopoly of literary merit.  There is a sense in 
which Addison is superior to Carlyle; a sense in which Cicero 
is better than Tacitus, in which Voltaire excels Montaigne:  
it certainly lies not in the choice of words; it lies not in 
the interest or value of the matter; it lies not in force of 
intellect, of poetry, or of humour.  The three first are but 
infants to the three second; and yet each, in a particular 
point of literary art, excels his superior in the whole.  
What is that point?

2.  THE WEB. - Literature, although it stands apart by reason 
of the great destiny and general use of its medium in the 
affairs of men, is yet an art like other arts.  Of these we 
may distinguish two great classes:  those arts, like 
sculpture, painting, acting, which are representative, or, as 
used to be said very clumsily, imitative; and those, like 
architecture, music, and the dance, which are self-
sufficient, and merely presentative.  Each class, in right of 
this distinction, obeys principles apart; yet both may claim 
a common ground of existence, and it may be said with 
sufficient justice that the motive and end of any art 
whatever is to make a pattern; a pattern, it may be, of 
colours, of sounds, of changing attitudes, geometrical 
figures, or imitative lines; but still a pattern.  That is 
the plane on which these sisters meet; it is by this that 
they are arts; and if it be well they should at times forget 
their childish origin, addressing their intelligence to 
virile tasks, and performing unconsciously that necessary 
function of their life, to make a pattern, it is still 
imperative that the pattern shall be made.

Music and literature, the two temporal arts, contrive their 
pattern of sounds in time; or, in other words, of sounds and 
pauses.  Communication may be made in broken words, the 
business of life be carried on with substantives alone; but 
that is not what we call literature; and the true business of 
the literary artist is to plait or weave his meaning, 
involving it around itself; so that each sentence, by 
successive phrases, shall first come into a kind of knot, and 
then, after a moment of suspended meaning, solve and clear 
itself.  In every properly constructed sentence there should 
be observed this knot or hitch; so that (however delicately) 
we are led to foresee, to expect, and then to welcome the 
successive phrases.  The pleasure may be heightened by an 
element of surprise, as, very grossly, in the common figure 
of the antithesis, or, with much greater subtlety, where an 
antithesis is first suggested and then deftly evaded.  Each 
phrase, besides, is to be comely in itself; and between the 
implication and the evolution of the sentence there should be 
a satisfying equipoise of sound; for nothing more often 
disappoints the ear than a sentence solemnly and sonorously 
prepared, and hastily and weakly finished.  Nor should the 
balance be too striking and exact, for the one rule is to be 
infinitely various; to interest, to disappoint, to surprise, 
and yet still to gratify; to be ever changing, as it were, 
the stitch, and yet still to give the effect of an ingenious 
neatness.

The conjurer juggles with two oranges, and our pleasure in 
beholding him springs from this, that neither is for an 
instant overlooked or sacrificed.  So with the writer.  His 
pattern, which is to please the supersensual ear, is yet 
addressed, throughout and first of all, to the demands of 
logic.  Whatever be the obscurities, whatever the intricacies 
of the argument, the neatness of the fabric must not suffer, 
or the artist has been proved unequal to his design.  And, on 
the other hand, no form of words must be selected, no knot 
must be tied among the phrases, unless knot and word be 
precisely what is wanted to forward and illuminate the 
argument; for to fail in this is to swindle in the game.  The 
genius of prose rejects the CHEVILLE no less emphatically 
than the laws of verse; and the CHEVILLE, I should perhaps 
explain to some of my readers, is any meaningless or very 
watered phrase employed to strike a balance in the sound.  
Pattern and argument live in each other; and it is by the 
brevity, clearness, charm, or emphasis of the second, that we 
judge the strength and fitness of the first.

Style is synthetic; and the artist, seeking, so to speak, a 
peg to plait about, takes up at once two or more elements or 
two or more views of the subject in hand; combines, 
implicates, and contrasts them; and while, in one sense, he 
was merely seeking an occasion for the necessary knot, he 
will be found, in the other, to have greatly enriched the 
meaning, or to have transacted the work of two sentences in 
the space of one.  In the change from the successive shallow 
statements of the old chronicler to the dense and luminous 
flow of highly synthetic narrative, there is implied a vast 
amount of both philosophy and wit.  The philosophy we clearly 
see, recognising in the synthetic writer a far more deep and 
stimulating view of life, and a far keener sense of the 
generation and affinity of events.  The wit we might imagine 
to be lost; but it is not so, for it is just that wit, these 
perpetual nice contrivances, these difficulties overcome, 
this double purpose attained, these two oranges kept 
simultaneously dancing in the air, that, consciously or not, 
afford the reader his delight.  Nay, and this wit, so little 
recognised, is the necessary organ of that philosophy which 
we so much admire.  That style is therefore the most perfect, 
not, as fools say, which is the most natural, for the most 
natural is the disjointed babble of the chronicler; but which 
attains the highest degree of elegant and pregnant 
implication unobtrusively; or if obtrusively, then with the 
greatest gain to sense and vigour.  Even the derangement of 
the phrases from their (so-called) natural order is luminous 
for the mind; and it is by the means of such designed 
reversal that the elements of a judgment may be most 
pertinently marshalled, or the stages of a complicated action 
most perspicuously bound into one.

The web, then, or the pattern:  a web at once sensuous and 
logical, an elegant and pregnant texture:  that is style, 
that is the foundation of the art of literature.  Books 
indeed continue to be read, for the interest of the fact or 
fable, in which this quality is poorly represented, but still 
it will be there.  And, on the other hand, how many do we 
continue to peruse and reperuse with pleasure whose only 
merit is the elegance of texture?  I am tempted to mention 
Cicero; and since Mr. Anthony Trollope is dead, I will.  It 
is a poor diet for the mind, a very colourless and toothless 
'criticism of life'; but we enjoy the pleasure of a most 
intricate and dexterous pattern, every stitch a model at once 
of elegance and of good sense; and the two oranges, even if 
one of them be rotten, kept dancing with inimitable grace.

Up to this moment I have had my eye mainly upon prose; for 
though in verse also the implication of the logical texture 
is a crowning beauty, yet in verse it may be dispensed with.  
You would think that here was a death-blow to all I have been 
saying; and far from that, it is but a new illustration of 
the principle involved.  For if the versifier is not bound to 
weave a pattern of his own, it is because another pattern has 
been formally imposed upon him by the laws of verse.  For 
that is the essence of a prosody.  Verse may be rhythmical; 
it may be merely alliterative; it may, like the French, 
depend wholly on the (quasi) regular recurrence of the rhyme; 
or, like the Hebrew, it may consist in the strangely fanciful 
device of repeating the same idea.  It does not matter on 
what principle the law is based, so it be a law.  It may be 
pure convention; it may have no inherent beauty; all that we 
have a right to ask of any prosody is, that it shall lay down 
a pattern for the writer, and that what it lays down shall be 
neither too easy nor too hard.  Hence it comes that it is 
much easier for men of equal facility to write fairly 
pleasing verse than reasonably interesting prose; for in 
prose the pattern itself has to be invented, and the 
difficulties first created before they can be solved.  Hence, 
again, there follows the peculiar greatness of the true 
versifier:  such as Shakespeare, Milton, and Victor Hugo, 
whom I place beside them as versifier merely, not as poet.  
These not only knit and knot the logical texture of the style 
with all the dexterity and strength of prose; they not only 
fill up the pattern of the verse with infinite variety and 
sober wit; but they give us, besides, a rare and special 
pleasure, by the art, comparable to that of counterpoint, 
with which they follow at the same time, and now contrast, 
and now combine, the double pattern of the texture and the 
verse.  Here the sounding line concludes; a little further 
on, the well-knit sentence; and yet a little further, and 
both will reach their solution on the same ringing syllable.  
The best that can be offered by the best writer of prose is 
to show us the development of the idea and the stylistic 
pattern proceed hand in hand, sometimes by an obvious and 
triumphant effort, sometimes with a great air of ease and 
nature.  The writer of verse, by virtue of conquering another 
difficulty, delights us with a new series of triumphs.  He 
follows three purposes where his rival followed only two; and 
the change is of precisely the same nature as that from 
melody to harmony.  Or if you prefer to return to the 
juggler, behold him now, to the vastly increased enthusiasm 
of the spectators, juggling with three oranges instead of 
two.  Thus it is:  added difficulty, added beauty; and the 
pattern, with every fresh element, becoming more interesting 
in itself.

Yet it must not be thought that verse is simply an addition; 
something is lost as well as something gained; and there 
remains plainly traceable, in comparing the best prose with 
the best verse, a certain broad distinction of method in the 
web.  Tight as the versifier may draw the knot of logic, yet 
for the ear he still leaves the tissue of the sentence 
floating somewhat loose.  In prose, the sentence turns upon a 
pivot, nicely balanced, and fits into itself with an 
obtrusive neatness like a puzzle.  The ear remarks and is 
singly gratified by this return and balance; while in verse 
it is all diverted to the measure.  To find comparable 
passages is hard; for either the versifier is hugely the 
superior of the rival, or, if he be not, and still persist in 
his more delicate enterprise, he fails to be as widely his 
inferior.  But let us select them from the pages of the same 
writer, one who was ambidexter; let us take, for instance, 
Rumour's Prologue to the Second Part of HENRY IV., a fine 
flourish of eloquence in Shakespeare's second manner, and set 
it side by side with Falstaff's praise of sherris, act iv. 
scene iii.; or let us compare the beautiful prose spoken 
throughout by Rosalind and Orlando; compare, for example, the 
first speech of all, Orlando's speech to Adam, with what 
passage it shall please you to select - the Seven Ages from 
the same play, or even such a stave of nobility as Othello's 
farewell to war; and still you will be able to perceive, if 
you have an ear for that class of music, a certain superior 
degree of organisation in the prose; a compacter fitting of 
the parts; a balance in the swing and the return as of a 
throbbing pendulum.  We must not, in things temporal, take 
from those who have little, the little that they have; the 
merits of prose are inferior, but they are not the same; it 
is a little kingdom, but an independent.

3.  RHYTHM OF THE PHRASE. - Some way back, I used a word 
which still awaits an application.  Each phrase, I said, was 
to be comely; but what is a comely phrase?  In all ideal and 
material points, literature, being a representative art, must 
look for analogies to painting and the like; but in what is 
technical and executive, being a temporal art, it must seek 
for them in music.  Each phrase of each sentence, like an air 
or a recitative in music, should be so artfully compounded 
out of long and short, out of accented and unaccented, as to 
gratify the sensual ear.  And of this the ear is the sole 
judge.  It is impossible to lay down laws.  Even in our 
accentual and rhythmic language no analysis can find the 
secret of the beauty of a verse; how much less, then, of 
those phrases, such as prose is built of, which obey no law 
but to be lawless and yet to please?  The little that we know 
of verse (and for my part I owe it all to my friend Professor 
Fleeming Jenkin) is, however, particularly interesting in the 
present connection.  We have been accustomed to describe the 
heroic line as five iambic feet, and to be filled with pain 
and confusion whenever, as by the conscientious schoolboy, we 
have heard our own description put in practice.

'All night | the dread | less an | gel un | pursued,' (2)

goes the schoolboy; but though we close our ears, we cling to 
our definition, in spite of its proved and naked 
insufficiency.  Mr. Jenkin was not so easily pleased, and 
readily discovered that the heroic line consists of four 
groups, or, if you prefer the phrase, contains four pauses:

'All night | the dreadless | angel | unpursued.'

Four groups, each practically uttered as one word:  the 
first, in this case, an iamb; the second, an amphibrachys; 
the third, a trochee; and the fourth, an amphimacer; and yet 
our schoolboy, with no other liberty but that of inflicting 
pain, had triumphantly scanned it as five iambs.  Perceive, 
now, this fresh richness of intricacy in the web; this fourth 
orange, hitherto unremarked, but still kept flying with the 
others.  What had seemed to be one thing it now appears is 
two; and, like some puzzle in arithmetic, the verse is made 
at the same time to read in fives and to read in fours.

But again, four is not necessary.  We do not, indeed, find 
verses in six groups, because there is not room for six in 
the ten syllables; and we do not find verses of two, because 
one of the main distinctions of verse from prose resides in 
the comparative shortness of the group; but it is even common 
to find verses of three.  Five is the one forbidden number; 
because five is the number of the feet; and if five were 
chosen, the two patterns would coincide, and that opposition 
which is the life of verse would instantly be lost.  We have 
here a clue to the effect of polysyllables, above all in 
Latin, where they are so common and make so brave an 
architecture in the verse; for the polysyllable is a group of 
Nature's making.  If but some Roman would return from Hades 
(Martial, for choice), and tell me by what conduct of the 
voice these thundering verses should be uttered - 'AUT 
LACEDOE-MONIUM TARENTUM,' for a case in point - I feel as if 
I should enter at last into the full enjoyment of the best of 
human verses.

But, again, the five feet are all iambic, or supposed to be; 
by the mere count of syllables the four groups cannot be all 
iambic; as a question of elegance, I doubt if any one of them 
requires to be so; and I am certain that for choice no two of 
them should scan the same.  The singular beauty of the verse 
analysed above is due, so far as analysis can carry us, part, 
indeed, to the clever repetition of L, D, and N, but part to 
this variety of scansion in the groups.  The groups which, 
like the bar in music, break up the verse for utterance, fall 
uniambically; and in declaiming a so-called iambic verse, it 
may so happen that we never utter one iambic foot.  And yet 
to this neglect of the original beat there is a limit.

'Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts,' (3)

is, with all its eccentricities, a good heroic line; for 
though it scarcely can be said to indicate the beat of the 
iamb, it certainly suggests no other measure to the ear.  But 
begin

'Mother Athens, eye of Greece,'

or merely 'Mother Athens,' and the game is up, for the 
trochaic beat has been suggested.  The eccentric scansion of 
the groups is an adornment; but as soon as the original beat 
has been forgotten, they cease implicitly to be eccentric.  
Variety is what is sought; but if we destroy the original 
mould, one of the terms of this variety is lost, and we fall 
back on sameness.  Thus, both as to the arithmetical measure 
of the verse, and the degree of regularity in scansion, we 
see the laws of prosody to have one common purpose:  to keep 
alive the opposition of two schemes simultaneously followed; 
to keep them notably apart, though still coincident; and to 
balance them with such judicial nicety before the reader, 
that neither shall be unperceived and neither signally 
prevail.

The rule of rhythm in prose is not so intricate.  Here, too, 
we write in groups, or phrases, as I prefer to call them, for 
the prose phrase is greatly longer and is much more 
nonchalantly uttered than the group in verse; so that not 
only is there a greater interval of continuous sound between 
the pauses, but, for that very reason, word is linked more 
readily to word by a more summary enunciation.  Still, the 
phrase is the strict analogue of the group, and successive 
phrases, like successive groups, must differ openly in length 
and rhythm.  The rule of scansion in verse is to suggest no 
measure but the one in hand; in prose, to suggest no measure 
at all.  Prose must be rhythmical, and it may be as much so 
as you will; but it must not be metrical.  It may be 
anything, but it must not be verse.  A single heroic line may 
very well pass and not disturb the somewhat larger stride of 
the prose style; but one following another will produce an 
instant impression of poverty, flatness, and disenchantment.  
The same lines delivered with the measured utterance of verse 
would perhaps seem rich in variety.  By the more summary 
enunciation proper to prose, as to a more distant vision, 
these niceties of difference are lost.  A whole verse is 
uttered as one phrase; and the ear is soon wearied by a 
succession of groups identical in length.  The prose writer, 
in fact, since he is allowed to be so much less harmonious, 
is condemned to a perpetually fresh variety of movement on a 
larger scale, and must never disappoint the ear by the trot 
of an accepted metre.  And this obligation is the third 
orange with which he has to juggle, the third quality which 
the prose writer must work into his pattern of words.  It may 
be thought perhaps that this is a quality of ease rather than 
a fresh difficulty; but such is the inherently rhythmical 
strain of the English language, that the bad writer - and 
must I take for example that admired friend of my boyhood, 
Captain Reid? - the inexperienced writer, as Dickens in his 
earlier attempts to be impressive, and the jaded writer, as 
any one may see for himself, all tend to fall at once into 
the production of bad blank verse.  And here it may be 
pertinently asked, Why bad?  And I suppose it might be enough 
to answer that no man ever made good verse by accident, and 
that no verse can ever sound otherwise than trivial when 
uttered with the delivery of prose.  But we can go beyond 
such answers.  The weak side of verse is the regularity of 
the beat, which in itself is decidedly less impressive than 
the movement of the nobler prose; and it is just into this 
weak side, and this alone, that our careless writer falls.  A 
peculiar density and mass, consequent on the nearness of the 
pauses, is one of the chief good qualities of verse; but this 
our accidental versifier, still following after the swift 
gait and large gestures of prose, does not so much as aspire 
to imitate.  Lastly, since he remains unconscious that he is 
making verse at all, it can never occur to him to extract 
those effects of counterpoint and opposition which I have 
referred to as the final grace and justification of verse, 
and, I may add, of blank verse in particular.

4.  CONTENTS OF THE PHRASE. - Here is a great deal of talk 
about rhythm - and naturally; for in our canorous language 
rhythm is always at the door.  But it must not be forgotten 
that in some languages this element is almost, if not quite, 
extinct, and that in our own it is probably decaying.  The 
even speech of many educated Americans sounds the note of 
danger.  I should see it go with something as bitter as 
despair, but I should not be desperate.  As in verse no 
element, not even rhythm, is necessary, so, in prose also, 
other sorts of beauty will arise and take the place and play 
the part of those that we outlive.  The beauty of the 
expected beat in verse, the beauty in prose of its larger and 
more lawless melody, patent as they are to English hearing, 
are already silent in the ears of our next neighbours; for in 
France the oratorical accent and the pattern of the web have 
almost or altogether succeeded to their places; and the 
French prose writer would be astounded at the labours of his 
brother across the Channel, and how a good quarter of his 
toil, above all INVITA MINERVA, is to avoid writing verse.  
So wonderfully far apart have races wandered in spirit, and 
so hard it is to understand the literature next door!

Yet French prose is distinctly better than English; and 
French verse, above all while Hugo lives, it will not do to 
place upon one side.  What is more to our purpose, a phrase 
or a verse in French is easily distinguishable as comely or 
uncomely.  There is then another element of comeliness 
hitherto overlooked in this analysis:  the contents of the 
phrase.  Each phrase in literature is built of sounds, as 
each phrase in music consists of notes.  One sound suggests, 
echoes, demands, and harmonises with another; and the art of 
rightly using these concordances is the final art in 
literature.  It used to be a piece of good advice to all 
young writers to avoid alliteration; and the advice was 
sound, in so far as it prevented daubing.  None the less for 
that, was it abominable nonsense, and the mere raving of 
those blindest of the blind who will not see.  The beauty of 
the contents of a phrase, or of a sentence, depends 
implicitly upon alliteration and upon assonance.  The vowel 
demands to be repeated; the consonant demands to be repeated; 
and both cry aloud to be perpetually varied.  You may follow 
the adventures of a letter through any passage that has 
particularly pleased you; find it, perhaps, denied a while, 
to tantalise the ear; find it fired again at you in a whole 
broadside; or find it pass into congenerous sounds, one 
liquid or labial melting away into another.  And you will 
find another and much stranger circumstance.  Literature is 
written by and for two senses:  a sort of internal ear, quick 
to perceive 'unheard melodies'; and the eye, which directs 
the pen and deciphers the printed phrase.  Well, even as 
there are rhymes for the eye, so you will find that there are 
assonances and alliterations; that where an author is running 
the open A, deceived by the eye and our strange English 
spelling, he will often show a tenderness for the flat A; and 
that where he is running a particular consonant, he will not 
improbably rejoice to write it down even when it is mute or 
bears a different value.

Here, then, we have a fresh pattern - a pattern, to speak 
grossly, of letters - which makes the fourth preoccupation of 
the prose writer, and the fifth of the versifier.  At times 
it is very delicate and hard to perceive, and then perhaps 
most excellent and winning (I say perhaps); but at times 
again the elements of this literal melody stand more boldly 
forward and usurp the ear.  It becomes, therefore, somewhat a 
matter of conscience to select examples; and as I cannot very 
well ask the reader to help me, I shall do the next best by 
giving him the reason or the history of each selection.  The 
two first, one in prose, one in verse, I chose without 
previous analysis, simply as engaging passages that had long 
re-echoed in my ear.

'I cannot praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, 
unexercised and unbreathed, that never sallies out and sees 
her adversary, but slinks out of the race where that immortal 
garland is to be run for, not without dust and heat.' (4)  
Down to 'virtue,' the current S and R are both announced and 
repeated unobtrusively, and by way of a grace-note that 
almost inseparable group PVF is given entire. (5)  The next 
phrase is a period of repose, almost ugly in itself, both S 
and R still audible, and B given as the last fulfilment of 
PVF.  In the next four phrases, from 'that never' down to 
'run for,' the mask is thrown off, and, but for a slight 
repetition of the F and V, the whole matter turns, almost too 
obtrusively, on S and R; first S coming to the front, and 
then R.  In the concluding phrase all these favourite 
letters, and even the flat A, a timid preference for which is 
just perceptible, are discarded at a blow and in a bundle; 
and to make the break more obvious, every word ends with a 
dental, and all but one with T, for which we have been 
cautiously prepared since the beginning.  The singular 
dignity of the first clause, and this hammer-stroke of the 
last, go far to make the charm of this exquisite sentence.  
But it is fair to own that S and R are used a little 
coarsely.

'In Xanady did Kubla Khan              (KANDL)
A stately pleasure dome decree,        (KDLSR)
Where Alph the sacred river ran,       (KANDLSR)
Through caverns measureless to man,    (KANLSR)
Down to a sunless sea.' (6)            (NDLS)

Here I have put the analysis of the main group alongside the 
lines; and the more it is looked at, the more interesting it 
will seem.  But there are further niceties.  In lines two and 
four, the current S is most delicately varied with Z.  In 
line three, the current flat A is twice varied with the open 
A, already suggested in line two, and both times ('where' and 
'sacred') in conjunction with the current R.  In the same 
line F and V (a harmony in themselves, even when shorn of 
their comrade P) are admirably contrasted.  And in line four 
there is a marked subsidiary M, which again was announced in 
line two.  I stop from weariness, for more might yet be said.

My next example was recently quoted from Shakespeare as an 
example of the poet's colour sense.  Now, I do not think 
literature has anything to do with colour, or poets anyway 
the better of such a sense; and I instantly attacked this 
passage, since 'purple' was the word that had so pleased the 
writer of the article, to see if there might not be some 
literary reason for its use.  It will be seen that I 
succeeded amply; and I am bound to say I think the passage 
exceptional in Shakespeare - exceptional, indeed, in 
literature; but it was not I who chose it.

'The BaRge she sat iN, like a BURNished throNe
BURNT oN the water: the POOP was BeateN gold,
PURPle the sails and so PUR* Fumed that     * per
The wiNds were love-sick with them.' (7)

It may be asked why I have put the F of 'perfumed' in 
capitals; and I reply, because this change from P to F is the 
completion of that from B to P, already so adroitly carried 
out.  Indeed, the whole passage is a monument of curious 
ingenuity; and it seems scarce worth while to indicate the 
subsidiary S, L, and W.  In the same article, a second 
passage from Shakespeare was quoted, once again as an example 
of his colour sense:

'A mole cinque-spotted like the crimson drops
I' the bottom of a cowslip.' (8)

It is very curious, very artificial, and not worth while to 
analyse at length:  I leave it to the reader.  But before I 
turn my back on Shakespeare, I should like to quote a 
passage, for my own pleasure, and for a very model of every 
technical art:

But in the wind and tempest of her frown,
W. P. V. (9) F. (st) (ow)
Distinction with a loud and powerful fan,
W.P. F. (st) (ow) L.

Puffing at all, winnows the light away;
W. P. F. L.
And what hath mass and matter by itself
W. F. L. M. A.
Lies rich in virtue and unmingled.' (10)
V. L. M.

From these delicate and choice writers I turned with some 
curiosity to a player of the big drum - Macaulay.  I had in 
hand the two-volume edition, and I opened at the beginning of 
the second volume.  Here was what I read:

'The violence of revolutions is generally proportioned to the 
degree of the maladministration which has produced them.  It 
is therefore not strange that the government of Scotland, 
having been during many years greatly more corrupt than the 
government of England, should have fallen with a far heavier 
ruin.  The movement against the last king of the house of 
Stuart was in England conservative, in Scotland destructive.  
The English complained not of the law, but of the violation 
of the law.'

This was plain-sailing enough; it was our old friend PVF, 
floated by the liquids in a body; but as I read on, and 
turned the page, and still found PVF with his attendant 
liquids, I confess my mind misgave me utterly.  This could be 
no trick of Macaulay's; it must be the nature of the English 
tongue.  In a kind of despair, I turned half-way through the 
volume; and coming upon his lordship dealing with General 
Cannon, and fresh from Claverhouse and Killiecrankie, here, 
with elucidative spelling, was my reward:

'Meanwhile the disorders of Kannon's Kamp went on inKreasing.  
He Kalled a Kouncil of war to Konsider what Kourse it would 
be advisable to taKe.  But as soon as the Kouncil had met, a 
preliminary Kuestion was raised.  The army was almost 
eKsKlusively a Highland army.  The recent vKktory had been 
won eKsKlusively by Highland warriors.  Great chieFs who had 
brought siKs or SeVen hundred Fighting men into the Field did 
not think it Fair that they should be outVoted by gentlemen 
From Ireland, and From the Low Kountries, who bore indeed 
King James's Kommission, and were Kalled Kolonels and 
Kaptains, but who were Kolonels without regiments and 
Kaptains without Kompanies.'

A moment of FV in all this world of K's!  It was not the 
English language, then, that was an instrument of one string, 
but Macaulay that was an incomparable dauber.

It was probably from this barbaric love of repeating the same 
sound, rather than from any design of clearness, that he 
acquired his irritating habit of repeating words; I say the 
one rather than the other, because such a trick of the ear is 
deeper-seated and more original in man than any logical 
consideration.  Few writers, indeed, are probably conscious 
of the length to which they push this melody of letters.  
One, writing very diligently, and only concerned about the 
meaning of his words and the rhythm of his phrases, was 
struck into amazement by the eager triumph with which he 
cancelled one expression to substitute another.  Neither 
changed the sense; both being mono-syllables, neither could 
affect the scansion; and it was only by looking back on what 
he had already written that the mystery was solved:  the 
second word contained an open A, and for nearly half a page 
he had been riding that vowel to the death.

In practice, I should add, the ear is not always so exacting; 
and ordinary writers, in ordinary moments, content themselves 
with avoiding what is harsh, and here and there, upon a rare 
occasion, buttressing a phrase, or linking two together, with 
a patch of assonance or a momentary jingle of alliteration.  
To understand how constant is this preoccupation of good 
writers, even where its results are least obtrusive, it is 
only necessary to turn to the bad.  There, indeed, you will 
find cacophony supreme, the rattle of incongruous consonants 
only relieved by the jaw-breaking hiatus, and whole phrases 
not to be articulated by the powers of man.

CONCLUSION. - We may now briefly enumerate the elements of 
style.  We have, peculiar to the prose writer, the task of 
keeping his phrases large, rhythmical, and pleasing to the 
ear, without ever allowing them to fall into the strictly 
metrical:  peculiar to the versifier, the task of combining 
and contrasting his double, treble, and quadruple pattern, 
feet and groups, logic and metre - harmonious in diversity:  
common to both, the task of artfully combining the prime 
elements of language into phrases that shall be musical in 
the mouth; the task of weaving their argument into a texture 
of committed phrases and of rounded periods - but this 
particularly binding in the case of prose:  and, again common 
to both, the task of choosing apt, explicit, and 
communicative words.  We begin to see now what an intricate 
affair is any perfect passage; how many faculties, whether of 
taste or pure reason, must be held upon the stretch to make 
it; and why, when it is made, it should afford us so complete 
a pleasure.  From the arrangement of according letters, which 
is altogether arabesque and sensual, up to the architecture 
of the elegant and pregnant sentence, which is a vigorous act 
of the pure intellect, there is scarce a faculty in man but 
has been exercised.  We need not wonder, then, if perfect 
sentences are rare, and perfect pages rarer.

CHAPTER II - THE MORALITY OF THE PROFESSION OF LETTERS (11)

THE profession of letters has been lately debated in the 
public prints; and it has been debated, to put the matter 
mildly, from a point of view that was calculated to surprise 
high-minded men, and bring a general contempt on books and 
reading.  Some time ago, in particular, a lively, pleasant, 
popular writer (12) devoted an essay, lively and pleasant 
like himself, to a very encouraging view of the profession.  
We may be glad that his experience is so cheering, and we may 
hope that all others, who deserve it, shall be as handsomely 
rewarded; but I do not think we need be at all glad to have 
this question, so important to the public and ourselves, 
debated solely on the ground of money.  The salary in any 
business under heaven is not the only, nor indeed the first, 
question.  That you should continue to exist is a matter for 
your own consideration; but that your business should be 
first honest, and second useful, are points in which honour 
and morality are concerned.  If the writer to whom I refer 
succeeds in persuading a number of young persons to adopt 
this way of life with an eye set singly on the livelihood, we 
must expect them in their works to follow profit only, and we 
must expect in consequence, if he will pardon me the 
epithets, a slovenly, base, untrue, and empty literature.  Of 
that writer himself I am not speaking:  he is diligent, 
clean, and pleasing; we all owe him periods of entertainment, 
and he has achieved an amiable popularity which he has 
adequately deserved.  But the truth is, he does not, or did 
not when he first embraced it, regard his profession from 
this purely mercenary side.  He went into it, I shall venture 
to say, if not with any noble design, at least in the ardour 
of a first love; and he enjoyed its practice long before he 
paused to calculate the wage.  The other day an author was 
complimented on a piece of work, good in itself and 
exceptionally good for him, and replied, in terms unworthy of 
a commercial traveller that as the book was not briskly 
selling he did not give a copper farthing for its merit.  It 
must not be supposed that the person to whom this answer was 
addressed received it as a profession of faith; he knew, on 
the other hand, that it was only a whiff of irritation; just 
as we know, when a respectable writer talks of literature as 
a way of life, like shoemaking, but not so useful, that he is 
only debating one aspect of a question, and is still clearly 
conscious of a dozen others more important in themselves and 
more central to the matter in hand.  But while those who 
treat literature in this penny-wise and virtue-foolish spirit 
are themselves truly in possession of a better light, it does 
not follow that the treatment is decent or improving, whether 
for themselves or others.  To treat all subjects in the 
highest, the most honourable, and the pluckiest spirit, 
consistent with the fact, is the first duty of a writer.  If 
he be well paid, as I am glad to hear he is, this duty 
becomes the more urgent, the neglect of it the more 
disgraceful.  And perhaps there is no subject on which a man 
should speak so gravely as that industry, whatever it may be, 
which is the occupation or delight of his life; which is his 
tool to earn or serve with; and which, if it be unworthy, 
stamps himself as a mere incubus of dumb and greedy bowels on 
the shoulders of labouring humanity.  On that subject alone 
even to force the note might lean to virtue's side.  It is to 
be hoped that a numerous and enterprising generation of 
writers will follow and surpass the present one; but it would 
be better if the stream were stayed, and the roll of our old, 
honest English books were closed, than that esurient book-
makers should continue and debase a brave tradition, and 
lower, in their own eyes, a famous race.  Better that our 
serene temples were deserted than filled with trafficking and 
juggling priests.

There are two just reasons for the choice of any way of life:  
the first is inbred taste in the chooser; the second some 
high utility in the industry selected.  Literature, like any 
other art, is singularly interesting to the artist; and, in a 
degree peculiar to itself among the arts, it is useful to 
mankind.  These are the sufficient justifications for any 
young man or woman who adopts it as the business of his life.  
I shall not say much about the wages.  A writer can live by 
his writing.  If not so luxuriously as by other trades, then 
less luxuriously.  The nature of the work he does all day 
will more affect his happiness than the quality of his dinner 
at night.  Whatever be your calling, and however much it 
brings you in the year, you could still, you know, get more 
by cheating.  We all suffer ourselves to be too much 
concerned about a little poverty; but such considerations 
should not move us in the choice of that which is to be the 
business and justification of so great a portion of our 
lives; and like the missionary, the patriot, or the 
philosopher, we should all choose that poor and brave career 
in which we can do the most and best for mankind.  Now 
Nature, faithfully followed, proves herself a careful mother.  
A lad, for some liking to the jingle of words, betakes 
himself to letters for his life; by-and-by, when he learns 
more gravity, he finds that he has chosen better than he 
knew; that if he earns little, he is earning it amply; that 
if he receives a small wage, he is in a position to do 
considerable services; that it is in his power, in some small 
measure, to protect the oppressed and to defend the truth.  
So kindly is the world arranged, such great profit may arise 
from a small degree of human reliance on oneself, and such, 
in particular, is the happy star of this trade of writing, 
that it should combine pleasure and profit to both parties, 
and be at once agreeable, like fiddling, and useful, like 
good preaching.

This is to speak of literature at its highest; and with the 
four great elders who are still spared to our respect and 
admiration, with Carlyle, Ruskin, Browning, and Tennyson 
before us, it would be cowardly to consider it at first in 
any lesser aspect.  But while we cannot follow these 
athletes, while we may none of us, perhaps, be very vigorous, 
very original, or very wise, I still contend that, in the 
humblest sort of literary work, we have it in our power 
either to do great harm or great good.  We may seek merely to 
please; we may seek, having no higher gift, merely to gratify 
the idle nine days' curiosity of our contemporaries; or we 
may essay, however feebly, to instruct.  In each of these we 
shall have to deal with that remarkable art of words which, 
because it is the dialect of life, comes home so easily and 
powerfully to the minds of men; and since that is so, we 
contribute, in each of these branches, to build up the sum of 
sentiments and appreciations which goes by the name of Public 
Opinion or Public Feeling.  The total of a nation's reading, 
in these days of daily papers, greatly modifies the total of 
the nation's speech; and the speech and reading, taken 
together, form the efficient educational medium of youth.  A 
good man or woman may keep a youth some little while in 
clearer air; but the contemporary atmosphere is all-powerful 
in the end on the average of mediocre characters.  The 
copious Corinthian baseness of the American reporter or the 
Parisian CHRONIQUEAR, both so lightly readable, must exercise 
an incalculable influence for ill; they touch upon all 
subjects, and on all with the same ungenerous hand; they 
begin the consideration of all, in young and unprepared 
minds, in an unworthy spirit; on all, they supply some 
pungency for dull people to quote.  The mere body of this 
ugly matter overwhelms the rare utterances of good men; the 
sneering, the selfish, and the cowardly are scattered in 
broad sheets on every table, while the antidote, in small 
volumes, lies unread upon the shelf.  I have spoken of the 
American and the French, not because they are so much baser, 
but so much more readable, than the English; their evil is 
done more effectively, in America for the masses, in French 
for the few that care to read; but with us as with them, the 
duties of literature are daily neglected, truth daily 
perverted and suppressed, and grave subjects daily degraded 
in the treatment.  The journalist is not reckoned an 
important officer; yet judge of the good he might do, the 
harm he does; judge of it by one instance only:  that when we 
find two journals on the reverse sides of politics each, on 
the same day, openly garbling a piece of news for the 
interest of its own party, we smile at the discovery (no 
discovery now!) as over a good joke and pardonable stratagem.  
Lying so open is scarce lying, it is true; but one of the 
things that we profess to teach our young is a respect for 
truth; and I cannot think this piece of education will be 
crowned with any great success, so long as some of us 
practise and the rest openly approve of public falsehood.

There are two duties incumbent upon any man who enters on the 
business of writing:  truth to the fact and a good spirit in 
the treatment.  In every department of literature, though so 
low as hardly to deserve the name, truth to the fact is of 
importance to the education and comfort of mankind, and so 
hard to preserve, that the faithful trying to do so will lend 
some dignity to the man who tries it.  Our judgments are 
based upon two things:  first, upon the original preferences 
of our soul; but, second, upon the mass of testimony to the 
nature of God, man, and the universe which reaches us, in 
divers manners, from without.  For the most part these divers 
manners are reducible to one, all that we learn of past times 
and much that we learn of our own reaching us through the 
medium of books or papers, and even he who cannot read 
learning from the same source at second-hand and by the 
report of him who can.  Thus the sum of the contemporary 
knowledge or ignorance of good and evil is, in large measure, 
the handiwork of those who write.  Those who write have to 
see that each man's knowledge is, as near as they can make 
it, answerable to the facts of life; that he shall not 
suppose himself an angel or a monster; nor take this world 
for a hell; nor be suffered to imagine that all rights are 
concentred in his own caste or country, or all veracities in 
his own parochial creed.  Each man should learn what is 
within him, that he may strive to mend; he must be taught 
what is without him, that he may be kind to others.  It can 
never be wrong to tell him the truth; for, in his disputable 
state, weaving as he goes his theory of life, steering 
himself, cheering or reproving others, all facts are of the 
first importance to his conduct; and even if a fact shall 
discourage or corrupt him, it is still best that he should 
know it; for it is in this world as it is, and not in a world 
made easy by educational suppressions, that he must win his 
way to shame or glory.  In one word, it must always be foul 
to tell what is false; and it can never be safe to suppress 
what is true.  The very fact that you omit may be the fact 
which somebody was wanting, for one man's meat is another 
man's poison, and I have known a person who was cheered by 
the perusal of CANDIDE.  Every fact is a part of that great 
puzzle we must set together; and none that comes directly in 
a writer's path but has some nice relations, unperceivable by 
him, to the totality and bearing of the subject under hand.  
Yet there are certain classes of fact eternally more 
necessary than others, and it is with these that literature 
must first bestir itself.  They are not hard to distinguish, 
nature once more easily leading us; for the necessary, 
because the efficacious, facts are those which are most 
interesting to the natural mind of man.  Those which are 
coloured, picturesque, human, and rooted in morality, and 
those, on the other hand, which are clear, indisputable, and 
a part of science, are alone vital in importance, seizing by 
their interest, or useful to communicate.  So far as the 
writer merely narrates, he should principally tell of these.  
He should tell of the kind and wholesome and beautiful 
elements of our life; he should tell unsparingly of the evil 
and sorrow of the present, to move us with instances:  he 
should tell of wise and good people in the past, to excite us 
by example; and of these he should tell soberly and 
truthfully, not glossing faults, that we may neither grow 
discouraged with ourselves nor exacting to our neighbours.  
So the body of contemporary literature, ephemeral and feeble 
in itself, touches in the minds of men the springs of thought 
and kindness, and supports them (for those who will go at all 
are easily supported) on their way to what is true and right.  
And if, in any degree, it does so now, how much more might it 
do so if the writers chose!  There is not a life in all the 
records of the past but, properly studied, might lend a hint 
and a help to some contemporary.  There is not a juncture in 
to-day's affairs but some useful word may yet be said of it.  
Even the reporter has an office, and, with clear eyes and 
honest language, may unveil injustices and point the way to 
progress.  And for a last word:  in all narration there is 
only one way to be clever, and that is to be exact.  To be 
vivid is a secondary quality which must presuppose the first; 
for vividly to convey a wrong impression is only to make 
failure conspicuous.

But a fact may be viewed on many sides; it may be chronicled 
with rage, tears, laughter, indifference, or admiration, and 
by each of these the story will be transformed to something 
else.  The newspapers that told of the return of our 
representatives from Berlin, even if they had not differed as 
to the facts, would have sufficiently differed by their 
spirits; so that the one description would have been a second 
ovation, and the other a prolonged insult.  The subject makes 
but a trifling part of any piece of literature, and the view 
of the writer is itself a fact more important because less 
disputable than the others.  Now this spirit in which a 
subject is regarded, important in all kinds of literary work, 
becomes all-important in works of fiction, meditation, or 
rhapsody; for there it not only colours but itself chooses 
the facts; not only modifies but shapes the work.  And hence, 
over the far larger proportion of the field of literature, 
the health or disease of the writer's mind or momentary 
humour forms not only the leading feature of his work, but 
is, at bottom, the only thing he can communicate to others.  
In all works of art, widely speaking, it is first of all the 
author's attitude that is narrated, though in the attitude 
there be implied a whole experience and a theory of life.  An 
author who has begged the question and reposes in some narrow 
faith cannot, if he would, express the whole or even many of 
the sides of this various existence; for, his own life being 
maim, some of them are not admitted in his theory, and were 
only dimly and unwillingly recognised in his experience.  
Hence the smallness, the triteness, and the inhumanity in 
works of merely sectarian religion; and hence we find equal 
although unsimilar limitation in works inspired by the spirit 
of the flesh or the despicable taste for high society.  So 
that the first duty of any man who is to write is 
intellectual.  Designedly or not, he has so far set himself 
up for a leader of the minds of men; and he must see that his 
own mind is kept supple, charitable, and bright.  Everything 
but prejudice should find a voice through him; he should see 
the good in all things; where he has even a fear that he does 
not wholly understand, there he should be wholly silent; and 
he should recognise from the first that he has only one tool 
in his workshop, and that tool is sympathy.  (13)

The second duty, far harder to define, is moral.  There are a 
thousand different humours in the mind, and about each of 
them, when it is uppermost, some literature tends to be 
deposited.  Is this to be allowed?  Not certainly in every 
case, and yet perhaps in more than rigourists would fancy.  
It were to be desired that all literary work, and chiefly 
works of art, issued from sound, human, healthy, and potent 
impulses, whether grave or laughing, humorous, romantic, or 
religious.

Yet it cannot be denied that some valuable books are 
partially insane; some, mostly religious, partially inhuman; 
and very many tainted with morbidity and impotence.  We do 
not loathe a masterpiece although we gird against its 
blemishes.  We are not, above all, to look for faults, but 
merits.  There is no book perfect, even in design; but there 
are many that will delight, improve, or encourage the reader.  
On the one hand, the Hebrew psalms are the only religious 
poetry on earth; yet they contain sallies that savour rankly 
of the man of blood.  On the other hand, Alfred de Musset had 
a poisoned and a contorted nature; I am only quoting that 
generous and frivolous giant, old Dumas, when I accuse him of 
a bad heart; yet, when the impulse under which he wrote was 
purely creative, he could give us works like CARMOSINE or 
FANTASIO, in which the last note of the romantic comedy seems 
to have been found again to touch and please us.  When 
Flaubert wrote MADAME BOVARY, I believe he thought chiefly of 
a somewhat morbid realism; and behold! the book turned in his 
hands into a masterpiece of appalling morality.  But the 
truth is, when books are conceived under a great stress, with 
a soul of ninefold power, nine times heated and electrified 
by effort, the conditions of our being are seized with such 
an ample grasp, that, even should the main design be trivial 
or base, some truth and beauty cannot fail to be expressed.  
Out of the strong comes forth sweetness; but an ill thing 
poorly done is an ill thing top and bottom.  And so this can 
be no encouragement to knock-kneed, feeble-wristed scribes, 
who must take their business conscientiously or be ashamed to 
practise it.

Man is imperfect; yet, in his literature, he must express 
himself and his own views and preferences; for to do anything 
else is to do a far more perilous thing than to risk being 
immoral:  it is to be sure of being untrue.  To ape a 
sentiment, even a good one, is to travesty a sentiment; that 
will not be helpful.  To conceal a sentiment, if you are sure 
you hold it, is to take a liberty with truth.  There is 
probably no point of view possible to a sane man but contains 
some truth and, in the true connection, might be profitable 
to the race.  I am not afraid of the truth, if any one could 
tell it me, but I am afraid of parts of it impertinently 
uttered.  There is a time to dance and a time to mourn; to be 
harsh as well as to be sentimental; to be ascetic as well as 
to glorify the appetites; and if a man were to combine all 
these extremes into his work, each in its place and 
proportion, that work would be the world's masterpiece of 
morality as well as of art.  Partiality is immorality; for 
any book is wrong that gives a misleading picture of the 
world and life.  The trouble is that the weakling must be 
partial; the work of one proving dank and depressing; of 
another, cheap and vulgar; of a third, epileptically sensual; 
of a fourth, sourly ascetic.  In literature as in conduct, 
you can never hope to do exactly right.  All you can do is to 
make as sure as possible; and for that there is but one rule.  
Nothing should be done in a hurry that can be done slowly.  
It is no use to write a book and put it by for nine or even 
ninety years; for in the writing you will have partly 
convinced yourself; the delay must precede any beginning; and 
if you meditate a work of art, you should first long roll the 
subject under the tongue to make sure you like the flavour, 
before you brew a volume that shall taste of it from end to 
end; or if you propose to enter on the field of controversy, 
you should first have thought upon the question under all 
conditions, in health as well as in sickness, in sorrow as 
well as in joy.  It is this nearness of examination necessary 
for any true and kind writing, that makes the practice of the 
art a prolonged and noble education for the writer.

There is plenty to do, plenty to say, or to say over again, 
in the meantime.  Any literary work which conveys faithful 
facts or pleasing impressions is a service to the public.  It 
is even a service to be thankfully proud of having rendered.  
The slightest novels are a blessing to those in distress, not 
chloroform itself a greater.  Our fine old sea-captain's life 
was justified when Carlyle soothed his mind with THE KING'S 
OWN or NEWTON FORSTER.  To please is to serve; and so far 
from its being difficult to instruct while you amuse, it is 
difficult to do the one thoroughly without the other.  Some 
part of the writer or his life will crop out in even a vapid 
book; and to read a novel that was conceived with any force 
is to multiply experience and to exercise the sympathies.

Every article, every piece of verse, every essay, every 
ENTRE-FILET, is destined to pass, however swiftly, through 
the minds of some portion of the public, and to colour, 
however transiently, their thoughts.  When any subject falls 
to be discussed, some scribbler on a paper has the invaluable 
opportunity of beginning its discussion in a dignified and 
human spirit; and if there were enough who did so in our 
public press, neither the public nor the Parliament would 
find it in their minds to drop to meaner thoughts.  The 
writer has the chance to stumble, by the way, on something 
pleasing, something interesting, something encouraging, were 
it only to a single reader.  He will be unfortunate, indeed, 
if he suit no one.  He has the chance, besides, to stumble on 
something that a dull person shall be able to comprehend; and 
for a dull person to have read anything and, for that once, 
comprehended it, makes a marking epoch in his education.

Here, then, is work worth doing and worth trying to do well.  
And so, if I were minded to welcome any great accession to 
our trade, it should not be from any reason of a higher wage, 
but because it was a trade which was useful in a very great 
and in a very high degree; which every honest tradesman could 
make more serviceable to mankind in his single strength; 
which was difficult to do well and possible to do better 
every year; which called for scrupulous thought on the part 
of all who practised it, and hence became a perpetual 
education to their nobler natures; and which, pay it as you 
please, in the large majority of the best cases will still be 
underpaid.  For surely, at this time of day in the nineteenth 
century, there is nothing that an honest man should fear more 
timorously than getting and spending more than he deserves.

CHAPTER III - BOOKS WHICH HAVE INFLUENCED ME (14)

THE Editor (15) has somewhat insidiously laid a trap for his 
correspondents, the question put appearing at first so 
innocent, truly cutting so deep.  It is not, indeed, until 
after some reconnaissance and review that the writer awakes 
to find himself engaged upon something in the nature of 
autobiography, or, perhaps worse, upon a chapter in the life 
of that little, beautiful brother whom we once all had, and 
whom we have all lost and mourned, the man we ought to have 
been, the man we hoped to be.  But when word has been passed 
(even to an editor), it should, if possible, be kept; and if 
sometimes I am wise and say too little, and sometimes weak 
and say too much, the blame must lie at the door of the 
person who entrapped me.

The most influential books, and the truest in their 
influence, are works of fiction.  They do not pin the reader 
to a dogma, which he must afterwards discover to be inexact; 
they do not teach him a lesson, which he must afterwards 
unlearn.  They repeat, they rearrange, they clarify the 
lessons of life; they disengage us from ourselves, they 
constrain us to the acquaintance of others; and they show us 
the web of experience, not as we can see it for ourselves, 
but with a singular change - that monstrous, consuming EGO of 
ours being, for the nonce, struck out.  To be so, they must 
be reasonably true to the human comedy; and any work that is 
so serves the turn of instruction.  But the course of our 
education is answered best by those poems and romances where 
we breathe a magnanimous atmosphere of thought and meet 
generous and pious characters.  Shakespeare has served me 
best.  Few living friends have had upon me an influence so 
strong for good as Hamlet or Rosalind.  The last character, 
already well beloved in the reading, I had the good fortune 
to see, I must think, in an impressionable hour, played by 
Mrs. Scott Siddons.  Nothing has ever more moved, more 
delighted, more refreshed me; nor has the influence quite 
passed away.  Kent's brief speech over the dying Lear had a 
great effect upon my mind, and was the burthen of my 
reflections for long, so profoundly, so touchingly generous 
did it appear in sense, so overpowering in expression.  
Perhaps my dearest and best friend outside of Shakespeare is 
D'Artagnan - the elderly D'Artagnan of the VICOMTE DE 
BRAGELONNE.  I know not a more human soul, nor, in his way, a 
finer; I shall be very sorry for the man who is so much of a 
pedant in morals that he cannot learn from the Captain of 
Musketeers.  Lastly, I must name the PILGRIM'S PROGRESS, a 
book that breathes of every beautiful and valuable emotion.

But of works of art little can be said; their influence is 
profound and silent, like the influence of nature; they mould 
by contact; we drink them up like water, and are bettered, 
yet know not how.  It is in books more specifically didactic 
that we can follow out the effect, and distinguish and weigh 
and compare.  A book which has been very influential upon me 
fell early into my hands, and so may stand first, though I 
think its influence was only sensible later on, and perhaps 
still keeps growing, for it is a book not easily outlived:  
the ESSAIS of Montaigne.  That temperate and genial picture 
of life is a great gift to place in the hands of persons of 
to-day; they will find in these smiling pages a magazine of 
heroism and wisdom, all of an antique strain; they will have 
their 'linen decencies' and excited orthodoxies fluttered, 
and will (if they have any gift of reading) perceive that 
these have not been fluttered without some excuse and ground 
of reason; and (again if they have any gift of reading) they 
will end by seeing that this old gentleman was in a dozen 
ways a finer fellow, and held in a dozen ways a nobler view 
of life, than they or their contemporaries.

The next book, in order of time, to influence me, was the New 
Testament, and in particular the Gospel according to St. 
Matthew.  I believe it would startle and move any one if they 
could make a certain effort of imagination and read it 
freshly like a book, not droningly and dully like a portion 
of the Bible.  Any one would then be able to see in it those 
truths which we are all courteously supposed to know and all 
modestly refrain from applying.  But upon this subject it is 
perhaps better to be silent.

I come next to Whitman's LEAVES OF GRASS, a book of singular 
service, a book which tumbled the world upside down for me, 
blew into space a thousand cobwebs of genteel and ethical 
illusion, and, having thus shaken my tabernacle of lies, set 
me back again upon a strong foundation of all the original 
and manly virtues.  But it is, once more, only a book for 
those who have the gift of reading.  I will be very frank - I 
believe it is so with all good books except, perhaps, 
fiction.  The average man lives, and must live, so wholly in 
convention, that gunpowder charges of the truth are more apt 
to discompose than to invigorate his creed.  Either he cries 
out upon blasphemy and indecency, and crouches the closer 
round that little idol of part-truths and part-conveniences 
which is the contemporary deity, or he is convinced by what 
is new, forgets what is old, and becomes truly blasphemous 
and indecent himself.  New truth is only useful to supplement 
the old; rough truth is only wanted to expand, not to 
destroy, our civil and often elegant conventions.  He who 
cannot judge had better stick to fiction and the daily 
papers.  There he will get little harm, and, in the first at 
least, some good.

Close upon the back of my discovery of Whitman, I came under 
the influence of Herbert Spencer.  No more persuasive rabbi 
exists, and few better.  How much of his vast structure will 
bear the touch of time, how much is clay and how much brass, 
it were too curious to inquire.  But his words, if dry, are 
always manly and honest; there dwells in his pages a spirit 
of highly abstract joy, plucked naked like an algebraic 
symbol but still joyful; and the reader will find there a 
CAPUT MORTUUM of piety, with little indeed of its loveliness, 
but with most of its essentials; and these two qualities make 
him a wholesome, as his intellectual vigour makes him a 
bracing, writer.  I should be much of a hound if I lost my 
gratitude to Herbert Spencer.

GOETHE'S LIFE, by Lewes, had a great importance for me when 
it first fell into my hands - a strange instance of the 
partiality of man's good and man's evil.  I know no one whom 
I less admire than Goethe; he seems a very epitome of the 
sins of genius, breaking open the doors of private life, and 
wantonly wounding friends, in that crowning offence of 
WERTHER, and in his own character a mere pen-and-ink 
Napoleon, conscious of the rights and duties of superior 
talents as a Spanish inquisitor was conscious of the rights 
and duties of his office.  And yet in his fine devotion to 
his art, in his honest and serviceable friendship for 
Schiller, what lessons are contained!  Biography, usually so 
false to its office, does here for once perform for us some 
of the work of fiction, reminding us, that is, of the truly 
mingled tissue of man's nature, and how huge faults and 
shining virtues cohabit and persevere in the same character.  
History serves us well to this effect, but in the originals, 
not in the pages of the popular epitomiser, who is bound, by 
the very nature of his task, to make us feel the difference 
of epochs instead of the essential identity of man, and even 
in the originals only to those who can recognise their own 
human virtues and defects in strange forms, often inverted 
and under strange names, often interchanged.  Martial is a 
poet of no good repute, and it gives a man new thoughts to 
read his works dispassionately, and find in this unseemly 
jester's serious passages the image of a kind, wise, and 
self-respecting gentleman.  It is customary, I suppose, in 
reading Martial, to leave out these pleasant verses; I never 
heard of them, at least, until I found them for myself; and 
this partiality is one among a thousand things that help to 
build up our distorted and hysterical conception of the great 
Roman Empire.

This brings us by a natural transition to a very noble book - 
the MEDITATIONS of Marcus Aurelius.  The dispassionate 
gravity, the noble forgetfulness of self, the tenderness of 
others, that are there expressed and were practised on so 
great a scale in the life of its writer, make this book a 
book quite by itself.  No one can read it and not be moved.  
Yet it scarcely or rarely appeals to the feelings - those 
very mobile, those not very trusty parts of man.  Its address 
lies further back:  its lesson comes more deeply home; when 
you have read, you carry away with you a memory of the man 
himself; it is as though you had touched a loyal hand, looked 
into brave eyes, and made a noble friend; there is another 
bond on you thenceforward, binding you to life and to the 
love of virtue.

Wordsworth should perhaps come next.  Every one has been 
influenced by Wordsworth, and it is hard to tell precisely 
how.  A certain innocence, a rugged austerity of joy, a sight 
of the stars, 'the silence that is in the lonely hills,' 
something of the cold thrill of dawn, cling to his work and 
give it a particular address to what is best in us.  I do not 
know that you learn a lesson; you need not - Mill did not - 
agree with any one of his beliefs; and yet the spell is cast.  
Such are the best teachers; a dogma learned is only a new 
error - the old one was perhaps as good; but a spirit 
communicated is a perpetual possession.  These best teachers 
climb beyond teaching to the plane of art; it is themselves, 
and what is best in themselves, that they communicate.

I should never forgive myself if I forgot THE EGOIST.  It is 
art, if you like, but it belongs purely to didactic art, and 
from all the novels I have read (and I have read thousands) 
stands in a place by itself.  Here is a Nathan for the modern 
David; here is a book to send the blood into men's faces.  
Satire, the angry picture of human faults, is not great art; 
we can all be angry with our neighbour; what we want is to be 
shown, not his defects, of which we are too conscious, but 
his merits, to which we are too blind.  And THE EGOIST is a 
satire; so much must be allowed; but it is a satire of a 
singular quality, which tells you nothing of that obvious 
mote, which is engaged from first to last with that invisible 
beam.  It is yourself that is hunted down; these are your own 
faults that are dragged into the day and numbered, with 
lingering relish, with cruel cunning and precision.  A young 
friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in 
an agony.  'This is too bad of you,' he cried.  'Willoughby 
is me!'  'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of 
us.'

I have read THE EGOIST five or six times myself, and I mean 
to read it again; for I am like the young friend of the 
anecdote - I think Willoughby an unmanly but a very 
serviceable exposure of myself.

I suppose, when I am done, I shall find that I have forgotten 
much that was most influential, as I see already I have 
forgotten Thoreau, and Hazlitt, whose paper 'On the Spirit of 
Obligations' was a turning-point in my life, and Penn, whose 
little book of aphorisms had a brief but strong effect on me, 
and Mitford's TALES OF OLD JAPAN, wherein I learned for the 
first time the proper attitude of any rational man to his 
country's laws - a secret found, and kept, in the Asiatic 
islands.  That I should commemorate all is more than I can 
hope or the Editor could ask.  It will be more to the point, 
after having said so much upon improving books, to say a word 
or two about the improvable reader.  The gift of reading, as 
I have called it, is not very common, nor very generally 
understood.  It consists, first of all, in a vast 
intellectual endowment - a free grace, I find I must call it 
- by which a man rises to understand that he is not 
punctually right, nor those from whom he differs absolutely 
wrong.  He may hold dogmas; he may hold them passionately; 
and he may know that others hold them but coldly, or hold 
them differently, or hold them not at all.  Well, if he has 
the gift of reading, these others will be full of meat for 
him.  They will see the other side of propositions and the 
other side of virtues.  He need not change his dogma for 
that, but he may change his reading of that dogma, and he 
must supplement and correct his deductions from it.  A human 
truth, which is always very much a lie, hides as much of life 
as it displays.  It is men who hold another truth, or, as it 
seems to us, perhaps, a dangerous lie, who can extend our 
restricted field of knowledge, and rouse our drowsy 
consciences.  Something that seems quite new, or that seems 
insolently false or very dangerous, is the test of a reader.  
If he tries to see what it means, what truth excuses it, he 
has the gift, and let him read.  If he is merely hurt, or 
offended, or exclaims upon his author's folly, he had better 
take to the daily papers; he will never be a reader.

And here, with the aptest illustrative force, after I have 
laid down my part-truth, I must step in with its opposite.  
For, after all, we are vessels of a very limited content.  
Not all men can read all books; it is only in a chosen few 
that any man will find his appointed food; and the fittest 
lessons are the most palatable, and make themselves welcome 
to the mind.  A writer learns this early, and it is his chief 
support; he goes on unafraid, laying down the law; and he is 
sure at heart that most of what he says is demonstrably 
false, and much of a mingled strain, and some hurtful, and 
very little good for service; but he is sure besides that 
when his words fall into the hands of any genuine reader, 
they will be weighed and winnowed, and only that which suits 
will be assimilated; and when they fall into the hands of one 
who cannot intelligently read, they come there quite silent 
and inarticulate, falling upon deaf ears, and his secret is 
kept as if he had not written.

CHAPTER IV - A NOTE ON REALISM (16)

STYLE is the invariable mark of any master; and for the 
student who does not aspire so high as to be numbered with 
the giants, it is still the one quality in which he may 
improve himself at will.  Passion, wisdom, creative force, 
the power of mystery or colour, are allotted in the hour of 
birth, and can be neither learned nor simulated.  But the 
just and dexterous use of what qualities we have, the 
proportion of one part to another and to the whole, the 
elision of the useless, the accentuation of the important, 
and the preservation of a uniform character from end to end - 
these, which taken together constitute technical perfection, 
are to some degree within the reach of industry and 
intellectual courage.  What to put in and what to leave out; 
whether some particular fact be organically necessary or 
purely ornamental; whether, if it be purely ornamental, it 
may not weaken or obscure the general design; and finally, 
whether, if we decide to use it, we should do so grossly and 
notably, or in some conventional disguise:  are questions of 
plastic style continually rearising.  And the sphinx that 
patrols the highways of executive art has no more 
unanswerable riddle to propound.

In literature (from which I must draw my instances) the great 
change of the past century has been effected by the admission 
of detail.  It was inaugurated by the romantic Scott; and at 
length, by the semi-romantic Balzac and his more or less 
wholly unromantic followers, bound like a duty on the 
novelist.  For some time it signified and expressed a more 
ample contemplation of the conditions of man's life; but it 
has recently (at least in France) fallen into a merely 
technical and decorative stage, which it is, perhaps, still 
too harsh to call survival.  With a movement of alarm, the 
wiser or more timid begin to fall a little back from these 
extremities; they begin to aspire after a more naked, 
narrative articulation; after the succinct, the dignified, 
and the poetic; and as a means to this, after a general 
lightening of this baggage of detail.  After Scott we beheld 
the starveling story - once, in the hands of Voltaire, as 
abstract as a parable  - begin to be pampered upon facts.  
The introduction of these details developed a particular 
ability of hand; and that ability, childishly indulged, has 
led to the works that now amaze us on a railway journey.  A 
man of the unquestionable force of M. Zola spends himself on 
technical successes.  To afford a popular flavour and attract 
the mob, he adds a steady current of what I may be allowed to 
call the rancid.  That is exciting to the moralist; but what 
more particularly interests the artist is this tendency of 
the extreme of detail, when followed as a principle, to 
degenerate into mere FEUX-DE-JOIE of literary tricking.  The 
other day even M. Daudet was to be heard babbling of audible 
colours and visible sounds.

This odd suicide of one branch of the realists may serve to 
remind us of the fact which underlies a very dusty conflict 
of the critics.  All representative art, which can be said to 
live, is both realistic and ideal; and the realism about 
which we quarrel is a matter purely of externals.  It is no 
especial cultus of nature and veracity, but a mere whim of 
veering fashion, that has made us turn our back upon the 
larger, more various, and more romantic art of yore.  A 
photographic exactitude in dialogue is now the exclusive 
fashion; but even in the ablest hands it tells us no more - I 
think it even tells us less - than Moliere, wielding his 
artificial medium, has told to us and to all time of Alceste 
or Orgon, Dorine or Chrysale.  The historical novel is 
forgotten.  Yet truth to the conditions of man's nature and 
the conditions of man's life, the truth of literary art, is 
free of the ages.  It may be told us in a carpet comedy, in a 
novel of adventure, or a fairy tale.  The scene may be 
pitched in London, on the sea-coast of Bohemia, or away on 
the mountains of Beulah.  And by an odd and luminous 
accident, if there is any page of literature calculated to 
awake the envy of M. Zola, it must be that TROILUS AND 
CRESSIDA which Shakespeare, in a spasm of unmanly anger with 
the world, grafted on the heroic story of the siege of Troy.

This question of realism, let it then be clearly understood, 
regards not in the least degree the fundamental truth, but 
only the technical method, of a work of art.  Be as ideal or 
as abstract as you please, you will be none the less 
veracious; but if you be weak, you run the risk of being 
tedious and inexpressive; and if you be very strong and 
honest, you may chance upon a masterpiece.

A work of art is first cloudily conceived in the mind; during 
the period of gestation it stands more clearly forward from 
these swaddling mists, puts on expressive lineaments, and 
becomes at length that most faultless, but also, alas! that 
incommunicable product of the human mind, a perfected design.  
On the approach to execution all is changed.  The artist must 
now step down, don his working clothes, and become the 
artisan.  He now resolutely commits his airy conception, his 
delicate Ariel, to the touch of matter; he must decide, 
almost in a breath, the scale, the style, the spirit, and the 
particularity of execution of his whole design.

The engendering idea of some works is stylistic; a technical 
preoccupation stands them instead of some robuster principle 
of life.  And with these the execution is but play; for the 
stylistic problem is resolved beforehand, and all large 
originality of treatment wilfully foregone.  Such are the 
verses, intricately designed, which we have learnt to admire, 
with a certain smiling admiration, at the hands of Mr. Lang 
and Mr. Dobson; such, too, are those canvases where dexterity 
or even breadth of plastic style takes the place of pictorial 
nobility of design.  So, it may be remarked, it was easier to 
begin to write ESMOND than VANITY FAIR, since, in the first, 
the style was dictated by the nature of the plan; and 
Thackeray, a man probably of some indolence of mind, enjoyed 
and got good profit of this economy of effort.  But the case 
is exceptional.  Usually in all works of art that have been 
conceived from within outwards, and generously nourished from 
the author's mind, the moment in which he begins to execute 
is one of extreme perplexity and strain.  Artists of 
indifferent energy and an imperfect devotion to their own 
ideal make this ungrateful effort once for all; and, having 
formed a style, adhere to it through life.  But those of a 
higher order cannot rest content with a process which, as 
they continue to employ it, must infallibly degenerate 
towards the academic and the cut-and-dried.  Every fresh work 
in which they embark is the signal for a fresh engagement of 
the whole forces of their mind; and the changing views which 
accompany the growth of their experience are marked by still 
more sweeping alterations in the manner of their art.  So 
that criticism loves to dwell upon and distinguish the 
varying periods of a Raphael, a Shakespeare, or a Beethoven.

It is, then, first of all, at this initial and decisive 
moment when execution is begun, and thenceforth only in a 
less degree, that the ideal and the real do indeed, like good 
and evil angels, contend for the direction of the work.  
Marble, paint, and language, the pen, the needle, and the 
brush, all have their grossnesses, their ineffable 
impotences, their hours, if I may so express myself, of 
insubordination.  It is the work and it is a great part of 
the delight of any artist to contend with these unruly tools, 
and now by brute energy, now by witty expedient, to drive and 
coax them to effect his will.  Given these means, so 
laughably inadequate, and given the interest, the intensity, 
and the multiplicity of the actual sensation whose effect he 
is to render with their aid, the artist has one main and 
necessary resource which he must, in every case and upon any 
theory, employ.  He must, that is, suppress much and omit 
more.  He must omit what is tedious or irrelevant, and 
suppress what is tedious and necessary.  But such facts as, 
in regard to the main design, subserve a variety of purposes, 
he will perforce and eagerly retain.  And it is the mark of 
the very highest order of creative art to be woven 
exclusively of such.  There, any fact that is registered is 
contrived a double or a treble debt to pay, and is at once an 
ornament in its place, and a pillar in the main design.  
Nothing would find room in such a picture that did not serve, 
at once, to complete the composition, to accentuate the 
scheme of colour, to distinguish the planes of distance, and 
to strike the note of the selected sentiment; nothing would 
be allowed in such a story that did not, at the same time, 
expedite the progress of the fable, build up the characters, 
and strike home the moral or the philosophical design.  But 
this is unattainable.  As a rule, so far from building the 
fabric of our works exclusively with these, we are thrown 
into a rapture if we think we can muster a dozen or a score 
of them, to be the plums of our confection.  And hence, in 
order that the canvas may be filled or the story proceed from 
point to point, other details must be admitted.  They must be 
admitted, alas! upon a doubtful title; many without marriage 
robes.  Thus any work of art, as it proceeds towards 
completion, too often - I had almost written always - loses 
in force and poignancy of main design.  Our little air is 
swamped and dwarfed among hardly relevant orchestration; our 
little passionate story drowns in a deep sea of descriptive 
eloquence or slipshod talk.

But again, we are rather more tempted to admit those 
particulars which we know we can describe; and hence those 
most of all which, having been described very often, have 
grown to be conventionally treated in the practice of our 
art.  These we choose, as the mason chooses the acanthus to 
adorn his capital, because they come naturally to the 
accustomed hand.  The old stock incidents and accessories, 
tricks of work-manship and schemes of composition (all being 
admirably good, or they would long have been forgotten) haunt 
and tempt our fancy, offer us ready-made but not perfectly 
appropriate solutions for any problem that arises, and wean 
us from the study of nature and the uncompromising practice 
of art.  To struggle, to face nature, to find fresh 
solutions, and give expression to facts which have not yet 
been adequately or not yet elegantly expressed, is to run a 
little upon the danger of extreme self-love.  Difficulty sets 
a high price upon achievement; and the artist may easily fall 
into the error of the French naturalists, and consider any 
fact as welcome to admission if it be the ground of brilliant 
handiwork; or, again, into the error of the modern landscape-
painter, who is apt to think that difficulty overcome and 
science well displayed can take the place of what is, after 
all, the one excuse and breath of art - charm.  A little 
further, and he will regard charm in the light of an unworthy 
sacrifice to prettiness, and the omission of a tedious 
passage as an infidelity to art.

We have now the matter of this difference before us.  The 
idealist, his eye singly fixed upon the greater outlines, 
loves rather to fill up the interval with detail of the 
conventional order, briefly touched, soberly suppressed in 
tone, courting neglect.  But the realist, with a fine 
intemperance, will not suffer the presence of anything so 
dead as a convention; he shall have all fiery, all hot-
pressed from nature, all charactered and notable, seizing the 
eye.  The style that befits either of these extremes, once 
chosen, brings with it its necessary disabilities and 
dangers.  The immediate danger of the realist is to sacrifice 
the beauty and significance of the whole to local dexterity, 
or, in the insane pursuit of completion, to immolate his 
readers under facts; but he comes in the last resort, and as 
his energy declines, to discard all design, abjure all 
choice, and, with scientific thoroughness, steadily to 
communicate matter which is not worth learning.  The danger 
of the idealist is, of course, to become merely null and lose 
all grip of fact, particularity, or passion.

We talk of bad and good.  Everything, indeed, is good which 
is conceived with honesty and executed with communicative 
ardour.  But though on neither side is dogmatism fitting, and 
though in every case the artist must decide for himself, and 
decide afresh and yet afresh for each succeeding work and new 
creation; yet one thing may be generally said, that we of the 
last quarter of the nineteenth century, breathing as we do 
the intellectual atmosphere of our age, are more apt to err 
upon the side of realism than to sin in quest of the ideal.  
Upon that theory it may be well to watch and correct our own 
decisions, always holding back the hand from the least 
appearance of irrelevant dexterity, and resolutely fixed to 
begin no work that is not philosophical, passionate, 
dignified, happily mirthful, or, at the last and least, 
romantic in design.

CHAPTER V - MY FIRST BOOK: 'TREASURE ISLAND' (17)

IT was far indeed from being my first book, for I am not a 
novelist alone.  But I am well aware that my paymaster, the 
Great Public, regards what else I have written with 
indifference, if not aversion; if it call upon me at all, it 
calls on me in the familiar and indelible character; and when 
I am asked to talk of my first book, no question in the world 
but what is meant is my first novel.

Sooner or later, somehow, anyhow, I was bound to write a 
novel.  It seems vain to ask why.  Men are born with various 
manias:  from my earliest childhood, it was mine to make a 
plaything of imaginary series of events; and as soon as I was 
able to write, I became a good friend to the paper-makers.  
Reams upon reams must have gone to the making of 'Rathillet,' 
'The Pentland Rising,' (18) 'The King's Pardon' (otherwise 
'Park Whitehead'), 'Edward Daven,' 'A Country Dance,' and 'A 
Vendetta in the West'; and it is consolatory to remember that 
these reams are now all ashes, and have been received again 
into the soil.  I have named but a few of my ill-fated 
efforts, only such indeed as came to a fair bulk ere they 
were desisted from; and even so they cover a long vista of 
years.  'Rathillet' was attempted before fifteen, 'The 
Vendetta' at twenty-nine, and the succession of defeats 
lasted unbroken till I was thirty-one.  By that time, I had 
written little books and little essays and short stories; and 
had got patted on the back and paid for them - though not 
enough to live upon.  I had quite a reputation, I was the 
successful man; I passed my days in toil, the futility of 
which would sometimes make my cheek to burn - that I should 
spend a man's energy upon this business, and yet could not 
earn a livelihood:  and still there shone ahead of me an 
unattained ideal:  although I had attempted the thing with 
vigour not less than ten or twelve times, I had not yet 
written a novel.  All - all my pretty ones - had gone for a 
little, and then stopped inexorably like a schoolboy's watch.  
I might be compared to a cricketer of many years' standing 
who should never have made a run.  Anybody can write a short 
story - a bad one, I mean - who has industry and paper and 
time enough; but not every one may hope to write even a bad 
novel.  It is the length that kills.

The accepted novelist may take his novel up and put it down, 
spend days upon it in vain, and write not any more than he 
makes haste to blot.  Not so the beginner.  Human nature has 
certain rights; instinct - the instinct of self-preservation 
- forbids that any man (cheered and supported by the 
consciousness of no previous victory) should endure the 
miseries of unsuccessful literary toil beyond a period to be 
measured in weeks.  There must be something for hope to feed 
upon.  The beginner must have a slant of wind, a lucky vein 
must be running, he must be in one of those hours when the 
words come and the phrases balance of themselves - EVEN TO 
BEGIN.  And having begun, what a dread looking forward is 
that until the book shall be accomplished!  For so long a 
time, the slant is to continue unchanged, the vein to keep 
running, for so long a time you must keep at command the same 
quality of style:  for so long a time your puppets are to be 
always vital, always consistent, always vigorous!  I remember 
I used to look, in those days, upon every three-volume novel 
with a sort of veneration, as a feat - not possibly of 
literature - but at least of physical and moral endurance and 
the courage of Ajax.

In the fated year I came to live with my father and mother at 
Kinnaird, above Pitlochry.  Then I walked on the red moors 
and by the side of the golden burn; the rude, pure air of our 
mountains inspirited, if it did not inspire us, and my wife 
and I projected a joint volume of logic stories, for which 
she wrote 'The Shadow on the Bed,' and I turned out 'Thrawn 
Janet,' and a first draft of 'The Merry Men.'  I love my 
native air, but it does not love me; and the end of this 
delightful period was a cold, a fly-blister, and a migration 
by Strathairdle and Glenshee to the Castleton of Braemar.

There it blew a good deal and rained in a proportion; my 
native air was more unkind than man's ingratitude, and I must 
consent to pass a good deal of my time between four walls in 
a house lugubriously known as the Late Miss McGregor's 
Cottage.  And now admire the finger of predestination.  There 
was a schoolboy in the Late Miss McGregor's Cottage, home 
from the holidays, and much in want of 'something craggy to 
break his mind upon.'  He had no thought of literature; it 
was the art of Raphael that received his fleeting suffrages; 
and with the aid of pen and ink and a shilling box of water 
colours, he had soon turned one of the rooms into a picture 
gallery.  My more immediate duty towards the gallery was to 
be showman; but I would sometimes unbend a little, join the 
artist (so to speak) at the easel, and pass the afternoon 
with him in a generous emulation, making coloured drawings.  
On one of these occasions, I made the map of an island; it 
was elaborately and (I thought) beautifully coloured; the 
shape of it took my fancy beyond expression; it contained 
harbours that pleased me like sonnets; and with the 
unconsciousness of the predestined, I ticketed my performance 
'Treasure Island.'  I am told there are people who do not 
care for maps, and find it hard to believe.  The names, the 
shapes of the woodlands, the courses of the roads and rivers, 
the prehistoric footsteps of man still distinctly traceable 
up hill and down dale, the mills and the ruins, the ponds and 
the ferries, perhaps the STANDING STONE or the DRUIDIC CIRCLE 
on the heath; here is an inexhaustible fund of interest for 
any man with eyes to see or twopence-worth of imagination to 
understand with!  No child but must remember laying his head 
in the grass, staring into the infinitesimal forest and 
seeing it grow populous with fairy armies.

Somewhat in this way, as I paused upon my map of 'Treasure 
Island,' the future character of the book began to appear 
there visibly among imaginary woods; and their brown faces 
and bright weapons peeped out upon me from unexpected 
quarters, as they passed to and fro, fighting and hunting 
treasure, on these few square inches of a flat projection.  
The next thing I knew I had some papers before me and was 
writing out a list of chapters.  How often have I done so, 
and the thing gone no further!  But there seemed elements of 
success about this enterprise.  It was to be a story for 
boys; no need of psychology or fine writing; and I had a boy 
at hand to be a touchstone.  Women were excluded.  I was 
unable to handle a brig (which the HISPANIOLA should have 
been), but I thought I could make shift to sail her as a 
schooner without public shame.   And then I had an idea for 
John Silver from which I promised myself funds of 
entertainment; to take an admired friend of mine (whom the 
reader very likely knows and admires as much as I do), to 
deprive him of all his finer qualities and higher graces of 
temperament, to leave him with nothing but his strength, his 
courage, his quickness, and his magnificent geniality, and to 
try to express these in terms of the culture of a raw 
tarpaulin.  Such psychical surgery is, I think, a common way 
of 'making character'; perhaps it is, indeed, the only way.  
We can put in the quaint figure that spoke a hundred words 
with us yesterday by the wayside; but do we know him?  Our 
friend, with his infinite variety and flexibility, we know - 
but can we put him in?  Upon the first, we must engraft 
secondary and imaginary qualities, possibly all wrong; from 
the second, knife in hand, we must cut away and deduct the 
needless arborescence of his nature, but the trunk and the 
few branches that remain we may at least be fairly sure of.

On a chill September morning, by the cheek of a brisk fire, 
and the rain drumming on the window, I began THE SEA COOK, 
for that was the original title.  I have begun (and finished) 
a number of other books, but I cannot remember to have sat 
down to one of them with more complacency.  It is not to be 
wondered at, for stolen waters are proverbially sweet.  I am 
now upon a painful chapter.  No doubt the parrot once 
belonged to Robinson Crusoe.  No doubt the skeleton is 
conveyed from Poe.  I think little of these, they are trifles 
and details; and no man can hope to have a monopoly of 
skeletons or make a corner in talking birds.  The stockade, I 
am told, is from MASTERMAN READY.  It may be, I care not a 
jot.  These useful writers had fulfilled the poet's saying:  
departing, they had left behind them Footprints on the sands 
of time, Footprints which perhaps another - and I was the 
other!  It is my debt to Washington Irving that exercises my 
conscience, and justly so, for I believe plagiarism was 
rarely carried farther.  I chanced to pick up the TALES OF A 
TRAVELLER some years ago with a view to an anthology of prose 
narrative, and the book flew up and struck me:  Billy Bones, 
his chest, the company in the parlour, the whole inner 
spirit, and a good deal of the material detail of my first 
chapters - all were there, all were the property of 
Washington Irving.  But I had no guess of it then as I sat 
writing by the fireside, in what seemed the spring-tides of a 
somewhat pedestrian inspiration; nor yet day by day, after 
lunch, as I read aloud my morning's work to the family.  It 
seemed to me original as sin; it seemed to belong to me like 
my right eye.  I had counted on one boy, I found I had two in 
my audience.  My father caught fire at once with all the 
romance and childishness of his original nature.  His own 
stories, that every night of his life he put himself to sleep 
with, dealt perpetually with ships, roadside inns, robbers, 
old sailors, and commercial travellers before the era of 
steam.  He never finished one of these romances; the lucky 
man did not require to!  But in TREASURE ISLAND he recognised 
something kindred to his own imagination; it was HIS kind of 
picturesque; and he not only heard with delight the daily 
chapter, but set himself acting to collaborate.  When the 
time came for Billy Bones's chest to be ransacked, he must 
have passed the better part of a day preparing, on the back 
of a legal envelope, an inventory of its contents, which I 
exactly followed; and the name of 'Flint's old ship' - the 
WALRUS - was given at his particular request.  And now who 
should come dropping in, EX MACHINA, but Dr. Japp, like the 
disguised prince who is to bring down the curtain upon peace 
and happiness in the last act; for he carried in his pocket, 
not a horn or a talisman, but a publisher - had, in fact, 
been charged by my old friend, Mr. Henderson, to unearth new 
writers for YOUNG FOLKS.  Even the ruthlessness of a united 
family recoiled before the extreme measure of inflicting on 
our guest the mutilated members of THE SEA COOK; at the same 
time, we would by no means stop our readings; and accordingly 
the tale was begun again at the beginning, and solemnly re-
delivered for the benefit of Dr. Japp.  From that moment on, 
I have thought highly of his critical faculty; for when he 
left us, he carried away the manuscript in his portmanteau.

Here, then, was everything to keep me up, sympathy, help, and 
now a positive engagement.  I had chosen besides a very easy 
style.  Compare it with the almost contemporary 'Merry Men', 
one reader may prefer the one style, one the other - 'tis an 
affair of character, perhaps of mood; but no expert can fail 
to see that the one is much more difficult, and the other 
much easier to maintain.  It seems as though a full-grown 
experienced man of letters might engage to turn out TREASURE 
ISLAND at so many pages a day, and keep his pipe alight.  But 
alas! this was not my case.  Fifteen days I stuck to it, and 
turned out fifteen chapters; and then, in the early 
paragraphs of the sixteenth, ignominiously lost hold.  My 
mouth was empty; there was not one word of TREASURE ISLAND in 
my bosom; and here were the proofs of the beginning already 
waiting me at the 'Hand and Spear'!  Then I corrected them, 
living for the most part alone, walking on the heath at 
Weybridge in dewy autumn mornings, a good deal pleased with 
what I had done, and more appalled than I can depict to you 
in words at what remained for me to do.  I was thirty-one; I 
was the head of a family; I had lost my health; I had never 
yet paid my way, never yet made 200 pounds a year; my father 
had quite recently bought back and cancelled a book that was 
judged a failure:  was this to be another and last fiasco?  I 
was indeed very close on despair; but I shut my mouth hard, 
and during the journey to Davos, where I was to pass the 
winter, had the resolution to think of other things and bury 
myself in the novels of M. de Boisgobey.  Arrived at my 
destination, down I sat one morning to the unfinished tale; 
and behold! it flowed from me like small talk; and in a 
second tide of delighted industry, and again at a rate of a 
chapter a day, I finished TREASURE ISLAND.  It had to be 
transcribed almost exactly; my wife was ill; the schoolboy 
remained alone of the faithful; and John Addington Symonds 
(to whom I timidly mentioned what I was engaged on) looked on 
me askance.  He was at that time very eager I should write on 
the characters of Theophrastus:  so far out may be the 
judgments of the wisest men.  But Symonds (to be sure) was 
scarce the confidant to go to for sympathy on a boy's story.  
He was large-minded; 'a full man,' if there was one; but the 
very name of my enterprise would suggest to him only 
capitulations of sincerity and solecisms of style.  Well! he 
was not far wrong.

TREASURE ISLAND - it was Mr. Henderson who deleted the first 
title, THE SEA COOK - appeared duly in the story paper, where 
it figured in the ignoble midst, without woodcuts, and 
attracted not the least attention.  I did not care.  I liked 
the tale myself, for much the same reason as my father liked 
the beginning:  it was my kind of picturesque.  I was not a 
little proud of John Silver, also; and to this day rather 
admire that smooth and formidable adventurer.  What was 
infinitely more exhilarating, I had passed a landmark; I had 
finished a tale, and written 'The End' upon my manuscript, as 
I had not done since 'The Pentland Rising,' when I was a boy 
of sixteen not yet at college.  In truth it was so by a set 
of lucky accidents; had not Dr. Japp come on his visit, had 
not the tale flowed from me with singular case, it must have 
been laid aside like its predecessors, and found a circuitous 
and unlamented way to the fire.  Purists may suggest it would 
have been better so.  I am not of that mind.  The tale seems 
to have given much pleasure, and it brought (or, was the 
means of bringing) fire and food and wine to a deserving 
family in which I took an interest.  I need scarcely say I 
mean my own.

But the adventures of TREASURE ISLAND are not yet quite at an 
end.  I had written it up to the map.  The map was the chief 
part of my plot.  For instance, I had called an islet 
'Skeleton Island,' not knowing what I meant, seeking only for 
the immediate picturesque, and it was to justify this name 
that I broke into the gallery of Mr. Poe and stole Flint's 
pointer.  And in the same way, it was because I had made two 
harbours that the HISPANIOLA was sent on her wanderings with 
Israel Hands.  The time came when it was decided to 
republish, and I sent in my manuscript, and the map along 
with it, to Messrs. Cassell.  The proofs came, they were 
corrected, but I heard nothing of the map.  I wrote and 
asked; was told it had never been received, and sat aghast.  
It is one thing to draw a map at random, set a scale in one 
corner of it at a venture, and write up a story to the 
measurements.  It is quite another to have to examine a whole 
book, make an inventory of all the allusions contained in it, 
and with a pair of compasses, painfully design a map to suit 
the data.  I did it; and the map was drawn again in my 
father's office, with embellishments of blowing whales and 
sailing ships, and my father himself brought into service a 
knack he had of various writing, and elaborately FORGED the 
signature of Captain Flint, and the sailing directions of 
Billy Bones.  But somehow it was never TREASURE ISLAND to me.

I have said the map was the most of the plot.  I might almost 
say it was the whole.  A few reminiscences of Poe, Defoe, and 
Washington Irving, a copy of Johnson's BUCCANEERS, the name 
of the Dead Man's Chest from Kingsley's AT LAST, some 
recollections of canoeing on the high seas, and the map 
itself, with its infinite, eloquent suggestion, made up the 
whole of my materials.  It is, perhaps, not often that a map 
figures so largely in a tale, yet it is always important.  
The author must know his countryside, whether real or 
imaginary, like his hand; the distances, the points of the 
compass, the place of the sun's rising, the behaviour of the 
moon, should all be beyond cavil.  And how troublesome the 
moon is!  I have come to grief over the moon in PRINCE OTTO, 
and so soon as that was pointed out to me, adopted a 
precaution which I recommend to other men - I never write now 
without an almanack.  With an almanack, and the map of the 
country, and the plan of every house, either actually plotted 
on paper or already and immediately apprehended in the mind, 
a man may hope to avoid some of the grossest possible 
blunders.  With the map before him, he will scarce allow the 
sun to set in the east, as it does in THE ANTIQUARY.  With 
the almanack at hand, he will scarce allow two horsemen, 
journeying on the most urgent affair, to employ six days, 
from three of the Monday morning till late in the Saturday 
night, upon a journey of, say, ninety or a hundred miles, and 
before the week is out, and still on the same nags, to cover 
fifty in one day, as may be read at length in the inimitable 
novel of ROB ROY.  And it is certainly well, though far from 
necessary, to avoid such 'croppers.'  But it is my contention 
- my superstition, if you like - that who is faithful to his 
map, and consults it, and draws from it his inspiration, 
daily and hourly, gains positive support, and not mere 
negative immunity from accident.  The tale has a root there; 
it grows in that soil; it has a spine of its own behind the 
words.  Better if the country be real, and he has walked 
every foot of it and knows every milestone.  But even with 
imaginary places, he will do well in the beginning to provide 
a map; as he studies it, relations will appear that he had 
not thought upon; he will discover obvious, though 
unsuspected, short-cuts and footprints for his messengers; 
and even when a map is not all the plot, as it was in 
TREASURE ISLAND, it will be found to be a mine of suggestion.

CHAPTER VI - THE GENESIS OF 'THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE'

I WAS walking one night in the verandah of a small house in 
which I lived, outside the hamlet of Saranac.  It was winter; 
the night was very dark; the air extraordinary clear and 
cold, and sweet with the purity of forests.  From a good way 
below, the river was to be heard contending with ice and 
boulders:  a few lights appeared, scattered unevenly among 
the darkness, but so far away as not to lessen the sense of 
isolation.  For the making of a story here were fine 
conditions.  I was besides moved with the spirit of 
emulation, for I had just finished my third or fourth perusal 
of THE PHANTOM SHIP.  'Come,' said I to my engine, 'let us 
make a tale, a story of many years and countries, of the sea 
and the land, savagery and civilisation; a story that shall 
have the same large features, and may be treated in the same 
summary elliptic method as the book you have been reading and 
admiring.'  I was here brought up with a reflection 
exceedingly just in itself, but which, as the sequel shows, I 
failed to profit by.  I saw that Marryat, not less than 
Homer, Milton, and Virgil, profited by the choice of a 
familiar and legendary subject; so that he prepared his 
readers on the very title-page; and this set me cudgelling my 
brains, if by any chance I could hit upon some similar belief 
to be the centre-piece of my own meditated fiction.  In the 
course of this vain search there cropped up in my memory a 
singular case of a buried and resuscitated fakir, which I had 
been often told by an uncle of mine, then lately dead, 
Inspector-General John Balfour.

On such a fine frosty night, with no wind and the thermometer 
below zero, the brain works with much vivacity; and the next 
moment I had seen the circumstance transplanted from India 
and the tropics to the Adirondack wilderness and the 
stringent cold of the Canadian border.  Here then, almost 
before I had begun my story, I had two countries, two of the 
ends of the earth involved:  and thus though the notion of 
the resuscitated man failed entirely on the score of general 
acceptation, or even (as I have since found) acceptability, 
it fitted at once with my design of a tale of many lands; and 
this decided me to consider further of its possibilities.  
The man who should thus be buried was the first question:  a 
good man, whose return to life would be hailed by the reader 
and the other characters with gladness?  This trenched upon 
the Christian picture, and was dismissed.  If the idea, then, 
was to be of any use at all for me, I had to create a kind of 
evil genius to his friends and family, take him through many 
disappearances, and make this final restoration from the pit 
of death, in the icy American wilderness, the last and the 
grimmest of the series.  I need not tell my brothers of the 
craft that I was now in the most interesting moment of an 
author's life; the hours that followed that night upon the 
balcony, and the following nights and days, whether walking 
abroad or lying wakeful in my bed, were hours of 
unadulterated joy.  My mother, who was then living with me 
alone, perhaps had less enjoyment; for, in the absence of my 
wife, who is my usual helper in these times of parturition, I 
must spur her up at all seasons to hear me relate and try to 
clarify my unformed fancies.

And while I was groping for the fable and the character 
required, behold I found them lying ready and nine years old 
in my memory.  Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold, pease 
porridge in the pot, nine years old.  Was there ever a more 
complete justification of the rule of Horace?  Here, thinking 
of quite other things, I had stumbled on the solution, or 
perhaps I should rather say (in stagewright phrase) the 
Curtain or final Tableau of a story conceived long before on 
the moors between Pitlochry and Strathardle, conceived in 
Highland rain, in the blend of the smell of heather and bog-
plants, and with a mind full of the Athole correspondence and 
the memories of the dumlicide Justice.  So long ago, so far 
away it was, that I had first evoked the faces and the mutual 
tragic situation of the men of Durrisdeer.

My story was now world-wide enough:  Scotland, India, and 
America being all obligatory scenes.  But of these India was 
strange to me except in books; I had never known any living 
Indian save a Parsee, a member of my club in London, equally 
civilised, and (to all seeing) equally accidental with 
myself.  It was plain, thus far, that I should have to get 
into India and out of it again upon a foot of fairy 
lightness; and I believe this first suggested to me the idea 
of the Chevalier Burke for a narrator.  It was at first 
intended that he should be Scottish, and I was then filled 
with fears that he might prove only the degraded shadow of my 
own Alan Breck.  Presently, however, it began to occur to me 
it would be like my Master to curry favour with the Prince's 
Irishmen; and that an Irish refugee would have a particular 
reason to find himself in India with his countryman, the 
unfortunate Lally.  Irish, therefore, I decided he should be, 
and then, all of a sudden, I was aware of a tall shadow 
across my path, the shadow of Barry Lyndon.  No man (in Lord 
Foppington's phrase) of a nice morality could go very deep 
with my Master:  in the original idea of this story conceived 
in Scotland, this companion had been besides intended to be 
worse than the bad elder son with whom (as it was then meant) 
he was to visit Scotland; if I took an Irishman, and a very 
bad Irishman, in the midst of the eighteenth century, how was 
I to evade Barry Lyndon?  The wretch besieged me, offering 
his services; he gave me excellent references; he proved that 
he was highly fitted for the work I had to do; he, or my own 
evil heart, suggested it was easy to disguise his ancient 
livery wit a little lace and a few frogs and buttons, so that 
Thackeray himself should hardly recognise him.  And then of a 
sudden there came to me memories of a young Irishman, with 
whom I was once intimate, and had spent long nights walking 
and talking with, upon a very desolate coast in a bleak 
autumn:  I recalled him as a youth of an extraordinary moral 
simplicity - almost vacancy; plastic to any influence, the 
creature of his admirations:  and putting such a youth in 
fancy into the career of a soldier of fortune, it occurred to 
me that he would serve my turn as well as Mr. Lyndon, and in 
place of entering into competition with the Master, would 
afford a slight though a distinct relief.  I know not if I 
have done him well, though his moral dissertations always 
highly entertained me:  but I own I have been surprised to 
find that he reminded some critics of Barry Lyndon after all. 
. . .

CHAPTER VII - PREFACE TO 'THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE' (19)

ALTHOUGH an old, consistent exile, the editor of the 
following pages revisits now and again the city of which he 
exults to be a native; and there are few things more strange, 
more painful, or more salutary, than such revisitations.  
Outside, in foreign spots, he comes by surprise and awakens 
more attention than he had expected; in his own city, the 
relation is reversed, and he stands amazed to be so little 
recollected.  Elsewhere he is refreshed to see attractive 
faces, to remark possible friends; there he scouts the long 
streets, with a pang at heart, for the faces and friends that 
are no more.  Elsewhere he is delighted with the presence of 
what is new, there tormented by the absence of what is old.  
Elsewhere he is content to be his present self; there he is 
smitten with an equal regret for what he once was and for 
what he once hoped to be.

He was feeling all this dimly, as he drove from the station, 
on his last visit; he was feeling it still as he alighted at 
the door of his friend Mr. Johnstone Thomson, W.S., with whom 
he was to stay.  A hearty welcome, a face not altogether 
changed, a few words that sounded of old days, a laugh 
provoked and shared, a glimpse in passing of the snowy cloth 
and bright decanters and the Piranesis on the dining-room 
wall, brought him to his bed-room with a somewhat lightened 
cheer, and when he and Mr. Thomson sat down a few minutes 
later, cheek by jowl, and pledged the past in a preliminary 
bumper, he was already almost consoled, he had already almost 
forgiven himself his two unpardonable errors, that he should 
ever have left his native city, or ever returned to it.

'I have something quite in your way,' said Mr. Thomson.  'I 
wished to do honour to your arrival; because, my dear fellow, 
it is my own youth that comes back along with you; in a very 
tattered and withered state, to be sure, but - well! - all 
that's left of it.'

'A great deal better than nothing,' said the editor.  'But 
what is this which is quite in my way?'

'I was coming to that,' said Mr. Thomson: 'Fate has put it in 
my power to honour your arrival with something really 
original by way of dessert.  A mystery.'

'A mystery?' I repeated.

'Yes,' said his friend, 'a mystery.  It may prove to be 
nothing, and it may prove to be a great deal.  But in the 
meanwhile it is truly mysterious, no eye having looked on it 
for near a hundred years; it is highly genteel, for it treats 
of a titled family; and it ought to be melodramatic, for 
(according to the superscription) it is concerned with 
death.'

'I think I rarely heard a more obscure or a more promising 
annunciation,' the other remarked.  'But what is It?'

'You remember my predecessor's, old Peter M'Brair's 
business?'

'I remember him acutely; he could not look at me without a 
pang of reprobation, and he could not feel the pang without 
betraying it.  He was to me a man of a great historical 
interest, but the interest was not returned.'

'Ah well, we go beyond him,' said Mr. Thomson.  'I daresay 
old Peter knew as little about this as I do.  You see, I 
succeeded to a prodigious accumulation of old law-papers and 
old tin boxes, some of them of Peter's hoarding, some of his 
father's, John, first of the dynasty, a great man in his day.  
Among other collections were all the papers of the 
Durrisdeers.'

'The Durrisdeers!' cried I.  'My dear fellow, these may be of 
the greatest interest.  One of them was out in the '45; one 
had some strange passages with the devil - you will find a 
note of it in Law's MEMORIALS, I think; and there was an 
unexplained tragedy, I know not what, much later, about a 
hundred years ago - '

'More than a hundred years ago,' said Mr. Thomson.  'In 
1783.'

'How do you know that?  I mean some death.'

'Yes, the lamentable deaths of my lord Durrisdeer and his 
brother, the Master of Ballantrae (attainted in the 
troubles),' said Mr. Thomson with something the tone of a man 
quoting.  'Is that it?'

'To say truth,' said I, 'I have only seen some dim reference 
to the things in memoirs; and heard some traditions dimmer 
still, through my uncle (whom I think you knew).  My uncle 
lived when he was a boy in the neighbourhood of St. Bride's; 
he has often told me of the avenue closed up and grown over 
with grass, the great gates never opened, the last lord and 
his old maid sister who lived in the back parts of the house, 
a quiet, plain, poor, hum-drum couple it would seem - but 
pathetic too, as the last of that stirring and brave house - 
and, to the country folk, faintly terrible from some deformed 
traditions.'

'Yes,' said Mr. Thomson.  Henry Graeme Durie, the last lord, 
died in 1820; his sister, the Honourable Miss Katherine 
Durie, in '27; so much I know; and by what I have been going 
over the last few days, they were what you say, decent, quiet 
people and not rich.  To say truth, it was a letter of my 
lord's that put me on the search for the packet we are going 
to open this evening.  Some papers could not be found; and he 
wrote to Jack M'Brair suggesting they might be among those 
sealed up by a Mr. Mackellar.  M'Brair answered, that the 
papers in question were all in Mackellar's own hand, all (as 
the writer understood) of a purely narrative character; and 
besides, said he, "I am bound not to open them before the 
year 1889."  You may fancy if these words struck me:  I 
instituted a hunt through all the M'Brair repositories; and 
at last hit upon that packet which (if you have had enough 
wine) I propose to show you at once.'

In the smoking-room, to which my host now led me, was a 
packet, fastened with many seals and enclosed in a single 
sheet of strong paper thus endorsed:-

Papers relating to the lives and lamentable deaths of the 
late Lord Durisdeer, and his elder brother James, commonly 
called Master of Ballantrae, attainted in the troubles:  
entrusted into the hands of John M'Brair in the Lawnmarket of 
Edinburgh, W.S.; this 20th day of September Anno Domini 1789; 
by him to be kept secret until the revolution of one hundred 
years complete, or until the 20th day of September 1889:  the 
same compiled and written by me,

EPHRAIM MACKELLAR,

FOR NEAR FORTY YEARS LAND STEWARD ON THE
ESTATES OF HIS LORDSHIP.

As Mr. Thomson is a married man, I will not say what hour had 
struck when we laid down the last of the following pages; but 
I will give a few words of what ensued.

'Here,' said Mr. Thomson, 'is a novel ready to your hand:  
all you have to do is to work up the scenery, develop the 
characters, and improve the style.'

'My dear fellow,' said I, 'they are just the three things 
that I would rather die than set my hand to.  It shall be 
published as it stands.'

'But it's so bald,' objected Mr. Thomson.

'I believe there is nothing so noble as baldness,' replied I, 
'and I am sure there is nothing so interesting.  I would have 
all literature bald, and all authors (if you like) but one.'

'Well, well,' said Mr. Thomson, 'we shall see.'

Footnotes:

(1) First published in the Contemporary Review, April 1885

(2) Milton.

(3) Milton.

(4) Milton.

(5) As PVF will continue to haunt us through our English 
examples, take, by way of comparison, this Latin verse, of 
which it forms a chief adornment, and do not hold me 
answerable for the all too Roman freedom of the sense: 'Hanc 
volo, quae facilis, quae palliolata vagatur.'

(6) Coleridge.

(7)  Antony and Cleopatra.

(8) Cymbeline.

(9) The V is in 'of.'

(10) Troilus and Cressida.

(11) First published in the FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW, April 1881.

(12) Mr. James Payn.

(13) A footnote, at least, is due to the admirable example 
set before all young writers in the width of literary 
sympathy displayed by Mr. Swinburne.  He runs forth to 
welcome merit, whether in Dickens or Trollope, whether in 
Villon, Milton, or Pope.  This is, in criticism, the attitude 
we should all seek to preserve; not only in that, but in 
every branch of literary work.

(14) First published in the BRITISH WEEKLY, May 13, 1887.

(15) Of the BRITISH WEEKLY.

(16) First published in the MAGAZINE OF ART in 1883.

(17) First published in the IDLER, August 1894.

(18) NE PAS CONFONDRE.  Not the slim green pamphlet with the 
imprint of Andrew Elliot, for which (as I see with amazement 
from the book-lists) the gentlemen of England are willing to 
pay fancy prices; but its predecessor, a bulky historical 
romance without a spark of merit, and now deleted from the 
world.

(19) 1889.

The End of the Project Gutenberg etext The Art of Writing