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+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| QUICK VOCABULARY |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem |
| adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem |
| apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) |
| concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) |
| convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)|
| evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil |
| fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together |
| fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills |
| HD | High dose |
| hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily |
| hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet |
| LD | Low dose |
| MD | Medium dose |
| mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom |
| N/A | Not applicable or not available |
| seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem |
| umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob |
| viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer |
| & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish |
| cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.|
| Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | rusty/dark brown to black |
| | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding |
| | | slightly wrinkled at edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters |
| | length | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | white or slightly grayish |
| | appearance | silky, striated |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | not crowded |
| | color | dull rust brown, white edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dull rust brown |
| | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and |
| ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges |
| | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens |
| | | when wet, hygrophanous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters |
| | length | 1-7 centimeters |
| | color | pure white |
| | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded, broad |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown |
| | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, |
| "Mower's mushroom") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. |
| Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! |
| Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters |
| | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown |
| | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding |
| | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; |
| | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry |
| | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- |
| | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist |
| | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often |
| | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 4-10 centimeters |
| | color | paler than cap |
| | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, |
| | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy |
| | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base |
| | | upward. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close |
| | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces |
| | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. |
| | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. |
| | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. |
| | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer |
| to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in |
| Scandinavia and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, |
| | | light brown from the center |
| | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | greyish |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded together |
| | color | grey to black, white tips |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ATER |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, |
| | | smooth, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 3-7 centimeters |
| | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | narrowly attached |
| | color | first dark grey then black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer |
| to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown |
| | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier |
| | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very |
| | | little with age; surface not viscid, often |
| | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled |
| | | or often cracking to form scales (especially |
| | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, |
| | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-15 centimeters |
| | color | grey or greyish brown |
| | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, |
| | | slightly powdered |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly |
| | | close |
| | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | black |
| | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptical and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over |
| | 100 of these with no effects. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, |
| | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | grey, paler from tip |
| | appearance | erect, powdery |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate |
| | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts |
| of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, |
| roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and |
| fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters |
| | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when |
| | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, |
| | | margin often stays darker when dry |
| | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, |
| | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate |
| | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; |
| | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes |
| | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; |
| | | flesh thin, brownish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters |
| | length | 5-10 centimeters |
| | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores |
| | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not |
| | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated |
| | | throughout. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad |
| | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens |
| | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers |
| | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. |
| | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is |
| | the most common one. |
| | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only around Paso de Cort<72>s and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and |
| 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in |
| September only. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | milk white to yellowish |
| | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly |
| | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters |
| | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters |
| | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions |
| | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad |
| | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was |
| | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on |
| | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a |
| | hallucinogen. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes |
| on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall |
| through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific |
| Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters |
| | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched |
| | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or |
| | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of |
| | | the cap after drying |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white except for yellowish apex |
| | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced |
| | color | dark cinnamon or gray |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | gray |
| | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. |
| | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a |
| | 7-year-old boy, is known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", |
| "Landslide") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens |
| mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of |
| rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters |
| | color | deep green to black, fades with age |
| | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat |
| | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no |
| | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters |
| | color | glassy-white to grayish |
| | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, |
| | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced |
| | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep purple brown |
| | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly |
| | equivalent to Str. cubensis. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most |
| ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) |
| cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. |
| However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe |
| cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. |
| We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped |
| yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in |
| mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter |
| in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters |
| | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age |
| | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or |
| | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of |
| | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | dry whitish |
| | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly |
| | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring |
| | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black |
| | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 |
| | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. |
| | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonan<61>catl") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October |
| in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), |
| in open fields or meadows but never dung. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters |
| | color | deep ochra to ochra brown |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a |
| | | central 'nipple' |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters |
| | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra, usually paler than cap |
| | appearance | hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced |
| | color | pale gray, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown |
| | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec |
| | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. |
| | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many |
| | others near each fruitbody. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, |
| sometimes in spring, quite popular. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters |
| | color | red-brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters |
| | length | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | light brown |
| | appearance | crumbles easily |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | oval shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) |
| | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) |
| | psilocin | 0.0 (?) |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, |
| | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, |
| "Liberty Cap") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to |
| a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, |
| the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other |
| parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and |
| roadsides in the fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters |
| | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown |
| | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never |
| | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when |
| | | wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 6-10 centimeters |
| | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, |
| | | does *not* bruise blue |
| | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or |
| | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost |
| | | vertical |
| | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are |
| | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood |
| | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The |
| | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa |
| | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. |
| | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 |
| | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. |
| | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, |
| | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). |
| Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing |
| on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters |
| | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if |
| | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish |
| | | buff; margin often tinged greenish |
| | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly |
| | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid |
| | | when moist; margin striate when moist |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters |
| | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white to ochraceous brown |
| | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at |
| | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may |
| | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced |
| | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple |
| | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 |
| | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 |
| | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata |
| | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in |
| | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species |
| | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in |
| | forested areas, not lawns and fields. |
| | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in |
| groups on soil in forests. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters |
| | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet |
| | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes |
| | | convex when older |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | relatively thin |
| | length | up to 10 centimeters |
| | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem |
| | color | smoky brown/black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purplish brown |
| | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia |
| caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. |
| Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | whitish with smoke-brown center |
| | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters |
| | color | white |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | grayish brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, |
| | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly |
| | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always |
| | | twisted and asymmetric in shape |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters |
| | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters |
| | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) |
| | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad |
| | color | violet-purple |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown purple |
| | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec |
| | Indians. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe |
| cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South |
| America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with |
| Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure |
| or manure-fertilized soil. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold |
| | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; |
| | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung |
| | | with veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters |
| | color | white or bluish-stained |
| | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring |
| | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but |
| | | may separate with age |
| | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges |
| | | whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish |
| | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, |
| | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. |
| | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of |
| | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. |
| | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap |
| | colored clear yellow in some places. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
.oO Other psychoactive species
Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms.
Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are
included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have
enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are
interested, look them up in a guide.
Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes
species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| BOLETUS | | | | | | |
| erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| COPRINUS | | | | | | |
| narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | |
| niveus | | 50+ | | | | |
| patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | |
| purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| INOCYBE | | | | | | |
| aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PANAEOLUS | | | | | | |
| olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PLUTEUS | | | | | | |
| atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
| salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | |
| candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSILOCYBE | | | | | | |
| bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | |
| bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 |
| coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 |
| inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
Notes:
1 Has poisonous lookalikes.
2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata.
3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of
successful use as a hallucinogen.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| QUICK VOCABULARY |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem |
| adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem |
| apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) |
| concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) |
| convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)|
| evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil |
| fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together |
| fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills |
| HD | High dose |
| hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily |
| hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet |
| LD | Low dose |
| MD | Medium dose |
| mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom |
| N/A | Not applicable or not available |
| seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem |
| umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob |
| viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer |
| & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish |
| cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.|
| Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | rusty/dark brown to black |
| | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding |
| | | slightly wrinkled at edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters |
| | length | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | white or slightly grayish |
| | appearance | silky, striated |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | not crowded |
| | color | dull rust brown, white edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dull rust brown |
| | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and |
| ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges |
| | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens |
| | | when wet, hygrophanous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters |
| | length | 1-7 centimeters |
| | color | pure white |
| | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded, broad |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown |
| | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, |
| "Mower's mushroom") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. |
| Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! |
| Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters |
| | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown |
| | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding |
| | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; |
| | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry |
| | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- |
| | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist |
| | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often |
| | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 4-10 centimeters |
| | color | paler than cap |
| | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, |
| | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy |
| | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base |
| | | upward. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close |
| | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces |
| | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. |
| | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. |
| | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. |
| | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer |
| to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in |
| Scandinavia and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, |
| | | light brown from the center |
| | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | greyish |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded together |
| | color | grey to black, white tips |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ATER |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, |
| | | smooth, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 3-7 centimeters |
| | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | narrowly attached |
| | color | first dark grey then black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer |
| to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown |
| | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier |
| | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very |
| | | little with age; surface not viscid, often |
| | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled |
| | | or often cracking to form scales (especially |
| | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, |
| | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-15 centimeters |
| | color | grey or greyish brown |
| | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, |
| | | slightly powdered |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly |
| | | close |
| | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | black |
| | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptical and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over |
| | 100 of these with no effects. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, |
| | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | grey, paler from tip |
| | appearance | erect, powdery |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate |
| | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts |
| of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, |
| roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and |
| fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters |
| | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when |
| | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, |
| | | margin often stays darker when dry |
| | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, |
| | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate |
| | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; |
| | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes |
| | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; |
| | | flesh thin, brownish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters |
| | length | 5-10 centimeters |
| | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores |
| | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not |
| | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated |
| | | throughout. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad |
| | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens |
| | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers |
| | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. |
| | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is |
| | the most common one. |
| | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only around Paso de Cort<72>s and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and |
| 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in |
| September only. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | milk white to yellowish |
| | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly |
| | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters |
| | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters |
| | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions |
| | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad |
| | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was |
| | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on |
| | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a |
| | hallucinogen. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes |
| on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall |
| through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific |
| Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters |
| | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched |
| | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or |
| | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of |
| | | the cap after drying |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white except for yellowish apex |
| | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced |
| | color | dark cinnamon or gray |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | gray |
| | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. |
| | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a |
| | 7-year-old boy, is known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", |
| "Landslide") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens |
| mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of |
| rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters |
| | color | deep green to black, fades with age |
| | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat |
| | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no |
| | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters |
| | color | glassy-white to grayish |
| | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, |
| | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced |
| | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep purple brown |
| | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly |
| | equivalent to Str. cubensis. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most |
| ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) |
| cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. |
| However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe |
| cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. |
| We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped |
| yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in |
| mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter |
| in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters |
| | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age |
| | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or |
| | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of |
| | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | dry whitish |
| | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly |
| | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring |
| | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black |
| | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 |
| | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. |
| | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonan<61>catl") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October |
| in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), |
| in open fields or meadows but never dung. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters |
| | color | deep ochra to ochra brown |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a |
| | | central 'nipple' |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters |
| | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra, usually paler than cap |
| | appearance | hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced |
| | color | pale gray, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown |
| | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec |
| | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. |
| | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many |
| | others near each fruitbody. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, |
| sometimes in spring, quite popular. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters |
| | color | red-brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters |
| | length | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | light brown |
| | appearance | crumbles easily |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | oval shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) |
| | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) |
| | psilocin | 0.0 (?) |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, |
| | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, |
| "Liberty Cap") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to |
| a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, |
| the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other |
| parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and |
| roadsides in the fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters |
| | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown |
| | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never |
| | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when |
| | | wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 6-10 centimeters |
| | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, |
| | | does *not* bruise blue |
| | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or |
| | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost |
| | | vertical |
| | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are |
| | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood |
| | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The |
| | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa |
| | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. |
| | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 |
| | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. |
| | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, |
| | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). |
| Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing |
| on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters |
| | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if |
| | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish |
| | | buff; margin often tinged greenish |
| | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly |
| | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid |
| | | when moist; margin striate when moist |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters |
| | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white to ochraceous brown |
| | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at |
| | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may |
| | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced |
| | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple |
| | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 |
| | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 |
| | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata |
| | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in |
| | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species |
| | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in |
| | forested areas, not lawns and fields. |
| | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in |
| groups on soil in forests. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters |
| | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet |
| | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes |
| | | convex when older |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | relatively thin |
| | length | up to 10 centimeters |
| | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem |
| | color | smoky brown/black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purplish brown |
| | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia |
| caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. |
| Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | whitish with smoke-brown center |
| | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters |
| | color | white |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | grayish brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, |
| | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly |
| | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always |
| | | twisted and asymmetric in shape |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters |
| | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters |
| | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) |
| | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad |
| | color | violet-purple |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown purple |
| | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec |
| | Indians. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe |
| cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South |
| America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with |
| Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure |
| or manure-fertilized soil. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold |
| | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; |
| | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung |
| | | with veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters |
| | color | white or bluish-stained |
| | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring |
| | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but |
| | | may separate with age |
| | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges |
| | | whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish |
| | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, |
| | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. |
| | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of |
| | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. |
| | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap |
| | colored clear yellow in some places. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
.oO Other psychoactive species
Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms.
Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are
included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have
enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are
interested, look them up in a guide.
Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes
species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| BOLETUS | | | | | | |
| erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| COPRINUS | | | | | | |
| narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | |
| niveus | | 50+ | | | | |
| patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | |
| purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| INOCYBE | | | | | | |
| aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PANAEOLUS | | | | | | |
| olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PLUTEUS | | | | | | |
| atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
| salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | |
| candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSILOCYBE | | | | | | |
| bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | |
| bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 |
| coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 |
| inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
Notes:
1 Has poisonous lookalikes.
2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata.
3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of
successful use as a hallucinogen.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| QUICK VOCABULARY |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| adnate | Gills that are fully attached to the stem |
| adnexed | Gills that are partly attached to the stem |
| apex | Top part of stem (ie. where it's attached to the cap) |
| concave | Cap that curves 'inward' (like the inside of a sphere) |
| convex | Cap that curvews 'outward' (like the outside of a sphere)|
| evanescent | Quickly disappearing veil |
| fibrillose | Stem that seems to be made of fibers packed together |
| fissure | Crack or cleft in cap or gills |
| HD | High dose |
| hygrophilous | Absorbs water easily |
| hygrophanous | Becomes translucent when wet |
| LD | Low dose |
| MD | Medium dose |
| mg/g | Milligrams of substance per gram of *dried* mushroom |
| N/A | Not applicable or not available |
| seceding | Gills that are detaching/detached from the stem |
| umbonate | Cap that is shaped like a knob |
| viscid | Cap covered with sticky coating |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| And remember, if you think learning these is too hard, try reading Singer |
| & Smith. "Stipe tubular, more rarely subequal, discolors to reddish |
| cinerous, strongly sulcate at apex, glabrous to fibrillose..." |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPODA => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE CYANOPUS (aka Conocybe cyanopoda, Galerula cyanopus) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A small and uncommon but relatively strong mushroom, often found on lawns.|
| Found in the northern parts of the U.S., Canada and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.7-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | rusty/dark brown to black |
| | appearance | convex, nearly hemispherical, slightly expanding |
| | | slightly wrinkled at edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-1.5 millimeters |
| | length | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | white or slightly grayish |
| | appearance | silky, striated |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | not crowded |
| | color | dull rust brown, white edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dull rust brown |
| | size | 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5 x 4.5-5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 9.30-4.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.70-0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.30-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONOCYBE SMITHII (aka Galera cyanopes) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This tiny mushroom is scattered among mosses in swamps, boggy areas and |
| ditches. Found in the northern parts of the U.S. and Canada. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.3-1.3 centimeters |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown, darker at edges |
| | appearance | sharply conical but expands with age, glistens |
| | | when wet, hygrophanous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.75-1.00 millimeters |
| | length | 1-7 centimeters |
| | color | pure white |
| | appearance | fragile, slightly swollen at base |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded, broad |
| | color | ochra/cinnamon brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | rust cinnamon brown |
| | size | 7-9 x 4-4.5 x 4-4.5 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, small but distinct germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | 0.40-0.80 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERA CYANOPES => See CONOCYBE SMITHII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GALERULA CYANOPUS => See CONOCYBE CYANOPUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NAEMATOLOMA CAERULESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLINA FOENISECII (aka Panaeolus foenisecii, Psilocybe foenisecii, |
| "Mower's mushroom") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A very popular mushroom on lawns, grasses and cattle fields of all kind. |
| Unlike other Panaeolus species it does *not* grow on dung! |
| Grows from midsummer to first signs of winter. This one's everywhere!!! |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-3 centimeters |
| | color | light brown to dark brown; dries to yellow-brown |
| | appearance | broad, bluntly conical to bell-shaped, expanding |
| | | to convex, broadly umbonate, or nearly plane; |
| | | surface smooth or cracking into scales in dry |
| | | weather; hygrophanous but not viscid; chestnut- |
| | | brown to dark brown or cinnamon brown when moist |
| | | fades as it dries to dingy buff or tan, often |
| | | with darker marginal band when partially dry; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 4-10 centimeters |
| | color | paler than cap |
| | appearance | constant diameter, sometimes with enlarged base, |
| | | fragile, more or less smooth, white to dingy |
| | | brownish, often becoming brown from the base |
| | | upward. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or seceding, fairly close |
| | color | brown to deep/grayish/chocolate brown, faces |
| | | often mottled and edges paler or whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-17 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, large sprouter |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.30 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often found with other Panaeolus species. |
| | "Mini-model" of Pa. subbalteatus. |
| | Very low psilocybin content and some specimens have none at all. |
| | TASTES HORRIBLE! Tea recommended. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS (aka Panaeolus rickenii) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in horse pastures and rarely on horse manure. From midsummer |
| to the borders of winter. This fragile shroom is quite popular in |
| Scandinavia and northern Europe. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown/black when wet, dark grey when dry, |
| | | light brown from the center |
| | appearance | cone-shaped, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | greyish |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | crowded together |
| | color | grey to black, white tips |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 8-11 x 8-11 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 150 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Makes a good strawberry milkshake! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS ATER |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Fruits in forest clearings and cow pastures from spring to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-2 centimeters |
| | color | dark brown when wet, pale yellow-brown when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, spreads until hemispherical, |
| | | smooth, hygrophilous |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 3-7 centimeters |
| | color | paler from tip, darker from bottom |
| | appearance | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | narrowly attached |
| | color | first dark grey then black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 9-14 x 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS BENANOSIS => See PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in cattle pastures and especially on horse manure, from midsummer |
| to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-4 centimeters |
| | color | brown/gray/olive gray when fresh, reddish-brown |
| | | and paler olive/tan/buff when drier |
| | appearance | bluntly conical or bell-shaped, expands very |
| | | little with age; surface not viscid, often |
| | | shiny when dry, smooth or finely wrinkled |
| | | or often cracking to form scales (especially |
| | | in sunlight); margin hung with small, white, |
| | | toothlike veil remnants, at least when young; |
| | | flesh thin and fragile |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-15 centimeters |
| | color | grey or greyish brown |
| | appearance | equal or thicker at apex, brittle or fragile, |
| | | slightly powdered |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed but often seceding, fairly |
| | | close |
| | color | first grey, blacken with age; edges whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | black |
| | size | 13-18 x 7-12 x 7-12 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptical and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 40-50 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Psilocybin content evidently varies, some people have eaten over |
| | 100 of these with no effects. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS RICKENII => See PANAEOLUS ACUMINATUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows on manure of all kind, from summer to fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | grey to greyish brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, usually smooth but sometimes bumpy, |
| | | not hygrophilous, white scales on the edge |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-3 millimeters |
| | length | 5-12 centimeters |
| | color | grey, paler from tip |
| | appearance | erect, powdery |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate |
| | color | grey brown/black, white tips, veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 14-18 x 8-12 x 8-12 micrometers |
| | shape | lemon shaped, with germ-pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), 200 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.90 |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS (aka Panaeolus benanosis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Widespread, found in temperate zones including Canada, the northern parts |
| of the U.S. and northern Europe. Grows on grasses, lawns, pastures, |
| roadsides; prefers fertilized or manured soil. Grows in the spring and |
| fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2-6 centimeters |
| | color | variable; brown to reddish/cinnamon brown when |
| | | moist, fading as it dries to tan/buff/whitish, |
| | | margin often stays darker when dry |
| | appearance | broad, convex or bluntly conical, |
| | | becoming broadly convex to broadly unbonate |
| | | to plane or with an uplifted margin; |
| | | surface smooth or wrinkled, in age sometimes |
| | | breaking into scales(fissured), not viscid; |
| | | flesh thin, brownish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 3-5 millimeters |
| | length | 5-10 centimeters |
| | color | brown to reddish-brown, often dusted by spores |
| | appearance | equal or tapered at either end, hollow but not |
| | | fragile; usually longitudinally striated |
| | | throughout. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate to adnexed or sececing, close, broad |
| | color | pale watery brown or reddish brown, darkens |
| | | gradually to black; edges whitish, faces mottled |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 7-9 x 6-8 micrometers |
| | shape | lens shaped, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | 30 (LD), 60 (MD), 100 (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-6.00 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.01-0.05 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Often forms tufts of 2-4 fruitbodies. |
| | There are several distinct subtypes of Pa. subbalteatus, this is |
| | the most common one. |
| | Pa. subbalteatus bears some resemblence to Panaeolina foenisecii. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSATHYRA PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AERUGINEOMACULANS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ATRORUFA => See PSILOCYBE MONTANA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM (aka Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only around Paso de Cort<72>s and Puebla, Mexico, between 3300 and |
| 3700 m elevation. Found in small clusters in open pine woods, fruits in |
| September only. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | milk white to yellowish |
| | appearance | starts obtuse to subumbonate, expands to broadly |
| | | conical; edge of cap may become cracked |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-0.4 centimeters |
| | length | 3.0-6.0 centimeters |
| | color | whitish, possibly with gray discolored portions |
| | appearance | fibrous, veil remnants may be visible |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, broad |
| | color | deep purple brown, pallid/whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark dull ochra brown |
| | size | 11-14 x 5-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | elongated ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. aztecorum resembles Ps. mexicana to some degree and was |
| | originally thought to be a variant. Dosage has been estimated on |
| | the assumption that they are equally potent; it is known to be a |
| | hallucinogen. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE BAEOCYSTIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Can be found growing on ground bark, wood chips, peat moss and sometimes |
| on lawns. Common on campuses. This popular mushroom appears from fall |
| through midsummer in large clumps. Prevalent throughout the Pacific |
| Northwest. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.4-5.4 centimeters |
| | color | olive brown to buffy brown, greenish if touched |
| | appearance | edge of cap undulates like a bottle cap or |
| | | umbrella, a brown spot appears in the center of |
| | | the cap after drying |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.0-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 5.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white except for yellowish apex |
| | appearance | often characterized by twisting bends |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | relatively closed spaced |
| | color | dark cinnamon or gray |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | gray |
| | size | 10-13 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | cylindrical with tapered corners |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 1.50-8.50 |
| | psilocin | 0.50-5.90 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-1.00 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | As the name indicates, it has a lot of baeocystin. |
| | This is the only common Psilocybe for which a fatality, a |
| | 7-year-old boy, is known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS (aka Psilocybe mazatecorum, "Durrumbe", |
| "Landslide") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida; a Mexican variety called Ps. caerulescens |
| mazatecorum exists. Evidently unknown elsewhere. Grows on the banks of |
| rivers and streams in the summer during rainy season. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 2.0-8.8 centimeters |
| | color | deep green to black, fades with age |
| | appearance | cone-shaped when young, expands to convex/flat |
| | | (never bowl-shaped), smooth and sticky, no |
| | | nipple, margin of cap lighter/darker than center |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.2-1.0 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-12.2 centimeters |
| | color | glassy-white to grayish |
| | appearance | even, hollow, smooth, tough, covered w/ hairs, |
| | | possibly remnants of evanescent veil |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced |
| | color | light gray to dark brown/black as it ages |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep purple brown |
| | size | 6-8 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | elliptic to inequilateral, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | The dosage is an estimate, the mushroom is said to be roughly |
| | equivalent to Str. cubensis. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| The nomenclature of this mushroom remains confused. Europeans and most |
| ethnopharmacologists call it by its original name, Stropharia (Psilocybe) |
| cubensis Earle, which is the name its discoverer R.E. Schultes gave it. |
| However, the American mycologist Rolf Singer reclassified it as Psilocybe |
| cubensis (Earle) Singer, which is what mycologists usually call it. |
| We have decided to stick with Stropharia cubensis. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS (aka "Wavy Caps", "Blue Halos") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Doesn't grow on dung, but on hardwoods and woodchips. Inhabits landscaped |
| yards containing ground bark and dwells under Douglas fir or cedar and in |
| mulched rhododendron beds. Fruits prolifically from fall through winter |
| in the Pacific Northwest, also found in England. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-4.0 (extreme case 7.5) centimeters |
| | color | chestnut brown, lightens to yellowish with age |
| | appearance | broad and convex, expands with age to plane or |
| | | margin uplifted, viscid when moist, margin of |
| | | cap often stained blue (hence the nickname) |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2.5-6.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | dry whitish |
| | appearance | silky, fibrous, base enlarged and often curved |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | typically adneted, sometimes seceding; fairly |
| | | closely spaced; veil remnants may form tiny ring |
| | color | cinnamon color becomes dark brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purple-brown/purple-gray/purple-black |
| | size | 9-12 x 6-8 x 5-8 micrometers |
| | shape | nearly elliptic, smooth, broad germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| dried grams | N/A (LD), 2.0-2.5 (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mushrooms | 1-2 (LD), 3-4 (MD), 5+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.20-16.8 |
| | psilocin | 2.00-5.10 |
| | baeocystin | 0.10-0.50 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Generally grows in clusters. |
| | The most potent Psilocybe mushroom known. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE FOENISECII => See PANAEOLINA FOENISECII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MAZATECORUM => See PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA (aka "Teonan<61>catl") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Grows from May to October |
| in the zone between tropical and temperate climates (1500-1800 meters), |
| in open fields or meadows but never dung. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.3 centimeters |
| | color | deep ochra to ochra brown |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a |
| | | central 'nipple' |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.1-0.3 centimeters |
| | length | 2.0-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra, usually paler than cap |
| | appearance | hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely to medium spaced |
| | color | pale gray, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep sepia to dark purple brown |
| | size | 9-11 x 7-8 x 5-7 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed, elliptic/rhombic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. mexicana is the original 'magic mushroom' of the Mazatec |
| | Indians and the first one discovered by the West. |
| | Ps. mexicana always grows solitary, but there are usually many |
| | others near each fruitbody. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MEXICANA var. LONGISPORA => See PSILOCYBE AZTECORUM |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE MONTANA (aka Psilocybe atrorufa) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grows in low moss on sandy land, roadsides etc. From summer to fall, |
| sometimes in spring, quite popular. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-2 centimeters |
| | color | red-brown, paler when dry |
| | appearance | hemispherical, sticky when wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1-2 millimeters |
| | length | 1-4 centimeters |
| | color | light brown |
| | appearance | crumbles easily |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | first light brown, become purple-brown with age |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | N/A |
| | size | 6-9 x 5-6 x 4-5 micrometers |
| | shape | oval shaped |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 40 (LD), 100 (MD), 200 (HD) |
| | fresh grams | 5 (LD), 15 (MD), 30 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 0.0 (?) |
| | psilocin | 0.0 (?) |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Chemical studies have found no psilocybin or psilocin in this, |
| | yet reports of its use exist. Caveat emptor. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PELLICULOSA => See PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE PUGETENSIS => See PSILOCYBE STUNTZII |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (aka Psathyra pelliculosa, Psilocybe pelliculosa, |
| "Liberty Cap") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in northern temperate zone throughout the world. Grows inland up to |
| a thousand miles (1500 km) from the ocean. Northwestern U.S, Scandinavia, |
| the British Isles and western Europe. Very popular in Norway and other |
| parts of Scandinavia. Fruits in grasses and cow pastures, parks and |
| roadsides in the fall. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 5-10 millimeters |
| | color | brown, drying to yellowish brown |
| | appearance | sharply conical, small "nipple" on top, never |
| | | expands, incurved, striated margin, sticky when |
| | | wet |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 2-3 millimeters |
| | length | 6-10 centimeters |
| | color | pallid to yellowish or brown, darkens with age, |
| | | does *not* bruise blue |
| | appearance | wavy and tough, fibrilliose, veil absent or |
| | | rudimentary, small dark ring may be present |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, slant upwards to almost |
| | | vertical |
| | color | first pale, soon becomes purplish brown |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown |
| | size | 12-16 x 7-9 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 5-10 (LD), 20-40 (MD), 60-90 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 10.0-11.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.90-3.40 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. pelliculosa is actually a separate species, but the two are |
| | indistinguishable to the naked eye. It grows in sawdust or wood |
| | chip piles in forests where lumberjacks have been working. The |
| | two can be distinguished by spore size, with Ps. pelliculosa |
| | spores being smaller at 9-13 x 5-7 x 5-7 micrometers. Ps. pelli. |
| | is also weaker in potency, having only 1.2-7.1 mg/g and 0.0-0.5 |
| | mg/g psilocybin and baeocystin respectively. |
| | Ps. semil. contains more baeocystin than most other Psilocybes, |
| | which may account for the subjective difference in quality. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE STUNTZII (aka Psilocybe pugetensis) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Commonly found in Washington state (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). |
| Found on lawns, in fields and bark mulch; originally identified growing |
| on the U of Washington campus! Fruits from August to December. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 0.5-3.5 centimeters |
| | color | variable; deep olive-brown to chestnut brown if |
| | | young, fading to dingy yellow-brown or yellowish |
| | | buff; margin often tinged greenish |
| | appearance | bluntly conical becoming convex to broadly |
| | | umbonate, plane, or with uplifted margin; viscid |
| | | when moist; margin striate when moist |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-4.0 millimeters |
| | length | 2.0-7.0 centimeters |
| | color | white to ochraceous brown |
| | appearance | becomes hollow with age, equal or thicker at |
| | | either end, often curved, not viscid, veil may |
| | | form fragile ring or fibrillose zone |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | adnate or adnexed, narrow, close to well spaced |
| | color | chocolate brown to violet/black, whitish edges |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | deep violet to dark purple |
| | size | 8-12 x 6-7 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | not quite elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 3.6-0.4 |
| | psilocin | 0.1-0.6 |
| | baeocystin | 0.0-0.2 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is quite similar to Ps. cyanescens, Ps. venenata |
| | and Ps. subaeruginascens; however, the latter two do not grow in |
| | Northern America. There are also some poisonous Galerina species |
| | that resemble Ps. stuntzii, so be careful. The Galerinas grow in |
| | forested areas, not lawns and fields. |
| | Ps. stuntzii can grow either in clusters or solitary. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINOSA |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout Australia and regions nearby. Grows solitary or in |
| groups on soil in forests. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | up to 5 centimeters |
| | color | "biscuit brown", darker when wet |
| | appearance | conical with inturned edge when young, becomes |
| | | convex when older |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | relatively thin |
| | length | up to 10 centimeters |
| | color | white with occasional grey/blue/green blotches |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, may be attached to stem |
| | color | smoky brown/black |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | purplish brown |
| | size | 10-15 x 5-9 x 5-9 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-5 (LD), 5-13 (MD), 20+ (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS (aka Psilocybe aerugineomaculans, Stropharia |
| caerulescens, Stropharia venenata) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found in some parts of Asia, at least northern Japan and Java, Indonesia. |
| Usually found on horse manure but evidently grows on rotten wood as well. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.5-2.5 centimeters |
| | color | whitish with smoke-brown center |
| | appearance | flat to convex, glabrous and smooth |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.5-3.0 millimeters |
| | length | 3.0-4.0 centimeters |
| | color | white |
| | appearance | traces of veil may remain as a small ring |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | widely spaced |
| | color | grayish brown, edges paler |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | violet brown |
| | size | 8-10 x 7-8 x 6-7 micrometers |
| | shape | ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| fresh grams | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | This mushroom is known to be hallucinogenic in reasonable doses, |
| | but unlike most other Psilocybes it is also toxic and possibly |
| | even lethal in higher ones (deaths are known). Caveat emptor! |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PSILOCYBE ZAPOTECORUM (aka "Mbey San", "Piule de Barda") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found only in Oaxaca, Mexico. Grows primarily on soil in swamps. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 6.0-11.0 centimeters |
| | color | ochra yellow to brown/purple/black |
| | appearance | bell-shaped, becomes breast-shaped; always |
| | | twisted and asymmetric in shape |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 1.0-2.0 centimeters |
| | length | 10.0-20.0 centimeters |
| | color | brownish (inside of stem lighter or white) |
| | appearance | very fibrous, elastic, often twisted, hollow |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | rather closely spaced, not very broad |
| | color | violet-purple |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | brown purple |
| | size | 6-9 x 4-5 x 3-4 micrometers |
| | shape | compressed ellipsoid, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | N/A (LD), N/A (MD), N/A (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | N/A |
| | psilocin | N/A |
| | baeocystin | N/A |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Ps. zapotecorum is used as a hallucinogen by Chatino and Zapotec |
| | Indians. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CAERULESCENS => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA CYANESCENS => See STROPHARIA CUBENSIS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA (PSILOCYBE) CUBENSIS (aka Naematoloma caerulescens, Psilocybe |
| cubensis, Stropharia cyanescens, "San Isidro") |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Found throughout the southern United States, from California to Louisiana |
| and South Carolina to Florida, as well as most of Central and South |
| America, and parts of southeast Asia. Arrived to the Americas with |
| Spanish Brahma cattle from the Philippine Islands. Grows on cow manure |
| or manure-fertilized soil. |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|CAP | diameter | 1.6-8.0 centimeters |
| | color | pure white to light brown, translucent when wet |
| | appearance | starts conical, gradually inverts to convex, |
| | | then to flat and finally bowl-shaped; has a gold |
| | | center spot; covered by sticky protective film; |
| | | flesh firm and white; margin sometimes hung |
| | | with veil remnants |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|STEM | diameter | 0.4-1.4 centimeters |
| | length | 4.0-15.0 centimeters |
| | color | white or bluish-stained |
| | appearance | membranous, usually forms a thin fragile ring |
| | | on stalk which is blackened by falling spores |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|GILLS | form | closely spaced, initially attached to stem but |
| | | may separate with age |
| | color | light brown/gray to deep purple/black, edges |
| | | whitish |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|SPORES| color | dark brown to blackish |
| | size | 12-17 x 8-12 x 7-9 micrometers |
| | shape | smooth, nearly elliptic, with germ pore |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|DOSAGE| mushrooms | 2-3 (LD), 4-10 (MD), 20-40 (HD) |
| | dried grams | 1-2 (LD), 3-5 (MD), 10-20 (HD) |
| | mg/g psilocybin | 4.00-12.0 |
| | psilocin | 0.00-1.00 |
| | baeocystin | 0.00-0.20 |
+------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
|OTHER | Str. cubensis is the most important of the psilocybian mushrooms, |
| | being common in the Americans and relatively easy to cultivate. |
| | Str. cubensis variety cyanescens, found in Florida, is a sort of |
| | albino Str. cub. with very little pigment in the cap. |
| | Str. cubensis variety caerulescens, found in Indochina, has cap |
| | colored clear yellow in some places. |
+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| STROPHARIA VENENATA => See PSILOCYBE SUBAERUGINASCENS |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
.oO Other psychoactive species
Here is a brief list of dosage information on some other mushrooms.
Some Psilocybes that are known to contain no psilocybin/psilocin are
included. Descriptions have been purposely omitted, since I don't have
enough info for a full-scale description like the ones above; if you are
interested, look them up in a guide.
Genus Shrooms Grams Psilocyb. Psilocin Baeocys. Notes
species fresh fresh mg/g dry mg/g dry mg/g dry
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| BOLETUS | | | | | | |
| erythropus | | 100+ | | | | 1 |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| COPRINUS | | | | | | |
| narcoticus | | 50+ | | | | |
| niveus | | 50+ | | | | |
| patouillardii | | 50+ | | | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| GYMNOPILUS | | | | | | |
| purpuratus | | | 1.0-3.4 | 1.0-3.1 | 0.5-0.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| INOCYBE | | | | | | |
| aeruginascens | | | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PANAEOLUS | | | | | | |
| olivaceus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PLUTEUS | | | | | | |
| atricapillus | | | 0.05 | 0.0 | | |
| salicinus | | | 2.1-3.0 | 0.0-0.5 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSATHYRELLA | | | | | | |
| candolleana | | | 0.04 | 0.05 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| PSILOCYBE | | | | | | |
| bohemica | | | 8.5-9.3 | | | |
| bullacea | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| cookei | 10-25 | 2-10 | | | | 2 |
| coprophila | 50-200 | 15-100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 |
| inquilina | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| merdaria | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| muscorum | 40-200 | 5-30 | | | | |
| percivalii | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| rhombispora | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| squamosa | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
| subcoprophila | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | | |
+----------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
Notes:
1 Has poisonous lookalikes.
2 Very similar to Ps. semilanceata.
3 No psilocybin or psilocin detected chemically despite reports of
successful use as a hallucinogen.
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