textfiles/drugs/m7

                         MARIJUANA MYTHS
                          by Paul Hager
             Hoosier Cannabis Re-legalization Coalition

1. Marijuana causes brain damage

	The most celebrated study that claims to show brain damage
is the rhesus monkey study of Dr. Robert Heath, done in the late
1970s.  This study was reviewed by a distinguished panel of
scientists sponsored by the Institute of Medicine and the
National Academy of Sciences.  Their results were published under
the title, Marijuana and Health in 1982.  Heath's work was
sharply criticized for its insufficient sample size (only four
monkeys), its failure to control experimental bias, and the
misidentification of normal monkey brain structure as "damaged". 
Actual studies of human populations of marijuana users have shown
no evidence of brain damage.  For example, two studies from 1977,
published in the Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA) showed no evidence of brain damage in heavy users of
marijuana.  That same year, the American Medical Association
(AMA) officially came out in favor of decriminalizing marijuana. 
That's not the sort of thing you'd expect if the AMA thought
marijuana damaged the brain.

2. Marijuana damages the reproductive system

	This claim is based chiefly on the work of Dr. Gabriel
Nahas, who experimented with tissue (cells) isolated in petri
dishes, and with researchers who dosed animals with near-lethal
amounts of cannabinoids (i.e., the intoxicating part of
marijuana).  Nahas' generalizations from his petri dishes to
human beings have been rejected by the scientific community as
being invalid.  In the case of the animal experiments, the
animals that survived their ordeal returned to normal within 30
days of the end of the experiment.  Studies of actual human
populations have failed to demonstrate that marijuana adversely
affects the reproductive system.

3. Marijuana is a "gateway" drug -- it leads to hard drugs

	This is one of the more persistent myths.  A real world
example of what happens when marijuana is readily available can
be found in Holland.  The Dutch functionally decriminalized
marijuana in the 1970s.  Since then, hard drug use -- heroin and
cocaine -- have DECLINED substantially.  Even use of marijuana
has declined.  If marijuana really were a gateway drug, one would
have expected use of hard drugs to have gone up.  Actual studies
of hard drug "addicts" reveal that they start with alcohol or
tobacco more frequently than marijuana.

4. Marijuana suppresses the immune system

	Like the studies claiming to show damage to the reproductive
system, this myth is based on studies where animals were given
extremely high doses of cannabinoids.  These results have never
been duplicated in human beings.  Interestingly, two studies done
in 1978 and one done in 1988 showed that hashish and marijuana
may have actually stimulated the immune system in the people
studied.

5. Marijuana is much more dangerous than tobacco

	Smoked marijuana contains more carcinogens than does an
equivalent amount of tobacco (1.5 to 3 times).  Marijuana,
however, unlike tobacco, actually dilates (enlarges) the air
passages in the lungs which promotes self-cleaning.  This is one
reason why cannabis has been found useful in the past in treating
asthmatics.  It should be remembered that a heavy tobacco smoker
consumes much more tobacco than a heavy marijuana smoker consumes
marijuana.  Two other factors are important.  The first is that
paraphernalia laws directed against marijuana users make it
difficult to smoke safely.  These laws make water pipes and
bongs, which filter some of the carcinogens out of the smoke,
illegal and, hence, unavailable.  The second is that, if
marijuana were legal, it would be more economical to have
cannabis drinks like bhang (a traditional drink in the Middle
East) or tea which are totally non-carcinogenic.  This is in
stark contrast with "smokeless" tobacco products like snuff which
can cause cancer of the mouth and throat.  Nicotine itself is
very toxic in even small quantities.  In contrast, the
cannabinoids are relatively non-toxic.  When all of these facts
are taken together, it can be clearly seen that the reverse is
true: marijuana is much SAFER than tobacco.

6. Legal marijuana would cause carnage on the highways

	Although marijuana, when used to intoxication, does impair
performance in a manner similar to alcohol, actual studies of the
effect of marijuana on the automobile accident rate suggest that
it poses LESS of a hazard than alcohol.  When a random sample of
fatal accident victims was studied, it was initially found that
marijuana was associated with RELATIVELY as many accidents as
alcohol.  In other words, the number of accident victims
intoxicated on marijuana relative to the number of marijuana
users in society gave a ratio similar to that for accident
victims intoxicated on alcohol relative to the total number of
alcohol users.  However, a closer examination of the victims
revealed that around 85% of the people intoxicated on marijuana
WERE ALSO INTOXICATED ON ALCOHOL.  For people only intoxicated on
marijuana, the rate was much lower than for alcohol alone.  This
would suggest that legal marijuana would not pose as serious a
hazard as legal alcohol.

	NOTE: We of the HCRC believe that DUI laws pertaining to
driving under the influence of alcohol should apply to driving
under the influence of marijuana.  We believe in the RESPONSIBLE
USE of marijuana, NOT IRRESPONSIBLE ABUSE.

7. Marijuana "flattens" human brainwaves

	This is an out-and-out lie perpetrated by the Partnership
for a Drug-Free America.  A few years ago, they ran a TV ad that
purported to show, first, a normal human brainwave, and second, a
flat brainwave from a 14-year-old "on marijuana".  When
researchers called up the TV networks to complain about this
commercial, the Partnership had to pull it from the air.  It
seems that the Partnership faked the flat "marijuana brainwave". 
In reality, marijuana has the effect of slightly INCREASING alpha
wave activity.  Alpha waves are associated with meditative and
relaxed states which are, in turn, often associated with human
creativity.

8. Marijuana impairs short-term memory

	This is true but misleading.  When one is intoxicated on
alcohol, one's motor control is affected.  When one is
intoxicated on marijuana, one's concentration is affected.  Any
impairment of short-term memory disappears when one is no longer
intoxicated.  Often, the short-term memory effect is paired with
a reference to Dr. Heath's poor rhesus monkeys to imply that the
condition is permanent.

9. Marijuana lingers in the body like DDT

	This is also true but misleading.  Cannabinoids are fat
soluble as are innumerable nutrients and, yes, some poisons like
DDT.  For example, the essential nutrient, Vitamin A, is fat
soluble but one never hears people who favor marijuana
prohibition making this comparison.

10. There are over a thousand chemicals in marijuana smoke

	Again, true but misleading.  The 31 August 1990 issue of the
magazine Science notes that of the over 800 volatile chemicals
present in roasted COFFEE, only 21 have actually been tested on
animals and 16 of these cause cancer in rodents.  Yet, coffee
remains legal and is generally considered fairly safe.

11. No one has ever died of a marijuana overdose

	This is true.  It was put in to see if you are paying
attention.  Animal tests have revealed that extremely high doses
of cannabinoids are needed to have lethal effect.  This has led
scientists to conclude that the ratio of the amount of
cannabinoids necessary to get a person intoxicated (i.e., stoned)
relative to the amount necessary to kill them is 1 to 40,000.  In
other words, to overdose, you would have to consume 40,000 times
as much marijuana as you needed to get stoned.  In contrast, the
ratio for alcohol varies between 1 to 4 and 1 to 10.  It is easy
to see how upwards of 5000 people die from alcohol overdoses
every year and no one EVER dies of marijuana overdoses.

Check us out

	We believe that the truth is our strongest weapon.  To date,
the prohibitionists have refused to meet us in public debate:
they fear the truth and know that they stand to lose in any
direct confrontation.  They cower behind a wall of myths, lies,
and half truths.  In the battles that lie ahead we will try to
flush the prohibitionists into the open.  In order to be
successful in this goal, we will need to batter down the myths
and lies by giving our message the widest possible distribution. 

	Check us out.  Listen to our Truth Squad, check our sources,
and ask us the tough questions.  Examine our claims with a
skeptical, but open, mind.  We feel that after looking at the
facts you will find it very hard to side with the prohibitionists
ever again.

	We're looking for allies, declared or undeclared.  Getting
the message out costs money.  Our opponents dispose of literally
hundreds-of-millions of dollars.  If you'd like to quietly donate
to the cause, send your contributions to the Hoosier Cannabis
Re-legalization Coalition at P.O. Box 5325, Bloomington, IN
47407.  If you'd like to help in a more direct way contact me,
Paul Hager, at (812) 333-1384.  Our meetings are open to the
public and we welcome new members.  Contact us for more
information.

Sources

1)	Marijuana and Health, Institute of Medicine, National
	Academy of Sciences, 1982.  Note: the Committee on Substance
	Abuse and Habitual Behavior of the "Marijuana and Health"
	study had its part of the final report suppressed when it
	reviewed the evidence and recommended that possession of
	small amounts of marijuana should no longer be a crime (TIME
	magazine, July 19, 1982).  The two JAMA studies are: Co,
	B.T., Goodwin, D.W., Gado, M., Mikhael, M., and Hill, S.Y.:
	"Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users",
	JAMA, 237:1229-1230, 1977; and, Kuehnle, J., Mendelson,
	J.H., Davis, K.R., and New, P.F.J.: "Computed tomographic
	examination of heavy marijuana smokers", JAMA, 237:1231-
	1232, 1977.

2)	See Marijuana and Health, ibid., for information on this
	research.  See also, Marijuana Reconsidered (1978) by Dr.
	Lester Grinspoon.

3)	See "A Comparison of Marijuana Users and Non-users" by
	Norman Zinberg and Andrew Weil (1971).  This showed a
	negative correlation between use of marijuana and use of
	alcohol.  A recent article about the Dutch experience is
	written up in "The Economics of Legalizing Drugs", by
	Richard J. Dennis, The Atlantic Monthly, Vol 266, No. 5, Nov
	1990, p. 130.

4)	See a review of studies and their methodology in "Marijuana
	and Immunity", Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Vol 20(1),
	Jan-Mar 1988.  Studies showing stimulation of the immune
	system: Kaklamani, et al., "Hashish smoking and T-
	lymphocytes", 1978; Kalofoutis et al., "The significance of
	lymphocyte lipid changes after smoking hashish", 1978.  The
	1988 study: Wallace, J.M., Tashkin, D.P., Oishi, J.S.,
	Barbers, R.G., "Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations
	and Mitogen Responsiveness in Tobacco and Marijuana
	Smokers", 1988, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, ibid.

5)	For current information on cannabis drinks see Working Men
	and Ganja: Marijuana Use in Rural Jamaica by M. C. Dreher,
	Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982, ISBN 0-89727-
	025-8.  For information on cannabis and actual cancer risk,
	see Marijuana and Health, ibid.

6)	For a survey of studies relating to cannabis and highway
	accidents see "Marijuana, Driving and Accident Safety", by
	Dale Gieringer, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, ibid.

7)	For information about the Partnership ad, see Jack Herer's
	book, The Emperor Wears No Clothes, 1990, p. 74.  For
	information on memory and the alpha brainwave enhancement
	effect, see "Marijuana, Memory, and Perception", by R. L.
	Dornbush, M.D., M. Fink, M.D., and A. M. Freedman, M.D.,
	presented at the 124th annual meeting of the American
	Psychiatric Association, May 3-7, 1971.

8)	See Marijuana and Health, ibid.  Also see "Marijuana,
	Memory, and Perception", ibid.

9)	The fat solubility of cannabinoids and certain vitamins is
	well known.  See Marijuana and Health, ibid.  For some
	information on vitamin A, see "The A Team" in Scientific
	American, Vol 264, No. 2, February 1991, p. 16.

10)	See "Too Many Rodent Carcinogens: Mitogenesis Increases
	Mutagenesis", Bruce N. Ames and Lois Swirsky Gold, Science,
	Vol 249, 31 August 1990, p. 971.

11)	Cannabis and alcohol toxicity is compared in Marijuana
	Reconsidered, ibid., p. 227.  Yearly alcohol overdoses was
	taken from "Drug Prohibition in the United States: Costs,
	Consequences, and Alternatives" by Ethan A. Nadelmann,
	Science, Vol 245, 1 September 1989, p. 943.