1528 lines
62 KiB
Plaintext
1528 lines
62 KiB
Plaintext
Hi, you're maintaining the ftp sites, yes?
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Here's the most recent L-faq, with some typos fixed, an extra quote
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aded to theflashbacks section.
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Cheers,
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DH
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--------------
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Editor: D. A. Honig (honig@ics.uci.edu)
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Last Update: 21 Feb 92
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Subject: LSD
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FORMATTING INFO:
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topic break: ******************************
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within-topic break: ..............................
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[This FAQ provided to reduce net bandwidth, as an informational resource only.]
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******************************
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CONTENTS:
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LSD (definition, introduction)
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Delysid (medical fact sheet for pharmaceutical LSD) (pharmacology)
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CAUTIONS, REAL AND IMAGINED
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ADDICTION POTENTIAL (none)
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ADULTERANTS (including the strychnine myth, manufacturing impurities, etc.)
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BAD TRIPS (what they are, how to avoid, what to do)
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MYTHS (stamps for children, staring at the sun..)
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DANGERS (LSD isn't for morons...)
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FLASHBACKS (what they are ---post-traumatic stress syndrome)
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INSOMNIA (common, what to do)
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TOLERANCE (aquired and lost quickly (3 days) harmlessly, no withdrawal)
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BACKROUND
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ANTHROPOLOGY (and history)
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BOTANY (sources in nature)
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CHEMISTRY (structure)
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MECHANISM OF ACTION (uncertain)
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RELATED COMPOUNDS (psilocybin in mushrooms, ergot alkaloids in morning glories)
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MANUFACTURE (forget it)
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DRUG TESTING (don't worry)
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LEGAL SCHEDULING (sched. 1, no medical uses in US (despite past effective use))
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PRAGMATICS
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SET and SETTING (how to have a good time; lsd ain't beer)
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STORAGE (keep in a cool dark dry place)
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SYNERGIES, BAD COMBINATIONS (cannabis is good, otherwise be careful)
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REFERENCES & FURTHER READING
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BEST: _Psychedelic Encyclopedia_ by Peter Stafford
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_LSD: My Problem Child_ by Albert Hofmann
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_ Licit & Illicit Drugs_ (Consumer Reports)
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_Storming heaven : LSD and the American dream_ by Jay Stevens
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******************************
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LSD
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Generic name for the hallucinogen lysergic acid
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diethylamide-25. Discovered by Dr. Albert Hofmann in 1938, LSD is one
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of the most potent mind-altering chemicals known. A white, odorless
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powder usually taken orally, its effects are highly variable and begin
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within one hour and generally last 8-12 hours, gradually tapering off.
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It has been used experimentally in the treatment of alcoholics and
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psychiatric patients. [Where it showed some success.] It
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significantly alters perception, mood, and
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psychological processes, and can impair motor coordination and skills.
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During the 1950s and early 1960s, LSD experimentation was legally
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conducted by psychiatrists and others in the health and mental health
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professions. Sometimes dramatic, unpleasant psychological reactions
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occur, including panic, great confusion, and anxiety. Strongly
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affected by SET and SETTING. Classification: hallucinogens. Slang
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names: acid, sugar. See also appendix B. (RIS 27:211-52 entries)
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-- Research Issues 26, Guide to Drug Abuse Research Terminology,
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available from NIDA or the GPO, page 54.
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..............................
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Common Drug Slang Terms (NB: many of these refer to the carrier, ie, "Blotter"
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or "Sugar Cubes". Often the local names will refer to patterns printed
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on the blotter, eg, "Blue unicorn".):
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Acid, 'Cid, Sid, Bart Simpsons, Barrels, Tabs, Blotter, Heavenly blue,
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"L", Liquid, Liquid A, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, Microdots,
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Mind detergent, Orange cubes, Orange micro, Owsley, Hits,
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Paper acid, Sacrament, Sandoz, Sugar, Sugar lumps,
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Sunshine, Tabs, Ticket, Twenty-five, Wedding bells, Windowpane,
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etc.
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..............................
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from the data sheet accompanying product:
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(see also Physician's Desk Reference from mid-60's)
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Delysid (LSD 25)
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D-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate
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Sugar-coated tablets containing 0.025 mg. (25 ug.)
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Ampoules of 1 ml. containing 0.1 mg. (100 ug.) for oral
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administration.
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The solution may also be injected s.c. or i.v. The
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effect is identical with that of oral administration but
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sets in more rapidly.
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PROPERTIES
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The administration of very small doses of Delysid
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(1/2-2 ug./kg. body weight) results in transitory distur-
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bances of affect, hallucinations, depersonalization, reliv-
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ing of repressed memories, and mild neuro-vegetative symp-
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toms. The effect sets in after 30 to 90 minutes and gen-
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erally lasts 5 to 12 hours. However, intermittent distur-
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bances of affect may occasionally persist for several days.
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METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
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For oral administration the contents of 1 ampoule of
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Delysid are diluted with distilled water, a 1% solution of
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tartaric acid or halogen-free tap water.
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The absorption of the solution is somewhat more rapid
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and more constant that that of the tablets.
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Ampoules which have not been opened, which have been
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protected against light and stored in a cool place are
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stable for an unlimited period. Ampoules which have been
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opened or diluted solutions retain their effectiveness for 1
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to 2 days, if stored in a refrigerator.
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INDICATIONS AND DOSAGE
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a) Analytical psychotherapy, to elicit release of
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repressed material and provide mental relaxation, par-
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ticularly in anxiety states and obsessional neuroses.
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The initial dose is 25 ug. (1/4 of an ampoule or 1
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tablet). This dose is increased at each treatment by
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25 ug. until the optimum dose (usually between 50 and
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200 ug.) is found. The individual treatments are best
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given at intervals of one week.
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b) Experimental studies on the nature of psychoses: By
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taking Delysid himself, the psychiatrist is able to
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gain an insight in the world of ideas and sensations of
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mental patients. Delysid can also be used to induced
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model psychoses of short duration in normal subjects,
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this facilitating studies on the pathogenesis of mental
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disease.
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In normal subjects, doses of 25 to 75 ug. are generally
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sufficient to produce a hallucinatory psychosis (on an
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average 1 ug./kg. body weight). In certain forms of
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psychosis and in chronic alcoholism, higher doses are
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necessary (2 to 4 ug./kg. body weight).
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PRECAUTIONS
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Pathological mental conditions may be intensified by
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Delysid. Particular caution is necessary in subjects with a
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suicidal tendency and in those cases where a psychotic
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development appears imminent. The psycho-affective lability
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and the tendency to commit impulsive acts may occasionally
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last for some days.
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Delysid should only be administered under strict medi-
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cal supervision. The supervision should not be discontinued
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until the effects of the drug have completely worn off.
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ANTIDOTE
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The mental effects of Delysid can be rapidly reversed
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by the i.m. administration of 50 mg. chlorpromazine.
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Literature available on request.
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SANDOZ LTD., BASLE, SWITZERLAND
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9792*-Z1540 e.-sp./d.-fr.
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Printed in Switzerland.
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..............................
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From: An Introduction to Pharmacology 3rd edition, JJ Lewis, 1964 (p 385)
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Peripheral Actions
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These include an oxytocic action and constriction of the blood vessels
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of isolated vascular beds. In intact animals LSD causes a fall in
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blood pressure, but its adrenergic blocking potency is low.
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LSD causes mydriasis in man and other species. It also causes
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hyperglycaemia and mydriasis, has a hyperthermic action and causes
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piloerection. These effects are sympathetic in nature and are
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abolished by ganglion blocking or adrenergic blocking agents.
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Parasympathetic effects include salivation, lachyrmation, vomiting,
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hypotension, and brachycardia. Low doses stimulate respiration but
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larger doses depress it.
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(nb: mydriasis = pupillary dilation)
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..............................
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Hoffman thought the diethylamide version of the lysergic acid molecule
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might be a respiratory stimulant...
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..............................
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The "speedy" quality of unadulterated LSD is due to the pharmacological
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actions of LSD itself, and not necessarily due to decomposition or impurities.
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LSD typically causes early adrenergic effects such as sweating, nervousness,
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jaw grinding and insomnia which are easily confused with the side effects
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of amphetamine.
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******************************
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ADDICTION POTENTIAL:
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Zero physical addiction potential. Not something that makes you want to
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do it again immediately. Rarely people use it to escape in a negative
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way or as part of "polydrug abuse" behavior or pattern of behavior.
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******************************
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ADULTERANTS:
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Several problems are associated with street drugs: their unknown
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purity and their unknown strength. Because of its extreme cheapness
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and potency, the purity of LSD in blotter form is not an issue: either
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it's lsd or untreated paper. The purity of powders, pills, and liquids
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cannot be assumed as safe. With regards to uncertain strength, the
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strength of hits these days is low, 100 micrograms or so. One should
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be careful and assume that the smallest square in a tiling of a sheet
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is a dose, even if a printed pattern covers several. An experienced
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person could judge the strength of a dose, and if it is assumed all
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doses on a sheet have been processed equivalently, those doses would
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be calibrated for others, much like anything else.
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..............................
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>From _Psychedelic Chemistry_ by M.V.Smith, 2nd edition p 5:
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"There is a great deal of superstition regarding purification of
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psychedelics. Actually, any impurities which may be present as a
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result of synthetic procedures will almost certainly be without any
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effect on the trip. If there are 200 micrograms of LSD in a tablet,
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there could only be 200 mics of impurities present even if the LSD was
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originally only 50% pure (assuming nothing else has been added), and
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few compounds will produce a significant effect until a hundred to a
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thousand times this amount has been ingested. Even mescaline, which
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has a rather specific psychedelic effect, requires about a thousand
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thimes this amount."
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..............................
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Note that: 1) on a piece of paper, vs. a tablet, you can't even add
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significant amounts of adulterants 2) adulterants would cost, whereas
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blank paper will rip someone off just as well.
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LSD itself has some "body-kinks" on some people some times. nausea is
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one of them. its usually mild and transient. it also has speedlike
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(ie, adrenergic stimulation) effects, etc.
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..............................
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[Referring to strychnine] 15 mg has been fatal, but a more typical fatal
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dose is on the order of 50mg. [Another post indicates 25 mg. as the LD50] 1
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mg of strychnine orally probably has no observable pharmacological effects
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in a typical adult. [1 mg being ten times the effective dose of LSD, by the
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way.]
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Actually, I think the fact that PharmChem analyzed something on the order of
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2,000 LSD samples between 1972 and 1979 and never found one with strychnine
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in it would be better. I'm going over all their data with a toothpick and
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I'll get back to you on exactly what I find. It looks like the percent of
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LSD with strychnine in it is, however, at least under .05%. More a little
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later.
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..............................
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>From "The PharmChem Newsletter" (vol 3, no 3), 1973:
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Summary of Street Drug Results - 1973: "Of 189 samples of LSD quantitatively
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analyzed, the average dose was 67.25ug LSD. Of the 32 samples of alleged
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mescaline actually containing mescaline, [...stuff about mescaline and
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mushrooms deleted...] It is interesting to note the low incidence of
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deception among the less sought after psychotomimetics LSD and PCP."
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..............................
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This is the PharmChem analysis of LSD from 1972 (vol 1, no 1) up to the time
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that the DEA no longer allowed them to make quantitative measurements (1974-
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vol 3, no 2 included). NOTE: NO STRYCHNINE! also note that PharmChem found
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a sample of Shrooms contaminated with Strychnine in 1972 (vol 1, no 7), and
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I would think it safe to assume that they also checked LSD for Strychnine.
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******************************
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BAD TRIPS:
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A person on LSD who becomes depressed, agitated, or confused may
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experience these feelings in an overwhelming manner that grows on
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itself. The best solution is to remove disturbing influences, get to
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a safe, comforting environment, and reassure the tripper that things
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are alright. It may comfort those who fear that they are losing their
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minds to be reminded that it will end in several hours.
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Authorities are fond of administering injections of anti-psychotic
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drugs. Recovery in the presence of authorities, in hospitals or
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police stations, is not pleasant. Sedatives or tranquilizers such as
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Valium may help reduce panic and anxiety, but the best solution is
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calm talking. Some claim that niacin (an over the counter vitamin
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supplement) can abort a trip, but this may be due to a placebo effect
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(niacin produces a flushing effect).
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******************************
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MYTHS:
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LSD does not form "crystals" that reside in the body to be "dislodged"
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later, causing flashbacks. LSD is a crystalline solid (though it is
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unlikely that one would ever have enough to be visible to the naked
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eye) but it is easily water soluble, thus cannot form bodily
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deposits. Furthermore, it is metabolized and excreted in hours. The
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bogus "loosened crystal" description in not necessary to explain
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flashbacks, which are psychological phenomena (see FLASHBACKS).
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LSD does not cause chromosome damage.
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In Science 30 April 1972, Volume 172 Number 3982 p. 431-440 there was an
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article by Norman I. Dishotsky, William D. Loughman, Robert E. Mogar and
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Wendell R. Lipscomb titled "LSD and Genetic Damage - Is LSD chromosome
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damaging, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic?". They reviewed 68
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studies and case reports published 1967-1972, concluding "From our own
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work and from a review of literature, we believe that pure LSD ingested
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in moderate doses does not damage chromosomes in vivo, does not cause
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detectable genetic damage, and is not a teratogen or carcinogen in man."
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Well, there's the study by Sidney Cohen which was cited here
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recently, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 130, 1960. The
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following is from Jay Stevens' Storming Heaven: "Cohen surveyed a sample
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of five thousand individuals who had taken LSD twenty-five thousand
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times. He found and average of 1.8 psychotic episodes per thousand
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ingestions, 1.2 attempted suicides, and 0.4 completed suicides.
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'Considering the enormous scope of the psychic responses it induces,'
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he concluded, 'LSD is an astonishingly safe drug.'"
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Some urban legends: I've heard two "stories" about people blinding
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themselves on "drugs". One was revealed as a hoax by the person who
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perpetrated it (apparently it was intended to "illustrate" the dangers
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of LSD), another is trotted out by anti-drug speakers at high schools:
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1) Seven people on LSD stared at the sun and lost 90% of their reading
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vision.
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2) A teenager arrested while on LSD plucked out his eyeballs in his
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jail cell, and felt no pain.
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While these are bogus, the drug has powerful effects on the mind
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and the consumer should be aware of the hazards, and act appropriately.
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..............................
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There is an occasionally circulated fake warning from some police department
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about LSD-laced "tattoos" or stickers (the "blue star tattoo" story) being
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given to children. This probably originated with some hick cop or ignorant
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and panicky parent not understanding some children-cartoon (eg, mickey mouse
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in sorcerer's garb) printed on a sheet of blotter.
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..............................
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See also myths about testing in DRUG TESTING
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******************************
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DANGERS:
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Purely psychological hazards, not harmful to body. May release latent
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psychosis or exacerbate depression, leading to irrational behavior. There
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is also a danger of foolish or incautious behavior, e.g, misjudging
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distances or thinking one can fly. Physical overdose is not a hazard,
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though one may easily ingest more than one may be able to handle
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psychologically.
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..............................
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Because the "LSD psychosis" is not distinguishable from non-drug-
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induced psychosis, we have reasonable evidence to conclude that LSD
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was not the sole cause of psychosis. Instead, it would seem that the
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drug brought on the problems in vulnerable individuals.
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Interestingly, the rate of parental alcoholism was found to be much
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higher in LSD patients than in other patients or in the general
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population by one study (Vardy and Kay, Arch-Gen-Psych, 1983 40(8):
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877-83).
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..............................
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Lethal (toxic) doses of LSD are conservatively several tens of
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thousands of times as much as a normal dose, making it (in the toxic
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sense) one of the safest drugs known. See section on Pharmacology for
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description of bodily side-effects.
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The LD50 for psilocybin (active ingredient in mushrooms) is 275 mg/kg
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i.v. in mice. Of course, it would take lots more p.o. to kill someone.
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The reported LD50 values for LSD are 46, 16.5, 0.3 mg/kg I.V. for mice,
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rats, and rabbits, respectively. Again, it's hard to accurately translate
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these numbers to oral values.
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Note that an average human dose is 0.001 mg/kg, ie, 1 microgram/kg, ie,
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1 part per billion by weight.
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..............................
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Never take any drugs while pregnant.
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******************************
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FLASHBACKS:
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Quoted without permission from 'Licit and Illicit Drugs,' written by
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Edward M. Brecher and the editors of Consumer Reports. ISBN: 0-316-15340-0
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A simple explanation of LSD flashbacks, and of their changed character
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after 1967, is available. According to this theory, almost everybody
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suffers flashbacks with or without LSD. Any intense emotional
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experience--the death of a loved one, the moment of discovery that one is in
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love, the moment of an automobile smashup or of a narrow escape from a
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smashup--may subsequently and unexpectedly return vividly to consciousness
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weeks or months later. Since the LSD trip is often an intense emotional
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experience, it is hardly surprising that it may similarly "flash back."
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<end quote>
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"Post-traumatic stress disorder has been commonly associated with war
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veterans, but it also affects victims of disasters and violence... Experts
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estimate that 1% of the population suffers from the disorder."
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---LA Times, Feb 18 1992, p A3, "Journey For Better Life Hell For Some Women."
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******************************
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INSOMNIA:
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Insomnia occurs frequently after the trip. A mild, over-the-counter
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sleeping aid can help, and these antihistamines do not produce adverse
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interactions. Also, some people like to consume a small amount of alcoholic
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beverage to "smooth the jitteries". The usual precautions about sleeping
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aids if alcohol has been consumed apply of course.
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******************************
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TOLERANCE:
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Aquired rapidly, within 3 days. Tolerance dissipates equally rapidly,
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without withdrawal, craving, or symptoms of addiction.
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Cross-tolerance can and is developed between other indole hallucinogens, eg,
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DMT, LSD and Psilocybin.
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******************************
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BOTANY:
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"Indole Alkaloids In Plant Hallucinogens" Richard Evans Schultes, PhD.
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Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol.8(No.1) Jan-Mar 1976
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"The main constituent of the seeds of Rivea corymbosa is ergine or d-lysergic
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acid amide. Minor alkaloids present are the related d-isolysergic acid amide
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(isoergine), chanoclavine, elymoclavine and lysergol. The seeds of Ipomoea
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violacea have a similar composition, but instead of lysergol, they have
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ergometrine (ergonovine). Later, very minor amounts of two alkaloids
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ergometrinine and penniclavine - were found in I. violacea by chromatography.
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the total alkaloid content of the seeds of Ipomoea viloacea is approximately
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five times as great as that of the seeds of Rivea corymbosa: 0.06% in the
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former; 0.012% in the latter. This difference in the alkaloid content
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explains why Indians employ smaller doses of seeds of the Ipomoea than of the
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Rivea.
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|
"Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants"
|
|
Jose Luis Diaz M.D.
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
|
|
|
|
Seeds of various Morning Glories contain
|
|
Ergolines: ergine,isoergine,ergonovine
|
|
Glucosides: turbicoryn [apparently in Rivea corymbosa only]
|
|
|
|
called Tlitlitzen (Aztec word for "The Divine Black One")
|
|
to the Aztecs, Black is a "hot" color,
|
|
a property of psychotropics associated with light
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
"The Botanical and Chemical Distribution of Hallucinogens"
|
|
Richard Evans Schultes, PhD.
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol.9(No.3) Jul-Sep 1977
|
|
|
|
"I. violacea, often referred to by it's synonyms I. rubro-caerulea and
|
|
I. tricolor, is represented in horticulture by a number of "varieties,"
|
|
such as: Heavenly Blue, Pearly Gates, Flying Saucers, Wedding Bells,
|
|
Summer Skies, and Blue Stars - all of which contain the hallucinogenic
|
|
ergot alkaloids."
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
"Burger's Medicinal Chemistry" Fourth Edition, Volume III
|
|
Chapter: "Hallucinogens" Alexander Shulgin
|
|
|
|
Composition, % of total alkaloids present
|
|
=========================================
|
|
Compound R. corymbosa I. violacea
|
|
=============== ================ ======================
|
|
Ergine (LA-111) 54, 48 58, 10-16, 5-10
|
|
Isoergine 17, 35 8, 18-26, 9-17
|
|
Ergometrine 8
|
|
Elymoclavine 4 4
|
|
Chanoclavine 4 4
|
|
Lysergol 4
|
|
|
|
Total Alkaloids .012, .04 .06, .04-.08, .02-.04
|
|
(% of dry weight
|
|
of seeds)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
ANTHROPOLOGY:
|
|
|
|
|
|
_The Road to Eleusius_ by Hoffman, Wasson, and Ruck.
|
|
|
|
Summary: A secret religion existed for 2,000 years in Greece (until
|
|
the christians displaced it around 400 AD). The initiation was open
|
|
to anyone who spoke Greek and hadn't committed murder, once in their
|
|
life. After 6 month long preparatory rituals, members walked to
|
|
Eleusius whereupon they underwent secret rituals. The rituals
|
|
remained secret until the 1970's.
|
|
|
|
Wasson, an ethnomycological scholar and former banker (and the first
|
|
white to trip on shrooms with the mexican indians) proposed the
|
|
following explanation of the Eleusian mysteries to Hoffman, an
|
|
ergot-alkaloid expert chemist, and Ruck, a greek scholar:
|
|
|
|
The Secret of the ritual involved the personal visions induced by
|
|
drinking the grain decoction administered to the initiates. The
|
|
domestication of grains permitted the development of greek
|
|
civilization; it also brought ergot fungus (of St. Anthony's fire
|
|
infamy).
|
|
|
|
The thin book contains their argument for the use of the ergot fungus
|
|
in Eleusian rites, Wasson providing some background on the use of
|
|
mushrooms and grains and their role in the culture; Hoffman on the
|
|
psychoactivity of ergot strains; and Ruck on the mythological and
|
|
cultural backround of the sect.
|
|
|
|
Evidence includes: Hoffman dosed himself with large (ergot-derived)
|
|
doses of obstetric compounds to assay their hallucinogenic potential,
|
|
and found them to possess such activity. The Eleusian temple site still
|
|
remains, but there is no room to view theatric performances, just rows of
|
|
tripping initiates, further supporting their argument.
|
|
|
|
An interesting read, and its neat to think that the culture that
|
|
more or less lead to the western industrial one had psychedelic rites.
|
|
(Various greek prominant figures attended the rituals, including Plato).
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
|
|
IPOMOEA PURPUREA: A NATURALLY OCCURRING PSYCHEDELIC
|
|
|
|
Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman
|
|
|
|
>From "Altered States of Consciousness, A Book of Readings"
|
|
edited by Charles Tart BF311.T28
|
|
|
|
Of the naturally occurring plant alkaloids used in ancient and modern
|
|
religious rites and divination one of the least studied is ololiuqui. The
|
|
earliest known description of its use is by Hernandez, the King of Spain's
|
|
personal physician, who spent a number of years in Mexico studying the
|
|
medicinal plants of the Indians and "accurately illustrated ololiuqui as a
|
|
morning glory in his work which was not published until 1651" (Schultes,
|
|
1960). In his words, "When a person takes ololiuqui, in a short time he loses
|
|
clear reasoning because of the strength of the seed, and he believes he is in
|
|
communion with the devil" (Alacon, 1945). Schultes (1941) and Wasson (1961)
|
|
have reported in detail on the religious and divinatory use of two kinds of
|
|
morning-glory seeds, Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea, among the Mazatec
|
|
and Zapotec indians. The first of these is assumed to be the ololiuqui of the
|
|
ancient Aztecs.
|
|
|
|
In 1955 Osmond described personal experiments with Rivea corymbosa seeds and
|
|
reported that the effects were similar to those of d-lysergic acid
|
|
diethylamide (LSD-25). He suggested (1957) that the word psychedelic (meaning
|
|
mind-manifesting) be used as a generic term for this class of substances to
|
|
refer to their consciousness-expanding and psychotherapeutic function as
|
|
contrasted with the hallucinogenic aspect. In 1960 Hoffman reported that he
|
|
had isolated d-lysergic acid amide (LA) and d-isolysergic acid amide from the
|
|
seed of both Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea. LA is very similar to LSD
|
|
in its psychological and physiological manifestations but is reported to have
|
|
about one twentieth the psychological effectiveness of LSD (Cerletti &
|
|
Doepfner, 1958).
|
|
|
|
The work of these investigators led us to a preliminary study of the
|
|
psychedelic properties of species of Ipomoea which are commonly found within
|
|
the continental United States. The seeds of Ipomoea purpurea, the common
|
|
climbing morning glory, resemble the seeds of Ipomoea violacea and have been
|
|
found to have similar psychedelic properties. Recent analysis by Taber et al.
|
|
(1963) has verified that LA is present in the varieties used and is probably
|
|
the primary active agent.
|
|
|
|
The effects of the seeds of Ipomoea purpurea (varieties Heavenly Blue and
|
|
Pearly Gates) in a total of 45 cases are summarized below. The subjects are
|
|
all normally functioning adults and the majority had previous experience with
|
|
LSD. The onset of effects is about half an hour after the seeds have been
|
|
chewed and swallowed and they last from five to eight hours.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low Dose, 20-50 Seeds (11 Subjects)
|
|
|
|
This dosage rarely produces any visual distortions, although with eyes
|
|
closed there may be beginning imagery. Restlessness, evidenced by alternating
|
|
periods of pacing about and lying down, may be present. There tends to be a
|
|
heightened awareness of objects and of nature, and enhanced rapport with
|
|
other persons. A feeling of emotional clarity and of relaxation is likely to
|
|
persist for several hours after other effects are no longer noticeable.
|
|
|
|
Medium Dose, 100-150 Seeds (22 Subjects)
|
|
|
|
In this range the effects resemble those reported for medium-dose (75-150
|
|
micrograms) LSD experiences, including spatial distortions, visual and
|
|
auditory hallucinations, intense imagery with eyes closed, synaesthesia and
|
|
mood elevation. These effects, which occur mainly during the period of 1 to 4
|
|
hours after ingestion, are typically followed by a period of alert calmness
|
|
which may last until the subject goes to sleep.
|
|
|
|
High Dose, 200-500 Seeds (12 Subjects)
|
|
|
|
In this range the first few hours may resemble the medium-dose effects
|
|
described above. However, there is usually a period during which the
|
|
subjective states are of a sort not describable in terms of images or
|
|
distortions, states characterized by loss of ego boundaries coupled with
|
|
feelings of euphoria and philosophical insight. These seem to parallel the
|
|
published descriptions of experiences with high doses (200-500 micrograms) of
|
|
LSD given in a supportive, therapeutic setting as reported by Sherwood et al.
|
|
(1962).
|
|
|
|
All the subjects who had previous experience with LSD claimed the effects of
|
|
the seeds were similar to those of LSD. Transient nausea was the most
|
|
commonly reported side effect, beginning about one half hour after ingestion
|
|
and lasting a few minutes to several hours. Other reported side effects not
|
|
commonly found with LSD were a drowsiness or torpor (possibly due to a
|
|
glucoside also present in the seeds) and a coldness in the extremities
|
|
suggesting that the ergine content of the seeds may be causing some vascular
|
|
constriction. (If this is the case, there may be some danger of ergot
|
|
poisoning resulting from excessive dosages of the seeds.) The only untoward
|
|
psychic effect was a prolonged (eight hours) disassociative reaction which
|
|
was terminate with chlorpromazine [Thorazine]. The possibility of prolonged
|
|
adverse reactions to the psychological effects of the seeds is essentially
|
|
the same as with LSD, and the same precautions should be observed (Cohen &
|
|
Ditman, 1963).
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
IPOMOEA.003 7-MAY-90
|
|
|
|
Additional Notes:
|
|
Ipomoea purpurea is sold as the "Heavenly Blue" variety of morning glory.
|
|
"Ipomoea tricolor" is the trade name used for that variety. It is identical
|
|
with the species of morning glory described above.
|
|
|
|
The seeds must be chewed or ground in order to be effective. Soaking the
|
|
ground seeds in water for several hours, filtering out the grounds,
|
|
and then drinking only the water portion of the mixture can reduce
|
|
some of the stomach-upset symptoms if such occur.
|
|
|
|
Unpleasant LSD and morning glory trips can be smoothed out or even
|
|
stopped by taking niacin (in the form of nicotinic acid, vitamin B-3 or
|
|
"niacin"). Vitamin C has been shown to reduce the incidence of paranoia and
|
|
prevent depletion of the vitamin from the adrenal glands during LSD trips.
|
|
|
|
There have been reports that commercially available packets of morning
|
|
glory seeds from some distributors are coated with fungicides or
|
|
other chemicals to increase shelf life or discourage the practice
|
|
of eating them. Seeds from plants grown in one's own garden will
|
|
be safe as long as you do not spray them with insecticides.
|
|
|
|
The last few notes about Niacin and Vitamin C are based on
|
|
a paperback edition of Hoffer & Osmonds "The Psychedelics"
|
|
|
|
It's pretty clear that the latin names of this plant are somewhat
|
|
confused (which is typical). Ipomoea purpurea, Ipomoea tricolor,
|
|
Ipomoea violacea and Ipomoea rubro-caerulea are all the same plant.
|
|
|
|
The other variety of morning glory, "Ololiuhqui" has at least two
|
|
Latin names as well: Rivea corymbosa, and Turbina corymbosa.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
"Recreational use of Ergoline Alkaloids from Argyreia Nervosa"
|
|
William E. Shawcross
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 15(4) Oct-Dec 1983
|
|
|
|
CHEMISTRY AND EFFECT OF THE SEEDS
|
|
The Hawaiian baby woodrose entered the drug scene in 1965 with the
|
|
publication of a paper in "Science" entitled "Ergoline Alkaloids in Tropical
|
|
Wood Roses" by Hylin and Watson. The wide circulation of this journal assured
|
|
thorough dissemination of the information they presented. They wrote, "The
|
|
possible health and legal problems associated with the presence of similar
|
|
compounds in commercially cultivated plants led us to examine the ornamental
|
|
wood roses, Ipomoea tuberosa and Argyreia nervosa, both common Hawaiian crops
|
|
that have assumed commerical importance as components of [the] dried tropical
|
|
flower industry." Comparing the seeds of these two plants with those of the
|
|
morning glory varieties Pearly Gates and Heavenly Blue, they found the
|
|
following yield of alkaloids (mg of alkaloid/g of seed material):
|
|
|
|
Heavenly Blue 0.813
|
|
Pearly Gates 0.423
|
|
I. tuberosa [None]
|
|
A. nervosa 3.050
|
|
|
|
The seed of A. nervosa is the best plant source of ergoline alkaloids
|
|
discovered; it contains approximately 3 mg of alkaloidal material per gram of
|
|
seed. Approximately one-eighth of this is lysergamide.
|
|
|
|
Hylin and Watson found the major alkaloidal constituents in A. nervosa seeds to
|
|
be ergine (780 mcg/g of fresh seed) and isoergine and penniclavine (555 mcg).
|
|
|
|
[Note: Argyreia nervosa has NO history of shamanic use as a hallucinogen]
|
|
|
|
This is an excerpt from the article cited.
|
|
There's no record of Argyreia being used as an hallucinogen in
|
|
India, but it was used externally as some kind of skin medicine.
|
|
There's been speculation that Argyreia might have been a component
|
|
of "Soma", but there's no evidence for that, apparently.
|
|
Because there's not a long history of human usage of Argyreia,
|
|
it may be that there are glycosides not mentioned here that
|
|
take effect at higher doses or might cause stomach upset, tachycardia
|
|
etc. The article mentioned intestinal complaints in one or two
|
|
cases at higher experimental doses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
CHEMISTRY:
|
|
|
|
lysergic acid diethylamide _is_ lysergic acid diethylamide (or...
|
|
N,N-diethyl-D-lysergamide or...
|
|
9,10-Didehydo-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8B-carboxamide).
|
|
|
|
Only one stereoisomer (the d-) is psychoactive. Thus, racemic (l/d 50-50 mix)
|
|
lsd shows half the potency of the dextro form. In synthesis it is possible
|
|
to recover the l-form for the lysergic acid.
|
|
|
|
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is LSD rather than LAD because the German word
|
|
for acid is saeure (sp).
|
|
|
|
LSD-25 Lysergic acid
|
|
|
|
O CH2-CH3 O
|
|
|| / ||
|
|
|| / ||
|
|
-C--N C---OH
|
|
| \ |
|
|
| \ |
|
|
|___ CH2-CH3 |___
|
|
/ \ / \
|
|
/ \ / \
|
|
<< N---CH3 << N---CH3
|
|
\\ / \\ /
|
|
\\____/ \\____/
|
|
/ \ / \
|
|
/ \ / \
|
|
< > < >
|
|
// \ / // \ /
|
|
// \_____/ // \_____/
|
|
| || || | || ||
|
|
| || || | || ||
|
|
| || || | || ||
|
|
\\ /\ / \\ /\ /
|
|
\\ / \ / \\ / \ /
|
|
N N
|
|
H H
|
|
|
|
Ergot is a product of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. The bio-active
|
|
ingredients of ergot are all derivatives of lysergic acid. LSD is a
|
|
semisynthetic derivative of lysergic acid. Thus LSD is an
|
|
"ergot"-like substance.
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
|
|
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
|
|
|
|
(Note: the mechanism of action of LSD and other psychedelics is uncertain.)
|
|
|
|
>From a chapter titled Hallucinogens and Other Psychotomimetics: Biological
|
|
Mechanisms by S.J.Watson
|
|
|
|
"The current thesis of the effect of indole hallucinogens on
|
|
5-hydroxytrypamine might be stated as follows: LSD acts to preferentially
|
|
inhibit serotonergic cell firing and seems to spare postsynaptic serotnergic
|
|
receptors. This preference is shared by other simillar hallucinogens but in
|
|
a limited fashion. Nonhallucinogenic analogs of LSD show no preference.
|
|
These results suggest that there are two different steric conformation of
|
|
serotonergic receptors, one of which has higher affinity for LSD than the
|
|
other. In general, 5-ht is an inhibitory transmitter; thus, when its
|
|
activity is decreased, the next neuron in the chain is freed from inhibition
|
|
and becomes more active. Since serotnergic systems appear to be intimately
|
|
involved int eh control of sensation, sleep, attention, and mood, it may be
|
|
possible to explain the actions of LSD and other hallucinogens by their
|
|
disinhibition of these critical systems.
|
|
|
|
There is also evidence for interaction with dopaminergic systems.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
LSD acts as a 5HT autoreceptor agonist in the raphe nucleus. These
|
|
autoreceptors are typically considered to be 5HT1As. It also acts as a 5HT2
|
|
agonist, which is thought to be the main site of hallucinogenic activity.
|
|
It's probably best called a a mixed 5HT2/5HT1 receptor partial agonist.
|
|
|
|
I don't know of its effects on dopamine. Wouldn't be surprised if it has
|
|
'em; the systems aren't really functionally separable. The DA effects
|
|
wouldn't be necessary for hallucinogenic activity, I'd bet.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
>"If there's no documentation, you can't tell bugs from features." ---C.P.
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
RELATED COMPOUNDS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Related compounds are the indole hallucinogens including DMT
|
|
(dimethyl-tryptamine), DET (diethyl-), etc.; psilocybin; lysergic acid. DMT
|
|
is very fast acting, lasting less than an hour. Psilocybin, found in
|
|
hallucinogenic (aka magic or mexican) mushrooms, has effects similar to LSD
|
|
but they work for approximately half the duration. These are all indole
|
|
derivatives like the neurotransmitter serotonin, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine.
|
|
"Indole" is the name of the 6-carbon ring attached to the 5-ring containing
|
|
a nitrogen. The lysergic acid molecule contains an indole structure plus
|
|
additional rings.
|
|
|
|
LSD's two ethyl groups hanging off the amine may be replaced with
|
|
other carbon chains for compounds with different durations, potencies,
|
|
and effects.
|
|
|
|
While LSD is semi-synthetic, DMT and psilocybin are found in nature.
|
|
See the sections on BOTANY and ANTHROPOLOGY for info on related
|
|
natural (plant) compounds and their uses.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
1) DMT, DET, psylocin, psylocybin, : The mushroom psylocybin cubensis
|
|
contains all four of these indole derivatives, as well as others. DMT is
|
|
dimethyltryptamine, an indole derivative which has functionalized at the 3
|
|
position with the dimethyl ethylamine group. It is a close relative to the
|
|
amino acid, tryptophan, which until recently was available in bulk at
|
|
vitamin shops, until some jerk poisoned himself by taking a wonga dose of
|
|
it. [Actually it may have been a single toxic batch mistakenly produced in
|
|
Japan.] A prep came out in 1984 for LSD using l--tryptophan as the
|
|
precursor, so this may have facilitated the government's pullin it from the
|
|
shelves. I can't find tryptophan anywhere, now, and I've tried, bud.
|
|
DMT, and it's brother DET (diethyltryptamine), have no oral activity,
|
|
so have to be smoked. They stink like fish oil when lit, though. Both have
|
|
hallucinogenic effects within 2-3 minutes of toking, wand while DMT lasts
|
|
for only a half hour, DET is a smoother, more euphoric high, lasting twice
|
|
as long. DET has effects similar to psylocybin.
|
|
Psylocybin is DMT which has a functional group, phosphoryloxy-, at the
|
|
4 position on the indole ring. This group is immediately converted to
|
|
hydroxyl- as soon as the stuff hits your stomach to give the cousin,
|
|
psylocin. In preparing the drug, then, it is not necessary to proceed beyond
|
|
the psylocin.
|
|
DMT and DET are easily derived from many indole derivatives, the
|
|
easiest of which is indole-3-acetic acid. I've done this reaction and it
|
|
stinks to high heaven of indole gunge, skatoles (methylindoles), and
|
|
indenes. Bad news if you want to make it at home, because the stench is
|
|
pervasive. Other derivatives, using phenyl or butyl groups have been
|
|
reported as having oral activity, so it is not necessary to smoke the stuff.
|
|
Doses run at about a hundred mgs for smoked drug, while psylocin is orally
|
|
active at about 5 mgs.
|
|
For a good reference work on these compounds, their preps, and effects,
|
|
see Michael Valentine Smith's "Psychedelic Chemistry," publisher unknown.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Your Friendly Neighborhood Chemical
|
|
Dude,
|
|
St. Theo
|
|
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
DMT
|
|
CH
|
|
/ 3
|
|
// \\--- --- CH CH N
|
|
|| || || 2 2 \
|
|
\\ //\ / CH
|
|
N 3
|
|
H
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
MANUFACTURE:
|
|
|
|
Forget it. Precursors (ergot alkaloids, used medicinally for migraines and
|
|
ob/gyn due to their vasoconstrictive effects) are closely watched. (They
|
|
are obtained through commercially cultured ergot fungus; one could
|
|
theoretically extract lsyergic amides from morning glory or Hawaiian wood
|
|
rose seeds.) (Though there are routes to synthesize lysergic acid from
|
|
"scratch", these are complicated also.) Other typically needed chemicals
|
|
are very dangerous. Serious experience in organic chemistry lab would be
|
|
necessary. If you have to ask where to find the recipes, you don't know
|
|
enough about chemistry to try it. (For the curious: the _Anarchists
|
|
Cookbook_ is a bad place to start. _Psychedelic Chemistry_ is better, the
|
|
patent office or chem. lit. better.) And you'll probably trip during
|
|
manufacture if you actually succeed. Its easier and safer to buy it on the
|
|
black market.
|
|
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
DRUG TESTING:
|
|
|
|
No risk. Its not looked for, hard to find, and transient.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
|
|
"A maximum concentration of 2-8 ng/ml [Plasma concentration of LSD]
|
|
was reached 1.0-1.25 h after an oral dose of 160 ug.
|
|
...[A] value of 2.9 h for the elimination half-life of LSD from
|
|
plasma [was reached].
|
|
[Upshall, D.G., Wailling, D.G.: The determination of LSD in
|
|
human plasma following oral administration.
|
|
Clinica Chimica Acta 36, 67-73 (1972)]
|
|
|
|
Second of all, LSD and its metabolites are detectable in the urine
|
|
for much longer than one hour.
|
|
|
|
"LSD and its metabolites were still detectable in human urine for
|
|
as long as 4 days after the ingestion of 0.2 mg of the drug.
|
|
[Faed, E.M., McLeod, W.R.: A urine screening test of lysergide.
|
|
Journal of Chromatographic Science. 11, 4-6 (1973)]
|
|
|
|
Note that standard, cheap initial drug screening does not use
|
|
chromatography or mass-spectrometry, and does not look for LSD.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
Spinal taps are not particularly useful (cerebro-spinal fluid doesn't
|
|
concentrate LSD or metabolites) and are never done under any
|
|
circumstances: they are painful and dangerous.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
|
|
You might want to mention that Abbie Hoffman's _Steal This Urine Test_
|
|
has a table which claims lsd is detectable for 40 days. I'm almost sure
|
|
this was a typo.
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
|
|
> 1] How long can LSD be detected in the body?
|
|
|
|
This varies by the test being used, the detection limit placed on the test,
|
|
the point of collection and type of the sample fluid, the amount of LSD that
|
|
was taken, and the individual in question.
|
|
|
|
Assuming the testers are using an RIA screening test with the cutoff set at
|
|
0.1 ng/ml and assuming that the user has recently emptied their bladder,
|
|
then the detection limit for one hit (100 ug) is normally around 30 hours.
|
|
Each doubling of the initial amount will add about 5 hours. Thus taking 8
|
|
hits will leave a user vulnerable for approximately 2 days. (NOTE: This is
|
|
based on the data in [7])
|
|
|
|
> 2] What exact form of test can be used to detect LSD in the body? There
|
|
are a number of tests which can be used to detect LSD in the body.
|
|
|
|
Abuscreen, a product of Roche Diagnostic Systems, is a series of
|
|
RadioImmunoAssay (RIA) tests, one of which is used to detect LSD and its
|
|
metabolites in whole blood, serum (blood), urine and stomach contents [1].
|
|
RIA can in theory be used to detect quantities as small as 0.020 nanograms
|
|
(ng) per milliliter (ml) of sample [2]. Laboratory tests have shown that
|
|
RIA results are accurate down to at least 0.1 ng/ml [3]. The manufacturer
|
|
recommends limiting the cutoff to 0.5 ng/ml.
|
|
|
|
EMIT, a product of Syva Corporation, is another series of tests, one of
|
|
which can be used to detect LSD and its metabolites in serum and urine.
|
|
EMIT stands for Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique.
|
|
|
|
Both EMIT and Abuscreen are "positive/negative" response tests (much like
|
|
pregnancy tests) which require periodic equipment calibration and consume
|
|
chemicals for each test performed. A basic battery of tests costs approx.
|
|
$15-$25 per person [4]. The basic tests (recommended by NIDA) include
|
|
marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP).
|
|
Normally, unless an (employer) specifically requests the test, an LSD assay
|
|
is not run.
|
|
|
|
Both Roche and Syva recommend confirmation of positive results by using a
|
|
different test. The usual method of confirming positive results is some
|
|
form of chromatography. These include High Performance Thin Layer
|
|
Chromatography (HPTLC)[3], and different forms of Gas Chromatography/Mass
|
|
Spectrometry (GC/MS)[5][6][7][8][9]. HPTLC and GC/MS can be used to give
|
|
quantitative results as opposed to the Boolean results from EMIT or
|
|
Abuscreen. Laboratory tests have shown that GC/MS test for LSD in urine[6]
|
|
and blood[7] can be accurate down to 0.1 ng/ml. The cost for confirmation
|
|
of a positive screening test is approximately $50-60.
|
|
|
|
Positive results to either EMIT and RIA are held to be "probable cause" by
|
|
U.S. courts. GC/MS results are held to be "proof" by U.S. courts.
|
|
|
|
> I am asking for an actual text message containing a short, precise >
|
|
description of each test,
|
|
|
|
Immunoassays chemicals are created by injecting animals (rabbits, sheep,
|
|
donkey, etc) with the drug to be tested for and an albumin which force the
|
|
animal to produce antibodies. The antibodies are then removed from the
|
|
animal, purified and bottled. In RIA tests, the antibodies are then added
|
|
to the fluid sample with a radioactively labeled chemical. Any of the drug
|
|
(or similar chemicals) found in a sample that is being tested will react
|
|
with this glop and by measuring the radioactivity, the amount of drugs can
|
|
be determined [2][10].
|
|
|
|
> 3] How can such a test be beaten?
|
|
|
|
While there is some literature on adulterating urine samples to produce
|
|
false negative results [11], there has been little written that applies
|
|
specifically to the LSD screening tests.
|
|
|
|
I would suggest you read the article posted by Paul Hager paying particular
|
|
attention to the warning about water intoxication [12]:
|
|
In <1991May7.141615.16477@news.cs.indiana.edu> hagerp@iuvax.cs.indiana.edu wrote
|
|
+ Recommended: "Dealing With Urine Tests on Short Notice"
|
|
+ by Dale Gieringer, California NORML
|
|
+
|
|
+ Most folks recommend that people hydrate themselves -- the idea
|
|
+ being that by drinking water and taking a diuretic that will
|
|
+ promote water loss, the urine will be very dilute and THC metabolite
|
|
+ content from "tomatoe" consumption will drop below the 100 ng/ml
|
|
+ threshold that defines a "positive".
|
|
+
|
|
+ Mr. Gieringer recommends that, the day before the test, the
|
|
+ person drink lots of water. I would amend this to, drink your
|
|
+ normal "8 glasses" plus a few more. Don't get carried away with
|
|
+ drinking water -- there is such a thing as "water intoxication"
|
|
+ which can result in brain swelling and other nasties so don't
|
|
+ chug-a-lug a gallon of water just before the test. After
|
|
+ hydrating, and a little before the test, drink some more water
|
|
+ and use a diuretic (coffee is a weak diuretic). Urinate to
|
|
+ flush the bladder -- the first urination of the day is the
|
|
+ one most charged with metabolites. The pamphlet quotes from
|
|
+ a _High Times_ article, "How to Beat a Drug Test":
|
|
+
|
|
+ Take an 80 mg dose of the prescription diuretic Lasix
|
|
+ (furosemide); take a hefty drink of water; piss two
|
|
+ or three times; then take the test.
|
|
+
|
|
+ Some caution is to be exercised in taking diuretics. Consult
|
|
+ your physician.
|
|
+
|
|
+ Mr. Gieringer also suggests that the clear, watery urine that
|
|
+ results from the above procedure is sometimes suspicious. He
|
|
+ recommends taking 50-100 mg of vitamin B2 which will color
|
|
+ urine yellow for a couple of hours. Vitamin C does not produce
|
|
+ this effect -- contrary to rumor.
|
|
+
|
|
+ For more information, I'd suggest contacting California NORML
|
|
+ directly at (415) 563-5858. They are located in San Francisco.
|
|
+ It is also possible that Mr. Gieringer will respond directly
|
|
+ via his canorml account.
|
|
|
|
> I am asking for ...[a description]... of each thing that LSD leaves behind
|
|
> that can be detected, and of each method used to beat each test.
|
|
|
|
The immunsoassay tests vary in their specificity. Some display a relatively
|
|
low cross-reactivity[13], others a high cross-reactivity[14]. The exact
|
|
metabolites of LSD in humans have not been fully determined yet, though
|
|
animal studies have been done. The only verified human metabolite I could
|
|
find in the literature was N-demethyl-LSD[6] but I did not check all the
|
|
references.
|
|
|
|
FOOTNOTES:
|
|
[1]
|
|
Altunkaya, D; Smith R.N.
|
|
"Evaluation of a commercial radioimmunoassay kit for the detection of
|
|
lysergide (LSD) in serum, whole blood, urine, and stomach contents"
|
|
Forensic Science International. v47n2, September 1990, p113-21.
|
|
[2]
|
|
Taunton-Rigby, A.; Sher, S.E.; Kelley, P.R.
|
|
"Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay"
|
|
Science. v181, July 13 1973, p165-6.
|
|
[3]
|
|
McCarron, M.M.; Walberg, C.B.; Baselt, R.C.
|
|
"Confirmation of LSD intoxication by analysis of serum and urine."
|
|
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n3, May-June 1990, p165-7.
|
|
[4]
|
|
Berg, E.
|
|
"Drug-testing methods: what you should know."
|
|
Safety & Health. v142n6, Dec 1990, p52-6.
|
|
[5]
|
|
Lim, H.K.; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.; Bridges, R.R.; Foltz, R.L.
|
|
"Determination of LSD in urine by capillary column gas chromatography
|
|
and electron impact mass spectrometry."
|
|
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v12n1, Jan-Feb 1988, p1-8.
|
|
[6]
|
|
Lim, H.K.; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.
|
|
"Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas chromatography/
|
|
resonance electron capture ionization mass spectrometry."
|
|
Analytical Chemistry. v60, July 15 1988, p1420-25.
|
|
[7]
|
|
Papac, D.I.; Foltz, R.L.
|
|
"Measurement of lysergic acid dietylamide (LSD) in human plasma by gas
|
|
chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry."
|
|
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n3, May-June 1990, p189-90.
|
|
[8]
|
|
Paul, B.D.; Mitchell J.M.; Burbage, R.; Moy, M; Sroka, R.
|
|
"Gas chromatographic-electron-impact mass fragmentometric determination
|
|
of lysergic acid diethylamide in urine."
|
|
Journal of Chromatography. v529n1, July 13, 1990, p103-12.
|
|
[9]
|
|
Blum, L.M.; Carenzo, E.F.; Rieders, F.
|
|
"Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine by instrumental
|
|
high-performance thin-layer chromatography."
|
|
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v14n5, Sep-Oct 1990, p285-7.
|
|
[10]
|
|
Ratcliffe, W.A.; Fletcher, S.M.; Moffat, A.C.; et. al.
|
|
"Radioimmunoassay of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in serum and urine
|
|
by using antisera of different specificities."
|
|
Clinical Chemistry. v23n2, Feb 1977, p169-74.
|
|
[11]
|
|
Cody, J.T.; Schwarzhoff, R.H.
|
|
"Impact of adulterants on RIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse."
|
|
Journal of Analytical Toxicology. v13n5, Sep-Oct 1989, p277-84.
|
|
[12]
|
|
Klonoff, D.C.
|
|
"Acute water intoxication as a complication of urine drug testing in the
|
|
workplace."
|
|
Journal of the American Medical Association. v265n1, Jan 2 1991, p84-6.
|
|
[13]
|
|
Christie J.; White, M.W.; Wiles, J.M.
|
|
"A chromatographic method for the detection of LSD in biological liquids."
|
|
Journal of Chromatography. v120n2, May 26, 1976, p496-501.
|
|
[14]
|
|
Twitchet, P.J.; Fletcher, S.M.; Sullivan, A.T.; Moffat, A.C.
|
|
"Analysis of LSD in human body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography,
|
|
fluorescence spectroscopy and radioimmunoassay."
|
|
J. Chromatogr. v150n1, March 11 1978, p73-84.
|
|
|
|
Sorry this was so long but I thought it deserved it :-)
|
|
Enjoy a "referenced" article.
|
|
Tim Basher
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
There were rumors going around that LSD could be detected
|
|
by drug tests fo thirty days. I think this reference and
|
|
abstract makes it clear that it is probably 4 days, max.
|
|
(see the end of the abstract)
|
|
|
|
IDNUM 03319915
|
|
TYPE Journal paper
|
|
DATE 880715
|
|
AUTHOR Heng Keang Lim; Andrenyak, D.; Francom, P.; Foltz, R.L.; Jones, R.T.
|
|
Center for Human Toxicology, Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
|
|
TITLE Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas
|
|
chromatography/resonance electron capture ionization mass
|
|
spectrometry
|
|
SOURCE Analytical Chemistry; vol.60, no.14; 15 July 1988; pp. 1420-5
|
|
SUBJECT chromatography; electron capture; mass spectroscopic chemical
|
|
analysis; organic compounds; quantification; gas chromatography;
|
|
resonance electron capture ionisation mass spectrometry; LSD;
|
|
N-demethyl-LSD; urine; lysergic acid diethylamide; human; in vitro;
|
|
in vivo; aromatic hydroxylation; drug; metabolite;
|
|
N-tri-fluoroacetyl derivatives; calibration curves; urinary
|
|
concentrations; adult volunteer; excretion; elimination half-lives;
|
|
4 to 6 hrs; 8 to 10 hrs
|
|
Numerical data: time 1.4E+04 to 2.2E+04 s; time 2.9E+04 to 3.6E+04 s
|
|
Class codes: A8280M; A8280B; A3470
|
|
CODEN ANCHAM
|
|
ABSTRACT Demethylation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the human has
|
|
been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, and aromatic
|
|
hydroxylation at positions 13 and 14 has been tentatively
|
|
identified. A gas chromatography/resonance electron capture
|
|
ionization mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay for LSD and
|
|
N-demethyl-LSD in urine has been developed, in which the drug and
|
|
its metabolite are converted to their N-tri-fluoroacetyl derivatives
|
|
prior to GC/MS analysis. Linear and reproducible calibration curves
|
|
have been obtained for LSD concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0 ng/mL,
|
|
and for N-demethyl-LSD concentrations from 0.03 to 5.0 ng/mL. The
|
|
assay was used to determine the urinary concentrations of LSD and
|
|
N-demethyl-LSD following administration of a single oral dose of the
|
|
drug (1 mu g/kg) to an adult volunteer. The rates of excretion of
|
|
LSD and N-demethyl-LSD reached maxima in urine collected at time
|
|
intervals of 4-6 and 8-10 h after administration, respectively. The
|
|
elimination half-lives for LSD and N-demethyl-LSD were 3.6 and 10.0
|
|
h, respectively
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS
|
|
Treatment: experimental
|
|
Anal. Chem. (USA)
|
|
Abstract number(s): A89037987
|
|
ISSN: 0003-2700
|
|
Refs: 15
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
LEGAL SCHEDULING:
|
|
|
|
Class I, "no medical use" --- mostly for political reasons, as it was
|
|
and is used in psychotherapy. (Current use is in Switzerland.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
SET and SETTING:
|
|
|
|
"SET" is the expectations a person brings with them. "Setting" is the
|
|
environment that a person is in. Set includes expectations about the
|
|
drug's actions and how the person will react. Setting includes the
|
|
social and physical conditions. For LSD and the hallucinogen-type
|
|
drug more than other psychoactives, set and setting are very important
|
|
in determining the nature of the experience. These factors make the
|
|
difference between, e.g., the experiences of someone taking the drug
|
|
for enhancement at a concert, for psychotherapy in an doctor's office,
|
|
in a religious context, or in the outdoors for an aesthetic
|
|
experience. For best results, one should take LSD only with people
|
|
one trusts in safe, comfortable surroundings, free of everyday
|
|
intrusions. Tripping alone is a very risky thing to do, that
|
|
inexperienced people should avoid.
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
STORAGE:
|
|
|
|
First, note that LSD is a fairly stable organic molecule, no more or
|
|
less fragile than other molecules with comparable structures.
|
|
|
|
The main factors to be concerned with are moisture (due to leaching
|
|
and facilitated chemical reactions in the presense of moisture),
|
|
oxygen, light, and temperature. Reaction rates typically depend upon
|
|
temperature exponentially. These factors basically apply to all
|
|
organic compounds.
|
|
|
|
Sealing in AL foil in a cool dark place is fine. Some recommend
|
|
refrigeration, but be careful about nosy guests, condensation, and frost.
|
|
Multiple, redundant seals are suggested, eg., paper in metal foil in
|
|
plastic in a metal candy tin which has been taped shut. Should last
|
|
at least a presidential term.
|
|
|
|
Wallets are contraindicated as storage locations due to sweat.
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
SYNERGIES, BAD COMBINATIONS:
|
|
|
|
Smoking cannabis products considerably increases the effects,
|
|
increasing the visuals and also possibly increasing the cognitive and
|
|
linguistic disorders. As the effects of LSD wear off, marijuana may
|
|
bring them back, and also ease the jitteriness some dislike. Nitrous
|
|
oxide goes well with LSD, though one should be extra careful (not to
|
|
suffocate or fall down) with the nitrous because of the effects of the
|
|
LSD. MDA & cousins can go well, but people on these drugs should not
|
|
take LSD unless they are familiar with the latter's effects.
|
|
|
|
Alcohol's effects are largely overwhelmed by LSD, and they act in opposite
|
|
ways: alcohol being a depressant and LSD being a (hyper)stimulant.
|
|
Generally mixing stimulants and sedatives is counterproductive.
|
|
|
|
MAO inhibitors ???
|
|
Amphetamines and cocaine ???
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
SYNTHESIS:
|
|
|
|
Don't try it, too difficult and risky both physically and
|
|
legally. Precursor medical drugs (ob/gyn and migraine ergot
|
|
alkaloids) are watched.
|
|
|
|
******************************
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
REFERENCES & FURTHER READING:
|
|
|
|
HISTORICAL:
|
|
LSD: My Problem Child [A. Hofmann, PhD] (excellent)
|
|
Storming heaven : LSD and the American dream [Jay Stevens]. (excellent)
|
|
Ceremonical Chemistry [T. Szasz, M.D.] (excellent)
|
|
Acid Dreams
|
|
Drugs and the Brain
|
|
Psychedelics Reconsidered
|
|
Electric Koolaid Acid Test
|
|
Flashbacks (Leary's autobiography)
|
|
The Great Drug War
|
|
Dealing With Drugs
|
|
|
|
USAGE/INFORMATIONAL:
|
|
Psychedelic Encyclopedia [Stafford] (excellent)
|
|
Psychedelic Chemistry [M.V.Smith]
|
|
Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology (technical)
|
|
Consumer Reports: Licit & Illicit Drugs
|
|
Recreational Drugs
|
|
|
|
REFERENCE:
|
|
Merck Handbook
|
|
Physician's Desk Reference
|
|
The Botany And Chemistry Of Hallucinogens, Shultes & Hofmann
|
|
|
|
JOURNALS:
|
|
Journal of Psychoactive (formerly Psychedelic) Drugs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
AUTHOR: Cohen, Sidney
|
|
AUTHOR AFFILIATION:
|
|
U California School of Medicine, Neuropsychiatric
|
|
Inst, Los Angeles
|
|
TITLE: LSD: The varieties of psychotic experience.
|
|
SOURCE: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1985 Oct-Dec Vol 17(4)
|
|
291-296
|
|
ABSTRACT: Discusses the contributing factors (e.g., preexisting
|
|
character structure, insecurity, negative experience,
|
|
current mood and stress level) and prevention and
|
|
treatment of acute and prolonged psychotic reactions
|
|
to LSD. (10 ref)
|
|
|
|
..............................
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additional (detailed) References (in random order):
|
|
|
|
"Indole Alkaloids In Plant Hallucinogens" Richard Evans Schultes, PhD.
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol.8(No.1) Jan-Mar 1976
|
|
|
|
"Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants"
|
|
Jose Luis Diaz M.D.
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol. 11(1-2) Jan-Jun 1979
|
|
|
|
"The Botanical and Chemical Distribution of Hallucinogens"
|
|
Richard Evans Schultes, PhD.
|
|
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs Vol.9(No.3) Jul-Sep 1977
|
|
|
|
"Burger's Medicinal Chemistry" Fourth Edition, Volume III
|
|
Chapter: "Hallucinogens" Alexander Shulgin
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Psychoactive Drugs Vol 21 (1) Jan-Mar 1989
|
|
|
|
The Addictvie Behaviors: treatment of alcoholism, drug use, smoking, and
|
|
obesity
|
|
W.R. Miller, Ed
|
|
(small amount of info on use of psychedelics in psychotherapy)
|
|
Pergammon press 1986
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biological Basis Of Behavior
|
|
N.Chalmers R. Crawley S.P.R.Rose Eds
|
|
Open Univ Press Harper & Row1971
|
|
|
|
Recreational Drugs
|
|
Young Klein Beyer
|
|
Collier Books, div of Macmillan pub co 1977
|
|
|
|
The Biochemical Basis Of Neuropharmacology
|
|
J.R.Cooper F.E.Bloom R.H.Roth
|
|
Oxford Univ Press 1982 (4th ed)
|
|
|
|
Craving For Ecstasy: Consciousness And Chemistry Of Escape
|
|
H.Milkman S.Sunderwirth
|
|
Lexington Books, DC Heath and co 1987
|
|
|
|
A Primer of Drug Action
|
|
R.M.Julian
|
|
W.H.Freeman & Co.1978
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LSD & Creativity
|
|
O.Janiger, M.D.de Rios
|
|
J. Psychoactive Drugs Vol 21 (1) Jan-Mar 1989
|
|
|
|
An Introduction To Pharmacology
|
|
J.J.Lewis
|
|
Williams and wilkins Co, Baltimore 1964 (3rd edition)
|
|
|
|
Metabolism Of Drugs Of Abuse
|
|
Spectrum Publications 1976
|
|
Dist by Halstead Press of John Wiley Press
|
|
L. Lemberger
|
|
|
|
Medicinal Chemistry: a series of monographs
|
|
G.deStevens Ed
|
|
Vol 4: Psychopharmaceutical agents
|
|
M. Gordon (ed)
|
|
Vol I, ch 13: psychomimetic compounds D.F.Downing
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Vol II, ch 4: psychomimetic agents by A.T.Shulgin
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Academic press 1976
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The Road To Eleusis
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Unveiling the secret of the mysteries
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R.G.Wasson, A.Hoffman, C.A.P.Ruck
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harcourt brace jovanovich inc. 1978
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Lsd Man And Society
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R.C.Debold, R.C.Leaf Eds
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Wesleyan U press
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Middletown Conn 1967
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Hallucinogenic Plants (A Golden Guide) New York: Golden Press
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1976
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Shultes, R.E., Smith E.W.
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The Sun And The Moon
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A.Weil, MD
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The Natural Mind
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A.Weil, MD 1986
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Houghton-mifflin pub co.
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Sacred Narcotic Plants Of The New World Indians
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H. Schleiffer ed.
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Hafner press 1973
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Div of mcmillan pub co
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Moksha: Writings On Psychedlics And The Visionary Experience
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A.C.huxley
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stonehill pub co., NY
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M.Horowitz, C. palmer Eds 1977
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Psychedelic Chemistry
|
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m.v.smith
|
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2nd edition 1973
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rip off press
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Psychotropic Methoxyamphetamines: Structure And Activity In Man
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S.H.Snyder, E.Richelson, H.Weingartner, LA.Faillace
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|
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Ethnopharmacological Search For Psychoactive Drugs
|
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Proc of a symposium in SF, Ca Jan 28-30 1967
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D.H.Efron, B.Holmstedt, N.S.Kline eds
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US Dept of HEW
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The Botany And Chemistry Of Hallucinogens
|
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R.E.Schultes, A.Hoffman
|
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charles C Thomas Publisher
|
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Springfield Ill 1980
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The Behavioral Effects Of Drugs
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(Ch 4 Hallucinogens: Complications of LSD: A Review of the Literature;
|
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Dimensions of the LSD, Methlphenidate, and Chlordiazepoxide
|
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Experiences; LSD: Injection Early in Pregnancy Produces Abnormality
|
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in Offspring of Rats; LSD: No Teratogenicity in Rats; Congenital
|
|
Malformation Induced by Mescaline, LSD, and Bromolysergic Acid in
|
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the Hamster; Drug Motivated-Behavior: The Effect of Morning Glory Seeds
|
|
On Motor Activity In Chicks) (Also Includes Weil'S Study Of "Clinical and
|
|
Psychological Effects Of Marijuana In Man")
|
|
D.W. Matheson M.A. Davidson Holt Rinehart
|
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Winston Inc 1972
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any textbook titled "Physiological Psychology"
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..............................
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(about visual disturbances: )
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Migraine: the evolution of a common disorder
|
|
O. Sacks
|
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U CAl press 1970
|
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Brain Damage, Behavior, And The Mind
|
|
M. Williams
|
|
John Wiley & Sons 1979
|
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ch 5 Disorders of visual perception
|
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Mescal And Mechanisms Of Hallucinations
|
|
Heinrich Kluver
|
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U. Chicago Press 1930
|
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Drugs And The Brain
|
|
Perry Black MD, Ed
|
|
Johns Hopkins Press 1969
|
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behavioral effects of LSD in subhuman primates
|
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Hallucinations
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Sci Am
|
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R.K.Siegal
|
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(see also article on phosphenes in amateur scientist column in another issue)
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Luria's _The Shattered Mind_
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******************************END OF FAQ******************************
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[FYI only, consult your shamans & attorneys etc., you are self-responsible.]
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